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C
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A
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Mu
s
taf
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Ma
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ap
Facu
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o
f
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&
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u
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.
m
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Vo
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s
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u
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ce
in
v
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ter
(
VSI
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is
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m
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ly
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s
ed
to
co
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t
a
DC
v
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in
to
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v
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tag
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in
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m
ag
n
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d
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
[
1
]
–
[
6
]
.
As
a
s
in
g
le
f
ail
u
r
e
in
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
co
m
p
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n
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will
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lt
in
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f
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lt
in
th
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o
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all
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y
s
tem
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
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co
n
v
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ter
s
is
cr
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[
7
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
in
s
ev
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al
cr
u
cial
p
r
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d
u
r
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s
t
b
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ab
le
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p
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tin
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ly
ev
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u
n
d
er
m
al
f
u
n
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in
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s
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s
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
Sem
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d
u
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s
witch
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an
d
al
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m
in
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ca
p
ac
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s
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s
t
cr
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p
o
n
en
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o
f
a
v
o
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s
o
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ce
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ter
.
So
ld
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r
in
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j
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n
t
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s
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d
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3
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[
2
0
]
–
[
2
4
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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694
I
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Po
w
E
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&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2209
–
2
2
2
0
2210
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
ly
in
v
er
ter
,
l
ik
e
an
y
o
th
e
r
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
i
cs
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
d
ev
ice,
is
d
ir
ec
tly
ex
p
o
s
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to
ex
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s
iv
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tr
ess
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
h
y
s
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s
tr
ess
an
d
th
er
m
al,
elec
tr
ical
[
2
5
]
–
[
2
9
]
.
Po
wer
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
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d
in
s
u
lated
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ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
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s
is
to
r
s
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I
GB
T
s
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d
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f
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s
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s
)
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
en
s
itiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
i
n
th
e
VSI
,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
g
r
ea
ter
f
ailu
r
e
r
ates
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
5
]
.
Po
wer
s
witch
f
au
lts
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
ty
p
es:
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
f
au
lts
(
SC
F
s
)
,
an
d
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
f
au
lts
(
OC
Fs
)
[
3
6
]
–
[
4
1
]
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
OC
F
ar
is
es
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
d
r
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f
ailu
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e
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etr
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o
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d
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r
in
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th
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y
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SC
F
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
r
u
p
tu
r
e
o
r
ag
e
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
5
]
.
OC
F
p
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s
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is
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to
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e
k
ey
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to
lo
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o
f
ten
ac
h
iev
ed
ev
e
n
in
a
d
eter
io
r
ated
s
tate
[
4
6
]
–
[
4
8
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
if
s
u
ch
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ailu
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r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
[
4
9
]
–
[
5
3
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
id
en
tify
in
g
an
d
d
etec
tin
g
s
u
ch
f
ailu
r
es is
s
u
g
g
ested
to
a
v
o
id
s
ev
er
e
d
am
a
g
e
in
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
5
4
]
–
[
5
8
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
v
er
ter
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it
(
OC
)
f
ailu
r
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
s
ig
n
a
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
esp
ec
ially
tim
e
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
o
m
ain
a
n
aly
s
is
[
3
1
]
,
[
5
9
]
–
[
6
5
]
.
Sev
e
r
al
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
f
a
u
lty
s
witch
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
all
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ex
ce
llen
t
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
b
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
p
r
ec
is
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
h
a
r
d
wa
r
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
6
6
]
–
[
7
2
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
ar
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
s
y
s
tem
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
h
av
e
lim
ited
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
7
3
]
–
[
7
5
]
.
Prio
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
(
p
ar
asit
ic
r
esis
tan
ce
s
,
in
d
u
ctan
ce
s
,
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
)
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
d
el
-
b
as
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
b
u
t
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
g
ain
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
[
1
6
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
7
6
]
.
Sh
ah
b
az
i
et
a
l.
[
4
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
f
a
u
lt
u
s
in
g
a
f
ield
-
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
l
e
g
ate
ar
r
ay
(
FP
GA)
b
ased
o
n
tim
e
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
cr
iter
ia.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
wh
e
n
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
an
ap
p
licatio
n
s
p
e
cif
ic
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
it
(
ASI
C
)
p
latf
o
r
m
with
th
e
s
am
e
d
esig
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
,
th
e
FP
GA
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ast
ex
ec
u
tio
n
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
o
r
lo
wer
m
ass
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
c
o
s
ts
[
1
]
,
[
7
7
]
–
[
8
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
J
ian
g
et.
a
l
an
d
L
ei
et.
a
l
s
tated
i
n
[
8
5
]
,
[
8
6
]
t
h
at
th
e
ty
p
ical
co
n
v
o
l
u
tio
n
n
eu
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
(
C
NN)
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
OC
h
ad
a
f
law
with
th
e
m
o
d
el
-
b
a
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
ce
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
d
ata
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
d
el
tr
ain
in
g
was c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
le
a
n
d
p
r
o
n
e
to
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
t
to
f
in
d
p
r
io
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
eth
o
d
,
th
u
s
a
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
f
a
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
m
eth
o
d
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
tim
e
f
o
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
STFT
)
,
is
b
ased
o
n
tim
e
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
o
m
ain
an
aly
s
is
[
8
7
]
,
[
8
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
will
d
is
co
v
er
OC
f
au
lts
in
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
b
y
class
if
y
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
ig
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
STF
T
an
aly
s
is
with
a
r
u
led
-
b
ased
class
if
ier
m
ay
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
e
ar
lier
tech
n
iq
u
es b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
ast d
etec
tio
n
,
s
im
p
le
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
,
an
d
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
s
i
g
n
al
s
a
r
e
m
o
d
e
ll
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
M
A
T
L
AB
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
a
n
d
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
te
d
i
n
b
o
t
h
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
t
i
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
n
a
m
e
l
y
t
h
e
S
T
FT
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
T
F
R
,
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
a
r
a
m
et
e
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
in
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
o
f
t
o
t
al
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
d
i
s
t
o
r
ti
o
n
,
R
MS
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
t
o
t
a
l
n
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
,
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
t
o
ta
l
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
t
o
r
ti
o
n
a
n
d
R
MS
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
r
e
e
s
t
im
a
t
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
w
it
c
h
es
f
a
u
l
t
a
r
e
t
h
e
n
c
la
s
s
i
f
i
e
d
a
n
d
i
d
en
t
i
f
i
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
r
u
le
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
la
s
s
if
i
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
c
h
a
r
a
cte
r
i
s
ti
c
s
.
2
.
1
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
VSI
s
wit
ches
f
a
ult
Desp
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
o
p
u
lar
o
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
d
r
iv
es,
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
f
ailu
r
es
ar
e
s
til
l
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
co
n
tex
t
[
8
9
]
.
Ov
er
h
ea
tin
g
f
r
o
m
th
er
m
ic
cy
clin
g
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
ca
n
c
au
s
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
to
b
r
ea
k
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
b
o
n
d
in
g
wir
e
lifti
n
g
,
d
ev
ic
e
d
r
iv
er
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
o
r
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
b
r
ea
k
ag
e
its
elf
[
9
0
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
OC
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
f
a
u
lts
an
d
ca
u
s
e
s
ev
er
al
d
ev
ice
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
if
u
s
ed
in
s
u
ch
an
u
n
u
s
u
al
m
an
n
e
r
o
v
er
a
n
ex
te
n
d
ed
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
tim
e
[
9
1
]
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
o
p
e
n
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
f
au
lts
o
f
VSI
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
2
(
a)
an
d
2
(
b
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
(
a)
an
d
3
(
b
)
d
ep
ict
a
VSI
s
witch
es
f
au
lt
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
cir
cu
it
h
as
a
D
C
v
o
ltag
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
5
0
V,
a
s
a
m
p
lin
g
tim
e
o
f
1
0
0
s
,
an
d
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
6
0
Hz.
2
.
2
.
Sh
o
rt
t
im
e
F
o
urier
t
r
a
ns
f
o
rm
STFT
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
i
n
d
icatin
g
a
s
ig
n
al
in
b
o
th
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
tim
e
[
8
4
]
,
[
9
2
]
–
[
9
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
s
p
ec
tr
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
i
n
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
T
FR
.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
STFT
s
ar
e
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
an
aly
z
in
g
s
witch
f
au
lt si
g
n
als with
n
o
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
(
,
)
=
∫
(
)
(
−
)
−
2
∞
−
∞
(
1
)
wh
er
e
ω
is
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
wi
n
d
o
w.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
ve
r
ter s
w
itch
es fa
u
lt c
la
s
s
i
fi
ca
tio
n
u
s
in
g
…
(
Mu
s
ta
fa
Ma
n
a
p
)
2211
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
VSI
,
(
a)
Op
e
n
cir
cu
it swit
ch
f
au
lt a
t le
g
‘
A’
,
(
b
)
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it swit
ch
f
au
lt a
t
leg
‘
A’
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
VSI
s
witch
es f
au
lt m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
,
(
a)
Swi
tch
es f
au
lt m
o
d
el
at
leg
A,
(
b
)
Fau
lt
g
en
er
atio
n
m
o
d
u
le
2
.
3
.
Sig
na
l
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2209
–
2
2
2
0
2212
T
h
e
STFT
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lc
u
late
s
ig
n
al
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
f
f
er
tim
ely
d
ata
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
ig
n
al.
I
t
is
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
m
ea
n
(
T
HD
m
ean
)
,
f
au
lt
d
u
r
atio
n
(
T
d
,
fault
)
,
t
o
tal
n
o
n
-
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
m
ea
n
(
T
n
HD
mean
)
,
av
er
ag
e
R
MS
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ea
n
(
I
rms,
mean
)
,
a
v
er
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ea
n
(
I
ave,
mean
)
,
a
n
d
to
tal
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
m
ea
n
(
T
W
D
mean
)
.
Usi
n
g
s
ig
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
it
is
th
en
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
f
au
lty
s
witch
lo
ca
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
am
p
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
1
0
k
Hz.
2
.
4
.
Ruled
-
ba
s
e
d
cla
s
s
if
ier
A
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
class
if
icatio
n
,
wh
ich
is
r
u
le
-
b
ased
class
if
ier
,
is
wid
ely
u
tili
ze
d
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
its
s
im
p
licity
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
[
9
5
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
class
if
icatio
n
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
co
m
p
e
ten
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
an
d
r
u
les
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
.
T
o
class
if
y
an
d
id
en
tify
f
ailu
r
es
in
th
e
s
witch
es,
a
r
u
le
-
b
ased
class
if
ier
b
ased
o
n
s
ig
n
al
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
i
s
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
u
s
e
6
0
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
ig
n
als
with
v
ar
ied
ch
a
r
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
witch
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
al
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
p
o
ten
tial
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
etu
p
p
a
r
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
to
tal
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
T
W
D
thres,
fault
)
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
es o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d.
,
=
∫
{
1
,
(
)
≥
ℎ
,
0
,
≥
ℎ
0
(
2
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
witch
f
au
lts
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
STFT
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
s
witch
f
au
lt
tak
e
p
lace
at
S
31
o
f
p
h
ase
c
u
p
p
er
,
an
d
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
s
witch
f
a
u
lt
ap
p
ea
r
s
at
S
12
o
f
p
h
ase.
Fig
u
r
e
s
4
(
a)
a
n
d
4
(
b
)
d
ep
ict
th
e
tim
e
a
n
d
tim
e
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
d
o
m
ai
n
s
o
f
o
p
en
cir
cu
i
t
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
als.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
ig
n
al
in
T
FR
,
wh
er
e
th
e
r
ed
co
lo
r
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
lar
g
est
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
b
l
u
e
co
l
o
r
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
lo
west
m
ag
n
itu
d
e,
as
s
ee
n
in
th
e
co
n
to
u
r
p
lo
ts
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
d
ep
icts
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
as
a
tr
an
s
ien
t r
ed
u
ce
f
r
o
m
1
.
6
A
to
0
.
0
5
A
f
o
r
a
f
au
lt p
er
i
o
d
o
f
6
0
m
s
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it f
au
l
t.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
at,
a
s
h
o
rt
-
cir
cu
it
f
au
lt
o
f
th
e
VSI
s
w
itch
o
cc
u
r
s
at
S
12
an
d
.
As
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
6
0
Hz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
p
p
ea
r
s
alo
n
g
t
h
e
ti
m
e
ax
is
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
.
T
h
e
D
C
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
(
0
Hz)
d
o
es
ex
i
s
t,
h
o
wev
er
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
au
lt
p
er
i
o
d
,
wh
ich
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
9
5
m
s
to
2
5
5
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ig
n
al
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
a
b
r
u
p
tly
d
r
o
p
s
f
r
o
m
1
.
6
A
to
0
.
0
5
A
f
o
r
6
0
m
s
b
etwe
en
1
9
5
m
s
an
d
2
5
5
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
ep
icts
a
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
R
MS
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
s
witch
f
au
lts
.
Star
tin
g
at
1
9
5
m
s
an
d
last
in
g
6
0
m
s
,
th
e
R
MS
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
1
.
1
7
A
to
0
.
9
A.
T
h
e
b
asic
cu
r
r
en
t
ex
h
ib
its
a
s
im
i
lar
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
with
th
e
s
ig
n
al'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
s
u
d
d
en
ly
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
f
o
r
6
0
m
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ec
lin
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
o
m
in
al
v
alu
e
r
an
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
1
.
1
7
to
0
.
7
A.
Simila
r
ly
,
o
n
ce
th
e
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
,
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
al
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
-
0
.
7
A.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
,
t
h
e
R
MS
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
a
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
ab
r
u
p
tly
to
1
.
3
5
A
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
v
alu
e
w
h
ich
is
1
.
1
7
A,
wh
er
ea
s
f
o
r
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
6
0
m
s
th
e
R
MS
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ec
lin
es
to
0
.
7
5
A.
C
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
av
er
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
r
o
p
s
f
r
o
m
0
A
to
-
1
.
1
A
a
n
d
ex
is
ts
at
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
cy
cle.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Switch
f
au
lt a
t S
31
,
(
a)
tim
e
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
ep
r
esen
tati
o
n
(
T
FR
)
,
(
b
)
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
f
au
l
t sig
n
als
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
ve
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ter s
w
itch
es fa
u
lt c
la
s
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i
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s
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…
(
Mu
s
ta
fa
Ma
n
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p
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2213
(
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(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Switch
f
au
lt a
t S
12
(
a
)
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it f
a
u
lt si
g
n
als,
(
b
)
tim
e
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
(
T
FR
)
Fig
u
r
es
8
(
a)
,
an
d
8
(
b
)
p
r
ese
n
t
th
e
t
o
tal
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
to
tal
n
o
n
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
f
o
r
a
p
er
io
d
6
0
m
s
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
2
%
to
5
5
%
an
d
4
7
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c)
,
t
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
b
y
3
0
%
f
o
r
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
s
witch
es
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au
lt.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
in
v
esti
g
ati
o
n
o
f
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
s
witch
f
a
u
lts
,
to
tal
n
o
n
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
h
as
a
g
r
ea
te
r
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
v
alu
e
th
a
n
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
o
tal
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
is
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
to
tal
n
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
a
n
d
t
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
O
p
e
n
cir
cu
it swit
ch
e
s
f
au
lts
s
ig
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
;
(
a)
i
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
av
er
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
,
(
b
)
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
(
c)
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
r
m
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
S
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
it swit
ch
e
s
f
au
lts
s
ig
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
;
(
a)
i
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
r
m
s
cu
r
r
en
t,
(
b
)
i
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
(
c)
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
av
er
ag
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2209
–
2
2
2
0
2214
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
S
ig
n
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it swit
ch
es f
au
lts
;
(
a)
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
o
f
to
tal
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
(
b
)
to
tal
n
o
n
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
an
d
(
c)
t
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
t
o
r
tio
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
d
ep
icts
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
o
tal
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
cir
c
u
it
s
witch
es
f
au
lt,
wh
ich
is
id
en
tical
to
to
tal
n
o
n
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
in
ce
t
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
i
c
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
n
d
t
o
tal
n
o
n
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
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tio
n
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
g
eth
er
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
a
s
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
r
em
ain
s
lo
w
(
3
%).
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
,
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
c
)
d
ep
icts
th
e
t
o
tal
n
o
n
h
ar
m
o
n
i
c
d
is
to
r
t
io
n
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
,
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
4
%
to
5
5
% a
t 1
8
0
m
s
f
o
r
a
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
6
0
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
al
was
d
er
iv
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
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aly
s
is
o
f
6
0
s
ig
n
als
with
v
ar
ied
p
r
o
p
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ties
f
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ea
ch
ty
p
e
o
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s
witch
(
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p
e
n
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
cir
c
u
it
f
o
r
S
11
,
S
12
,
S
21
,
S
22
,
S
31
,
an
d
S
32
)
.
T
h
e
b
est
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r
esh
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ld
v
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lu
e
f
o
r
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r
u
le
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ased
class
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ier
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n
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e
0
.
0
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o
r
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%.
T
h
e
p
s
eu
d
o
c
o
d
e
as
s
h
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wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
d
escr
ib
es
a
r
u
le
-
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ased
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ier
f
o
r
class
if
y
in
g
an
d
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tif
y
in
g
s
witch
f
au
lts
b
ased
o
n
s
ig
n
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
als
o
f
s
witch
e
s
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
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d
class
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ied
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s
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r
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ased
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n
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d
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itio
n
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6
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ig
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als with
v
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au
lt si
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ar
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ter
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tics
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ate
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m
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th
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tem
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er
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ce
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Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
a
b
le
1
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
p
r
o
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8
.
3
% a
cc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
class
if
icatio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Sh
o
r
t Ci
r
cu
it Switch
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lts
Sig
n
al
Par
am
eter
;
(
a)
I
n
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tan
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T
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tal
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Dis
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T
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Har
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ic
Dis
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n
d
(
c)
T
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tal
No
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h
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Dis
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Fucntion[z]=rule_basic_
classifier (
T
d,fault,
I
ave,mean,
I
rms,mean,
THD
ave,mean,
TnHD
ave,mean,
TWD
ave,mean)
If(011011)
z =
Open: S
1;
else if
(100111)
z =
Open: S
1;
else if (100111)
z =
Open: S
2;
else if (011111)
z =
Open: S
2;
else if (101101)
z =
Open: S
3;
else if (0100101)
z = Open: S3;
else if (010101)
z = Open: S4;
else if (101010)
z = Open: S4;
else if (110110)
z = Open: S5;
else if
(001011)
z = Open: S6;
else if (110011)
z = Short: S6;
else
z = unknown
end
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
P
s
eu
d
o
co
d
e
o
f
a
r
u
le
-
b
ased
class
if
ier
f
o
r
class
if
y
in
g
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d
id
en
tify
i
n
g
s
witch
f
au
lt
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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8
694
A
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
ve
r
ter s
w
itch
es fa
u
lt c
la
s
s
i
fi
ca
tio
n
u
s
in
g
…
(
Mu
s
ta
fa
Ma
n
a
p
)
2215
T
ab
le
1
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
witch
es f
au
lts
s
ig
n
als cla
s
s
if
icat
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
F
a
u
l
t
s
S
w
i
t
c
h
%
C
o
r
r
e
c
t
C
l
a
ssi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S1
9
8
.
3
S2
9
8
.
3
O
p
e
n
-
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
S3
9
8
.
3
S4
9
8
.
3
S5
9
8
.
3
S6
9
8
.
3
S1
9
8
.
3
S2
9
8
.
3
S
h
o
r
t
-
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
S3
9
8
.
3
S4
9
8
.
3
S5
9
8
.
3
S6
9
8
.
3
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
STFT
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
a
r
u
le
-
b
ased
class
if
ier
,
was
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
cla
s
s
if
icatio
n
an
d
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
s
witch
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
th
e
n
v
alid
ated
b
y
ca
teg
o
r
izin
g
6
0
ac
tu
al
s
ig
n
als
with
v
ar
y
i
n
g
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
s
o
r
t
o
f
s
witch
f
au
lt
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
ad
m
ir
ab
ly
,
with
9
8
.
3
p
er
ce
n
t
o
f
f
au
lts
co
r
r
ec
tly
c
lass
if
ied
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
u
s
ag
e
as
a
s
witch
f
au
lt
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
O
th
er
tim
e
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
o
m
ai
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Gab
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
an
d
S
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
class
if
icatio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
A
d
v
an
ce
d
Dig
ital
Sig
n
al
Pro
ce
s
s
in
g
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
(
A
DSP
L
ab
)
.
Sp
ec
ial
th
an
k
s
also
to
th
e
Fac
u
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
&
E
lectr
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
(
UT
eM
)
,
C
e
n
ter
f
o
r
R
o
b
o
tics
an
d
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
Au
to
m
atio
n
(
C
eRIA)
o
f
UT
eM
an
d
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
MO
HE
)
.
T
h
eir
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
g
r
at
ef
u
lly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
'
s
also
th
an
k
s
to
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Osi
jek
,
Sain
t
Peter
s
b
u
r
g
Min
in
g
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
R
o
h
m
Sem
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
,
Un
iv
er
s
i
tas
Ah
m
ad
Dah
lan
,
an
d
E
m
b
e
d
d
ed
Sy
s
tem
an
d
P
o
wer
E
lectr
o
n
ics
R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
i
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t w
o
r
k
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
.
Va
sh
ish
th
a
a
n
d
K.
R.
Re
k
h
a
,
“
M
o
d
ifi
e
d
d
i
g
it
a
l
sp
a
c
e
v
e
c
to
r
p
u
lse
wid
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
re
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
n
lo
w
-
c
o
s
t
F
P
G
A
p
latfo
rm
with
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
fo
r
3
-
p
h
a
se
v
o
lt
a
g
e
so
u
rc
e
in
v
e
rter,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
4
.
p
p
.
3
6
2
9
–
3
6
3
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
c
e
.
v
1
1
i4
.
p
p
3
6
2
9
-
3
6
3
8
.
[2
]
P
.
Kia
tso
o
k
k
a
n
a
t
o
rn
a
n
d
N.
Watj
a
n
a
tep
in
,
“
No
v
e
l
rip
p
le
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
u
si
n
g
t
h
re
e
-
lev
e
l
in
v
e
rter
s
with
u
n
i
p
o
lar
P
WM
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
.
p
p
.
1
2
7
2
–
1
2
8
3
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
e
c
s.v
2
2
.
i3
.
p
p
1
2
7
2
-
1
2
8
3
.
[3
]
I.
Bo
u
y
a
k
o
u
b
,
R.
Tale
b
,
H.
M
e
ll
a
h
,
a
n
d
A.
Zerg
lain
e
,
“
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
sp
a
c
e
v
e
c
to
r
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
fo
r
tw
o
lev
e
l
Th
re
e
-
p
h
a
se
i
n
v
e
rter
u
sin
g
d
S
P
ACE
DS1
1
0
4
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
te
r
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
2
.
p
p
.
7
4
4
–
7
5
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
e
c
s.v
2
0
.
i2
.
p
p
7
4
4
-
7
5
1
.
[4
]
R.
G
.
Om
a
r,
“
M
o
d
ifi
e
d
F
CS
-
M
P
C
a
lg
o
ri
th
m
f
o
r
fi
v
e
-
leg
v
o
lt
a
g
e
so
u
rc
e
in
v
e
rter,”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
.
p
p
.
4
7
–
5
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
e
c
s.v
1
9
.
i1
.
p
p
4
7
-
5
7
.
[5
]
M
.
O.
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
,
W
.
M
a
m
d
o
u
h
,
a
n
d
H.
K
h
a
li
l,
“
S
o
u
rc
e
c
u
rre
n
t
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
d
isto
r
ted
v
o
lt
a
g
e
so
u
rc
e
b
y
u
sin
g
sh
u
n
t
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
fil
ter,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
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Az
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[7
]
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g
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V.
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terc
h
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n
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S
.
M
.
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tz,
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h
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-
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lt
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n
o
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n
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g
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ra
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th
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ra
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ti
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[8
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.
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.
[9
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A.
Re
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.
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Vill
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n
d
c
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n
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l
y
sis,”
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n
t
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rn
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2
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A.
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3
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M
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Dr
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4
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.
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.
A
l
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5
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[1
6
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.
K.
Ku
m
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d
D.
El
a
n
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,
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v
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f
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lt
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7
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.
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.
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[1
8
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.
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[1
9
]
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,
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.
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Li
,
“
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0
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.
[2
1
]
M
.
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.
,
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,
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&
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[3
3
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L.
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4
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A.
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No
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,
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Pro
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2
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1
3
IEE
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7
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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o
n
o
f
to
r
q
u
e
rip
p
le
u
t
il
izin
g
b
y
3
-
L
CHMI
in
DTC,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
1
3
IEE
E
7
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Po
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
O
p
ti
miza
ti
o
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
PE
OCO
2
0
1
3
,
n
o
.
Ju
n
e
,
p
p
.
6
3
6
–
6
4
0
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
P
EOCO.2
0
1
3
.
6
5
6
4
6
2
5
.
[3
6
]
T.
S
h
i,
Y.
He
,
T.
Wan
g
,
a
n
d
B
.
Li
,
“
Op
e
n
S
witch
F
a
u
lt
Dia
g
n
o
sis
M
e
th
o
d
fo
r
P
WM
Vo
l
tag
e
S
o
u
rc
e
Re
c
ti
fier
Ba
se
d
o
n
De
e
p
Lea
rn
in
g
Ap
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
IEE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
6
6
5
9
5
–
6
6
6
0
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ACCE
S
S
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
9
1
7
3
1
1
.
[3
7
]
C.
S
u
i,
Y.
He
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ch
e
n
,
“
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
Cu
r
re
n
t
Dist
o
rti
o
n
o
f
Th
re
e
-
P
h
a
se
V
o
lt
a
g
e
S
o
u
rc
e
Re
c
ti
fiers
a
n
d
it
s
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
F
a
u
lt
Dia
g
n
o
sis,”
I
EE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
4
0
6
5
–
4
0
7
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ACCE
S
S
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
9
6
3
1
1
7
.
[3
8
]
J.
Li
u
,
J.
Wa
n
g
,
W.
Yu
,
Z.
Wa
n
g
,
a
n
d
G
.
Zh
o
n
g
,
“
Op
e
n
-
c
ircu
i
t
fa
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
sis
o
f
trac
ti
o
n
in
v
e
rter
b
a
se
d
o
n
imp
ro
v
e
d
c
o
n
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
a
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
sic
s:
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
1
6
3
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
9
9
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/1
6
3
3
/
1
/0
1
2
0
9
9
.
[3
9
]
N.
D.
Th
o
m
b
a
re
,
“
Op
e
n
S
witch
F
a
u
lt
Dia
g
n
o
sis
o
f
S
wi
tch
i
n
g
De
v
ice
s
in
T
h
re
e
P
h
a
se
VSI,
”
L
e
c
t.
No
tes
El
e
c
tr.
En
g
,
v
o
l.
6
9
8
,
p
p
.
6
2
3
–
6
3
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
9
8
1
-
15
-
7
9
6
1
-
5
_
6
0
.
[4
0
]
M
.
A.
K
h
e
li
f,
A.
Be
n
d
iab
d
e
ll
a
h
,
a
n
d
B.
D.
E.
Ch
e
rif,
“
S
h
o
rt
-
c
ircu
i
t
fa
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
sis o
f
t
h
e
DC
-
Li
n
k
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
a
n
d
it
s
imp
a
c
t
o
n
a
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
d
riv
e
sy
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
.
p
p
.
2
8
0
7
–
2
8
1
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jec
e
.
v
1
0
i3
.
p
p
2
8
0
7
-
2
8
1
4
.
[4
1
]
B.
O.
An
y
a
k
a
a
n
d
I
.
O.
Oz
i
o
k
o
,
“
Tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
s
h
o
rt
c
i
rc
u
it
a
n
a
l
y
sis
b
y
imp
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
a
tri
x
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
.
p
p
.
1
7
1
2
–
1
7
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jec
e
.
v
1
0
i
2
.
p
p
1
7
1
2
-
1
7
2
1
.
[4
2
]
K.
Hu
,
Z.
Li
u
,
Y.
Ya
n
g
,
F
.
Ia
n
n
u
z
z
o
,
a
n
d
F
.
Blaa
b
jerg
,
“
En
su
ri
n
g
a
Re
li
a
b
le
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
Two
-
Le
v
e
l
IG
BT
-
B
a
se
d
P
o
we
r
Co
n
v
e
rters
:
A
Re
v
iew
o
f
M
o
n
it
o
rin
g
a
n
d
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
t
Ap
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s,”
IE
EE
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
8
9
9
8
8
–
9
0
0
2
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ACCE
S
S
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
9
4
3
6
8
.
[4
3
]
S
.
H.
Kim
,
D.
Y.
Yo
o
,
S
.
W.
An
,
Y.
S
.
P
a
rk
,
J.
W.
Lee
,
a
n
d
K.
B.
Lee
,
“
F
a
u
lt
De
tec
ti
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
Us
i
n
g
a
Co
n
v
o
l
u
ti
o
n
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
two
rk
f
o
r
Hy
b
rid
Ac
ti
v
e
Ne
u
tral
-
P
o
i
n
t
Clam
p
e
d
In
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
1
4
0
6
3
2
–
1
4
0
6
4
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ACCES
S
.
2
0
2
0
.
3
0
1
1
7
3
0
.
[4
4
]
M
.
S
a
leh
ifar,
R.
S
.
Ara
sh
lo
o
,
M
.
M
o
re
n
o
-
Eg
u
il
a
z
,
V.
S
a
la,
a
n
d
L.
Ro
m
e
ra
l,
“
A
sim
p
le
a
n
d
ro
b
u
st
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
o
p
e
n
sw
it
c
h
fa
u
lt
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
i
n
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
-
2
0
1
3
9
t
h
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
Di
a
g
n
o
st
ics
fo
r
El
e
c
tric
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
s,
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
s,
S
DEM
PE
D
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
4
6
1
–
4
6
8
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/DE
M
P
ED.
2
0
1
3
.
6
6
4
5
7
5
6
.
[4
5
]
J.
S
.
P
e
rise
,
M
.
Ba
k
k
a
r,
a
n
d
S
.
B.
Ro
d
r
ig
u
e
z
,
“
Op
e
n
-
Circu
it
F
a
u
lt
Dia
g
n
o
sis
a
n
d
M
a
in
te
n
a
n
c
e
in
M
u
lt
i
-
P
u
lse
P
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
d
S
e
ries
TRU
To
p
o
l
o
g
ies
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
0
9
0
6
–
10
9
1
6
,
Oc
t.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
P
EL
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
7
6
8
9
5
.
[4
6
]
M
.
Ho
u
c
h
a
ti
,
L.
Be
n
-
Bra
h
im,
A.
G
a
stli
,
a
n
d
N.
M
e
sk
i
n
,
“
F
a
u
lt
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
in
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
sin
g
p
rin
c
i
p
le
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis,”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
-
2
0
1
8
IEE
E
1
2
t
h
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
mp
a
t
ib
i
li
ty,
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Po
we
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
CPE
-
POW
ER
ENG
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/C
P
E.
2
0
1
8
.
8
3
7
2
5
9
6
.
[4
7
]
M
.
Ho
u
c
h
a
ti
,
“
F
a
u
lt
De
tec
ti
o
n
A
n
d
L
o
c
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
In
M
o
d
u
lar
M
u
lt
i
lev
e
l
Co
n
v
e
rter,” 2
0
1
8
.
[4
8
]
W.
J.
Kim
a
n
d
S
.
H.
Kim
,
“
An
n
d
e
sig
n
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le
o
p
e
n
-
sw
it
c
h
f
a
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
sis
f
o
r
th
re
e
-
p
h
a
se
p
w
m
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IET
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
p
p
.
4
4
9
0
–
4
4
9
7
,
De
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/IE
T
-
P
EL
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
7
9
5
.
[4
9
]
M
.
S
h
a
h
b
a
z
i,
E.
Ja
m
sh
id
p
o
u
r,
P
.
P
o
u
re
,
S
.
S
a
a
d
a
te,
a
n
d
M
.
R.
Zo
lg
h
a
d
ri,
“
Op
e
n
-
a
n
d
s
h
o
rt
-
c
irc
u
it
sw
it
c
h
fa
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
sis
fo
r
n
o
n
is
o
late
d
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
u
sin
g
field
p
r
o
g
ra
m
m
a
b
le
g
a
te
a
rra
y
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
6
0
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
1
3
6
–
4
1
4
6
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
I
E.
2
0
1
2
.
2
2
2
4
0
7
8
.
[5
0
]
G
.
K.
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
D.
El
a
n
g
o
v
a
n
,
“
Re
v
iew
o
n
fa
u
lt
-
d
iag
n
o
sis a
n
d
fa
u
lt
-
to
lera
n
c
e
fo
r
DC
-
DC co
n
v
e
rte
rs,”
IET
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/i
e
t
-
p
e
l
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
6
7
2
.
[5
1
]
Y.
Xia
a
n
d
Y.
Xu
,
“
A
Tra
n
sfe
rra
b
le
Da
ta
-
Driv
e
n
M
e
th
o
d
fo
r
IG
BT
Op
e
n
-
Circ
u
it
F
a
u
lt
Dia
g
n
o
sis
i
n
T
h
re
e
-
P
h
a
se
In
v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
7
8
–
1
3
4
8
8
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
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[5
4
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6
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694
I
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Po
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&
Dr
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t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
2209
–
2
2
2
0
2218
[5
8
]
P
.
Ku
m
a
r,
G
.
S
.
Bra
r,
S
.
S
in
g
h
,
S
.
Nik
o
lo
v
sk
i
,
H.
R
.
Ba
g
h
a
e
e
,
a
n
d
Z.
Ba
lk
ić,
“
P
e
rsp
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c
ti
v
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a
n
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n
ten
sifica
ti
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n
o
f
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e
rg
y
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icie
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9
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Li
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Zen
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,
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A
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Co
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0
]
T.
Be
rg
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M
.
Be
n
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z
id
,
T
.
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trcia
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X.
M
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S
.
Dj
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ro
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ić,
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d
L.
-
H.
M
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ss
,
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a
c
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n
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-
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se
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f
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P
V
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s:
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Art
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f
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[6
3
]
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.
S
a
h
o
o
,
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K
.
Da
s,
a
n
d
B.
De
b
n
a
th
,
“
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ll
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t
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[6
4
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M
.
H.
Jo
p
ri,
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R
.
A
b
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ll
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h
,
M
.
M
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a
p
,
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S
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.
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.
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G
h
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n
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.
[6
5
]
A.
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h
m
a
m
a
d
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d
A.
Jb
a
ri,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
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st
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d
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o
f
wa
v
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let
fa
m
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r
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tro
m
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ra
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las
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ti
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b
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se
d
o
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d
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te
wa
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let
tran
sfo
rm
,
”
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ll
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o
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trica
l
En
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in
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g
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[6
6
]
I.
Aiz
e
n
b
e
rg
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
two
rk
Clas
sifier
with
M
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-
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s
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.
[6
7
]
A.
M
.
S
il
v
e
ira
a
n
d
R.
E.
Ara
ú
jo
,
“
A
n
e
w
a
p
p
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c
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n
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ty
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n
d
c
–
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c
p
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we
r
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o
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v
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b
a
se
d
o
n
in
v
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n
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
El
e
c
tric
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
8
0
,
p
.
1
0
6
1
0
3
,
M
a
r.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/J.
EP
S
R.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
6
1
0
3
.
[6
8
]
A.
E.
Lab
ra
d
o
r
Riv
a
s
a
n
d
T.
A
b
rã
o
,
“
F
a
u
l
ts
in
sm
a
rt
g
ri
d
sy
st
e
m
s:
M
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
,
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
las
sifica
t
io
n
,
”
El
e
c
tric P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
8
9
,
p
.
1
0
6
6
0
2
,
De
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/J.E
P
S
R.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
6
6
0
2
.
[6
9
]
H.
Ab
o
u
o
b
a
id
a
a
n
d
Y.
Ab
o
u
e
l
m
a
h
jo
u
b
,
“
Ne
w
Dia
g
n
o
sis
a
n
d
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
t
C
o
n
tro
l
S
trate
g
y
fo
r
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
S
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ph
o
to
e
n
e
r
gy
,
v
o
l.
2
0
2
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/2
0
2
1
/
8
0
7
5
1
6
5
.
[7
0
]
J.
Ya
n
g
a
n
d
C.
De
lp
h
a
,
“
Op
e
n
-
Circu
it
F
a
u
lt
Dia
g
n
o
sis
fo
r
In
terl
e
a
v
e
d
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
”
IEC
ON
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
(In
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
)
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
2
0
-
Oc
to
b
,
p
p
.
3
9
8
2
–
3
9
8
7
,
Oc
t.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
ECO
N4
3
3
9
3
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
2
5
5
2
8
8
.
[7
1
]
M
.
H.
Jo
p
ri,
A.
R.
Ab
d
u
ll
a
h
,
M
.
M
a
n
a
p
,
M
.
R.
Yu
s
o
ff,
T.
S
u
ti
k
n
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
Ha
b
b
a
n
,
“
An
imp
ro
v
e
d
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
las
sifica
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
o
f
h
a
rm
o
n
ic
sig
n
a
ls
i
n
p
o
we
r
d
istr
ib
u
ti
o
n
b
y
u
ti
li
z
i
n
g
s
p
e
c
tro
g
ra
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jec
e
.
v
7
i1
.
p
p
1
2
-
2
0
.
[7
2
]
D.
M
lak
ić,
S
.
Nik
o
lo
v
sk
i
,
a
n
d
Z
.
Ba
u
s,
“
De
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
fa
u
lt
s
in
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
p
a
n
e
ls
u
sin
g
d
e
e
p
lea
rn
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
in
2
0
1
7
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
ma
rt
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
(S
S
T
)
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
5
5
–
6
1
.
[7
3
]
W.
J.
M
a
tt
o
s
a
n
d
R.
E.
Ara
u
j
o
,
“
F
a
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
sis
in
DC
-
DC
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
a
r
it
y
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
-
2
0
2
0
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Y
o
u
n
g
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
Fo
ru
m,
Y
EF
-
ECE
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
3
–
1
8
,
J
u
l.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/YE
F
-
ECE
4
9
3
8
8
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
1
7
1
8
0
6
.
[7
4
]
Y.
Yu
,
Y.
Jia
n
g
,
Y.
Li
u
,
a
n
d
X.
P
e
n
g
,
“
I
n
c
ip
ien
t
fa
u
lt
d
iag
n
o
sis
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
d
c
-
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rters
b
a
se
d
o
n
se
n
siti
v
e
fa
u
lt
fe
a
tu
re
s,”
IET
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
p
p
.
4
6
4
6
–
4
6
5
8
,
De
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/IE
T
-
P
EL
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
8
5
7
.
[7
5
]
S
.
Ja
g
ta
p
a
n
d
D
.
M
o
re
,
“
S
witch
Op
e
n
-
c
ircu
i
t
F
a
u
lt
Dia
g
n
o
sis
a
n
d
F
a
u
lt
-
To
lera
n
t
Co
n
tr
o
l
S
trate
g
y
fo
r
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
0
2
0
IEE
E
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
ICCS
P
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
3
9
9
–
1
4
0
5
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICCS
P
4
8
5
6
8
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
1
8
2
0
6
3
.
[7
6
]
L.
Xu
,
R.
M
a
,
R.
Xie
,
J.
X
u
,
Y.
Hu
a
n
g
f
u
,
a
n
d
F
.
G
a
o
,
“
Op
e
n
-
Cir
c
u
it
S
witc
h
F
a
u
lt
Dia
g
n
o
sis
a
n
d
F
a
u
lt
-
T
o
lera
n
t
Co
n
tr
o
l
fo
r
O
u
tp
u
t
-
S
e
ries
In
te
rlea
v
e
d
Bo
o
st
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
r
ter,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
T
ra
n
sp
o
rta
ti
o
n
El
e
c
t
rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
0
5
4
–
2
0
6
6
,
De
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
TE
.
2
0
2
1
.
3
0
8
3
8
1
1
.
[7
7
]
T.
Wan
g
,
C
.
Wan
g
,
X
.
Z
h
o
u
,
a
n
d
H.
C
h
e
n
,
“
An
o
v
e
rv
iew
o
f
F
P
G
A
b
a
se
d
d
e
e
p
lea
rn
in
g
a
c
c
e
lera
to
rs:
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
-
2
1
st
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Hi
g
h
Per
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
1
7
th
IE
EE
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
ma
rt
Cit
y
a
n
d
5
th
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Da
ta
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
HPCC/S
ma
rtCit
y
/D
S
S
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
6
7
4
–
1
6
8
1
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/H
P
CC/S
M
ARTCITY/D
S
S
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
0
2
2
9
.
[7
8
]
J.
Ho
o
z
e
m
a
n
s,
J.
P
e
lt
e
n
b
u
r
g
,
F
.
No
n
n
e
m
a
c
h
e
r,
A.
Ha
d
n
a
g
y
,
Z.
A
l
-
Ars
,
a
n
d
H.
P
.
H
o
fste
e
,
“
F
P
G
A
Ac
c
e
lera
ti
o
n
fo
r
Big
Da
ta
An
a
ly
ti
c
s:
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
i
ti
e
s,”
IEE
E
Circ
u
it
s
a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
M
a
g
a
zin
e
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
0
–
4
7
,
A
p
r.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/M
C
AS.
2
0
2
1
.
3
0
7
1
6
0
8
.
[7
9
]
G
.
F
u
ra
n
o
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
o
wa
rd
s
th
e
Us
e
o
f
Artifi
c
ial
In
tel
li
g
e
n
c
e
o
n
t
h
e
E
d
g
e
i
n
S
p
a
c
e
S
y
ste
m
s:
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
,
”
IEE
E
Aer
o
sp
a
c
e
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
S
y
ste
ms
M
a
g
a
zi
n
e
,
v
o
l.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
4
4
–
5
6
,
De
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
AES
.
2
0
2
0
.
3
0
0
8
4
6
8
.
[8
0
]
R.
P
a
lan
isa
m
y
,
C.
S
.
Bo
o
p
a
t
h
i,
K
.
S
e
l
v
a
k
u
m
a
r,
a
n
d
K.
Vi
jay
a
k
u
m
a
r,
“
S
witch
i
n
g
p
u
lse
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
f
o
r
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
sin
g
Xili
n
x
-
I
S
E
wit
h
F
P
G
A
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
.
p
p
.
1
7
2
2
–
1
7
2
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jec
e
.
v
1
0
i
2
.
p
p
1
7
2
2
-
1
7
2
7
.
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