Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 84
4
~
85
0
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p84
4-8
50
8
44
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Buck
convert
er optimization usi
n
g P&
O al
gorithm
for P
V
system based ba
ttery charger
Z
a
inu
l
A
b
id
in,
Adha
ru
l Mut
t
a
q
in
,
Ek
a
Ma
u
l
ana
,
M.
G
ila
n
g
Ra
ma
d
h
a
n
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
of El
e
c
tr
ica
l
E
n
gi
n
e
eri
n
g,
Un
ive
r
sita
s Bra
w
ija
ya
, In
done
si
a
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
Se
p 1
3
, 2
019
Re
vise
d
Oc
t 2
7
, 2
019
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
Jan
23
, 20
20
In this r
e
sear
ch,
battery
charg
e
r
based
on
P
h
otov
oltaic (P
V) s
y
s
t
e
m
con
s
ists
of bu
ck co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
as
us
eful
P
V
mo
du
le in
terf
ac
e was
fabric
ated
. S
i
n
ce
o
u
tpu
t
po
wer o
f
P
V
mod
u
le ch
ang
e
s
qu
ick
l
y
du
e
t
o
ch
anging
so
lar r
a
dia
t
ion
,
op
timization
is
r
e
q
u
ired
. On
e of
th
e
e
a
s
y
and
che
a
p o
p
timiz
at
io
n
tech
n
i
ques
is
by
impl
emen
ting
P
e
r
t
u
r
b
an
d
Obs
e
rve
(P&O) algor
i
t
h
m
for cont
ro
l
l
i
n
g
sw
itch of
th
e b
u
c
k
con
v
erter.
The
P&O
a
l
go
rith
m tra
c
ks
m
a
xi
mum po
w
e
r
po
in
t b
y
g
e
n
e
rating
suitab
le d
u
t
y
cycl
e for s
w
it
ching
of th
e bu
c
k
co
nvert
er.
Th
e ob
jective o
f
this p
a
pe
r is
to
presen
t th
e exp
e
rimen
t
al p
r
oo
f
o
f
th
e P
&
O
al
gorit
h
m
impl
ementati
on
in
o
p
timiz
ing
p
e
rform
an
ce
of
th
e
bu
c
k
co
nv
erter
.
Th
e exp
e
riment
al res
u
l
t
s
prov
e
th
at the P
&
O
alg
o
rith
m c
a
n
o
p
t
imize
the
work
of t
h
e bu
ck c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r a
n
d
sup
p
o
r
t sh
ort
e
r
c
h
a
r
g
i
ng tim
e by p
r
od
uc
i
n
g
high
er ou
tp
ut vo
ltag
e an
d
p
o
wer
.
Ke
yw
ords:
B
a
tt
er
y
cha
r
g
e
r
B
u
ck co
nv
er
te
r
O
p
ti
miz
a
t
i
on
P&
O
al
g
o
ri
th
m
Ph
ot
o
vol
ta
ic
s
y
st
em
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
Za
in
u
l
Ab
id
in
,
Depa
rt
me
nt o
f
Ele
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
sita
s B
r
a
w
i
j
a
y
a,
Jl
.
MT Har
yon
o 167
M
a
lan
g
,
Ind
one
sia
.
Emai
l:
zai
nul
a
b
i
d
in
@
u
b
.
ac
.i
d
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
P
h
oto
vol
t
a
i
c
(PV
)
sy
st
em
re
qui
res D
C
-D
C co
nve
rte
r
t
o
a
d
j
u
st
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
o
u
tp
ut
b
e
c
o
me sui
t
a
bl
e
fo
r l
o
ad
spe
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
ons
[
1
,2].
S
o
me
DC
-DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
de
vel
o
p
m
ent
i
s
orie
nte
d
t
o
wa
rds
I
C
fa
bric
at
i
o
n
[3,
4
].
A
ki
nd
o
f
DC
-D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
b
u
c
k
c
o
nve
rt
er. De
vel
o
pme
n
t
of t
h
e
b
u
ck
c
o
nve
rt
e
r
i
s
al
so
p
o
p
u
la
r a
m
o
n
g
re
se
arc
h
ers. F
o
r e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
hi
g
h
c
o
n
v
ersi
on
rat
i
o
qua
si sq
ua
re wa
ve
buc
k
con
v
e
r
t
e
r is de
si
gne
d a
n
d
pre
s
ent
e
d
in
re
f
e
r
e
n
ce
[
5
].
S
y
n
c
h
r
on
ou
s
b
u
c
k conv
e
r
t
e
r fo
r sp
e
c
i
f
i
c ap
p
l
ica
t
i
o
n
(LED
) is al
so evalu
a
te
d by s
i
mu
l
a
ti
on
[6
].
S
w
i
t
c
h
-i
nd
uct
o
r se
mi
-qua
drat
i
c
buc
k
c
onve
rt
er i
s
p
r
o
p
o
se
d a
n
d a
n
al
y
zed
i
n
re
fere
nc
e
[7
]. Buc
k
co
nve
rt
e
r
cont
rol
l
e
d
by
f
u
zzy
l
o
gi
c i
s
r
eal
i
zed a
n
d
re
p
o
rt
e
d
i
n
refe
re
nce
[8]. T
h
e
b
u
ck
c
onve
rt
er i
s
al
so
v
e
ry
i
m
po
rt
a
n
t
part
o
f
bat
t
e
r
y
char
ger.
B
a
t
t
e
ry c
h
a
r
ge
r base
d o
n
PV
s
y
ste
m
nee
d
s
hi
g
h
e
f
fi
ci
enc
y
. T
h
e
mo
re
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
t
t
h
e P
V
system
,
the
shorter
char
g
i
ng
t
i
me
r
e
qu
ir
e
d
.
PV s
y
st
em e
f
fi
ci
enc
y
i
s
mai
n
ly
affect
e
d
b
y
t
h
ree
fa
ct
ors
,
i
.
e. i
n
verte
r
e
ffi
ci
enc
y
(9
5-
98
%
)
[
9
]
,
PV
p
a
n
e
l
e
f
f
i
ci
en
cy
wh
ic
h
is
b
e
t
w
ee
n
8-
15
% (c
o
mmer
c
i
a
l PV
p
a
n
e
ls)
[
10],
and
e
ffi
ci
en
cy
of
M
a
x
i
mum P
o
we
r
P
o
in
t Tr
ack
ing
(MP
P
T)
al
go
r
ithm wh
ich
is o
v
e
r
98
% [1
1]
.
I
m
p
r
ov
ing
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
inv
e
rte
r
a
nd
t
h
e P
V
pa
nel
i
s
n
o
t
e
a
sy
si
nc
e
i
t
de
p
e
nd
s o
n
a
v
ai
l
a
bi
li
t
y
of
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Fu
rt
her
m
ore,
i
t
ma
y re
q
u
i
r
e
bet
t
e
r
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
ca
n i
n
cre
a
se d
r
asti
c
a
l
l
y
t
h
e
in
st
al
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
st.
Ins
t
ea
d, i
m
pro
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
r
ac
ki
ng
of
t
h
e M
a
xim
u
m
P
o
wer P
o
i
n
t
(MPP
)
wi
t
h
ne
w
o
r
si
m
p
le
c
ont
rol al
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms i
s
e
a
sie
r
a
nd c
h
e
a
p
er. It
c
a
n be
do
ne e
v
en i
n
pl
ant
s
whic
h
a
r
e al
re
ad
y
use
d
b
y
up
dat
i
ng
t
h
ei
r co
nt
rol
a
l
gorit
hms
.
It
w
oul
d al
so
l
e
a
d
t
o
an
i
m
medi
at
e i
n
c
r
e
a
se in P
V
s
y
st
e
m
p
o
w
er
ge
ne
rat
i
on an
d c
o
n
s
eque
nt
l
y
p
r
i
c
e
red
u
ct
i
o
n. S
i
nc
e PV
pa
ne
ls
ha
ve a
no
n
-
l
i
ne
ar v
o
l
t
a
g
e-c
u
rre
n
t c
h
a
r
ac
te
ri
sti
c
wi
t
h
po
we
r p
r
od
uc
ed
is ma
xi
mu
m
i
n
a
u
n
iq
ue
p
o
i
n
t
,
MP
PT
al
go
ri
t
h
ms a
r
e
nec
e
ssary t
o
be i
m
pl
eme
n
t
e
d [1
2]. T
h
i
s
poi
nt
de
pen
d
s
on i
rra
di
a
n
c
e
con
d
i
t
ion
s
a
nd
o
n
t
e
mpera
t
ure
o
f
the
P
V
panel
s
. B
o
th c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s a
r
e
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
de
pe
n
d
on
t
h
e
se
aso
n
a
n
d
ch
ange
d
u
ri
ng
th
e
da
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Buck
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
at
i
o
n u
s
i
ng P&
O al
g
o
r
it
hm f
o
r PV
sy
st
em
base
d
b
a
t
t
e
ry ch
arge
r…
(Z
ai
nul
Abi
d
i
n
)
8
45
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r,
so
lar
rad
i
a
t
i
o
n
can c
h
ang
e
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
ch
a
n
g
i
ng
o
f
a
t
mo
sp
h
e
r
i
c
co
nd
itio
n
s
su
ch
as cl
o
u
d
s
and
rai
n
. T
h
e
r
efo
r
e,
t
r
ack
t
h
e
M
P
P a
c
c
u
rat
e
l
y
u
n
d
er al
l
possi
bl
e c
o
ndi
t
i
ons
i
s
ver
y
im
po
rt
ant
.
As
the
res
u
l
t
,
maxi
mum
p
o
w
e
r i
s
al
wa
ys
a
v
ai
la
bl
e t
o
b
e
ob
t
a
i
n
ed
[1
3].
In
rece
nt
yea
r
s
,
se
ve
ral
MP
P
T
al
g
o
ri
t
h
ms
h
a
ve
be
e
n
publ
i
s
he
d
[1
4].
The
y
di
ffe
r
in
ma
ny
as
pec
t
s
su
ch
a
s
se
n
s
o
r
s r
e
qu
i
r
ed
, c
o
mp
le
x
i
t
y
,
cos
t
or e
v
en
e
ffi
cie
n
cy
. Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
mo
r
e
e
x
p
e
nsi
v
e o
r
mor
e
co
mp
l
i
ca
te
d
al
go
ri
t
h
m i
s
us
el
ess if wi
t
h
a
si
mple
r a
n
d c
h
ea
per o
n
e ca
n obt
ai
n
si
mil
a
r resul
t
s.
Thi
s
is
the
reas
o
n
wh
y
so
m
e
of t
h
e
pro
p
o
s
e
d
t
e
c
h
niq
u
e
s
a
r
e
not
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
te
d. P
e
rt
urb
an
d
Ob
se
rve
(P
&
O
) al
g
o
ri
t
h
m i
s
o
n
e
o
f
MP
P
T
al
go
ri
t
h
ms
whi
c
h i
s
si
m
p
le
, w
i
del
y
use
d
, a
n
d
re
ce
nt
l
y
devel
ope
d
b
y
ma
n
y
resea
r
c
h
e
r
s
[15
-
2
4
].
In t
h
i
s
pa
per
,
P&O al
go
ri
t
h
m i
m
pl
eme
n
t
a
t
i
on on
buc
k
con
v
e
r
t
e
r o
f
P
V
sy
st
em
f
o
r
red
u
c
i
n
g
bat
t
e
ry c
h
a
r
gi
n
g
t
i
m
e
is
eva
l
ua
te
d e
xpe
ri
me
nt
al
ly.
2.
EX
PERI
ME
N
T
AL ME
TH
O
D
Thi
s
sec
t
ion
d
e
scri
bes
me
t
h
o
d
o
f
t
h
e e
xpe
ri
ment
w
h
i
c
h c
o
nsi
s
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
prepa
r
at
i
ons, i
.
e
.
ha
rd
ware
a
n
d
sof
t
w
a
r
e
pr
e
p
a
r
a
t
io
ns
. The
h
a
rdw
a
r
e
is
d
e
si
gn
e
d
by
u
s
i
n
g
co
mmer
c
ial
co
m
pon
en
t
s
w
h
ich
is
ea
sy
t
o
buy
.
Th
e
soft
wa
r
e
is fo
cu
se
d on
the imp
l
em
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
of P&O
a
l
go
r
ithm
.
2.1.
Ha
r
d
wa
re
p
rep
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
H
a
rdw
a
re
re
qu
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
ba
se
d o
n
bl
oc
k
di
agra
m
s
h
ow
n
in
F
i
g
u
re
1
.
G
e
neral
l
y
t
h
e
sys
t
em nee
d
s
some
devi
c
e
s suc
h
as
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
,
buc
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r, c
u
rre
n
t sens
or a
n
d
vol
t
a
ge
divi
de
r
ci
rcui
t, MO
S
F
ET
dri
v
er, mi
cr
o
c
ont
roll
e
r
a
r
d
u
i
no na
no
an
d
ba
t
t
e
r
y. Ope
r
at
i
o
nal
p
r
inc
i
pl
e
of the
sy
st
em
i
s
fi
rstl
y the
P
V
mod
u
l
e
re
cei
ves s
o
l
a
r
radi
at
io
n a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
s
t
o
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
. I
n
o
r
de
r t
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
l
o
a
d
re
sist
or
or c
h
a
r
ge
ba
tt
e
r
y,
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d cu
rre
n
t
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
by
th
e
P
V
mo
du
le
is i
n
pu
tte
d
t
o
th
e
b
u
c
k
conv
e
r
te
r
w
h
i
c
h
is s
e
t with
a c
e
rt
ai
n
v
a
lu
e
of
dut
y c
y
cl
e s
w
i
t
chi
ng.
O
n
t
h
e
ot
he
r si
de, t
h
e
volt
a
ge
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
gene
rat
e
d
b
y
PV
mo
dul
e are
a
l
so
se
ns
ed
b
y
current
sen
s
o
r
and
v
o
l
t
age
di
vi
de
r
ci
rc
uit
.
The se
nsi
n
g
re
sul
t
bec
o
me
s i
n
p
u
t
whi
c
h is
proce
s
se
d
b
y
a
r
d
u
in
o
n
a
no
u
s
ing
P&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
co
n
t
ro
lli
ng s
w
i
t
c
h
du
t
y
cy
cl
e
of
th
e
buck
co
nv
er
ter
.
Th
e
P&
O a
l
gor
it
h
m
i
s
use
d
t
o
fi
n
d
MPP
of t
h
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
.
The
ci
rcui
t
re
a
l
i
z
at
ion o
f
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
is
p
r
e
s
ent
e
d i
n
Fi
gu
re
2.
Pe
rfo
r
ma
n
c
e
of t
h
e b
u
c
k
con
v
e
r
te
r
wi
ll
be com
p
a
r
ed
wi
th t
h
e
a mo
n
o
li
t
h
ic
int
e
grat
e
d
ci
rc
uit
buc
k c
o
nve
rt
er
LM
2
5
9
6
.
Th
e bu
ck
c
onve
r
t
er
is
u
s
ed
to d
e
cr
e
a
s
e
th
e PV
mo
du
l
e
ou
t
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e.
I
t
w
a
s
d
e
s
i
ng
e
d
fo
r ch
a
r
g
i
ng
Li
M
n
bat
t
e
ry
7
.
4 V
.
I
n
t
h
is
expe
rime
nt
,
t
h
e buc
k c
o
nve
rt
er
me
nti
one
d
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
s
1 a
nd
2 i
s
real
i
zed
usin
g
ci
rc
uit
sh
ow
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
3 [8,
25-2
7
]
. S
w
it
c
h
i
s
rea
l
i
z
ed usi
ng
M
O
S
F
ET an
d c
ont
rol
l
e
d
b
y
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
p
r
od
u
c
e
d
by
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
c
on
tr
o
l
l
e
r a
r
du
ino
n
a
no
. Th
e
M
O
S
F
ET u
s
ed
i
n
th
is ci
rcu
i
t
is
I
R
FZ44N
w
i
th
sp
e
c
i
f
i
ca
ti
on
of
V
DS
S
=
55 V
da
n
I
D
=
4
9
A
,
so i
t
c
a
n be
us
ed for
t
h
e c
i
rc
ui
t
.
The
buc
k c
onve
rt
er us
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
expe
ri
me
n
t
has
so
me
pa
ramet
e
rs, suc
h
as
V
in
=
13
,
V
out
=
8
.
6
V,
f
r
e
que
nc
y
(
f
) =
5
0
kH
z,
a
nd
I
oma
x
= 1
.
2
A
.
I
n
buc
k c
o
nve
rte
r
desi
g
n
,
ri
p
p
l
e
curre
n
t
(
I
ripple
)
is s
e
t
in 30
%
o
f
m
a
x
i
mum
c
u
rr
e
n
t.
So t
h
at, t
h
e
I
ri
pp
le
i
s
ca
lc
ula
t
ed a
s
0.3
1.2
0.3
6
(1
)
Du
t
y
cy
c
l
e
is
cal
cu
l
a
t
e
d
b
y
c
o
mp
ar
ing
V
ou
t
an
d
V
in
as
exp
e
c
t
ed
.
Th
en
,
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
cy
c
l
e
i
s
.
0.6
6
(2
)
In
duc
t
o
r
va
l
u
e
ca
n be
det
e
rmi
n
ed
u
s
in
g e
qua
t
i
on
as
fol
l
ow
s.
H
H
D
I
f
V
V
L
ripple
out
in
160
3
.
161
66
.
0
13
50000
6
.
8
13
(3
)
Af
te
r d
e
ter
m
ini
n
g
th
e
indu
c
t
or
v
a
lu
e
,
th
e
capa
c
it
an
c
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
at
ed
as fo
llo
ws.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
8
44
– 85
0
84
6
F
F
V
f
L
D
V
C
ou
t
ou
t
20
18
1
66
.
0
10
50
5000
0
10
3
.
161
8
66
.
0
1
6
.
8
8
1
3
2
6
2
(4
)
PV
M
o
d
u
l
e
Bu
c
k
C
o
nve
r
t
e
r
Rl
o
a
d
/
Ba
t
t
e
r
y
Ar
d
u
i
no
Na
n
o
M
O
S
F
ET
Dr
i
v
e
r
C
u
r
r
e
nt
S
e
ns
or
a
n
d
Vol
t
a
ge
De
vi
de
r
Ci
r
c
u
i
t
Fi
gu
re 1.
Bl
oc
k dia
g
ram of
t
h
e
ex
pe
ri
me
nta
l
set
u
p
F
i
gu
re
2.
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
re
al
i
zat
i
on
o
f
PV
sy
ste
m
bas
e
d
bat
t
e
ry
cha
r
ge
r
Fi
gu
re
3.
B
u
c
k
c
o
nve
rt
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
2.
2.
So
ftw
a
re p
r
epa
r
at
ion
(P&O
a
l
go
rithm)
As
me
nt
ione
d
i
n
pre
v
i
o
us
s
u
b
se
ct
i
o
n
,
a
r
du
ino
na
n
o
i
s
use
d
t
o
impl
eme
n
t
t
h
e
P
&
O
al
go
ri
t
h
m.
The
pr
i
n
c
i
pl
e o
f
t
h
e P
&
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m is i
l
l
u
st
rat
e
d i
n
Fi
g
u
re
4 [
1
5
,
1
8
,
2
2
,
2
4
]
.
A
f
t
e
r
ge
n
e
ra
t
e
d
a
n
d pr
ocess
e
d (
s
e
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
& Dri
Sy
st
I
SSN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
Bu
ck
con
v
er
te
r op
t
i
m
i
za
ti
on
us
in
g
P&O
a
l
gorith
m
f
o
r
PV syst
em
b
a
s
e
d
ba
tt
ery
cha
r
g
e
r…
(
Z
a
i
nu
l
Ab
i
d
in)
8
47
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
)
,
the
volt
a
ge
(
V
k
) and
curr
en
t
(
I
k
) ar
e c
a
l
cu
lat
e
d
to
g
e
t
ou
tpu
t
po
w
e
r (
Pk
).
T
h
e
n
,
t
h
e
P
k
is c
o
mpa
r
ed
to
pre
v
i
o
us
ou
t
p
u
t
po
w
e
r
(
P
k-1
)
t
o
ge
t de
vi
at
i
on (
P
k
-
P
k-1
) T
h
e
de
via
t
i
o
n of
t
h
e
P
k
an
d
P
k-1
is
u
s
e
d
as
cond
it
io
n
to
d
e
te
rm
i
n
e
t
h
e
du
ty
cy
c
l
e
mu
s
t
b
e
in
cr
ease
d
or
d
e
c
r
ease
d
.
If
th
e
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
is z
e
r
o
,
i
t
me
ans
th
ere
i
s
no
di
ffe
r
e
n
ce b
e
t
w
een
P
k
an
d
P
k-1
,
t
h
en t
h
e P
k
must
be
sa
ved
fo
r
ne
xt
cal
c
u
l
a
t
i
on.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
i
n
t
h
e c
a
se
of t
h
e
de
via
t
i
o
n is
no
t
zer
o
,
f
u
rt
her
pr
oce
ss an
d c
o
ndi
ti
o
n
se
le
ct
i
o
n
a
r
e ne
ce
ssa
r
y
.
It
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
4
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
, i.
e
.
If
P
k
-
P
k-
1
< 0
a
n
d
V
k
-
V
k-1
<
0,
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e must
b
e
i
n
crease
d
an
d
V
k
i
n
c
r
ease
If
P
k
-
P
k-
1
< 0
a
n
d
V
k
-
V
k-1
>
0
,
th
en
th
e du
ty
cy
cl
e mu
st b
e
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
an
d
V
k
de
cre
a
s
e.
If
P
k
-
P
k-
1
> 0
a
n
d
V
k
-
V
k-1
>
0
,
th
en
th
e du
ty
cy
cl
e mu
st b
e
in
cr
ea
sed
an
d
V
k
incr
ease.
If
P
k
-
P
k-
1
> 0
a
n
d
V
k
-
V
k-1
<
0
,
th
en
th
e du
ty
cy
cl
e mu
st b
e
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
an
d
V
k
de
cre
a
s
e.
So
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
out
put
o
f
t
h
e
P
&
O a
l
go
r
i
t
h
m
i
s
d
u
t
y
cyc
l
e
f
o
r
swi
t
c
h
i
n
g
of
buc
k
co
n
v
er
te
r
.
It
c
h
a
n
ges
ba
se
d on
the
o
u
t
p
ut p
o
w
er
de
vi
at
i
on.
Fi
gu
re
4.
F
l
o
w
c
h
art
o
f
P
&
O
a
l
go
ri
t
h
m
3.
EX
P
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
RE
SU
LT
Th
e
P&O a
l
gor
ith
m
w
a
s
imp
l
em
en
t
e
d
to
th
e
PV
sy
st
em.
In
th
is
sec
t
i
o
n, t
h
e
exp
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
r
e
su
lts
are
p
r
e
s
en
te
d t
o
co
nf
ir
m ef
fe
c
tive
n
e
s
s of
th
e P&O a
l
go
r
ith
m.
Th
e
exp
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al
r
e
su
l
t
s
a
r
e pr
es
e
n
t
e
d
based
on
out
put
p
o
we
r
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
st
e
m
a
n
d bat
t
e
r
y
cha
r
gi
ng
per
f
o
r
ma
nce
.
3.
1.
Ou
tput
po
w
e
r
of the
PV
sys
t
em
In
t
h
i
s
su
b se
c
t
ion,
e
x
pe
ri
me
nt
b
a
sed
o
n
o
u
t
put
po
we
r i
s
di
sc
usse
d
i
n
d
e
t
a
i
l
.
The
e
x
p
e
r
i
ment
bl
oc
k
di
ag
r
a
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5.
T
h
e
e
xpe
ri
me
nt co
m
p
ar
e
s
t
h
e o
u
t
p
ut p
o
we
r
of t
h
e de
signe
d buc
k c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
wi
t
h
P
&
O
al
g
o
ri
t
h
m
an
d
bu
ck
co
n
v
er
te
r
LM
25
9
6
wi
t
h
out
P
&
O a
l
go
r
i
t
h
m.
T
h
e e
xpe
ri
me
nt
al
re
s
u
l
t
s
ar
e
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
r
e
6.
L
o
ad
re
sistance was varied from
10
Ω
unt
il
4
5
Ω
.
T
h
e hi
ghe
st
o
u
t
p
ut
p
o
we
r of
t
h
e
o
n
e
wit
h
P&
O a
l
go
r
ithm is
7
.
64
w
a
tt
w
h
en th
e lo
ad
r
e
si
sta
n
ce is
10
Ω
(
V
=
9.
5
6
V
a
n
d
I
=
0.
799A
).
T
h
e
o
n
e
wi
tho
u
t
P
&
O
a
l
gor
it
h
m
rea
c
h
es
t
h
e
hi
ghe
st ou
p
u
t
p
o
w
e
r of
7
.
2
2
wa
tt
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
po
wer
dec
r
e
a
s
es
al
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
bi
gge
r
lo
a
d
r
e
si
sta
n
ce.
T
h
e on
e
w
ith
P&O
alg
o
r
i
t
hm h
a
s
h
i
g
h
e
r ou
tpu
t
pow
er
in e
v
ery
lo
ad
re
sis
t
an
c
e
s
.
It
mea
n
s th
e
P&
O
al
go
ri
t
h
m w
o
rk
s
w
e
ll
e
v
e
n
it
look
s
un
st
ab
le i
n
ma
i
n
t
a
i
n
ing
th
e outp
u
t
po
w
e
r. The
ou
t
p
u
t
po
w
e
r c
a
n n
o
t
be
st
a
b
l
e
be
ca
use
vol
t
a
ge
so
ur
ce
u
s
ed
by
t
h
e
MO
SF
ET
dri
v
e
r
wa
s t
a
k
e
n
fr
om
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
.
S
o
,
w
h
en t
h
e
out
put
pow
er
de
cre
a
se
s,
so doe
s the
v
o
lt
age
i
n
ga
t
e
of t
h
e M
O
S
F
ET.
Thi
s
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
aff
ect
s t
o
t
h
e
P&
O
a
l
go
r
i
t
h
m
d
u
ri
ng
f
i
ndi
ng
t
h
e
maxi
mum
p
o
w
e
r
poi
nt
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
8
44
– 85
0
84
8
3.
2.
Ba
tt
ery cha
r
ging
per
f
o
r
mance
I
n
t
h
is
s
u
b
se
c
t
i
on,
ce
rt
ai
n
t
i
me
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
s a
r
e
d
e
ci
de
d t
o
con
f
ir
m c
h
ar
gi
ng
t
i
me
per
f
or
mance
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
b
l
o
c
k
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
i
s
show
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
h
a
r
g
i
ng
w
e
r
e
done
in
o
u
t
d
oor by
1
5
m
i
nu
te
s a
n
d
45
mi
nute
s
fo
r
b
o
t
h
t
h
e b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
te
r w
i
t
h
P
&
O
a
l
gor
it
hm
a
n
d
t
h
e L
M
2
596
wi
tho
u
t
P&
O
a
l
gor
it
hm. T
h
e
mo
r
e
po
we
r save
d i
n
bat
t
e
r
y
t
h
e s
h
o
r
t
e
r
c
h
ar
gi
n
g
t
i
me r
e
qui
re
d.
Ba
tt
er
ie
s use
d
in t
h
i
s
e
x
pe
ri
ment
ar
e
wit
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of
7.
8
V. E
x
pe
ri
ment
w
e
re
d
o
n
e f
o
r
6
t
i
m
e
s
du
ri
n
g
8 A
M
–
1 P
M
.
Ex
pe
r
i
me
n
t
re
sul
t
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Ta
bl
e
s
1 a
n
d
2
.
Th
e 1
5
m
i
nu
te
s e
x
p
e
ri
me
nt r
e
su
lts
sh
ow
t
h
e
h
i
gh
e
s
t
ch
arg
i
ng
re
su
lt
of
th
e
on
e w
itho
u
t
P
&
O a
l
go
r
ithm
a
nd
w
ith
P&O al
go
ri
thm a
r
e a
r
e
0
.
04
V
an
d 0.29
,
r
e
sp
e
c
tiv
ely
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e 45
m
i
nu
tes e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
r
e
su
l
t
s
sh
ow
th
e
h
i
gh
e
s
t
ch
a
r
g
i
ng
r
e
su
lt
o
f
t
h
e on
e wi
th
ou
t P
&
O
alg
o
r
i
t
h
m an
d
w
ith
P&O
a
l
gor
it
h
m
a
r
e
0
.
13
V
a
nd
0.
66
V,
r
e
spec
t
i
ve
ly.
B
o
th
e
x
peri
me
nt
re
s
u
l
t
s
pr
ov
e t
h
a
t
t
h
e
P
&
O
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m ca
n o
p
t
i
mi
ze
the
wo
r
k
o
f
buc
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
s
upp
or
t s
h
ort
e
r
char
gin
g
ti
me.
Fi
gu
re 5.
Bl
oc
k di
ag
ra
m of
o
u
t
p
ut
p
o
w
er
ba
se
d
expe
ri
me
nt
Fi
gu
re
6.
Ex
pe
ri
ment
al
r
e
sul
t
of
o
u
tp
ut
po
we
r
Fi
gu
re
7.
Ex
pe
ri
ment
al
r
e
sul
t
of
o
u
t
p
ut
po
we
r
Tabl
e 1.
E
x
pe
r
i
me
nta
l
re
s
u
lt
s f
o
r
15
mi
n
u
t
e
s c
h
ar
gi
n
g
Without P
&
O
With P
&
O
E
xp.
no
1
2
3 4
5 6
1 2
3 4
5 6
V
s
ta
rt
(
V
)
7.
8 7.
83
7.
83
7.
79
7.
82
7.
82
7.
78
7.
81
7.
81
7.
73
7.
78
7.
79
V
s
to
p
(
V
)
7.
8 7.
83
7.
86
7.
8
7.
86
7.
83
7.
97
7.
86
7.
96
8.
02
7.
97
8.
06
Chargin
g
res
u
l
t
(
V
)
0
0
0.
03
0.
01
0.
04
0.
01
0.
19
0.
05
0.
15
0.
29
0.
19
0.
27
Tabl
e 2.
E
x
pe
r
i
me
nta
l
re
s
u
lt
s f
o
r
45
mi
n
u
t
e
s c
h
ar
gi
n
g
Without P
&
O
With P
&
O
Exp.
no
1
2 3 4 5 6 1
2 3 4 5 6
V
s
ta
r
t
(V
)
7
.
8
7.
83
7.
83
7.
79
7.
82
7.
82
7.
78
7.
81
7.
81
7.
73
7.
78
7.
79
V
s
to
p
(
V
)
7
.
83
7.
96
7.
89
7.
83
7.
89
7.
85
8.
32
8.
12
8.
27
8.
39
8.
1
8.
4
Chargin
g
res
u
l
t
(
V
)
0
.
03
0.
13
0.
06
0.
04
0.
07
0.
03
0.
54
0.
31
0.
46
0.
66
0.
32
0.
61
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Buck
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
at
i
o
n u
s
i
ng P&
O al
g
o
r
it
hm f
o
r PV
sy
st
em
base
d
b
a
t
t
e
ry ch
arge
r…
(Z
ai
nul
Abi
d
i
n
)
8
49
4.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
N
In
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r,
t
h
e P&
O al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m ap
pl
i
e
d
fo
r b
u
c
k
co
n
v
ert
e
r
o
f
P
V
syst
e
m
base
d b
a
t
t
e
ry cha
r
ger
ha
s
bee
n
p
r
e
s
e
n
te
d. T
h
e P&O al
go
ri
t
h
m ca
n co
nt
rol
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
f
o
r swi
t
chi
n
g of
b
u
ck
c
o
nve
rt
er.
Ac
cor
d
in
g
out
put
p
o
w
e
r a
n
d
cha
r
gi
n
g
ti
me,
t
h
e
buc
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r wi
t
h
P
&
O
al
g
o
ri
t
h
m ha
s
h
i
g
h
er
o
u
t
p
ut p
o
w
er
a
nd s
h
ort
e
r
cha
r
gi
ng
t
i
me
t
h
an t
h
e
o
n
e
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
P
&
O
al
go
ri
t
h
m.
It
p
r
o
v
es t
h
at
the
buc
k
c
o
nve
rte
r
c
a
n
be
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
d
by
usin
g
P
&
O a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m. S
i
nc
e
out
put
p
o
we
r i
s
n
o
t
sta
b
le
,
in
t
h
e
fut
u
re, a
dva
nce
d
al
go
ri
thm t
h
at
c
a
n
pr
od
uc
e
more sta
b
le
ou
t
put p
o
w
er wi
l
l
be d
e
ve
l
ope
d. In orde
r to c
o
n
f
i
r
m
p
e
rfo
r
ma
nce o
f
the
de
si
gne
d
buc
k c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
,
fut
u
re
rese
arc
h
wi
l
l
al
so
be
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
ed
wi
t
h
t
w
o i
d
ent
i
c
al
PV m
o
d
u
l
e
s an
d
p
r
ec
ise
l
y
sa
me set
up
fo
r t
h
e
desi
g
n
e
d
buc
k con
v
e
r
t
e
r a
n
d
t
h
e
fa
bri
cat
ed
o
n
e.
A
C
KNOW
LE
D
G
E
M
EN
TS
Thi
s
wo
r
k
i
s
s
u
p
porte
d by
L
e
mba
g
a
P
e
ne
li
t
i
a
n
da
n P
e
nga
bdia
n
Mas
y
ara
k
at
U
n
i
v
e
r
sit
a
s
Bra
w
i
j
a
y
a
(LP
P
M
-UB
)
th
ro
ugh
Hi
bah
P
e
ne
li
t
i
Pe
mul
a
(A
w
a
rd
N
o
.
69
6.
53/
U
N
1
0.C
10/
P
N
/
2
0
1
9
).
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
M.
S.
Ma
l
i
k,
et al
.
,
"
E
v
a
l
u
a
tion
of a
Sin
g
le
In
du
c
t
o
r
b
a
se
d Si
ng
le-I
npu
t
Dual-O
utput Buck C
o
nve
r
ter
for DC
Mi
c
r
og
ri
d App
l
ic
a
tio
ns",
in
2
018 IE
EE 7th
World
Con
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
Ph
o
t
ov
ol
taic
En
e
r
gy
Co
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
(W
CPE
C
)
,
2
0
1
8
,
pp.
61
3-617
.
[2]
R. K
.
S
u
broto,
et a
l
.
,
"Volta
ge
Re
g
u
l
a
ti
on
o
f
Bo
ost Co
nv
e
r
te
r
Usin
g
Ob
se
rve
r
Ba
se
d Sl
idin
g
Mo
de
Co
nt
roll
e
r
",
T
E
L
K
OM
NIKA (T
elecomm
un
ica
t
io
n,
Com
put
in
g,
Electro
nics a
n
d
Con
t
ro
l)
,
vo
l 1
6
,
no.
6,
pp
.
2
896
-
2
9
0
3
,
20
18
.
[3]
J.J. Che
n
,
et a
l
.
,
"A
New
S
i
ngle
-Ind
u
ctor
Trip
le-O
utpu
t Bu
ck
C
onv
erter
Us
in
g
CM
OS
Techno
lo
gy
,"
in
The 2010
Intern
ation
a
l
Po
wer Electron
i
cs
Con
f
er
enc
e
, 20
1
0
,
p
p
. 8
2
-8
5.
[4]
V.
Michal, "Inductor Curr
ent
Zero-C
ro
ssi
n
g
Dete
ct
or
a
nd CCM/
D
CM
Bou
n
d
a
ry
De
t
e
c
t
or for In
te
g
r
at
e
d
Hi
gh
-
Curren
t
S
w
itche
d
-
M
ode D
C
-D
C Co
nv
erters"
,
IEEE T
r
ans
actio
n
on
Power
El
ectroni
c
s
, vo
l 29
,
no
. 10,
p
p
.
5
3
8
4
–
53
91
, 2
013
.
[5]
Y.
N
aeimi an
d
A. H
u
ang
,
"
D
esign
an
d Op
ti
miz
a
tion
of
Hi
gh
Co
nv
ers
i
o
n
Ratio Qu
asi Sq
uare
Wav
e
Bu
c
k
Convert
e
rs
", in
2
017
IEEE 5th
Wor
ksh
o
p
o
n
Wi
de Band
ga
p
Po
w
e
r Devi
ces
an
d
Ap
pli
c
at
io
ns
(
W
iP
DA)
,
20
17
,
p
p
.
14
8-1
52.
[6]
C. Deek
shi
t
h
a
a
n
d K. L
.
Sh
eno
y
,
"
D
esign
a
n
d S
i
mu
lat
i
o
n
of
S
y
n
c
hron
ou
s Buck
Co
nverter
F
o
r LED
A
p
p
l
ic
ation"
,
in
2
0
1
7
2
nd IEE
E
In
te
rn
atio
nal
Co
nfe
r
e
n
ce
On
Re
ce
n
t
Tre
n
d
s
In Ele
c
t
ro
nic
s
In
fo
rmat
i
on
& Commu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
echn
o
lo
gy
, 2
017
, p
p
.
14
2-1
4
6
.
[7]
P. V. Anus
hka,
et
a
l
.
,
"S
w
i
tched-In
du
c
t
or S
e
mi-Q
uad
r
atic
Buck
Co
nv
e
r
ter
"
,
in
20
1
7
I
E
E
E
Int
e
rn
ati
onal
Con
f
er
e
n
c
e
on
T
echn
o
log
i
cal
Ad
van
cemen
ts
in
Po
wer
a
nd
En
er
gy
(T
AP En
er
gy)
, 20
17
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
.
[8]
K. Sw
a
t
hy,
et a
l
.
, "
D
esign
an
d
Hard
ware Imp
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
of
Clo
s
ed Loop
Bu
c
k
Con
v
erter
U
s
ing F
u
zzy
Log
i
c
Cont
rol
l
e
r"
,
in
2n
d In
te
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l c
o
nf
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
El
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s, Commu
n
i
c
at
io
n a
n
d
Ae
rosp
ac
e
Tec
h
no
lo
g
y
(I
CECA
20
18
)
, 2
018
, p
p
.
175
-18
0
.
[9]
"S
u
n
n
y
F
a
mily
2
0
1
0
/
20
11
- The
F
u
ture of
S
o
lar Tec
h
no
lo
gy
", S
M
A
pro
d
u
c
t cat
a
l
o
gue,
20
10
.
[10]
"Trend
s in
pho
to
vo
ltaic
appl
ic
atio
ns
.
S
u
rvey
rep
o
rt
o
f
s
e
lect
e
d
IEA
co
untries
b
e
tw
e
e
n 19
92 an
d 20
09
,
"
In
te
rn
at
io
nal
Ene
r
gy
Ag
e
n
c
y
, Repo
rt
IE
A-PVPS T
a
sk
1
T
1
-1
9:
201
0,
20
10.
[11]
L
.
Pi
e
g
a
r
i
a
n
d
R. Ri
zz
o,
"Ada
pt
iv
e
Pe
rtu
r
b an
d Ob
se
rve
Alg
o
ri
th
m
for Ph
otov
ol
ta
ic
Ma
ximu
m
Powe
r Poi
n
t
Tr
ack
ing
"
,
IE
T Re
n
e
wable
P
o
we
r
Ge
ne
rat
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
4,
n
o
.
4,
pp.
3
1
7
-3
28,
20
10
.
[12]
N. Fem
i
a,
et al.
,
"Opt
im
iz
in
g Sa
m
p
l
i
n
g
Ra
te
of
P&
O
MPPT
Tec
h
ni
que
",
i
n
2
0
0
4
IE
EE 35th
An
nu
al
P
o
we
r
Ele
c
tr
onics Sp
ec
ialis
t
s Con
f
eren
c
e
, 2
004
, p
p
.
19
4
5
- 19
49
.
[13]
M.
Cha
k
ka
ra
pa
ni,
et
al
.
, "
O
n
the
Issue
s
i
n
MPPT
Impl
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
fo
r P
V
Syst
e
m
s"
,
in
21
st Ce
nt
ury En
e
r
g
y
Nee
d
s -
Ma
ter
i
als,
Sys
t
e
m
s
a
nd
Ap
pli
c
atio
ns
(ICTFCEN)
,
201
6,
pp
.
1
-
6.
[14]
T
.
Esra
m a
n
d
P. L
.
Cha
p
m
a
n, "Com
pa
ri
so
n o
f
Ph
ot
ov
o
l
t
a
ic
Arra
y
Ma
xim
u
m
P
o
we
r Po
in
t Track
in
g
Te
c
h
ni
que
s",
IEEE T
r
an
sactio
ns
on
En
erg
y
Co
n
v
e
r
sion
,
vol 2
2
, n
o
. 2, pp
.
4
3
9
-449
,
2
0
07.
[15]
J.
A
h
med
and
Z.
S
a
la
m,
"A
n I
m
prov
ed P
e
rtu
r
b and
O
b
serv
e
(P
&O) M
a
ximu
m P
o
wer P
o
in
t Track
ing (M
P
P
T)
Algori
thm
for H
i
gher Efficiency,
"
Ap
pl
ied
En
er
gy
,
vo
l 1
5
0
,
pp
. 9
7
-1
08,
20
15
.
[16]
M.
Ka
mra
n
,
et
a
l
.
,
"I
mp
le
ment
ati
o
n
of
Im
p
r
ov
ed
P
e
rturb
& Ob
ser
v
e M
P
P
T
Techn
i
qu
e w
i
th Co
nf
in
ed
Search
S
p
ace
fo
r Sta
n
dal
o
n
e
Ph
ot
ov
ol
tai
c
Syst
e
m
,"
Jo
ur
na
l o
f
King
Sa
ud
Un
iv
ers
i
ty -
Eng
i
neer
in
g S
c
ien
ces
, i
n
p
r
ess
,
2
018
.
[17]
R. Alik
and
A.
J
u
s
oh,
"A
n Enhan
ced
P
&
O Ch
e
c
king A
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m MPPT for High T
r
acking Efficiency of Par
t
i
a
l
l
y
S
h
ad
ed P
V
M
o
d
u
le,"
So
la
r E
n
e
r
gy
, v
o
l
16
3
,
p
p
.
57
0-58
0,
20
18
.
[18]
C.
W
.
T
a
n,
et a
l
.
,
"
A
nalys
i
s
of
P
e
rtu
r
b
and
Obs
e
rve M
a
x
i
mum
P
o
w
e
r Po
in
t Tr
ack
in
g A
l
g
o
r
i
thm
for P
h
otovo
lt
aic
Appli
c
at
ions," in
2n
d IEEE Inte
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Confe
r
en
c
e
o
n
P
o
we
r and
E
n
e
r
g
y
(PE
C
o
n
08
)
.
20
08
, p
p
. 2
3
7
-
24
2.
[19]
M.
A.
El
ge
n
dy,
et a
l
.
, "A
ss
essmen
t o
f
P
e
rturb
a
n
d O
b
serv
e
M
P
P
T
Algori
t
h
m
I
m
p
l
em
en
tation
Techn
i
q
u
es
fo
r
P
V
P
u
mp
ing
A
ppl
i
c
at
io
ns
,"
I
E
EE
Tran
sa
c
t
i
o
ns o
n
S
u
st
ai
na
bl
e
En
e
r
g
y
, v
o
l
3,
no
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
-3
3,
201
2.
[20]
J. J. N
e
dumga
tt,
et a
l
.
, "Perturb
a
nd Observe
MP
PT
A
l
go
rit
h
m
for S
o
l
a
r PV
Syste
m
s-m
o
de
l
i
n
g
a
nd
Sim
u
la
ti
on,
"
in
An
nu
al I
E
EE In
dia
Con
f
er
ence
, 2
0
1
1
, pp
.
1-
6
.
[21]
A. Ali,
et a
l
.
,
"
P
erturb
and
Ob
serv
e B
a
sed
on
F
u
z
z
y
Lo
gic
Con
t
ro
l
l
e
r
Ma
ximum
Pow
e
r Point
T
r
acking (MPPT
),
"
i
n
3
r
d
Int
e
rn
at
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
R
e
ne
w
able
E
n
e
r
gy
Re
se
arc
h
a
nd A
p
plic
a
t
i
o
ns (ICRE
RA)
,
201
4,
pp
.
40
6-4
1
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
8
4
4
–
850
85
0
[22]
M.
Ki
lli
and S
.
S
a
manta,
"Modifi
e
d
Per
t
urb
and Observe MPPT
Algorit
h
m
fo
r
Drif
t Avoi
dance in Photovol
t
ai
c
Sy
st
e
m
s,"
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s
a
ct
ion
s
on
Indu
strial Elec
tr
onics
,
vo
l 6
2
,
no
.
9
,
pp
. 5
549
–
5
5
59,
20
15
.
[23]
M.
L
.
Aza
d
,
et
al.
,
"P&
O
Algori
t
h
m
Ba
se
d MPPT T
e
c
h
ni
q
u
e
fo
r
Sol
a
r P
V
System
U
n
der Di
fferent W
eather
Condit
ions, " in
In
te
rna
tio
na
l
Con
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
on circ
ui
ts Po
we
r a
n
d
Co
mp
ut
in
g Tec
h
no
lo
gie
s
[ICCP
CT]
,
pp
. 1-5
,
20
17
.
[24]
R.
John,
et al.
,
"V
ariab
l
e S
t
ep
S
i
ze P
e
r
t
u
r
b a
n
d Ob
serv
e M
P
P
T
Algo
rith
m
f
o
r S
t
andalon
e
S
o
lar P
h
otovo
ltaic
Sy
st
e
m
,
"
in
I
EEE In
ter
n
a
tio
na
l Co
nferen
ce o
n
In
tel
l
igen
t T
e
chn
i
q
u
es
in
Co
ntro
l,
Optim
i
z
a
t
i
on
a
nd
Sig
n
a
l
Pr
oces
sin
g
(INC
O
S)
, 201
7,
pp
.
1
-
6
.
[25]
M.
Qin
,
et a
l
.
,
"A
naly
sis an
d
Co
m
p
aris
on
o
f
V
o
ltag
e-M
o
d
e
and
Curr
ent-
M
o
d
e
P
u
ls
e Tr
ain Co
ntro
l Bu
ck
C
o
n
v
er
ter
,
"
in
2
0
0
9
4th I
EEE C
o
n
f
eren
c
e
on
Ind
u
s
t
r
i
al Elec
t
r
o
n
i
cs
an
d App
l
i
c
ati
o
n
s
,
20
09,
pp
.
2
924
-29
2
8
.
[26]
S Li
u
,
et
a
l
.
,
"
D
es
ig
n of
I
n
t
r
i
n
s
i
cal
ly
S
a
f
e
B
u
ck DC
/D
C
C
o
nv
er
t
e
r
s
,
"
in
200
5 Inte
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Co
nfe
r
e
n
ce on
Ele
c
tr
ica
l
M
a
c
hi
nes
an
d S
y
st
ems
,
2
0
0
5
, p
p
. 13
27
-1
33
1.
[27]
C.
Sh
a
r
m
a
a
nd
A.
Ja
i
n
, "
M
o
d
e
lin
g
of
Buc
k
Conv
e
r
t
e
r Mo
de
l
s
in
MPPT
u
s
i
ng
PI
D a
n
d
FLC,"
TE
LKOMNIKA
(T
eleco
mmu
nica
tion
, Co
mpu
t
ing
,
Electr
o
n
i
cs
an
d
Co
ntro
l)
, v
o
l
13
,
n
o
.
4,
p
p
.
12
70
-1
28
0,
20
15
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.