Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r
2020
, p
p.
1816
~
18
25
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
4
.
pp
1
8
1
6
-
18
25
1816
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Perform
ance
evaluati
on
of PI
controll
er fo
r positiv
e output L
uo
convert
er
Muhamme
d
Ab
d
ulja
le
el
I
b
rahim
Sys
te
m
s
and
Co
ntrol
Eng
ineeri
n
g
Depa
rt
me
nt
,
Nineva
h
Univer
sit
y
,
Ir
aq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
5
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
Ju
n
22
, 20
20
Accepte
d
J
ul
9
, 20
20
The
aim
of
thi
s
work
is
to
d
esi
gn
and
ana
ly
ze
a
Proport
iona
l
I
nte
gra
l
(PI)
cont
roller
for
Pos
it
ive
Outpu
t
Luo
Converter
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
Po
siti
ve
Outpu
t
Luo
Conve
rte
r
i
s
a
d
evelope
d
DC
-
DC
conve
rt
er.
It
is
r
espe
c
ted
as
a
right
choi
c
e
for
most
industr
ia
l
appl
i
ca
t
ion
wh
ere
th
e
r
ate
o
f
the
o
utput
loa
d
volt
ag
e
must
b
e
var
ying
bet
we
en
the
low
and
hig
h
val
u
es
of
th
e
i
nput
va
lue
of
voltage
,
outp
ut
vol
ta
g
e
r
ise
and
f
al
l
is
sma
l
le
r.
Th
is
conve
r
te
r
invol
v
e
Pow
er
el
e
ct
roni
cs
sw
it
che
s
(Dio
des
and
MO
SF
ET
)
since
the
s
e
eleme
n
ts
are
non
-
li
ne
ar.
Th
e
detai
le
d
model
includes
high
-
f
req
uenc
y
sw
it
ch
ing
th
at
is
int
roduc
ing
disc
onti
nuities
in
to
t
he
model.
PI
co
ntrol
ler
co
eff
icie
nts
(kp,
ki)
are
ca
l
culate
d
by
par
ticl
e
sw
arm
opti
mizat
ion
(PS
O)
to
provide
op
ti
mal
PI
as
hybrid
PI
by
PS
O
cont
rol
le
r
w
it
h
si
mple
d
esig
n
proc
edur
e
.
Tr
ansie
nt
and
stea
dy
sta
te
resp
onses
req
uire
m
e
nt
of
the
sys
tem
are
consid
ere
d
i
n
designi
ng
the
proposed
P
I
con
trol
l
er.
T
he
conse
quen
ces
show
that
th
e
ti
m
e
o
f
per
fo
rmi
ng
ch
a
rac
t
eri
sti
cs
of
PS
O
-
PI
cont
rol
le
r
esta
bl
ished
on
integra
l
square
d
err
o
r
(
ISE)
per
form
an
ce
inde
x
h
as
t
he
best
time
per
formi
ng
cha
ra
cteri
sti
cs,
line
disturb
ance, l
oad
disturb
ance and
set
point va
r
ia
ti
on
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
In
te
gr
al
s
quare
erro
r
(
IS
E
).
P/O
L
uo
c
onve
rter
Partic
le
swa
rm
opti
miza
ti
on
(P
S
O)
PI
c
ontrolle
rs
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
uha
mme
d
A
bduljal
eel
Ibra
him
Sy
ste
ms
and C
on
t
ro
l
E
nginee
rin
g
Dep
a
rtme
nt,
Nine
vah Unive
rsity
,
Mos
ul/ Iraq.
Emai
l
:
muham
med.
i
br
a
him
@
uonin
e
va
h.
e
du.
iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Power
el
ect
r
onic
s
is
the
e
quipme
nt
of
m
anag
i
ng
an
d
util
iz
ing
the
f
low
of
el
ect
ric
powe
r
by
deliveri
ng
volt
ages
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nts
in
a
t
ype
th
at
is
op
ti
mall
y
enh
a
nce
d
to
th
e
en
d
-
us
er
co
ndit
ion
s
t
hat
s
how
n
i
n
at
yp
ic
al
bl
ock
diag
ram
in
Fig
ur
e
1
[
1
-
4].Co
nv
e
rsati
on
DC/
DC
te
ch
niques
are
m
or
e
im
porta
nt
researc
he
s
for
powe
r
el
ect
ronics
file
d
[
5].
DC/DC
c
onve
rters
was
fou
nd
f
rom
twe
nt
ie
s
of
la
st
ce
ntury
a
nd
devel
op
e
d
qu
ic
kly
.
T
he
simplest
one
is
volt
age
div
i
der,
now
ma
ny
DC
/DC
c
onver
te
rs
use
d
in
in
dustria
l
ap
plica
ti
on
li
ke
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
l
es,
po
wer
sup
ply
s
ys
te
ms
a
nd
li
gh
ti
ng
s
yst
ems.
By
sim
ple
co
nf
i
gurati
on,
L
uo
co
nve
rter
has
low
volt
age
ri
pple
an
d
has
high v
oltage
gai
n
with h
ig
h
po
w
er
de
ns
it
y
[
1]. D
C/
DC
c
onvert
ers
ha
ve
fixe
d
input
and
var
ia
ble
outp
ut.
B
uck
a
nd
B
oost
co
nv
e
rters
us
e
d
t
o
D
C
volt
age
re
gula
ti
on
bu
t
the
y
re
gu
la
te
t
he
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
with
li
mit
gain
,
t
he
operati
ng
the
or
i
es,
s
mall
sig
na
l
de
velo
ping,
a
nd
diff
e
re
nces
with
oth
e
r
co
nverter
s
are
sho
wed
[
6].
P
os
it
ive
outpu
t
s
up
e
r
li
ft
conve
rter
is
one
of
tra
ns
f
or
mer
le
ss
DC/DC
co
nverters
us
e
d
t
o
ob
ta
in
high
outp
ut
volt
age.
These
se
ries
Lu
o
co
nvert
ers
will
be
use
fu
l
in
i
ndust
rial
app
li
cat
io
ns
[
7].
Accor
ding
to
[
8]
the
resea
rcher
us
e
d
s
uper
l
ift
Lu
o
c
onve
rt
er
as
a
dr
i
ve
f
or
DC
m
otor.
The
DC
mo
t
or
sp
ee
d
con
t
ro
l
is
ba
se
d
on
f
uzz
y
l
ogic
an
d
P
I
c
ontrolle
rs
,
inte
nd
and
M
A
TLAB
softwa
re
sim
ul
at
ion
of
a
pos
it
ive
ou
t
pu
t
S
uper
Lift
(
SL)
L
uo
conve
rter
is
i
nvest
igate
d.
Th
e
op
e
rati
on
of
three
s
pecial
c
onve
rters
s
uch
as
L
uo
conve
rter,
ZET
A
c
onve
rter
a
nd Sin
gle
-
E
nde
d
Pr
ima
ry
-
I
nd
uctance
C
on
ve
rter (
SE
PI
C
)
ha
s b
een
a
nalyz
ed.
T
he
Inp
ut
-
O
utput
pa
rameters
,
s
witc
hin
g
losses
,
fall
and
rise
volt
age
a
nd
e
ff
i
ci
ency
a
re
e
va
luate
d
[
9].
As
[10]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
e
valu
ation o
f
PI C
ontroll
er fo
r
po
sit
iv
e
ou
t
pu
t
Luo
c
onvert
er
(
Mu
ham
me
d
A
. Ibr
ah
i
m
)
1817
sta
te
s
that
the
pro
po
se
d
P/O
Lu
o
c
onve
rter
to
use
in
el
ect
r
ic
al
cars
with
a
to
po
l
ogy
re
duce
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
rip
ple
by
reducin
g
to
ta
l
harmo
nics
distor
ti
on
(T
H
D)
wit
h
high
powe
r
de
ns
it
y,
t
he
majo
r
pur
pose
is
to
ac
hie
ve
t
he
high e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y an
d
mi
nimal c
on
st
ru
ct
io
ns.
Figure
1. P
ow
e
r
el
ect
ronic s
yst
em b
loc
k dia
gram
[
11]
Pr
op
os
es
to
pology
to
ov
e
rc
ome
st
resses
on
P
O
L
ou
dev
ic
e
by
ze
ro
vo
lt
a
ge
switc
hi
ng
(
ZVS
-
P
WM)
by
us
i
ng
antip
arall
el
diode
a
nd
res
onant
ca
pacit
or
an
d
i
nduct
or
w
hich
r
epr
ese
nt
a
ta
nk
ci
rc
uit
in
s
w
it
ching
dev
ic
e.
B
rid
ge
le
ss
-
Lu
o
(BL
-
Lu
o)
c
onve
rter
is
a
rec
om
m
end
e
d
s
olu
ti
on
for
br
us
hless
DC
(BL
DC)
mo
to
r
dr
i
v
e
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
te
m.
A
powe
r
facto
r
c
orrect
ion
(
PFC)
c
onstructed
BL
-
L
uo
c
onve
rter
s
upplied
BLDC
m
otor
has
bee
n
e
nvisi
on
e
d
for
wide
ra
ng
e
of
sp
ee
ds
a
nd
decr
ea
s
ed
s
witc
hing
da
mages
[
12].
S
el
f
li
ft
posit
ive
outp
ut
P/O L
uo D
C
-
D
C conve
rter e
mp
lo
ying
I
ncr
e
mental
Co
nduc
ta
nce (In
cC
ond) alg
or
it
hm f
or
photov
oltai
c d
r
ives
.
The
In
cC
ond
a
lgorit
hm
is
us
e
d
to
trac
k
the
maxim
um
po
w
er
of
t
he
s
olar
pan
el
.
It
is
al
so
utu
il
iz
es
to
m
easur
e
the
ma
xim
um
powe
r
ob
ta
ine
d
from
t
he
photovo
lt
ai
c
(
PV)
by
va
ry
i
ng
the
du
t
y
c
ycle
in
the
posit
ive
outp
ut
sel
f
-
li
ft
L
uo
co
nv
e
rter
[
13].M
od
i
fied
par
ti
cl
e
swa
rm
opti
miza
ti
on
(P
S
O)
is
presente
d
to
imp
rove
t
he
tra
ckin
g
sp
ee
d
in
ad
diti
on
t
o
occ
urre
nc
e,
the
res
ults
of
the
i
nten
ded
M
PP
T
in
the
PV
ar
ra
y
are
i
n
co
mp
a
rison
with
the
conve
ntion
al
P
SO
s
ys
te
m
. Af
t
er c
omparin
g, t
he
trac
king s
pe
ed of
MPPT
and e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
is
enh
a
nce
d [14].
Po
sit
ive
O
utpu
t
Lu
o
Co
nv
e
rt
er
is
imp
ort
ant
DC/
DC
c
onve
rter.
Co
ns
ide
ra
ll
y
sig
nifica
nt
in
el
ect
rical
ci
rcu
it
eq
uip
m
ent.
Ef
fecti
vel
y
use
d
i
n
DC/
DC
co
nverter
app
li
anc
es.
In
this
w
ork,
p
r
opos
e
d
P
I
co
nt
ro
ll
e
r
tun
e
d
by
P
arti
cl
e
Sw
ar
m
O
ptimi
zat
ion
(
PS
O
)
to
get
more
be
nef
it
f
rom
P
osi
ti
ve
Ou
t
pu
t
L
uo
C
onve
rter
wh
ic
h
is
us
e
d
to
co
nt
ro
l
ou
t
pu
t
l
oa
d
vo
lt
age
w
he
n
var
ia
ti
ons
oc
cur
s
on
l
oad
,
DC
volt
age
su
ppl
y
a
nd
set
point
trackin
g.
T
he
PSO
al
gorit
h
m
adj
us
ts
t
he
PI
c
oeffici
ents
(
,
)
by
dimi
nishi
ng
the
sel
ect
ed
pe
rformanc
e
ind
e
x (Inte
gral
Squa
re E
rror (
IS
E
)
a
nd Integ
ral A
bsolute E
r
ror (I
AE
)
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
Po
sit
ive
O
utpu
t
Lo
u
C
onver
t
er
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2,
has
Ba
tt
ery
as
vo
lt
age
sour
ce
(
Vin),P
ow
e
r
Sw
it
ch
(S
)
,
t
he
inducto
rs
a
s
pa
ssive
st
or
a
ge
el
ements
(L
1
,
L
2)
,
f
reewhe
el
ing
diode
(
D
)
a
nd
t
wo
ca
pa
ci
tors
(C1
,
C2
)
to
t
ran
s
fer
ene
rgy
form
t
he
s
upply
t
o
the
l
oa
d
by
mean
in
du
ct
or
s
[
1
,
15].
Durin
g
st
or
i
ng
a
nd
trans
ferrin
g
th
e
energy
from
so
urce
to
l
oad,
the
vo
lt
a
ge
va
riat
ion
a
bove
c
apacit
or
a
ver
a
ge
volt
age
negl
ect
ed,
therefo
re th
e
V_c
(t)
≅
V
_c.
Figure
2
.
The
c
ircuit
d
ia
gr
a
m
of the
posit
ive
ou
t
pu
t
Lu
o
c
on
ver
te
r
Po
sit
ive
O
utp
ut
Lo
u
c
onver
te
r
O
per
at
io
n
Mod
e
,
t
her
e
a
re
two
operati
on
mod
e
f
or
P/
O
luo
c
onve
rter
wh
ic
h
is[
10]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
18
1
6
–
18
25
1818
M
ode
1:
W
he
n
switc
h
(S
)
cl
ose
d
(
on
sta
te
)
as
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
3
s
ource
current
pass
t
hro
ugh
1
and
2
,
will
b
e s
um
mati
on
of
1
and
2
(
1
2
)
=
1
+
2
Fr
ee
w
heeli
ng
diode
is
r
eve
rs
e
bias
a
nd
the
i
nductance
1
s
uc
k
a
nd
store
t
he
ene
r
gy
f
orm
the
source
and
the ca
pacit
or.
T
he
c
urren
t
1
a
nd
2
increase
.
Figure
3. Mo
de
1
operati
on
(
switc
h
-
on)
M
ode
2:
when
s
witc
h
(S)
is
op
e
n
(
off
sta
te
)
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
4,
the
s
ource
cu
rr
e
nt
is
zer
o
a
n
d
inducto
r
1
tra
nsf
er
st
or
e
d
ene
r
gy
t
o
ca
pacit
or
thr
ough
fr
ee
w
heeli
ng
diode.
Re
gardin
g
t
o
inducto
r
(
2
),
the
inducto
r
c
urre
nt
2
pass
th
r
ough
the
ca
pacit
or
an
d
loa
d
a
nd
fr
ee
w
heeli
ng
diode
in
ord
er
to
mai
ntain
th
e
con
ti
nuit
y. T
he
curre
nt
1
an
d
2
decr
ease
Figure
4.M
od
e
2
operati
on
(s
witc
h off)
These e
quat
io
ns re
pr
ese
nt the
char
act
e
risti
cs o
f
the c
onve
rte
r
to
obtai
n
t
he vo
lt
age
tra
ns
fe
r gain.
Durin
g o
pen
e
d swit
ch
(off sta
te
),
Capaci
t
or
(
C) ch
a
r
ge
is:
=
(
1
−
)
1
(1)
Durin
g
cl
os
ed
switc
h (on
sta
te
),
Ca
pacit
or (C
)
cha
r
ge
is:
−
=
2
(2)
Fr
om a
bove
equati
ons,
t
he
c
urren
t i
nducto
r (
2
)
can
be
cal
c
ula
te
d
by:
2
=
1
−
1
(3)
The
ca
pacit
or (C
o)
is
u
se
d
a
s l
ow p
as
s f
il
te
r (
LPF) t
he
refor
e
outp
ut curre
nt
(
)
is:
=
2
(4)
The
a
ver
a
ge
sour
ce
curre
nt
:
=
=
(
1
+
2
)
=
(
1
+
1
−
)
1
=
1
(5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
e
valu
ation o
f
PI C
ontroll
er fo
r
po
sit
iv
e
ou
t
pu
t
Luo
c
onvert
er
(
Mu
ham
me
d
A
. Ibr
ah
i
m
)
1819
Con
se
quently
, t
he
outp
ut c
urr
ent b
e
prese
nt
=
1
−
(6)
Also
t
he o
utpu
t vo
lt
age
is
=
1
−
(7)
The v
oltage tra
ns
fe
r gain
of
posit
ive
ou
t
pu
t l
uo D
C
-
DC
co
nverter
in
c
onti
nuous
co
nductio
n
m
ode is
=
1
−
(8)
The para
mete
r
s for
posit
ive
outp
ut lu
o
c
onve
rter th
at
u
ti
li
zed in t
his
pa
per showe
d
i
n
Ta
bl
e 1
[16].
Table
1
Co
nve
rter circ
uit pa
r
amet
er
Para
m
eters
Sy
m
b
o
l
The Value
Su
p
p
ly
Voltag
e
Vin
12
V
Ou
tp
u
t Voltag
e
Vo
12
V
Switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
Fs
5
0
KHz
Ind
u
cto
rs
L1 ,L
2
10
0µH
Cap
acito
rs
C1
,
C2
10
µF
Load
Cu
rr
en
t
Io
1
.
2
A
3.
CONTR
OL A
PPRO
A
CH
Con
tr
ol
perfor
ms
a
maj
or
f
unct
ion
in
a
utomat
ion
a
nd
c
omplex
in
du
st
rial
processes
.
P
I
co
ntr
ollers
hav
e
been
operated
in
ma
nufact
ur
in
g
de
ve
lop
me
nt
co
nt
ro
l
ap
pliances
.
T
he
i
nf
lue
nc
e
of
their
ext
ensive
acce
ptance
li
e
s
in
the
ea
se
of
desi
gn
an
d
a
pprop
riat
e
perf
or
ma
nce
involvi
ng
minimal
over
sho
ot
an
d
insig
nificant
s
et
tl
ing
ti
me
[
17
,
18]
.
T
he
P
I
co
ntr
ol
is
int
end
e
d
t
o
c
onfi
rm
t
he
requiri
ng
re
quest
ed
nominal
op
e
rati
ng
po
i
nt
f
or
P
/O
Lu
o
c
onve
rter.
For
t
he
s
udde
n
dist
urba
nces,
set
point
var
ia
ti
ons.
The
co
nfi
gura
ti
on
of
the P
I
c
on
tr
oll
er
with P
SO al
gorithms
for cl
os
e
d
lo
op c
on
t
ro
l s
ys
te
m
is s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
5
.
Figure.
5. Cl
os
e
d
lo
op c
on
t
ro
l
sy
ste
m c
onfi
gurati
on of
posit
ive
ou
t
pu
t
Lu
o
conve
rter
Con
si
der the
P
I
c
on
tr
oller la
w of
t
he fo
rm
[19
,
20].
(
)
=
∗
(
)
+
∫
(
)
(9)
Wh
e
re:
(
)
;
con
trol
sig
nal
ou
t
pu
t,
(
)
;
erro
r
sig
nal,
;
pr
op
or
ti
on
al
facto
rand
;
integral
factor.T
he
posi
ti
ve
outp
ut
Lu
o
c
onver
te
r
is
modele
d
us
in
g
powe
r
el
ect
ronics
switc
h
(
MOSFE
Ts)
t
hat
cannot
be
li
nea
rized
f
or
li
near
P
I
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
s
ys
te
m
desig
n.
T
he
imp
ort
ant
point
to
c
on
si
der
in
the
PI
c
ontroll
e
r
desig
n
for
the
po
sit
ive
outp
ut
Lu
o
c
onver
te
r
is
how
t
o
cal
culat
e
co
ntr
oller
coe
ff
ic
ie
nts
(kp,
ki
)
.
I
n
order
t
o
locat
e
the
op
t
imal
PI
c
on
t
r
oller
par
amet
e
rs
par
ti
cl
e
sw
arm
op
ti
miza
ti
on
(PSO
)
is
util
iz
ed
to
des
ign
P
I
con
t
ro
ll
er
coe
f
fici
ents in
t
he pr
opos
e
d w
ork
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
18
1
6
–
18
25
1820
3.1
.
PI c
ontr
ol
le
r design bas
ed on p
ar
ticl
e sw
ar
m
op
timi
zat
i
on
Partic
le
swarm
op
ti
m
iz
at
io
n
a
ppr
oach
firstly
de
velo
ped
by
Kenne
dy
an
d
Eberha
rt
in
1995
as
on
e
of
the
global
op
ti
miza
ti
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
[21].
PS
O
is
pro
gr
a
mme
d
on
the
s
warm
in
te
ll
ect
con
cep
t
an
d
impers
onat
ors
the
colle
ct
iv
e
perf
or
ma
nce
s
of
simple
a
gen
ts
t
hat
are
nearb
y
interc
onne
ct
in
g
with
their
sit
uation
[22].
PSO
al
gorith
m
is
eff
ect
iv
e
in
res
olv
i
ng
diff
ic
ult
non
-
c
onve
x
pr
ob
le
ms
an
d
m
ulti
modal
pro
blems, w
hich
is ca
us
e
of i
ts pro
du
ct
ive
purp
os
e in
ma
ny a
reas
of scie
nce a
nd engin
e
erin
g
[
23]
.
It
was
sti
m
ulate
d
by
t
he
soc
ia
l
performa
nce
of
t
he
bi
rd
a
nd
fis
h
sc
hoolin
g
an
d
has
bee
n
at
ta
ined
to
be
r
obus
t
i
n
re
so
lvi
ng
nonlin
ear
c
omplex
opti
miza
ti
on
dif
ficult
ie
s
[
21]
.
The
PS
O
al
gor
it
hm
is
la
unch
ed
wit
h
init
ia
li
zation
,
after
that
t
he
rev
ise
of
velo
ci
ty
an
d
posit
ion
,
fitnes
s
c
omp
utati
on
,
the
best
posit
ion
an
d
conve
rg
e
nce
e
xaminati
on
a
re
updated
[
24].
The
P
SO
al
gorith
ms
are
a
ppli
ed
to
sea
rc
h
it
s
glo
bally
opti
mal
gains
(kp,
ki)
for
PI
c
ontroll
er.
I
nteg
ral
a
bsolute
-
e
rror
c
rite
rion
(IAE
)
and
In
te
gr
al
S
qu
a
re
-
e
rror
(
IS
E
)
is
chosen
as
perf
ormanc
e
in
dex in the
contr
oller a
ppro
ac
h p
r
ocedu
re [2
5].
The per
f
or
ma
nc
e ind
e
x (IAE
, ISE
)
e
xpressio
ns
a
re as
foll
ows
[25
,
26]
.
=
∫
[
(
)
]
0
(10)
ISE
=
∫
[
e
(
t
)
]
2
dt
Tss
0
(11)
Ther
e
a
re
tw
o
membe
rs
f
or
each
pa
rtic
le
in
PSO
al
gorithm
s
that
are
kp
a
nd
ki.
I
n
ot
her
word
s
,
the
search
sp
ace
ha
s
two
s
paces
and
t
he
pa
rtic
le
s
are
m
ov
i
ng
accor
ding
to
t
he
two
-
dime
ns
i
on
al
s
pac
.
To
e
nh
a
nce
and
l
ocate
opti
mal
values
t
ha
t
get
best
pe
rfo
rma
nce
f
or
t
he
propose
d
ci
rc
uit
[21
]
.
T
he
opti
miza
ti
on
program
is
em
ployed
by
MATL
AB
c
ompu
te
r
softw
are/script
pr
ogram
an
d
c
onne
ct
ed
with
the
s
ys
te
m
m
od
el
pro
gr
a
m
in
MATL
AB/SI
M
UL
I
NK.
T
he
majo
r
f
act
ors
of
the
PS
O
al
gorithm
(the
numb
e
r
of
par
t
ic
le
s,
the
num
ber
of
g
ene
rati
ons,
i
ni
ti
al
rate
of
th
e
global
-
best
f
act
or
,
s
pa
n
of
the
init
ia
l
popu
la
ti
on,
t
he
init
ia
l
velocit
y
sp
a
n,
abs
olu
te
c
os
t
of
t
he
in
div
i
dual
best
facto
r
,
abs
olu
te
val
ue
of
t
he
global
-
best
fact
or,
init
ia
l
value
of
the
ind
ivi
du
al
be
st
Fact
or)
a
r
e
sel
ect
ed
by
t
he
de
sig
ne
r
of
t
he
a
lgorit
hm
an
d
the
pro
blem
t
o
be
res
olv
e
d
[
23
,
27
,
28].
T
he
pr
ocedur
e
s
t
rack
e
d
by
the
inten
de
d
PS
O
al
gorith
m
for
posit
ive
outp
ut
lu
o
conve
rter to at
tun
e
the
PI co
nt
ro
ll
er c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nts ar
e
s
um
ma
r
iz
ed
in i
n
Fi
gur
e. 6.
Figure
6. Th
e
fl
ow
c
har
t
of PS
O
-
P
I
c
ontr
ol s
ys
te
m
desig
n p
ro
ce
dure
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
e
valu
ation o
f
PI C
ontroll
er fo
r
po
sit
iv
e
ou
t
pu
t
Luo
c
onvert
er
(
Mu
ham
me
d
A
. Ibr
ah
i
m
)
1821
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND D
I
SCUS
S
ION
This
portio
n
c
on
si
ders
the
cl
os
e
d
lo
op
c
on
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
of
pro
po
se
d
posit
ive
outp
ut
L
uo
c
onve
rter
util
iz
ing
MAT
LAB/SI
MULI
NK
c
ompu
te
r
so
ft
war
e
.
T
he
sy
ste
m
is
al
s
o
use
d
to
in
ves
ti
gate
the
ci
rc
uit
in
numer
ous
oper
at
ive
scena
rio
s
.
Fig
ure
7
pre
sents
t
he
cl
ose
d
l
oop
s
ys
te
m
simulat
io
n
ci
r
cuit
of
t
he
pos
it
iv
e
ou
t
pu
t
Lu
o
c
onve
rter.
T
he
outp
ut
loa
d
vo
l
ta
ge
is
detect
ed
a
nd
eval
uate
d
with
the
set
point
vo
lt
ag
e.
The
resu
lt
ant
er
r
or
vo
l
ta
ge
si
gn
al
is
fe
d
as
an
i
nput
to
P
I
co
ntr
oller
t
o
pro
duc
e
s
uitable
duty
c
ycle
(k)
f
or
powe
r
switc
h(S)
acco
rd
i
ng to
s
ys
te
m ope
rati
on cond
it
io
ns
.
Figure
7. Sim
ul
ink
m
odel
of
t
he posi
ti
ve
out
pu
t
Lu
o
c
onve
r
te
r
with
PI co
nt
ro
ll
er.
The
propose
d
method
olo
gy
is
execu
te
d
in
MATL
A
B
la
nguag
e
.
The
proof
of
the
sy
ste
m
performa
nce
is
done
f
or
f
our
sp
eci
al
sit
uati
on
s
,
namel
y,
t
he
sta
rt
up
tra
nsi
ent,
li
ne
va
riat
ion
,
l
oa
d
vari
at
ion
and
ti
me
re
spon
s
e
cha
racter
ist
ic
s.
Figu
re
8
&
9
s
how
s
the
simulat
io
n
resu
lt
s
f
or
sta
r
t
up
tra
ns
ie
nt
i
n
buc
k
mode
(9v
set
point)
and
boos
t
mode
(
15 V se
t pint)
.
Figure
8. The
re
spon
se
of
pos
it
ive o
ut
pu
t
Luo c
onve
rter
when
the
in
pu
t
DC
volt
age
12 V an
d
set
point
9V
(buc
k
m
ode).
Figure
9. The
re
spon
se
of
pos
it
ive o
ut
pu
t
Luo
c
onve
rter
when
the
in
pu
t
DC
volt
age
12 V an
d
set
point
15V
(bo
os
t m
od
e
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
18
1
6
–
18
25
1822
In
set
po
i
nt
tr
ackin
g
te
st
Figure
10,
sho
w
s
the
loa
d
volt
age
tr
ack
the
r
efere
nce
at
co
ns
ta
nt
i
nput
vo
lt
age
12
V.A
t
t=
0.
1
S
t
he
s
et
po
i
nt
vo
lt
ag
e
cha
ng
e
f
r
om
14V
t
o
10
V
.
Figure
11,
s
ho
ws
l
oad
volt
ag
e
track
the
ref
e
re
nce
a
t
t
=0.
.1
S
set
po
i
nt
volt
age
change
from
10
V
t
o
14
V.
R
esult
show
t
he
act
ual
load
volt
age
fo
ll
ows t
he
set
po
i
nt volt
age
c
om
ma
nd.
Figure
12
&
13
s
hows
the
P/O
lu
o
c
onve
rte
r
wit
h
P
I
c
on
t
r
oller
under
li
ne
re
gu
la
ti
on.
w
hen
s
upply
vo
lt
age
v
a
riat
ion occ
urs at t
=
0.1 S.
with test
in
tw
o
ca
ses st
epp
i
ng
-
up and
ste
pp
i
ng do
wn
in s
upply v
oltage.
Figure
10. T
he
r
es
pons
e
of
posit
ive
outp
ut L
uo
co
nverter
when t
he
i
nput
DC volt
age
12 V a
nd set
po
i
nt
vo
lt
age
co
mma
nd ch
a
nge
fro
m 14
-
10
V.
Figure
11. T
he
r
es
pons
e
of
posit
ive
outp
ut L
uo
co
nverter
when t
he
i
nput
DC volt
age
12 V a
nd set
po
i
nt
vo
lt
age
comma
nd ch
a
nge
fro
m 10
-
14
V.
Figure
12. Li
n
e re
gu
la
ti
on
of
po
sit
ive
outp
ut
Luo c
onve
rter
(step
c
ha
ng
e
of
supp
l
y v
oltage
f
r
om 1
2
-
11
V at
t=
0.
1S)
Figure
13. Li
ne
r
e
gu
la
ti
on
of
po
sit
ive
outp
ut
luo
co
nverter
(st
ep
c
hange
of
su
ppl
y vo
lt
age
from 1
2
-
13V
a
t
t=
0.
1S)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
e
valu
ation o
f
PI C
ontroll
er fo
r
po
sit
iv
e
ou
t
pu
t
Luo
c
onvert
er
(
Mu
ham
me
d
A
. Ibr
ah
i
m
)
1823
Figure
14
an
d
15
s
hows
the
outp
ut
lo
ad
vo
lt
age
of
posit
ive
outp
ut
Lu
o
co
nv
e
rter
wit
h
l
oa
d
va
riat
ion
conditi
ons
w
he
n
it
su
bject
to
distu
r
ban
ce
in
load
c
urre
nt
.
The
de
viati
on
of
outp
ut
load
vol
ta
ge
w
it
h
the
disturba
nce
in
load
c
urre
nt
(l
oad
distu
r
ban
c
e)
co
uld
be
i
nvest
igate
d,
the
re
is
a
sli
ght
overs
hoot
a
nd
s
te
ady
sta
te
is att
ai
ned
with a
ve
ry less t
ime.
Figure
14. L
oa
d reg
ulati
on of
po
sit
ive
outp
ut
Luo c
onve
rter
(step
ping
dow
n of l
oa
d
c
urr
e
nt at t=
0.1S)
Figure
15. L
oa
d reg
ulati
on of
po
sit
ive
outp
ut
Luo c
onve
rter
(step
ping
-
up
of load cu
rr
e
nt at
t=0.
1S)
The
co
m
par
e
d
value
of
ti
me
respo
ns
e
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
(p
eak
ov
e
r
sho
ot,
ri
se
ti
me
and
se
tt
li
ng
ti
me)
are
s
how
n
in
F
igure
16.
Acc
ordi
ng
t
he
c
on
s
equ
e
nces
i
n
Fi
gure
16,
the
ris
e
ti
me
and
set
tl
ing
ti
me
of
P
I
-
PS
O
-
IS
E
meth
od is
bette
r
re
su
lt
s t
han the
rise
rime an
d set
tl
ing t
ime o
f
P
I
-
PS
O
-
IA
E
met
hod.
Figure
16. St
at
ist
ic
al
clari
ficat
ion
of ti
me r
es
pons
e
ch
a
racte
risti
cs
Fr
om
t
he
pe
r
forma
nce
in
vesti
gation
f
or
al
l
cases
te
st
stu
dy,
The
P/O
l
uo
c
onve
rter
with
PI
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
has
a
sat
isfact
ory
res
ponse
and
ca
n
be
be
nef
it
te
d
in
ma
ny
i
ndus
tria
li
zed
ap
plica
ti
ons
s
uch
as
,
co
mput
e
r
per
i
ph
e
ral a
pparatus,
HEV
-
H
ybrid
Elec
tric
Veh
ic
le
,
t
ram
way an
d rail
wa
y
el
ect
rificat
io
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
18
1
6
–
18
25
1824
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
P/O
L
uo
Co
nv
erter
ca
n
be
util
iz
ed
in
me
dical
app
a
ratus
,
com
pu
te
r
bo
a
r
d
ci
rc
uits
an
d
eng
i
neer
i
ng
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
Con
tr
ol
of
thi
s
typ
e
of
DC
–
DC
c
onve
rt
er
pla
ys
a
ma
in
r
ole
in
a
uto
mati
on
a
nd
c
omple
x
industrial
proc
esses.
T
he
Sim
ulati
on
res
ults
dem
onstrat
es
that
the
s
uggest
ed
P
I
co
ntr
oller
adj
us
ts
acce
pt
abl
e
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
ag
e
of
P/
O
L
uo
Converte
r
re
ga
rd
le
ss
of
li
ne
disturba
nces
,
load
distu
rbances
a
nd
set
po
i
nt
var
ia
ti
on.
The
con
t
ro
ll
er
gai
ns
are
cal
c
ulate
d
by
opti
mizi
ng
the
co
sti
ng
sign
al
by
the
PSO
al
gorith
m
.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
c
on
t
r
oller
sho
ws
a
sign
ific
a
nt
re
duct
ion
in
diff
e
ren
ce
betwee
n
input
sig
nal
c
om
ma
nd
a
nd
act
ual
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
.
Sim
ulati
on
re
su
lt
s
s
hows
th
at
the
co
ntr
ol
sy
ste
m
ap
proa
ch
is
sta
ble
with
a
n
acce
pta
bl
e
ti
me
respo
ns
e
c
har
a
ct
erist
ic
s.
Acc
ordin
gly
t
his
pro
posed
c
ontr
ol
le
r
can
be
util
iz
ed
to
i
ndus
tri
al
responsi
ve
use
s.
I
n
the
f
utu
re
dif
f
eren
t
intel
li
gent
appro
ac
hes
c
an
be
us
e
d
to
desig
n
P
I
co
nt
ro
ll
er
a
nd
sel
ect
the
best
co
nt
ro
ll
e
r
performa
nce
of
them.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Luo,
Fang
L
in, and Hong Ye
.
,
“
P
ower
elec
troni
cs
:
adv
anced
conv
ersion
t
ec
hnolog
ie
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”
CRC
press
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[2]
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Fang
Li
n
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“
Doubl
e
-
outpu
t
Luo
conve
r
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rs
,
an
adv
anced
volt
ag
e
-
li
f
t
tech
nique
,
”
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-
el
e
ct
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dvanc
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uad
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Khathe
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iv
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tr
ansform
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ess
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ck
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boo
st
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ert
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ive
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t
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ag
e,
”
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EE
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ansacti
ons on Indus
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le
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tronic
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Fang
L
in,
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“
o
siti
ve
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-
li
f
t
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erters,”
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EEE
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ansacti
ons
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r
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e
ct
ronics
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m
ia
n,
Alf
red
,
and
Hasan
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Eshya
ni,
“
Fuzzy
Contr
oll
er
of
luo
conv
ert
er
for
con
trol
l
ing
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DC
m
otor
s
spee
d,
”
4th
Ann
ual
Int
ernati
onal
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r
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ic
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ive
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ere
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EEE
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han
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ja
n
a,
and
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a
skara
n
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la
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am
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ia
n,
“
Perfo
rma
nc
e
ev
al
u
at
i
on
o
f
SEP
IC,
Luo
and
ZETA
conve
rt
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In
te
r
nati
o
nal Journal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
r
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ive Systems
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ndan
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and
N.
Vadiv
el,
“
Design
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i
mpl
ement
at
ion
of
luo
converte
r
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
l
e
applic
at
ions
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Engi
ne
e
ring Trends and T
ec
h
nology (IJE
TT
)
,
vol.
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,
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.
J.
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,
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Ram
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r,
a
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Anand,
“
P
ositi
ve
ou
tput
eleme
n
ta
ry
Luo
c
onver
te
r
fo
r
fix
e
d
-
fre
quenc
y
ZV
S
oper
ation,
”
Bu
lleti
n
of the
Polish A
cad
emy
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f
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cienc
es
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chnical Sci
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ce
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-
262
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[12]
Singh,
Prave
en
Kumar
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
BLDC
mot
or
dri
ve
base
d
on
br
id
gel
ess
la
ndsm
an
PF
C
conve
rte
r
with
single
sens
or
and
red
uc
ed
st
ress
on
power
devi
c
es,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Industry
Appl
ic
a
ti
ons
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v
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am
b
ar
asa
n
,
M.,
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e
vi,
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R
ame
sh
Babu,
“
Desig
n
and
Simu
la
t
io
n
of
Self
Li
f
t
Po
siti
ve
Outpu
t
Lu
o
Convert
er
Us
in
g
Inc
r
emental
Conduct
an
ce
Al
gorit
h
m
for
Ph
otovol
taic
Appli
ca
t
ions,”
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li
e
d
Me
chanics
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d
Mate
rials
,
vol
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22
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2014
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[14]
Yogana
ndini
A.
P,
Anitha
G.
S.
,
“
A
modi
fi
ed
pa
rti
cle
sw
arm
opt
im
izati
on
al
gor
ithm
to
enh
anc
e
MP
PT
in
the
PV
arr
a
y,
”
In
te
rnati
onal
Journal
of
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e
ct
rica
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and
C
omputer
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Luo,
Fang
Lin,
and
Hong
Ye
,
“
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em
a
tical
mod
el
ing
of
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DC/DC
conve
rt
ers,
”
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04
Int
ernati
ona
l
Confe
renc
e
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ower
Syste
m
Tec
hnology
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Pow
erCon
2004
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vo
l. 1
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n,
Nagu
la
p
a
ti
,
“
Contro
l
of
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Pos
it
i
ve
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Luo
Convert
er
by
m
ea
ns
of
Ti
m
e
D
el
ay
Feedback,”
Inte
rnational
E
l
ec
tri
cal
Engi
n
eer
ing
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I
E
EJ
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,
“
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t
mul
ti
p
le
-
l
ift
push
-
pull
sw
itched
-
ca
pa
ci
tor
Luo
-
c
onver
te
rs,
”
I
EEE
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ons on i
ndustrial
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a
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li
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“
PV
sys
te
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fuz
z
y
logic
MP
PT
me
thod
and
PI
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ontrol
as
a
cha
r
ge
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n
ewabl
e
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Sust
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994
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[19]
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A
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li
ke
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zy
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c
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trol
l
er
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DC
–
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conve
rte
r
,
”
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ons on i
ndustrial
e
le
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art
i
cl
e
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arm
O
pti
mization
Con
t
r
ol
le
r
Design
for
ZE
TA
Conv
erter
,
”
AL
Ra
fdai
n
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ngine
ering
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[22]
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Pier
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gi
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Costantino
Cit
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“
Designi
ng
fuz
zy
logi
c
cont
rollers
for
DC
–
DC
conve
rt
ers
using
mul
t
i
-
obje
c
t
ive pa
r
ti
c
l
e
sw
arm opt
i
mi
z
at
ion
,
”
Elec
tri
c Pow
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ems
Re
search
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.
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.
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-
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,
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014.
[23]
Bošković,
Mark
o,
Mila
n
R
apa
i
ć,
and
Zora
n
J
el
i
čić,
“
Par
ticle
sw
ar
m
opti
m
izati
on
of
pid
cont
ro
ll
er
under
constraint
s
on
per
form
ance
and
robustn
ess,”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Elec
t
rical
Eng
ineerin
g
and
Computin
g
,
vol
.
2
,
no
.1
,
pp.
1
-
10
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[24]
Kama
ri
,
N.
A.
M.,
et
al
.
,
“
In
te
l
li
gent
sw
arm
-
ba
sed
opt
im
i
za
t
ion
t
ec
hniqu
e
for
o
scil
latory
stabi
lity
assess
me
nt
in
power
sys
te
m
,
”
I
AE
S
In
te
rnation
al
Journal
of
Art
if
icial
Intelli
g
en
ce
,
vol
.
8
,
no
.4
,
2019.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Perf
orma
nce
e
valu
ation o
f
PI C
ontroll
er fo
r
po
sit
iv
e
ou
t
pu
t
Luo
c
onvert
er
(
Mu
ham
me
d
A
. Ibr
ah
i
m
)
1825
[25]
S
Dawood,
You
nis,
Ali
K
Mah
mood,
and
Muh
am
m
ed
A
Ib
rah
im
,
“
Comp
ari
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n
of
PID
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GA
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Fuzzy
Logic
Contro
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Sys
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”
Int
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[26]
Ayas,
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ustaf
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“
Pa
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t
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eff
e
ct
an
a
lysis
of
par
ti
c
le
sw
arm
opt
im
i
zat
ion
al
g
ori
thm
in
PID
cont
roll
er
d
esign,
”
An
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Optimizati
on
and
Control:
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&
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[27]
Salm
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Is
sa
Ismae
l
,
“
App
li
c
at
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of
artifi
ci
a
l
intelligen
c
e
te
chn
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s
for
L
FC
and
AV
R
sy
stem
s
us
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PID
cont
rol
le
r
,
”
Int
e
rnational
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El
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ctr
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c
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hydra
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c
ac
tu
at
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usi
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PS
OGSA,”
TE
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OMNIKA
Telecomm
unic
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BIOGR
AP
H
Y
O
F
AU
TH
OR
Muhamm
ed
A.
I
bra
him
.
B.
Sc
in
Pow
er
Te
chnica
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng/
N
orthe
rn
T
ec
hn
ical
Univer
si
ty
-
Ira
q
-
Mos
ul
in
2011
with
gra
de
ver
y
G
ood
with
Ran
ked
first.
MS
c
in
Elec
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng/Co
ntrol
Engi
n
ee
r
i
ng
from
Elec
t
ric
a
l
Eng.
D
e
pt.
/
Col
le
g
e
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
/Unive
r
sity
of
Mos
ulIn
2013.
Curre
ntl
y
he
is
a
hea
d
of
a
sci
entific
aff
ai
rs
d
epa
r
tm
ent
/
Ninev
ah
Univer
sity.
Cur
ren
t
r
ese
ar
ch
i
nte
rests
include
li
n
ea
r
and
no
nli
ne
ar
sys
tems
optimizati
on
,
Mac
hine
s
and
dr
ive
s.
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