Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
199
~
211
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp199
-
211
199
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
A dual
-
s
witch c
ubic S
E
PI
C conve
rter wit
h extra
high
volt
age
ga
i
n
Ch
ri
st
ophe
R
aoul F
ot
s
o M
bo
b
da
1
,
Al
ain
Mo
ise
D
ik
and
é
2
1,2
La
bora
tory
of
Resea
rch
on
Ad
vanc
ed
Mat
eri
a
l
s a
nd
Nonlin
ea
r
Scie
nc
e
(
La
RA
MaNS
),
Depa
rt
me
nt
of
Phys
ic
s,
Faculty
of
Scie
n
ce,
Univ
ersit
y
of
Bue
a
,
B
uea
,
Ca
me
roon
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
Engi
n
eering,
Fa
cul
ty
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Technol
ogy
,
Un
ive
rsity
of
Bu
ea
,
Cam
ero
on
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
Engi
n
eering
,
Na
ti
on
al
Hi
gher
Polyt
ec
hni
c
Instit
ut
e, Unive
r
sity
of
B
am
end
a,
Bam
bili,
Camer
oon
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
5
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jan
2
2
, 20
2
1
Accepte
d
6
Fe
b
, 2
0
21
To
prov
ide
a
h
ig
h
vot
age
conv
ers
ion
r
at
io
,
conv
en
ti
onal
non
-
isola
t
ed
DC
-
DC
boost
topo
logi
e
s,
whi
ch
have
red
uce
d
vo
lt
ag
e
boost
c
apa
b
il
i
t
y,
have
to
oper
ate
with
ex
t
rem
e
ly
h
igh
dut
y
cy
cl
e
r
atio,
hi
gher
tha
n
0
.
9.
Thi
s
p
ape
r
proposes
a
DC
-
DC
conve
r
te
r
w
hic
h
is
mainly
b
ase
d
on
the
nar
r
ow
ran
ge
of
duty
cy
cle
r
at
io
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
ext
r
a
high
vol
ta
ge
c
onver
sion
ga
in
at
r
elati
v
ely
red
uce
d
vol
ta
ge
stress
on
se
mic
onduct
ors.
In
ad
dit
ion,
i
t
do
es
i
ncl
ude
any
ma
gne
ti
c
coup
l
ing
struc
ture.
The
stru
ct
ur
e
of
the
propose
d
conve
r
te
r
com
bin
es
th
e
ne
w
hybrid
SEP
IC
conv
ert
e
r
and
v
olt
ag
e
mul
t
ipl
i
er
c
el
ls.
From
the
stea
dy
-
st
ate
ana
lysis,
th
is
co
nver
te
r
has
wide
conv
ersion
r
ati
o
and
cub
ic
depe
nden
ce
wi
t
h
respe
c
t
to
the
duty
ratio
and
t
hen,
ca
n
inc
r
ea
s
e
th
e
output
volt
ag
e
seve
ra
l
t
im
es
mor
e
tha
n
t
he
conve
n
ti
ona
l
a
nd
qu
adr
a
ti
c
co
nver
te
rs
a
t
the
s
am
e
duty
c
ycl
e
ra
ti
o
.
How
eve
r,
th
e
proposed
du
al
-
sw
it
ch
c
ubic
SEP
IC
conve
rt
er
must
withsta
nd
hig
her
voltage
str
ess
on
output
sw
it
che
s.
To
over
come
thi
s
dra
wbac
k
,
an
e
xte
nsion
of
the
proposed
conv
ert
er
is
a
lso
int
roduc
ed
and
discussed.
Th
e
superior
it
y
of
th
e
proposed
conve
rt
er
is
ma
inl
y
b
ase
d
on
it
s
cubic
dep
end
enc
e
on
the
du
ty
cyc
l
e
ra
ti
o
th
at
al
lows
it
to
ac
hi
eve
ex
tra
hi
gh
voltage
ga
in
at
red
uc
ed
volta
ge
str
ess
on
se
m
ic
onduc
tors.
Simul
ation
resul
ts
are
show
n
and
the
y
cor
rob
o
rate
the
f
ea
sib
il
i
ty,
pra
cticalit
y
and
va
li
di
ty
of
t
he
con
ce
p
ts of
th
e
proposed
conv
ert
er
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Cub
ic
SEP
IC c
onve
rter
Du
al
-
switc
h
Hybr
i
d
S
EP
IC
Qu
a
drat
ic
conve
rter
Transf
ormerles
s
VMC
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Christo
phe Ra
ou
l
Fo
ts
o M
bobd
a
Lab
or
at
or
y of
Re
search
on A
dv
a
nce
d Mater
ia
ls and N
onli
ne
ar S
ci
e
nce
(
L
aR
AM
a
NS)
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Physics,
Facult
y of Sci
ence
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f B
uea, P.
O.
B
ox
63 Buea
, Bue
a, Camer
oon
Emai
l:
fo
tra
oul@g
mail
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Numer
ous
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
s
f
or
hi
gh
ste
p
-
up
DC
-
DC
c
onver
t
ers
ha
ve
bee
n
repor
te
d
s
o
f
ar,
s
uch
as
ren
e
wa
ble
ene
rgy
s
ys
te
ms
(
photo
volt
ai
c,
wind,
f
uel
cel
ls
,
automoti
ve
industr
y,
in
dustria
l
ap
plica
ti
on
s,
com
pu
te
r,
uninterr
upti
ble
po
wer
sy
ste
ms,
t
el
ecomm
unic
at
ion
s
.
T
he
dev
e
lop
me
nt
of
ne
w
power
el
ect
ronic
s
ci
r
cuits,
i
n
ord
er
to
sat
isf
y
al
l
these
nee
ds,
i
s
a
t
op
ic
of
great
interest
,
w
her
e
the
tre
nd
s
are
wi
de
c
onve
rsio
n
gains
,
hi
gh
po
wer
de
ns
it
y,
imp
rove
d
ef
fici
ency
an
d
l
ow
cost
[
1
]
,
[
2].
T
yp
ic
al
ly,
the
48
V
DC
of
the
batte
r
y
bank
has
to
be
boost
ed
t
o
a
380
V
in
orde
r
to
be
c
onnecte
d
t
o
the
DC
bus
i
n
t
he
i
nformat
io
n
a
nd
te
le
communica
ti
on
in
du
st
ry
a
nd
t
he
hi
gh
i
ntensity
disc
ha
rge
(HID)
la
mps
for
aut
omob
il
e
head
la
m
p
re
qu
i
re
at
their
sta
rt
-
up
t
he
inc
rease
of
volt
age
f
rom
the
batte
r
y's
12
V
t
o
more
than
10
0
V,
at
35
W
powe
r
[
3
]
,
[
4].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
199
–
211
200
The
outp
ut
vol
ta
ge
of f
uel
cel
ls
is very
lo
w. The
n,
a
ste
p
-
up
DC
-
DC
co
nv
erter
m
us
t fo
ll
ow
a
f
uel
cel
l
s
ta
ck
i
n
order
to
reali
z
e
a
us
ef
ul
po
wer
sup
ply
[
5].
The
ph
otov
oltai
c
arr
a
ys
a
re
s
ources
wit
h
l
ow
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
.
M
ore
ov
e
r,
the
ou
t
pu
t
v
oltage
can
be
a
ff
ect
e
d
ei
ther
by
the
weathe
r
or
the
par
ti
al
sh
a
ding
.
Series
co
nnec
ti
on
s
of
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
cel
ls
or
a
rr
a
ys
a
re
not
act
ually
a
pract
ic
al
so
luti
on
to
ob
ta
in
wide
volt
age.
Th
us,
f
or
gri
d
connecte
d
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
s,
DC
-
DC
conver
te
r
ne
eds
to
boost
th
at
low
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
to
high
vo
lt
age
[
6
]
,
[
7].
The
interco
nnect
io
n
of
lo
w
volt
age
e
nerg
y
s
ou
rces
on
t
o
t
he
higher
volt
age
is
di
ff
ic
ult
ta
sk
.
Th
e
c
onve
ntion
al
basic
c
onve
rters
t
o
ac
hieve
s
uch
a
wide
vo
l
ta
ge
gain,
wou
ld
le
ad
to
ope
r
at
e
with
extre
mely
high
d
ut
y
rati
o,
higher
t
han
0.9
(
D>
0.9)
.
A
n
extreme
duty
cycle
impair
s
the
eff
ic
ie
ncy
and
serio
us
l
y
aff
ect
s
the
dy
namic
beh
a
viou
r
of
t
he
c
onve
rter
by
im
po
si
ng
ob
sta
cl
e
for
tra
nsi
ent
res
pons
e
[
8]
.
H
oweve
r,
a
very
fast
c
omparat
or
,
wh
ic
h
is
ex
pe
nsi
ve,
is
re
quire
d
i
nt
o
the
c
ont
ro
l
l
oop
in
ord
er
to
pro
du
ce
a
n
e
xtre
me
du
t
y
cycle.
T
he
e
xt
reme
du
t
y
rati
o
ma
y
eve
n
ca
us
e
m
al
functi
on
s
at
high
switc
hi
ng
f
reque
ncy
due
to
the
very
short
co
nductio
n
ti
me
of
the
di
od
e
in
ste
p
-
up
c
onver
te
rs
[8]
.
Also,
th
ey
f
orce
fruit
f
ully
s
hort
off
-
t
imes
or
lo
w
s
witc
hing
fr
e
quencies
,
wh
ic
h
pro
duc
e
a
seve
re
di
od
e
rev
e
rse
-
re
cov
e
r
y
c
urre
nt
an
d
t
he
n,
will
increa
se
the
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
interfe
ren
ce
s
(
EMI)
le
vel.
L
ow
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
a
u
s
e
s
h
i
g
h
e
r
r
i
p
p
l
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
[9]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
g
a
i
n
i
s
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
s
w
i
t
c
h
,
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
di
od
e
s,
par
asi
ti
c resist
ances
of in
du
ct
or an
d
ca
pacit
or, a
nd satu
rati
on e
ff
ect
s
of the
inducto
rs
a
nd
capaci
tors [
8].
Seve
ral
te
ch
nolog
ie
s
a
nd
to
polo
gies
of
DC
-
DC
co
nver
te
r
s
to
pro
vid
e
wi
de
volt
age
gain
are
re
ported
in
the
li
te
rature.
The
e
xtre
m
e
high
du
t
y
r
at
io
operati
on
cou
l
d
be
av
oi
ded
a
nd
the
high
ste
p
-
up
vo
lt
age
achieve
d
by
usi
ng
ei
ther
iso
la
te
d
or
non
-
is
olate
d
DC
-
DC
co
nverter
s.
T
he
is
olate
d
co
nv
e
rters
ca
n
pro
vid
e
high
volt
age
ga
in
by
adj
us
ti
ng
the
tu
r
n’
s
ra
ti
o
of
t
he
hi
gh
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
tra
ns
f
ormer
or
th
e
coupled
in
duct
or
s.
Howe
ver,
the
y
s
uffer
high
vo
lt
age
sp
i
ke
,
high
ci
rc
ul
at
ing
cu
r
ren
t
and
high
vo
lt
age
stress
on
ou
t
pu
t
semic
onduct
or
s
cause
d
by
t
he
le
aka
ge
in
du
ct
or
[10
]
-
[
13]
.
The
no
n
-
is
olate
d
c
onver
t
ers
can
pro
vide
hig
h
vo
lt
age
gain
,
ei
ther
by
inc
r
easi
ng
t
he
tur
n’
s
rati
o
of
th
e
coupled
i
nducto
rs
or
by
t
he
pe
rm
utati
ons
an
d
com
bin
at
io
ns
of
the
va
rio
us
vo
lt
age
bootin
g
te
c
hn
i
qu
es
[
14]
.
M
a
ny
non
-
isolat
ed
an
d
is
olate
d
ste
p
-
up
DC
-
DC
conve
rters
have
been
r
e
porte
d
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
[1
]
,
[
14
]
-
[
16].
A
cl
assifi
cat
ion
of
non
-
isolat
ed
with
hi
gh
gain
DC
-
DC
co
nve
rters
op
e
rati
ng
in
CC
M
has
been
present
ed
in
[1].
In
[1],
ste
p
-
up
t
opologies
with
wi
de
conve
rsion
rat
ios
ha
ve
bee
n
s
or
te
d
i
nto
fi
ve
ty
pes,
nam
el
y:
(
1)
ca
sca
ded
boos
t
c
onver
te
r
s,
(
2)
c
ouple
d
-
inducto
r
base
d
boos
t
co
nv
erters,
(
3)
s
w
it
ched
ca
pacit
or
ba
sed
bo
ost
co
nv
e
rters,
(4)
i
nterleave
d
boos
t
conve
rters,
and
(5)
t
hr
ee
-
sta
te
switc
hin
g
cel
l
(3
-
SSC
) base
d conve
rters.
To
ac
hieve
a
high
ste
p
-
up
vo
lt
a
ge
gai
n
us
in
g
non
-
isolat
ed
to
polo
gi
es
without
a
ny
ma
gn
et
ic
couplin
g,
the
vo
lt
age
boo
sti
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
es
hav
e
bee
n
us
e
d
[
14]
has
pr
e
sented
a
cat
eg
or
iz
at
io
n
of
volt
ag
e
boos
ti
ng
te
ch
ni
qu
es
.
T
he
y
ha
v
e
bee
n
cl
as
sifie
d
i
nto
fi
ve
ty
pes,
name
ly:
(a
)
switc
he
d
ca
pacit
or
(
charge
pump),
(b)
vo
l
ta
ge
m
ulti
plier,
(c)
switc
he
d
inducto
r
an
d
volt
age
li
ft,
(
d)
mag
netic
co
upli
ng
,
a
nd
(e
)
mu
lt
i
-
sta
ge/
-
le
vel
st
ru
ct
ur
es
.
This
cat
egorizat
ion
gi
ves
a
vie
w
on
how
m
os
t
of
h
i
gh
st
ep
-
up
co
nvert
ers
are
const
ru
ct
e
d.
T
hu
s
,
i
n
t
he
pur
po
s
e
to
e
nlar
ge
the
volt
age
ga
in
a
nd
amel
io
rate
the
co
nver
te
r
pe
rfo
rma
nc
e
an
d
eff
ic
ie
nc
y,
a
num
ber
of
c
onve
rter
ar
range
m
ents
ha
ve
been
der
i
ved
a
nd
r
eported
i
n
the
li
te
ratur
e
[
14
]
-
[
16]
.
Ba
sic
bo
os
t
DC
-
DC
co
nverte
rs
c
ombi
ned
w
it
h
vo
lt
age
m
ul
ti
plier
cel
ls
ha
ve
bee
n
pr
opose
d
t
o
get
fa
mil
ie
s
of
conve
rters
pos
sessing
highe
r
vo
lt
age
gain
in
[17
]
,
[
18].
In
[19
]
-
[
21]
,
ba
sic
DC
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
rter
s
and
switc
he
d
capac
it
or
/swit
che
d
inducto
r
str
uctu
res
ha
ve
been
com
bin
e
d
to
i
mpro
ve
the
volt
age
co
nv
e
rsion
gai
n.
[22
]
-
[
24]
ha
ve
us
e
d
t
he
vo
lt
a
ge
li
ft
te
ch
nique
with
cl
assic
al
boos
t
c
onve
rters
t
o
ac
hiev
e
wide
volt
age
rati
os
.
The
aut
hors
in
[25
]
-
[
31]
hav
e
su
bst
it
uted
f
or
inducto
rs
i
n
th
e
cl
assic
al
boost
co
nverter
with
vo
lt
a
ge
mu
lt
ipli
er
cel
ls and o
btained
qua
dr
at
ic
vo
lt
age
con
versi
on g
ai
ns
.
This
pa
per
pro
po
s
es
a
dual
-
s
witc
h
cu
bic
S
EPIC
co
nverte
r
ex
hib
it
in
g
an
extra
hi
gh
volt
age
gain
a
nd
moderate
vo
lt
a
ge
stress
on
se
micond
ucto
r
s
witc
hes.
It
co
nsi
sts
of
a
volt
age
m
ulti
plier
c
el
l
(VMC)
a
nd
the
hybri
d
S
EPIC
DC
-
DC
co
nv
erter
in
[
19]
.
The
pro
po
se
d
conve
rter
is
a
non
-
isolat
ed
c
onve
rter
without
an
y
mag
netic
co
upli
ng
hav
i
ng
a
cub
ic
de
pende
nce
on
t
he
du
t
y
c
ycle
D
.
T
he
pro
posed
c
onve
rter
has
a
higher
vo
lt
age
gai
n
c
ompare
d
to
t
he
conve
nt
io
nal
and
quad
rati
c
boos
t
c
onver
t
ers.
T
he
propo
sed
c
onver
te
r
has
the
fo
ll
owin
g meri
ts:
−
Cub
ic
de
pe
nd
e
nce
on
t
he
duty
rati
o
al
lowi
ng
it
t
o
pro
vid
e
wi
de
outp
ut
-
to
-
i
nput
c
onve
r
sion
ra
nge
at
moderate
duty
cycle wit
ho
ut a
ny ma
gn
et
ic
c
ouplin
g,
−
Re
la
ti
vely
reduced
volt
age
s
tress
on
act
ive
and
passi
ve
s
witc
hes
e
xcep
t
the
outp
ut
sw
it
ches
S
2
an
d
D
o
for 0.
5<D
<
1,
−
The
i
nput a
nd
ou
t
pu
t t
e
rmin
al
s sh
a
re a
com
mon
gro
und.
This
pap
e
r
is
orga
nized
as
f
ol
lowing:
sect
io
n
2
prese
nts
th
e
struct
ur
e
a
nd
the
ope
rat
ing
pr
i
nciple
of
the
propose
d
conve
rter,
sect
ion
3
de
ta
il
s
the
ste
a
dy
-
sta
t
e
anal
ys
is
of
the
propose
d
conve
rter,
sect
ion
4
pro
vid
es
the
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
naly
sis
with
pa
rasi
ti
c
par
a
mete
rs
consi
der
e
d,
th
e
co
mp
a
rison
with
s
om
e
qu
a
dr
at
ic
conve
rters
is
done
i
n
sect
io
n
5,
sect
io
n
6
dis
cusses
t
he
exte
ns
io
n
of
the pr
opos
e
d
c
onver
t
er
so
t
hat
the
volt
age
stress
on the
outp
ut s
witc
hes
d
r
o
p
s
,
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
7
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
a
n
d
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
8
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
the
pa
per.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A du
al
-
swi
tc
h cub
ic
SEP
IC c
on
ve
rte
r wi
th e
xt
ra
high v
olta
ge ga
i
n
(
Christ
ophe Ra
oul Fo
tso M
bobda
)
201
2.
PROP
OSE
D CO
NV
E
RTER
AND OPE
RA
TI
NG PR
I
NC
I
PLE
The
du
al
-
switc
h
cu
bic
SE
PI
C
conve
rter
is
de
rive
d
f
rom
th
e
new
hybri
d
SEPI
C
c
onve
rter,
desp
ic
te
d
in
Fig
ur
e
1
,
by
insertin
g
in
ca
scade
betwee
n
the
in
pu
t
in
duc
tor
a
nd
t
he
mai
n
s
witc
h,
a
volt
age
m
ulti
plier
cel
l
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
2(a
).
T
he
add
it
io
nal
c
ompone
nt
s
al
lo
w
the
propose
d
c
onve
rter
t
o
ope
rate
di
ff
e
ren
tl
y
f
rom
the
hybr
i
d
SE
PI
C
C
onve
rter
.
T
he
ste
a
dy
-
s
ta
te
wav
e
f
or
m
un
der
co
ntin
uous
c
onduct
io
n
mode
(CC
M)
a
nd
disco
ntin
uous
inducto
r
c
urre
nt
m
od
e
(
DI
C
M
)
O
per
at
io
ns
is
de
picte
d
i
n
Fi
gure
3
a
nd,
t
he
c
orrespondin
g
modes
a
re
s
ho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
2.
To
anal
ys
e
the
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
cha
racteri
sti
cs
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
c
onver
te
r
,
some
conditi
ons
are
assume
d
as
f
ollow
s:
i
)
All
co
mpon
e
nts
a
re
ideal
,
ii
)
All
ca
pacit
or
s
are
s
uffici
ently
la
r
ge
,
an
d
the volt
ages
ac
ro
ss
the
capaci
tors
ca
n
be
t
rea
te
d
as c
onsta
nt.
Fo
r
ea
se
the
a
nalysis,
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
co
nver
te
r
is
assume
d
to
be
lossless
,
so
P
in
=P
out
is
held.
He
nce,
the
ESRs
of
in
du
ct
or
s
an
d
ca
pacit
or
s
an
d
l
osse
s
of
the
se
micond
ucto
r’
s
dev
ic
es
su
c
h
a
s
switc
hes
an
d
diodes
are
no
t c
onside
red.
Figure
1. Ne
w hyb
rid SEP
IC
conve
rter
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
2. D
ual
-
switc
h
c
ubic
S
EPIC
c
onve
rter mo
des,
(a) co
nv
e
rter;
(b)
s
w
it
ches on; (
c
)
s
witc
hes off;
(d)
s
witc
hes o
f
f
in
DICM
(a)
(b)
Figure
3. Ke
y wav
e
f
or
m
s
of
t
he du
al
-
switc
h
cub
ic
SEP
IC c
onve
rter; (a
)
C
CM;
(
b) DICM
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
199
–
211
202
2.1.
CCM
op
er
ati
on
In
CC
M
,
the
du
al
-
switc
h
c
ubic
SEP
IC
co
nverter
goes
th
r
ough
tw
o
topo
log
ic
al
modes
,
def
ine
d
as
modes
1
a
nd
2, as s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
2(b
)
a
nd (c
)
in
each
sw
it
chin
g peri
od.
M
ode
1:
At
t
=
t
0
=
0
,
both
powe
r
s
witc
hes
S
1
a
nd
S
2
are
tu
rn
e
d
on,
a
nd
diode
D
1
is
tu
rn
e
d
on,
wh
il
e
diodes
D
2
,
D
3
,
a
nd
th
e
outp
ut
diode
D
o
a
re
rev
e
rs
e
biase
d,
a
s
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2(b
).
The
cu
rr
e
nts
thr
ough
induct
or
s
L
1
a
nd
L
2
and,
outp
ut
in
duct
or
L
o
inc
reas
e
li
near
ly.
T
he
energ
y
store
d
i
n
the
ca
pacit
or
C
is
release
d
t
o
the
inducto
r
L
2
,
a
nd
t
he
e
nerg
y
store
d
in
t
he
c
apacit
or
s
C
1
is
release
d
t
o
th
e
ou
t
put
induc
tor
L
o
,
wh
il
e
the
ou
t
put
capaci
to
r
C
o
is
su
ppli
ed
the
load.
S
ome
of
the
main
e
qu
a
ti
on
s
am
ong
th
e
com
pone
nts
in
this
mode a
re
giv
e
n
as
(
1)
,
{
1
=
2
=
=
1
(1)
A
nd
(2)
{
=
−
2
1
=
−
=
−
⁄
(2)
M
ode
2:
At
=
1
=
,
bo
t
h
powe
r
s
w
it
ches
S
1
a
nd
S
2
are
t
urne
d
off,
a
nd
diode
D
1
is
rev
e
rse
biased
,
wh
il
e
diodes
D
2
,
D
3
,
an
d
the
outp
ut
diode
D
o
a
re
forw
a
r
d
bia
sed,
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
2(
c
).
The
currents
th
rou
gh
in
duct
ors
L
1
an
d
L
2
dec
rease
li
nea
rly
.
The
e
nergy
s
tore
d
in
the
outp
ut
in
duct
or
Lo
is
release
d
to
the
outp
ut
capaci
t
or
C
o
a
nd
the
load
,
w
hile
the
energ
y
store
d
i
n
L
1
a
nd
L
2
wi
th
t
he
s
ource
e
nerg
y
V
in
are
release
d
to
c
harge
th
e
capaci
tors
C
and
C
1
.
T
hus
,
the
volt
ages
a
cro
s
s
L
1
,
L
2
and
L
o
,
the
c
urre
nts
thr
ough C, C
1
and C
o
are
g
i
ve
n
as
(
3)
,
{
1
=
−
2
=
−
1
=
−
(3)
and
(
4)
{
=
1
−
2
1
=
2
=
−
⁄
(4)
2.2.
DICM
op
e
ra
tion
In DICM
, th
e
op
e
rati
ng m
od
es can
b
e
d
i
vide
d
int
o
th
ree
m
od
e
s
def
ine
d
a
s m
od
es
1,
2,
a
nd 3.
M
ode
1.
The o
per
at
in
g pr
i
nciple is t
he
same as
that
f
or m
od
e
1 of t
he
CC
M
op
e
ra
ti
on
.
M
ode
2.
The o
per
at
in
g pr
i
nciple is t
he
same as
that
f
or m
od
e
2 of t
he
CC
M
op
e
ra
ti
on
.
M
ode
3.
At
=
2
=
(
+
2
)
,
both
pow
er
switc
hes
S
1
and
S
2
a
re
sti
ll
turn
ed
off,
a
nd
diode
D
1
is
sti
ll
rev
e
rse
biase
d,
w
hile
diodes
D
2
,
D
3
,
an
d
th
e
outp
ut
diode
D
o
a
re
tur
ne
d
off
,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2(d).
T
he
energies st
or
e
d i
n
in
duct
ors L
1
,
L
2
a
n
d
L
o
a
r
e
z
e
r
o
.
T
h
u
s
,
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
e
d
i
n
C
o
i
s
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
t
o
the l
oa
d.
3.
STE
ADY
-
ST
ATE PE
R
FO
RMA
NC
E
A
NA
L
YS
I
S OF
THE P
ROPOSE
D CO
NV
E
RTER
By
us
i
ng
t
he
vo
lt
-
sec
ond
ba
la
nce
pri
nciple
on
i
nducto
rs
and
a
mp
e
re
-
se
cond
balance
pr
i
nciple
on
capaci
tors, t
he f
ollo
wing e
qua
ti
on
s a
re
der
i
ve
d
as
(
5)
,
{
+
(
−
)
(
1
−
)
=
0
+
(
−
1
)
(
1
−
)
=
0
1
−
(
1
−
)
=
0
(5)
and
(
6)
{
−
2
+
(
1
−
2
)
(
1
−
)
=
0
−
+
2
(
1
−
)
=
0
−
+
(
−
)
(
1
−
)
=
0
(6)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A du
al
-
swi
tc
h cub
ic
SEP
IC c
on
ve
rte
r wi
th e
xt
ra
high v
olta
ge ga
i
n
(
Christ
ophe Ra
oul Fo
tso M
bobda
)
203
3.1.
Idea
l
volta
ge
conversi
on r
ati
o
in
CCM
By s
olv
in
g (
5)
,
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age a
nd the
vol
ta
ges of
t
he
ca
pacit
or
s
can
be
d
e
rive
d
as,
=
1
1
−
(7)
1
=
1
(
1
−
)
2
(8)
=
(
1
−
)
3
(9)
Hen
ce
, fr
om
(
9), t
he
ideal
volt
age c
onve
rsion
g
ai
n i
s
giv
e
n b
y
(10)
;
=
=
(
1
−
)
3
(10)
Accor
ding
to
(
10),
the
ideal
vo
lt
age
gain
of
the
propose
d
co
nverter
is
a
cu
bic
functi
on
of
the
du
t
y
cycle
D.
So,
this
conve
rter
can
pro
vid
e
wide
vo
lt
age
conve
rsion
rat
io
range
.
Mor
eov
e
r,
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
conve
rter
can
op
e
rate
ei
the
r
in
ste
p
-
up
mode
or
i
n
ste
p
-
dow
n
m
od
e
.
If
t
he
duty
c
ycle
D
>
0.3
17
,
the
vo
lt
age
gain
is
great
er
than 1,
it
opera
te
s in
ste
p
-
up
mode.
Othe
r
wise, it o
per
at
es
in
ste
p
-
dow
n
m
od
e
.
3.2.
Idea
l
volta
ge c
onversi
o
n r
ati
o
in
DICM
By
s
olv
i
ng
e
qu
at
ion
s
f
rom
vol
t
-
seco
nd
balan
ce
pr
inci
ple
on
eac
h
i
nducto
r,
we
der
i
ve
the
vo
lt
age
s
of
capaci
tors a
nd
the ideal
outp
ut
v
oltage
as
(
11)
,
{
=
+
2
2
1
=
(
+
2
2
)
2
=
2
(
+
2
2
)
2
(11)
Fr
om
(11
),
M
D
ICM
is der
ive
d
a
s
(
12)
=
=
2
(
+
2
2
)
2
(12)
Fr
om Fi
gure
3(
b), the
av
e
rage
v
al
ue
of t
he o
utput di
od
e
c
urren
t
is gi
ven by;
=
1
2
2
=
1
2
1
2
=
2
2
(
+
2
)
2
(13)
is eq
ual to t
he a
ver
a
ge
l
oad
c
urren
t
.
T
hus,
2
2
(
+
2
)
2
=
(14)
By s
ub
s
ti
tuti
ng
(12) int
o (14),
we get
;
2
=
√
2
(15)
The
n,
t
he norm
al
iz
ed
in
du
ct
or ti
me consta
nt i
s d
e
fine
d
as
(
16)
;
=
2
(16)
By
s
ub
sti
tuti
ng
(15) int
o (12
)
, t
he
volt
age
g
ai
n
is
giv
e
n b
y
(
17)
;
=
=
2
√
(
1
+
√
)
2
(17)
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In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
199
–
211
204
3.3.
Boundary
op
e
rat
in
g
c
ondi
tion
bet
ween
CCM
and
DI
C
M
In
boun
dary
c
onduct
io
n
m
ode
(BCM
),
th
e
volt
age
gain
of
t
he
CC
M
opera
ti
on
is
e
qu
al
to
the
volt
ag
e
gain
of
t
he
D
I
CM
oper
at
ion.
Fr
om
(
11)
a
nd
(20),
the
boun
dary
normali
ze
d
in
du
ct
or
ti
m
e
const
ant
can
be
der
i
ved as
(18)
;
=
(
1
−
)
2
(18)
The
D
ual
-
S
wi
tc
h
C
ub
ic
SEP
IC
co
nverte
r
will
operate
i
n
CC
M
i
f
is
la
rg
e
r
t
han
.
It
will
operate
i
n
DI
C
M
if
D
2
<
(1
-
D), that is
,
<
(1
-
D)
2
.
3.4.
Vo
l
tage stress
es o
n
p
ow
e
r s
witches
and
diodes
The
volt
age
st
ress
on
the
se
micond
ucto
r
c
ompone
nts
is
cal
culat
ed
duri
ng
t
heir
tu
rn
-
off
sta
te
.
T
he
normali
zed
vol
ta
ge
stresse
s
on S
1
,
S
2
,
D
1
,
D
2
, D
3
an
d D
o
a
re
d
e
rive
d
as
(
19)
a
nd
(
20)
,
{
1
=
1
−
2
=
1
(19)
{
1
=
1
−
2
=
(
1
−
)
2
3
=
1
−
=
1
(20)
The
no
rmali
zed
volt
age
stres
ses
on
t
he
act
ive
an
d
pa
ssive
switc
hes
of
the
D
ual
-
Sw
it
ch
Cub
ic
SE
PIC
conve
rter
are
pl
otted
in
Fi
gur
e
4.
Si
nce
the
pro
po
se
d
c
onve
rter
ca
n
achie
ve
hi
gh
volt
ag
e
gain
w
hen
t
he
du
t
y
cycle
rati
o
li
es
in
t
he
ra
ng
e
0.5
<
D
<
1
,
the
volt
age
stre
ss
es
on
se
mico
nduct
or
s
witc
he
s,
e
xce
pt
for
ou
t
pu
t
passive
sw
it
c
h
D
o
,
a
re less
or
equ
al
t
o
th
e
outpu
t
vo
lt
ag
e as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 4
.
Figure
1
.
N
ormal
iz
ed vo
lt
ag
e stresses
as a
f
un
ct
io
n o
f du
t
y cycle
D
3.4.
Cu
rren
t
s
tress
es o
n
p
ow
e
r s
witches
and
diodes
Fr
om
t
he
c
harge
balance
(
6),
the
a
ve
rag
e
cu
rr
e
nts
of
the
in
du
ct
or
s
L
1
,
L
2
and
L
o
,
na
mely
,
1
,
2
an
d
can
be
cal
c
ula
te
d
as
(
21)
,
(22
)
,
(23
)
,
1
=
(
1
−
)
3
(21)
2
=
(
1
−
)
2
(22)
=
1
1
−
(23)
The
nor
mali
zed
DC
cu
rr
e
nt
s
tresses
of
t
he
two
powe
r
swit
ches
(S
1
a
nd
S
2
)
a
nd
t
he
f
our
di
odes
(
D
1
,
D
2
, D
3
a
nd D
o
can
be deri
ved
as
(
24)
a
nd
(25)
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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ow Elec
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ys
t
IS
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N: 20
88
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8
694
A du
al
-
swi
tc
h cub
ic
SEP
IC c
on
ve
rte
r wi
th e
xt
ra
high v
olta
ge ga
i
n
(
Christ
ophe Ra
oul Fo
tso M
bobda
)
205
{
1
=
(
1
−
)
3
2
=
1
−
(24)
{
1
=
2
(
1
−
)
3
2
=
(
1
−
)
2
3
=
1
−
=
1
(25)
3.1.
Cu
rre
nt
s
of
t
he induc
t
ors
The
pea
k
-
to
-
pe
ak
c
urren
t
rip
pl
es
of
the
i
nduc
tor
c
urre
nts
1
,
2
and
can
be
giv
en
as
(26),
(27),
and (
28)
,
∆
1
=
1
(26)
∆
2
=
(
1
−
)
2
(27)
∆
=
(
1
−
)
2
(28)
wh
e
re
is t
he s
witc
hing
fr
e
quency
.
3.2.
V
olt
ag
es
of
the
ca
p
acit
ors
The
pea
k
vo
lt
a
ge
rip
ples
of
t
he
capaci
to
r
vo
l
ta
ges
,
1
an
d
0
ca
n
be
deduce
d
a
s
(
29),
(
30),
an
d
(31)
,
∆
=
2
(
1
−
)
2
(29)
∆
1
=
(
1
−
)
1
(30)
∆
=
(
1
−
)
8
2
(31)
4.
EFFICIE
NCY AN
ALY
SIS
C
O
NS
I
DE
RI
NG
T
HE P
A
RASITIC
P
A
RAMET
ERS
The
the
oret
ic
al
analysis
a
bove
is
base
d
on
ideal
c
omponents
,
i.e.
without
pa
rasit
ic
par
a
mete
rs.
Howe
ver,
the
desig
n
of
c
onver
te
r
m
us
t
c
onside
r
in
duct
or
a
nd
capaci
t
or
c
opper
los
se
s
due
t
o
the
E
SRs
of
inducto
rs
a
nd
capaci
tors,
res
pecti
vely
,
pow
er
lo
ss
i
n
the
a
ct
iv
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
e
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
i
p
p
l
e
s
o
f
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
a
r
e
neg
le
ct
ed
.
4.1.
Po
wer los
ses
of induc
t
ors
The
l
os
s
in
the
in
du
ct
or
s
c
onsist
s
of
t
he
c
oppe
r
l
os
s
an
d
the
c
ore
lo
ss.
T
he
i
nducto
r
c
oppe
r
l
os
s
is
cause
d by ESR
s
1
,
2
an
d
of in
duct
or
s
L
1
, L
2
a
nd L
o
,
res
pecti
ve
ly,
a
nd can
be
d
e
du
ce
d b
y,
=
1
1
(
)
2
+
2
2
(
)
2
+
(
)
2
(32)
h
ence
,
=
[
2
1
(
1
−
)
6
+
2
2
(
1
−
)
4
+
(
1
−
)
2
]
(33)
Fr
om
[30
]
, t
he c
or
e
loss
in
t
he
magneti
c circ
uit o
f
in
duct
ors
is d
e
duced
by
,
=
1
+
2
+
=
1
1
1
1
1
+
2
2
2
2
2
+
(34)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
199
–
211
206
wh
e
re
a,
b
an
d
c
are
obta
ined
from
the
datas
heets;
B
is
the
half
of
the
AC
flux
;
f
is
the
f
reque
ncy
;
A
c
is
the
area
of
the
co
re;
an
d
l
m
is
the
mea
n
le
ngt
h
of
th
e
co
re.
Th
us
,
t
he
ov
erall
powe
r
lo
sses
of
in
duct
or
s
a
r
e
ob
ta
ine
d
by,
=
+
(35)
4.2.
Po
wer los
ses
of c
apacitor
s
The
ca
pacit
or
coppe
r
loss
is
cause
d
by
E
SRs
,
1
and
of
ca
pa
ci
tors
C,
C
1
a
nd
C
o
,
re
sp
ect
iv
el
y.
The rms
of c
urren
ts
,
1
and
are
cal
culat
ed
as
(
36)
,
=
(
)
2
+
1
1
(
)
2
+
(
)
2
(36)
the
r
ms
values
of cu
rr
e
nts th
r
ough
the
capa
c
it
or
s
a
re:
{
=
3
2
⁄
(
1
−
)
5
2
⁄
1
(
)
=
1
2
⁄
(
1
−
)
3
2
⁄
(
)
=
1
2
⁄
(
1
−
)
1
2
⁄
(37)
thu
s
, th
e
po
wer l
os
s i
n
the
cap
aci
tors
a
re calc
ulate
d by
(
38)
=
[
3
(
1
−
)
5
+
1
(
1
−
)
3
+
(
1
−
)
]
(38)
4.3.
Po
wer los
ses
of p
ow
e
r s
witc
hes
The
powe
r
lo
ss
in
the
pow
er
switc
hes
is
div
i
ded
i
nto
two
par
ts:
the
cond
uctio
n
loss
a
nd
th
e
switc
hing
loss
.
The
co
nductio
n
loss
occurs
duri
ng
the
O
N
-
s
ta
te
caused
by
the
O
N
-
resist
ances
1
and
2
of the
powe
r
s
witc
he
s
S
1
an
d S
2
, r
es
pecti
vel
y,
a
nd ca
n be c
al
culat
ed
as
(
39)
,
=
1
1
(
)
2
+
2
2
(
)
2
(39)
The rms
v
al
ues
of c
urren
ts
flo
wing th
r
ough t
he powe
r
s
witc
hes
a
re
giv
e
n b
y
{
1
(
)
=
1
2
⁄
(
1
−
)
3
2
(
)
=
1
2
⁄
1
−
(40)
So
,
the c
onduc
ti
on
lo
ss ca
n b
e evaluate
d b
y
=
[
1
(
1
−
)
6
+
2
(
1
−
)
2
]
(41)
The
s
witc
hing
loss
occurs
dur
ing
t
he ON
-
OFF tra
ns
it
ion
s
of
pow
e
r
s
witc
he
s and ca
n be ca
lc
ulate
d
as
(
42)
,
ℎ
=
1
2
1
1
2
+
1
2
2
2
2
(42)
So
,
the
overall
powe
r
loss
in
the acti
ve
powe
r
s
witc
hes
is
(
43)
=
+
ℎ
(43)
4.4.
Po
wer los
ses
of di
od
es
The
po
wer
los
s
in
the
diodes
is
ca
us
e
d
by
t
he
f
orward
res
ist
ances
1
,
2
,
3
an
d
,
t
hen
by
the
thres
ho
l
d
vo
lt
a
ges
1
,
2
,
3
and
of
diodes
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
3
an
d
D
o
,
re
sp
ect
ively
.
T
he
rms
value
of
curren
t
s
thr
ough the
d
i
odes a
re
giv
e
n b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
A du
al
-
swi
tc
h cub
ic
SEP
IC c
on
ve
rte
r wi
th e
xt
ra
high v
olta
ge ga
i
n
(
Christ
ophe Ra
oul Fo
tso M
bobda
)
207
{
1
(
)
=
3
2
⁄
(
1
−
)
3
2
(
)
=
(
1
−
)
5
2
⁄
3
(
)
=
(
1
−
)
3
2
⁄
(
)
=
1
(
1
−
)
1
2
⁄
(44)
The p
ow
e
r
lo
ss
due to
the
f
orward
resist
anc
e of the
d
i
o
des
is ex
pr
esse
d
a
s
(
45)
=
1
1
(
)
2
+
2
2
(
)
2
+
3
3
(
)
2
+
(
)
2
(45)
The p
ow
e
r
lo
ss
due to
the t
hr
e
sh
ol
d v
oltage
of the
d
i
od
es
is
expresse
d
as
(
46)
=
1
1
+
2
2
+
3
3
+
(46)
Hen
ce
, th
e
ove
rall
powe
r
lo
ss
in the dio
des
g
i
ves
=
+
(47)
4.5.
Effici
ency
The rel
at
ively
accurat
e e
sti
mati
on
of the e
ffi
ci
ency
can
b
e
calc
ulate
d
as
(
48)
=
+
Σ
×
100
=
+
+
+
+
×
100
(48)
5.
COMP
AR
I
S
ON WIT
H
S
OME
QUA
D
RA
TI
C CO
N
VERTER
S
The
c
omparis
on,
i
n
order
t
o
ver
if
y
s
ome
ke
y
ste
ad
y
-
sta
te
featur
e
s
of
t
he
dual
-
s
witc
h
c
ub
ic
SEP
IC
conve
rter
with
some
qu
a
drat
ic
co
nverters
in
the
li
te
ratu
re,
namely
,
t
he
nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
s
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
t
r
e
s
s
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
d
i
o
d
e
s
i
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
T
a
b
l
e
1
,
t
h
e
pro
po
se
d
c
onve
rter
util
ise
s
t
he
sa
me
numb
e
r
a
nd
t
he
higher
num
ber
of
co
m
pone
nts,
res
pe
ct
ively,
with
th
e
co
nverter
in
[29]
a
nd
the
c
onve
rters
in
[19],
[
31].
Howe
ver,
it
ha
s
the
widest
volt
age
co
nvers
ion
gai
n
f
or
0.5
<
D
<
1
with
t
he
same
input
volt
age,
as
show
n
in
Fi
gure
5.
Com
pa
red
to
t
he
the
c
onve
rters
in
[29]
a
nd
[31
],
th
e
propose
d
co
nverter
has
the
lo
wer
vo
lt
age
st
resse
s
on
thei
r
swit
ches
an
d
di
odes
f
or
t
he
dut
y
c
ycle
li
es
in
the
ra
nge
0.5
<
D
<
1,
excep
t t
he o
utput di
od
e
D
o
.
Table
1
.
C
omp
ariso
n betwee
n t
he pr
opos
e
d
c
onve
rter a
nd s
om
e
e
xisti
ng c
onve
rters
Top
o
lo
g
y
Co
n
v
erter
in [31
]
Co
n
v
erter
in [19
]
Co
n
v
erter
in [29
]
Prop
o
sed
Co
n
v
erte
r
Switch
es
2
2
1
2
Dio
d
es
2
3
5
4
Ind
u
cto
rs
2
2
3
3
Cap
acito
rs
2
3
3
3
Ideal Volt
ag
e Co
n
v
ersio
n
Gain
(
1
−
)
2
2
(
1
−
)
2
(
1
−
)
2
(
1
−
)
3
No
rm
aliz
ed
Volta
g
e Str
ess
es o
f
the
Switch
es
1
∶
1
−
2
2
∶
1
1
∶
1
−
2
2
∶
1
+
2
∶
1
2
1
∶
1
−
2
∶
1
No
rm
aliz
ed
Volta
g
e Str
ess
es o
f
the
Dio
d
es
1
∶
1
−
2
0
∶
1
1
∶
1
−
2
2
∶
1
+
2
0
∶
1
1
∶
1
−
2
2
∶
1
3
∶
1
2
4
∶
1
−
2
0
∶
1
1
∶
1
−
2
∶
(
1
−
)
2
3
∶
1
−
0
∶
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
199
–
211
208
Figure
5. I
deal
vo
lt
age
g
ai
n M
as a
functi
on
of
du
t
y
c
ycle D
6.
EXTE
NS
I
ON
OF THE
D
U
AL
-
S
WITC
H
CU
BI
C SE
PI
C CO
NV
E
RT
ER
The
e
xte
ns
io
n
of
the
dual
-
s
wi
tc
h
c
ub
ic
SEP
I
C
co
nv
e
rter
im
pro
ves
t
he
vo
lt
age
gain
a
nd
r
edu
ce
s
the
vo
lt
age
st
resse
s
acr
os
s
t
he
outp
ut
s
witc
hes
.
It
is
obta
ine
d
by
ad
ding
a
volt
age
m
ulti
plier
recti
fier
wh
ic
h
consi
sts
of
diode
a
nd
ca
pacit
or
at
it
s
ou
t
pu
t
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
igure
6.
It
s
hal
l
be
note
d
that
the
volt
age
ga
in
ca
n
furthe
r
be
im
pro
ve
d
by
inse
rting
a
dd
it
io
nal
vo
lt
age
mu
lt
ipl
ie
r
cel
ls.
The
volt
age
gai
n
of
the
extensi
on
of
the
du
al
-
switc
h cu
bic SE
PI
C c
on
ver
te
r
can
be e
asi
ly d
e
rive
d
a
s
=
=
1
(
1
−
)
3
(49
)
The
nor
mali
zed
volt
age
stres
ses
on
ou
t
pu
t
switc
hes
S
2
an
d
D
o
of
t
he
ex
te
nd
e
d
pro
pos
ed
c
onve
rter
are
der
ive
d as
{
2
=
1
−
=
4
=
1
(50)
On
e
noti
ce that
the
normali
ze
d vo
lt
age
stres
ses on
outp
ut s
witc
hes
a
re at
mo
st e
qual
to
V
o
.
The me
rits
of th
e
pro
po
se
d
e
xt
ensio
n
are:
−
High
vo
lt
age
c
onve
rsion
gain
−
Re
du
ce
volt
ag
e stress
on
ou
t
pu
t
switc
hes
(S
2
, D
4
a
nd
D
o
)
The
inc
onve
ni
ent,
if
we
can
consi
der
it
as
su
c
h,
is
the
i
ncr
ease
i
n
numb
e
r
of
the
c
ompone
nt
el
ements,
namely
,
diode
D
4
a
nd capacit
or C
3
as il
lu
str
at
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
6(
a
).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
6. Exte
ns
io
n of t
he d
u
al
-
switc
h
c
ubic
SEPIC
c
onvert
er; (a) co
nvert
er; (
b) sw
it
che
s on;
(c
)
s
witc
he
s off
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.