Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
P
o
wer
Electr
onics
and
Dri
v
e
Systems
(IJPEDS)
V
ol.
9,
No.
1,
March
2018,
pp.
73
–
79
ISSN:
2088-8694
73
The
Dimensioning
of
A
Compr
essed
Air
Motor
Dedicated
to
A
Compr
essed
Air
Storage
System
Ilham
Rais
1
and
Hassane
Mahmoudi
2
1
Mohamadia
Engineering
School
Mohammed
V
uni
v
ersity
Rabat,
Morocco
2
Po
wer
Electronic
and
Control
T
eam
(EPCT),
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Oct
31,
2017
Re
vised
Jan
10,
2018
Accepted
Feb
3,
2018
K
eyw
ord:
CAES
Rene
w
able
ener
gy
Compressed
Air
Motor
Compressor
storage
ABSTRA
CT
Storage
represents
the
k
e
y
to
the
penetration
of
rene
w
able
ener
gies
especially
wind
and
solar
ener
gy
on
the
netw
ork
electric.
It
a
v
oids
unloading
in
the
e
v
ent
of
o
v
erpro-
duction,
ensuring
real-time
The
production-consumption
balance
and
also
impro
v
e
the
rob
ustness
of
the
electricity
grid.
CAES
(Compressed
Air
Ener
gy
Storage)
is
a
mature
technology
that
allo
ws
to
store
long
or
short
duration
an
amount
of
ener
gy
suf
ficient
to
support
the
number
of
c
ycles
requested.
The
E-PV
-CA
ES
system
will
be
presented
and
the
modeling
of
the
compressed
air
engine
will
also
be
treated
in
more
detail
in
this
article.
Copyright
c
2018
Insitute
of
Advanced
Engineeering
and
Science
.
All
rights
r
eserved.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Ilham
Rais
Af
filiation:Po
wer
Electronic
and
Control
T
eam
(EPCT),
Department
of
Electrical
Engineering
Mohamadia
Engineering
School
Mohammed
V
uni
v
ersity
Rabat,
Morocco
Email:ilhamrais@research.emi.ac.ma
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
Storage
in
general
in
v
olv
es
a
number
of
technologies,
both
old
and
ne
w
,
which
are
based
on
a
c
ycle
of
storage
-
daily
destocking
and
which
can
e
xtend
to
a
seasonal
storage
of
ener
gy
.
These
technologies
co
v
er
a
wide
range
of
applications:
Applications
for
impro
ving
the
quality
of
the
current
and
which
generally
ha
v
e
a
v
ery
short
response
time
(less
than
one
second)
and
operating
time
of
a
fe
w
minutes,
Such
as
flywheel,
supercapacitors,
superconductors
and
storage
in
electrochemical
batteries,
-
Applications
which
impro
v
e
the
profitability
of
the
production
system
and
which
ha
v
e
a
slightly
longer
response
time
(a
fe
w
tens
of
seconds
to
a
fe
w
minutes)
and
an
operating
time
of
a
fe
w
hours,
such
as
pumping
w
ater
and
compression
air
.
The
latter
is
based
on
the
storage
of
compressed
air
in
ca
v
es.
Rene
w
able
electricity
or
electricity
produced
during
periods
of
lo
w
ener
gy
demand
is
used
by
compressors
and
st
ored
in
con
v
entional
tanks
and
produced
in
case
of
need
by
means
of
a
compressed
air
engine.
Using
the
po
wer
of
compressed
air
has
man
y
adv
antages.
First,
as
a
po
wer
source,
the
compressed
air
is
both
clean
and
safe.
Second,
it
can
also
be
used
for
v
ar
ious
tasks
such
as
actuating
tools
and
pistons
in
order
to
mo
v
e
or
cool
materials
[1][2][10][11].
2.
PRESENT
A
TION
OF
THE
SYSTEM
PR
OPOSED
In
con
v
entional
g
as
turbines
widely
used
in
the
generation
of
electrical
ener
gy
(especially
in
the
e
v
ent
of
peak
demand),
there
are
tw
o
phases:
A
first
where
the
air
is
compressed
before
an
e
xpansion
phase
where,
after
injection
of
comb
ustible
Then
the
hot
g
ases
thus
obtained
pass
through
a
turbine,
supplying
mechanical
ener
gy
which
can
then
be
transformed
into
electrical
ener
gy
[3][14].
The
CAES
operates
in
the
same
w
ay
by
decoupling
these
tw
o
phases.
Thus,
the
ener
gy
to
be
stored
is
used
to
compress
the
air
by
a
compressor
and
to
store
it,
often
in
a
natural
ca
vity
,The
e
xpansion
of
the
air
will
then
mak
e
it
possible
to
produce
electrical
ener
gy
by
the
same
process
as
a
g
as
turbine.
Compressed
air
ener
gy
storage
can
store
lar
ge
quantities
of
ener
gy
for
long
periods
of
time,
making
it
an
alt
ernati
v
e
to
h
ydro-electric
storage.
In
addition,
installation
costs
are
lo
wer
J
ournal
Homepage:
http://iaescom.com/journals/inde
x.php/IJPEDS
,
DOI:
10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i1.pp73-79
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
74
ISSN:
2088-8694
than
those
of
the
latter
technology
,
although
safety
tests
often
require
significant
mea
ns
and,
lik
e
h
ydroelectric
storage,
CAES
generally
requires
a
particular
geographic
en
vironment
(ca
vities
Groundw
ater
,
aquifers,
etc.)
to
store
compressed
air
(although
storage
methods
abo
v
e
ground
are
increasingly
e
xtended
to
lar
ge-scale
storage)
[1][4][15][16].
Figure
1.
Schema
of
the
principal
of
function
of
a
compressed
air
storage
system
3.
TYPES
OF
COMPRESSED
AIR
MO
T
OR
The
compressed
air
motor
(CAM)
transforms
compressed
air
from
Electricity
via
an
alternator
associ-
ated
with
its
pneumatic
part
.
It
performs
the
re
v
erse
function
of
a
compressor
.
Dif
ferent
types
of
CAM
can
be
distinguished
as
motors
with
pallets
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
2,
a
piston
engines
,
geared
motors
or
turbine
engines
[2][6][15].
Figure
2.
Schema
of
compressed
air
motor
with
piston
(right)and
compressed
air
motor
with
(left)
The
characteristics
of
the
CAM
are
sho
wn
in
torque-speed
(C-N)
and
po
wer
-speed
(P-N)
curv
es
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
3.
The
pressure
on
the
pistons,
pallets
or
teeth
bei
ng
proportional
to
the
pressure,
and
the
pressure
v
arying
as
a
function
of
the
pressure
drops
in
the
machine,
which
are
proportional
to
the
square
of
the
air
v
elocity
(that
is
to
say
the
Square
of
the
rotation
speed),
it
follo
ws
that
the
torque-speed
curv
e
(C
-
N)
theoretically
has
a
parabolic
shape.
This
curv
e
al
w
ays
has
a
ne
g
ati
v
e
slope:
the
torque
decreases
as
the
speed
increases,
to
cancel
out
at
the
speed
of
runa
w
ay
.
The
useful
po
wer
being
the
product
of
the
torque
by
the
speed,
it
therefore
increases
to
pass
through
a
maximum
and
v
anishes
for
the
Speed
of
runa
w
ay
[7][2][8].
IJPEDS
V
ol.
9,
No.
1,
March
2018:
73
–
79
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPEDS
ISSN:
2088-8694
75
Figure
3.
Schema
of
The
performance
curv
e
for
an
air
motor
operating
at
a
constant
air
pressure
4.
AD
V
ANT
A
GES
AND
LIMITS
OF
THE
COMPRESSED
AIR
MO
T
OR
The
adv
antage
of
this
system
is
that
it
produces
locally
no
polluting
emissi
ons,
whether
particulat
es,
oxides
of
nitrogen
or
CO2.
Ho
we
v
er
the
compressed
air
does
not
e
xist
naturally
.
Therefore
it
must
be
produced,
which
requires
ener
gy
and
raises
the
same
problems
as
the
production
of
h
ydrogen:
The
non-rene
w
able
nature
of
sources
of
ener
gy
,
the
production
of
pollution,
greenhouse
g
as
or
radioacti
v
e
w
aste
by
po
wer
plants,
ener
gy
losses
during
the
con
v
ersion
in
pneumatic
ener
gy
,
etc.
Besides,
if
the
compressed
air
engine
is
v
ery
used
on
certain
sector
(pneumatic
drill,
dentist’
s
drill
...),
its
appli-
cation
in
autonomous
v
ehicles
is
still
at
the
stage
of
de
v
elopment.
Indeed,
the
compressed
air
contains
not
much
ener
gy
and,
e
v
en
with
a
reserv
oir
of
300
liters
at
300
bars,
the
autonomy
of
such
a
v
ehicle
is
v
ery
small.
There-
fore,
these
are
the
w
ays
of
the
h
ybridization
electric/compressed-air
and
bi-fuel
engines
oil-fuel/compressed-air
which
are
currently
being
e
xplored
[3][2].
5.
THE
PO
WER
SELECTED
COMPRESSED
AIR
MO
T
OR
The
po
wer
of
the
compressed
air
motor
is
8kW
.
Indeed,
this
po
wer
has
been
selected
to
feed
The
isolated
site
with
5kW
and
the
rest
(3kW)
tak
es
Considering
the
mechanical
and
ener
gy
losses
between
the
MA
C
and
its
alternator
on
the
one
hand
And
serv
es,
on
the
one
hand,
to
heat
heating
resistors
placed
after
each
stage
of
The
compressed-air
engine
to
heat
the
air
after
the
e
xpansion
and
F
ormation
of
frost
on
the
air
circuit
and
damage
to
the
latter
.
6.
THE
MODELING
OF
COMPRESSED
AIR
MO
T
OR
TYPE
PIST
ON
In
order
to
analyze
and
si
mulate
the
pneumatic
ener
gy
con
v
ersion
process,
it
is
essential
to
determi
ne
the
model
of
the
compressed
air
motor
(CAM)
used.
The
ideal
model
should
tak
e
into
account
all
the
ph
ysical
phenomena
in
v
olv
ed
in
the
con
v
ersion
of
ener
gy
.
The
compressed
air
motor
chosen
for
this
study
is
of
the
”piston”
type
Because
i
t
is
the
most
mature,
reliable,
cheaper
and
allo
ws
full
use
of
the
polytropic
e
xpansion
of
compressed
air
in
the
c
ylinder
especially
if
the
relaxation
of
the
air
is
done
in
se
v
eral
stages
[2][6][13].
6.1.
Operating
mode
The
compressed
air
reserv
oir
has
suf
ficient
pressure,
its
ener
gy
Potential
can
be
con
v
erted
into
me-
chanical
ener
gy
on
the
motor
shaft
and
into
electrical
ener
gy
On
the
alternator
shaft.
The
c
ycle
of
the
pneumatic
motor
is
carried
out
in
three
stages:
load
Cylinder
,
e
xpansion
and
e
xhaust.
The
foll
o
wing
figure
sho
ws,
the
ba-
sic
function
CAM
with
piston
and
the
P-V
diagram
idealized
for
the
c
ycle
of
air
injected
into
the
engine
[5]
[12].
The
c
ycle
of
compressed
air
injected
into
a
compressed
air
motor
of
the
type
”piston”
Comprises
the
follo
wing
three
steps:
Cylinder
load:
The
load
v
alv
e
is
open
from
point
1
to
point
3
(figure
5)
The
Dimensioning
of
A
Compr
essed
Air
Motor
Dedicated
to
A
Compr
essed
...
(Ilham
Rais)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
76
ISSN:
2088-8694
Figure
4.
Schema
of
the
basic
function
CAM
with
piston
Figure
5.
Schema
ofthe
P-V
diagram
idealized
for
the
c
ycle
of
air
injected
into
the
CAM
From
point
1
to
point
2,
air
from
the
tank
is
e
xpanded
in
the
c
ylinder
.
From
point
2
to
point
3,
the
e
xpansion
continues
at
constant
pressure
and
equal
to
the
pressure
Of
the
tank
(Assuming
that
the
v
olume
of
the
reserv
oir
is
much
higher
than
the
v
olume
Of
the
c
ylinder).
The
w
ork
of
the
pneumatic
motor
c
ycle
can
v
ary
continuously
in
Adapting
the
closing
angle
of
the
load
v
alv
e
(Figure,
lines
dotted).
Relaxation:
The
load
v
alv
e
is
closed
from
point
3
to
point
4
(Figure
5):
the
Load
air
relax
es.
The
total
relaxation
strok
e
(step
2
to
step
4)
produce
the
w
ork
Of
the
c
ycle.
In
order
to
achie
v
e
a
complete
relaxation
of
the
air
char
ge,
the
angle
of
Closing
of
the
load
v
alv
e
must
be
optimized
in
such
a
w
ay
as
to
superimpose
the
Points
4
and
5.
Exhaust:
The
e
xhaust
v
alv
e
opens
at
point
4
(Figure
5).
Point
4
at
point
5,
the
c
ylinder
air
e
xpands
in
the
e
xhaust
(open
to
atmosphere
Or
other
lo
w-pressure
storage
tank)
and
the
potential
ener
gy
of
the
air
At
point
4
is
lost.
From
point
5
to
point
1,
the
e
xhaust
strok
e
Mass
of
residual
air
in
the
e
xhaust
duct
at
atmospheric
pressure
Or
to
the
pressure
of
another
lo
w-pressure
storage
tank.
IJPEDS
V
ol.
9,
No.
1,
March
2018:
73
–
79
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPEDS
ISSN:
2088-8694
77
7.
THE
W
ORK
OF
THE
COMPRESSED
AIR
MO
T
OR
The
w
ork
of
the
pneumatic
motor
c
ycle
is
the
sum
of
the
w
ork
during
all
Phases
of
the
c
ycle
sho
wn
in
figure
5
.
W
=
W
1
2
+
W
2
3
+
W
3
4
+
W
4
5
+
W
5
1
(1)
By
definition,
the
w
ork
e
xchanged
between
the
c
ylinder
g
ases
and
the
piston
is
defined
by:
W
=
Z
P
dv
(2)
As
a
result,
the
w
ork
of
an
isochore
(constant
v
olume)
transformation
is
zero
and
Therefore
:
W
1
2
=
W
4
5
=
0
(3)
T
ransformations
4-5
and
1-2
sho
wn
in
the
P-V
diagram
(Figure5)
As
being
isochorous
are
in
f
act
adiabatic
transformations
representati
v
e
of
the
e
xpansion
and
compression
which
the
air
under
goes
respecti
v
ely
at
the
end
of
the
e
xpansion
after
opening
of
the
e
xhaust
soup
and
at
the
end
of
e
xhaust
at
the
moment
Of
the
opening
of
the
intak
e
v
alv
e.
7.1.
W
ork
during
the
admission
The
intak
e
(2-3)
is
an
isobaric
transformation
which
tak
es
place
at
a
constant
pressure
(
P
=
P
2
=
P
3
)
.
The
w
ork
of
the
piston
during
this
phase
is
calculated
as
follo
ws:
W
2
3
=
Z
3
2
P
2
dV
=
P
2
Z
3
2
dV
=
P
2
(
V
3
V
2
)
=
P
2
V
2
(1
V
3
V
3
)
(4)
By
replacing
the
ratio
of
v
olumes
by
its
e
xpression,
=
V
3
V
2
W
ork
of
the
isobaric
admission
then
becomes:
W
2
3
=
P
2
V
2
(
1)
(5)
7.2.
W
orking
during
r
elaxation
Relaxation
is
a
polytropic
transformation
characterized
by
Laplace’
s
la
w
Allo
ws
to
write:
P
V
=
P
3
V
3
=
P
4
V
4
(6)
P
=
P
3
V
3
V
(7)
Then:
P
=
P
V
4
V
3
V
(8)
By
replacing
the
ratio
of
the
v
olumes
by
its
e
xpression
=
V
4
V
3
,
the
e
xchanged
w
ork
Between
the
air
and
the
piston
during
the
e
xpansion
is
then
calculated
from
the
follo
wing
formula:
W
3
4
=
Z
4
3
P
dV
=
Z
4
3
P
3
V
3
V
dV
=
1
1
(
P
4
V
4
P
3
V
3
)
=
P
3
V
3
1
(
1
1)
(9)
7.3.
W
ork
during
exhaust
During
the
phase
of
the
e
xhaust
isobaric
(
P
=
P
5
=
P
1
)
,
air
is
pushed
out
Of
the
c
ylinder
during
the
rising
of
the
piston.
The
w
ork
of
the
piston
e
xchanged
during
this
phase
Calculated
from
the
follo
wing
relation:
W
5
1
=
Z
1
5
P
dV
=
P
5
Z
1
5
dV
=
P
1
V
1
(1
V
5
V
1
)
=
P
1
V
1
(1
"
)
(10)
C
y
is
the
total
c
ylinder
capacity
of
the
engine,
V
m
is
the
c
ylinder
dead
v
olume
and
"
V
olumetric
compression
ratio
defined
by:
The
Dimensioning
of
A
Compr
essed
Air
Motor
Dedicated
to
A
Compr
essed
...
(Ilham
Rais)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
78
ISSN:
2088-8694
"
=
V
5
V
1
=
V
1
+
C
y
V
1
=
V
m
+
C
y
V
m
(11)
The
w
ork
of
the
thermodynamic
c
ycle
of
a
CAM
with
piston
is
the
sum
of
the
w
ork
admission,
relaxation
and
e
xhaust,
where:
W
=
P
2
V
2
(
1)
+
P
3
V
3
1
(
1
1)
P
1
V
1
(1
"
)
(12)
kno
wing
that
:
V
1
=
V
2
=
V
m
,
P
2
=
P
3
=
P
r
,
P
1
=
P
a
,
V
3
=
V
m
,W
can
be
writ
as
:
W
=
V
m
((
P
r
(
(
1
)
+
(
1)
1
)
+
P
a
(
"
1))
(13)
166
168
170
172
174
176
4.7
4.75
4.8
4.85
4.9
4.95
5
5.05
x 10
4
Maximal pressur of storage (bar
)
the work devolopped by the motor (KJ)
C=200
C=300
C=400
C=500
C=600
Figure
6.
Schema
of
W
ork
de
v
eloped
by
CAM
with
piston
according
to
the
admission
pressure
and
c
ylinder
capacity
Cy
The
figure
sho
ws
the
v
ariations
of
the
w
ork
De
v
eloped
by
a
single-c
ylinder
CAM
as
a
function
of
the
air
pressure
at
the
inlet
of
the
CAM
(storage
tank
pressure)
and
Engine.
It
is
simple
to
note
that
the
w
ork
of
the
CAM
v
aries
linearly
with
tank
pressure.
This
is
because
the
v
olumetric
compression
ratio,
"
,
of
the
motor
is
fix
ed
at
a
constant
v
alue
equal
to
(10).
The
rotational
speed
of
the
compressed
air
motor
is
set
at
1200
rpm.
From
this
figure
it
can
be
concluded
that
the
higher
the
pressure
in
the
Reserv
oir
decreases,
plus
the
w
ork
de
v
eloped
by
the
CAM.
This
leads
to
the
conclusion
that
the
po
wer
supplied
by
the
CAM
will
ne
v
er
be
constant
with
a
continuous
withdra
w
al
of
the
compressed
air
from
the
storage
tank
and
consequently
the
CAM
will
no
longer
be
able
to
supply
an
isolated
site
By
the
required
electrical
po
wer
(8
kW).
F
or
this
reason,
obtaining
po
wer
Constant,
it
is
necessary
to
v
ary
the
flo
w
of
compressed
air
injected
into
the
CAM
as
a
function
of
the
V
ariation
of
the
pressure
in
the
reserv
oir
.
8.
CONCLUSION
in
this
paper
a
short
presentation
of
the
system
proposed
W
ind-photo
v
oltaic-
compressed
air
storage
has
been
motioned
and
the
dif
ferent
types
of
the
compres
sed
air
motor
and
their
adv
antage
and
limits
,then
the
modeling
of
the
compressed
air
engine
based
on
special
ener
gy
criteria
is
studied
,
Since
it
is
considered
as
a
main
agent
in
the
principle
of
operation
of
the
system
presented
.
The
h
ybrid
system
wind-photo
v
oltaic-compressed
air
represents
An
interesting
solution
to
en
viron-
mental
and
resource
related
to
the
problems
of
ener
gy
supply
to
isolated
sites
It
allo
ws:
T
o
incre
ase
the
pene-
tration
rate
of
wind
and
solar
ener
gy
by
taking
adv
antage
of
all
the
a
v
ailable
ener
gy
and
by
storing
the
e
xcess
ener
gy
in
the
form
of
compressed
air
instead
of
shedding
it
through
compressors
and
Compressed
air
motor
and
significantly
reduce
fuel
consumption
and
GHG
emissions.
IJPEDS
V
ol.
9,
No.
1,
March
2018:
73
–
79
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPEDS
ISSN:
2088-8694
79
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The
Dimensioning
of
A
Compr
essed
Air
Motor
Dedicated
to
A
Compr
essed
...
(Ilham
Rais)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.