Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r
202
1
, p
p.
241
~
248
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
1
.
pp
241
-
248
241
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Curre
nt mode c
ont
ro
l
of s
ing
l
e ph
ase gri
d tie i
nver
ter with
anti
-
islandi
ng
Sa
n
ja
y L
ak
s
h
mi
na
r
ayanan
1
, K
ir
an K
um
ar
B
.
M
.
2
, S
.
N
agar
aja R
ao
3
,
Pran
up
a
S
.
4
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s E
ng
ineeri
ng,
BMS
Insti
tut
e
of
Te
chno
lo
gy,
Bang
al
or
e
,
I
ndia
2, 3, 4
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tr
ical Eng
ine
er
ing, Ra
m
aiah
Univer
si
ty
of
Applie
d
Sc
ie
nc
e
s,
Bangalore
,
In
dia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
10
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
Jan
15
, 2021
Accepte
d
Fe
b
5
, 2
0
21
The
aim
of
thi
s
pape
r
is
to
explore
the
use
of
v
ari
ous
cur
ren
t
m
ode
cont
rol
(CMC)
te
chn
iqu
es
to
d
esign
a
si
ngle
ph
ase
grid
ti
e
inve
r
te
r
integ
rat
ed
with
ant
i
-
isl
andi
ng
p
rote
c
ti
on.
Thr
e
e
typ
es
of
C
MC
te
chn
ique
s
have
be
en
discussed,
namely
cur
r
ent
hys
te
resis
con
trol
(CHC),
consta
n
t
fre
quen
cy
cont
ro
l
(CFC
)
a
nd
ave
r
age
cur
r
e
nt
mod
e
con
trol
(ACM
C).
The
p
erf
orma
n
ce
of
the
gr
id
t
ie
inv
ert
er
in
the
eve
nt
of
grid
vo
lt
ag
e
f
ai
lur
e
is
al
so
stu
die
d
to
hel
p
insta
ll
an
anti
-
is
la
nding
mecha
ni
sm.
Th
e
propos
ed
con
trol
techn
ique
s
shall
el
iminate
the
use
of
Phase
lo
cked
loop
(PL
L)
co
ntrol
as
the
cur
r
ent
r
ef
er
enc
e
is
gene
r
at
ed
fro
m
the
grid
vo
ltage
i
tsel
f
.
All
t
hre
e
cur
ren
t
mo
de
control
te
chn
ique
s
of
a
n
inve
rt
er
h
ave
bee
n
simul
at
ed
in
MA
TL
AB/
Simul
ink
to
eva
lu
at
e
th
e
per
f
orma
nc
e
of
the
d
esigne
d
inve
r
te
r
.
Th
e
si
mul
a
te
d
r
esult
s
show
a
cur
ren
t
THD
o
f
le
ss
tha
n
5%
in
al
l
thre
e
method
s
and
a
good
an
t
i
-
isla
nding
response.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
An
ti
-
isl
an
ding
Av
e
ra
ge
c
urre
nt m
od
e
contr
ol
Current
hyste
r
esi
s contr
ol
Con
sta
nt freq
ue
ncy co
ntr
ol
Ph
ase
loc
ked loop
Total
h
a
rm
onic
d
ist
ort
ion
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sanjay
La
ks
hmi
nar
a
ya
nan
Pr
ofess
or,
Departe
ment
of El
ect
rical
an
d El
ect
ronics E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
BMS In
sti
tute of Tech
nolo
gy,
Ban
galor
e
,
India
Emai
l:
sanjay
.laks@
gm
ai
l.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
With t
he
a
dv
e
nt
o
f
r
e
ne
wab
le
energ
y
s
ources
su
c
h
as
s
olar
a
nd w
i
nd e
nerg
y,
t
her
e
w
a
s a
need to
f
in
d
new
way
s
of
de
al
ing
with
an
d
util
iz
ing
t
he
gen
e
rated
pow
er
[1].
O
ne
el
egan
t
meth
od
w
as
to
sup
ply
thi
s
po
wer
to
the
util
it
y
powe
r
s
uppl
y
gri
d.
T
his
el
imi
nated
to
a
la
r
ge
exte
nt
the
ne
ed
for
e
nerg
y
savi
ng
de
vice
s
li
ke
batte
ries
or
pu
mp
e
d
sto
rag
e
or
SMES
et
c.
P
ower
Ele
ct
r
onic
s
plays
a
n
imp
or
ta
nt
par
t
in
t
his
idea,
as
it
pro
vid
es
with
the
mea
ns
to
tra
nsfo
rm
a
nd
e
ff
ic
ie
ntly
c
on
t
ro
l
the
pow
er
flo
w
f
rom
t
he
s
olar
pa
nels
or
wind
ge
ner
a
tors
to
the po
wer su
pp
ly grid
[2
]
-
[
3].
In
t
he
case
of
la
rg
e
s
olar
pl
ants,
th
ree
pha
se
inv
e
rte
rs
a
r
e
us
e
d
to
c
on
ver
t
the
DC
outp
ut
of
the
photov
oltai
c
cel
ls
to
three
ph
ase
vo
lt
a
ges
w
hich
a
re
sync
hron
iz
e
d
with
t
he
three
phase
powe
r
s
upply
gri
d
an
d
feed
power
to
t
hem
[
4
]
-
[
6].
I
n
the
case
o
f
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
a
s
A
C
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
r
o
t
a
t
i
n
g
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
s
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
y
b
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
D
C
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
o
n
c
e
a
g
a
i
n
f
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
b
y
i
nv
e
r
te
rs
[
7
]
-
[
10]
.
Thr
ee
ph
a
se
gri
d
ti
e
in
ve
rters
are
c
on
tr
olled
us
i
ng
c
on
t
ro
l
con
ce
pts
simi
la
r
t
o
vecto
r
c
ontr
ol
us
ed
to
con
t
ro
l
in
du
ct
i
on
m
otors.
Here
"
-
"
to
"
d
-
q"
or
"a
bc"
tra
nsfo
rmati
ons
ar
e
use
d
to
de
al
with
t
he
dyna
mics
of
the
syst
em
[
11
]
.
Si
ng
le
phase
gr
i
d
ti
e
inve
rte
rs
are
use
d
i
n
s
mall
er
so
la
r
plants
s
uch
as
r
oof
t
op
instal
la
ti
on
s
on
domesti
c sit
es.
This call
s fo
r
l
ow co
st
so
l
utio
ns
with
ou
t c
omp
romisi
ng on
the
powe
r qu
a
li
ty [
12]
.
Ther
e
is
one
prob
le
m
ass
ociat
ed
with
gr
i
d t
ie
operati
on
w
hi
ch i
s
"i
sla
nd
i
ng".
N
ormal
ly
a
t
the
po
i
nt
at
wh
ic
h
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
is
co
nnect
ed
t
o
the
gr
i
d,
t
her
e
ma
y
be
some
par
al
le
l
loa
ds
or
e
ven
oth
e
r
i
nve
rters,
in
wh
ic
h
case
if
the
gri
d
fail
s
a
nd
is
di
sco
nn
ect
e
d
by
br
ea
kers,
t
he
gri
d
ti
e
i
nv
e
rter
co
ntin
ues
t
o
s
upply
the
loa
ds
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
241
–
248
242
isl
and
s
albeit
a
t i
mp
r
oper
ma
gn
it
udes
and
phase
or
fr
e
que
ncy. T
his
coul
d res
ult i
n dam
age t
o
i
ns
ta
ll
at
i
on
s
a
nd
mainte
na
nce
pe
rson
nel.
Hen
c
e there
is a
nee
d for a
n
"a
nti
-
isl
and
i
ng
"
mec
han
is
m [1
3
]
-
[
16
].
Trad
it
io
nally,
sing
le
phase
gri
d
ti
e
i
nv
e
rter
s
are
volt
age
s
ource
i
nverters
w
hich
ha
ve
S
PWM
a
nd
a
PLL
for s
ynch
r
on
iz
at
io
n
with
the
gri
d.
T
his
a
ppr
oach
sat
isfi
es
the
ste
ad
y st
at
e
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e,
but
w
hen
the
gri
d
su
ppl
y
fail
s,
t
he
a
nti
-
isl
and
i
ng
sche
mes
be
hav
e
er
rati
cal
l
y.
W
hat
is
des
ired
is
the
ste
ady
sta
te
powe
r
to
be
su
ppli
ed
t
o
the
gr
i
d
at
a
re
quired
powe
r
f
act
or
a
nd
w
he
n
t
he
gri
d
fail
s,
t
he
in
ver
te
r
to
be
s
hu
t
dow
n
and
not
feed t
he
paral
le
l l
oad
s
and
form
isl
an
ds [
17
]
-
[
18
].
In
this
pa
per
C
M
C
is
sug
geste
d
i
ns
te
ad
of
t
he
volt
age
m
od
e
of
ope
rati
on
of
the
tra
diti
on
al
s
ing
le
phase
gr
i
d
in
ve
rter
[
19
]
-
[
20].
C
MC
may
be
us
e
d
t
o
op
e
rate
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
at
un
it
y
power
f
act
or
with
the
cu
rr
e
nt
ref
e
ren
ce
dr
a
w
n
f
rom
the
gri
d
volt
age
it
sel
f
thus
re
qu
iri
ng
no
PLL
[21
]
.
This
al
so
s
ugge
sts
that
the
anti
-
isl
and
in
g
may
be
al
m
os
t
aut
oma
ti
c.
First
it
mu
st
be
c
onfir
med
if
the
c
urr
ent
TH
D
s
uppl
ie
d
to
t
he
gr
id
is
within
li
mit
s d
ur
i
ng
nor
mal o
per
at
i
on. I
n
this
pa
per the
par
al
le
l l
oa
d
c
onsist
s of a
1
K
W resi
sti
ve
U
P
F loa
d.
The
fi
rst
meth
od
em
ploye
d
is
current
hyste
re
sis
con
t
ro
l,
al
s
o
kn
own
as
t
oleran
ce
ba
nd
c
urre
nt
co
ntr
ol
.
This
is
ea
sil
y
done
with
a
MO
SFET
H
-
bri
dg
e
co
nn
e
ct
ed
t
hro
ugh
an
in
du
c
tor
t
o
the
gri
d
su
ppl
y
[
22]
.
C
urren
t
thr
ough
the
in
duct
or
ma
y
be
s
ense
d
us
in
g a
ha
ll
-
eff
ect
c
urre
nt
se
nsor.
It
wa
s
see
n t
hat
wit
h a
pr
op
e
r
hyst
eresis
or
tolera
nce
ba
nd,
a
sin
us
oi
da
l
current
wa
veform
with
a
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
50
Hz
is
ge
ner
at
e
d
wh
ic
h
is
i
nject
ed
t
o
the
gr
i
d
t
hro
ugh
t
he
i
nduct
or
.
T
he
hyste
resis
co
mpo
nen
t
is
seen
as
a
sa
w
too
th
li
ke
waveform
ri
ding
on
t
he
fun
dame
ntal,
wh
ic
h
has
to
be
adj
us
te
d
so
t
hat
the
T
HD
is
le
ss
tha
n
5%
.
The
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
var
i
es
an
d
dep
e
nds
on
the
toleranc
e
ba
nd.
Anot
her
non
-
li
near
it
y
is
t
he
dea
d
ti
me
bet
ween
the
uppe
r
an
d
l
ow
e
r
s
w
it
ches
of the
H
-
bri
dg
e whic
h
c
ould
be 1
-
2 mi
crose
conds
[23
]
-
[
25].
Wh
e
n
t
he
gr
i
d
su
ppl
y
fail
s
i
n
t
he
case
of
the
c
urren
t
hyste
res
is
co
ntro
l
t
he
c
urren
t
ref
e
re
nc
e
al
so
dro
ps
to
ze
ro,
but
the
in
ver
te
r
maint
ai
ns
a
tole
ran
c
e
ba
nd
a
r
ound
the
ze
ro
c
urrent
le
vel
a
nd
pu
mp
s
this
to
the
par
al
le
l
loads res
ulti
ng
in a low
volt
ag
e h
ig
h
f
reque
nc
y
volt
age at t
he
in
ver
te
r AC
side [26
]
-
[
28]. This can be
de
te
ct
ed
by an u
nder
-
vo
lt
age r
el
ay
and
can
be use
d
f
or
an
ti
-
isl
an
ding
detect
ion an
d p
r
otect
io
n.
Anothe
r
meth
od t
ried
w
a
s c
on
sta
nt fre
qu
e
nc
y C
M
C
or also
known
as
Pea
k cu
rr
e
nt
contr
ol
. H
e
re
also
the
gri
d
volt
ag
e
is
us
e
d
to
de
r
ive
the
cu
rr
e
nt
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
na
l.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
co
ntr
ol
meth
od
a
dopted
is
dif
fer
e
nt
from
the
case
of
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
hyste
r
esi
s
m
et
hod.
T
he
s
w
it
ches
of
the
H
-
br
i
dg
e
a
re
t
urne
d
on
at
c
on
sta
nt
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y,
the
y
are
mainta
in
ed
on
ti
ll
the
current
peak
ris
es
to
the
re
fere
nce
val
ue
at
wh
ic
h
point
th
ey
ar
e
switc
he
d off a
nd the c
urre
nt
dro
ps
.
The
t
hir
d
meth
od
trie
d
was
A
CMC,
he
re
a
c
on
t
ro
l
volt
age
is
use
d
to
vary
t
he
duty
rati
o
(
P
W
M
)
of
t
he
switc
hes
by
c
ompa
rin
g
with
a
tria
ngular
waveform
at
s
witc
hing
f
reque
ncy
higher
t
han
t
he
fun
dame
ntal
at
50
Hz.
T
he
c
on
t
r
ol
volt
age
is
de
rive
d
f
rom
a
PI
c
on
tr
ol
fe
d
with
the
dif
fere
nce
of
the
av
erag
e
o
utput
inducto
r
current a
nd th
e
curre
nt r
e
fer
e
nce
gen
e
rated
from t
he
grid
volt
age.
The
ov
e
rall
co
nF
ig
ureu
rati
on
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
unde
r
stu
dy
is
as
in
Fig
ure.
1,
the
H
-
br
i
dg
e
consi
sts
of
IG
BTs
or
MO
SFETs,
w
hich
are
unidirect
io
nal
switc
hes
wi
th
anti
-
par
al
le
l
diod
es
inte
gr
at
ed
into
t
hem.
T
he
gri
d
vo
lt
age
is
al
s
o
sense
d
an
d
us
e
d
in
the
CMC
ci
rcu
it
.
N
o
P
L
L
is
show
n
as,
un
it
y
powe
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
u
s
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
i
n
g
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
,
s
c
a
l
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
p
e
a
k
c
urre
nt
.
Figure
1. O
veral
l configa
rati
on
of the si
ng
le
ph
a
se
gr
id
ti
e inv
e
rter
with C
M
C t
o be
stu
di
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Curren
t
mo
de c
on
tr
ol
of sin
gle phase
gr
id ti
e invert
er wi
th
an
ti
-
isl
an
ding
(
Sa
nja
y
La
ks
hmin
ar
ay
an
an
)
243
2.
AN
TI
-
ISL
ANDING
An
ti
-
isl
an
ding
methods
ca
n
be
cl
assifi
ed
int
o
tw
o
cat
eg
or
i
es,
act
ive
an
d
passive
meth
ods.
T
here
is
wh
at
is
know
n
as a
no
n
-
detect
ion z
on
e
or
N
DZ,
wh
e
re
the
anti
-
isl
and
i
ng
method
f
ai
ls
to
ope
rate.
On
th
e o
t
her
hand
th
e
in
ver
t
er
ma
y
be
trip
ped
by
fl
uctuat
ion
s
i
n
the
gr
i
d
or
par
al
le
l
lo
ads,
e
ve
n
w
he
n
the
re
is
no
ne
ed
f
or
anti
-
isl
and
i
ng.
In
passi
ve
met
hods
measu
re
ments
of
volt
age,
c
urre
nt,
ph
ase,
impe
d
a
nc
e,
fr
e
que
ncy
a
nd
TH
D
are
us
e
d
t
o
det
ect
isl
and
i
ng
a
nd
ci
rc
umve
nt
it
.
I
n
act
ive
me
thods
distu
rba
nces
a
re
ad
de
d
to
the
in
ver
te
r
outp
ut
wh
ic
h
a
re
dete
ct
ed
at
the
ti
m
e
of
isl
an
ding.
Total
el
imi
nat
ion
of
t
he
NDZ
is
po
s
sible
usi
ng
act
ive
me
thods,
howe
ver
t
hey
may ca
us
e
in
sta
bili
ty
in
the
s
ys
te
m.
Using
c
urren
t
m
ode
in
the
gri
d t
ie
in
ve
rter
seem
s
to
su
gges
t
that passi
ve
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s ca
n be
u
se
d
i
n
c
on
j
unct
ion
with t
he
m to
ac
hie
ve
r
obus
t a
nti
-
isl
an
ding met
hods.
2.1.
Cu
rren
t
hys
te
resi
s co
n
tr
ol
CHC
is
sim
ulate
d
us
in
g
M
A
TLAB
/
Sim
ulin
k.
T
he
c
ontr
ol
ci
rcu
it
is
sho
w
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2
.
G1,
G
2
a
nd
G3,
G
4
a
re
t
he
gate
sig
nals
t
o
t
he
diag
onal
ly
opposit
e
pair
s
of
t
he
I
GBTs
or
MOSF
ETS
of
t
he
si
ngle
ph
a
se
br
i
dg
e
in
ver
te
r
in
t
he
powe
r
c
ircuit
.
T
he
I
nput
DC
vo
lt
age
i
s
40
0
V,
the
gr
id
vo
lt
age
is
23
0
V,
50
Hz
. T
he
gri
d
vo
lt
age
is
by
it
sel
f
us
e
d
t
o
s
ha
pe
the
cu
rr
e
nt
ref
e
re
nce
waveform.
T
his
en
su
res
unit
y
po
wer
facto
r
ope
rati
on,
with
no
PLL.
Currents
of
5
A
to
10
A
,
were
us
e
d
to
si
mu
l
at
e
the
sy
ste
m
.
Ind
ucto
r
val
ue
s
from
10m
H
t
o
20
0
mH
wer
e
us
e
d
to
ex
per
i
ment
with.
W
hen
hy
ste
resis
cu
rr
e
nt
of
+/
-
20
0
m
A
was
us
e
d
with
a
50m
H
in
duct
or,
a
current
outp
ut
of
T
H
D
le
ss
t
han
5%
was
obta
ined
.
Fi
gur
e
3
s
hows
t
he
inducto
r
cu
rr
e
nt
us
i
ng
C
HC
for
the
ref
e
ren
ce
curre
nt of
5 A.
Figure
1
.
Co
ntr
ol circ
uit f
or
C
HC
F
igure
3.
5A i
nduct
or cu
rr
e
nt
gen
e
rated
u
si
ng CHC
The
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
var
i
es
w
hich
is
the
main
disa
dvan
ta
ge
of
CHC.
The
s
witc
hi
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
at
the
peak
of
the
cu
rr
e
nt
ref
e
re
nce
ca
n
be
cal
culat
ed
t
he
or
et
ic
al
ly
us
i
ng
th
e
Fig
ure
4.
Durin
g
t
he
upwa
r
d
sl
ope
of
the
in
du
ct
or
cu
rr
e
nt,
the
f
ollow
i
ng
a
ppr
ox
imat
io
n
can
be
ma
de
kn
owin
g
t
hat
the
switc
hing
f
requen
c
y
is
mu
c
h
la
r
ger th
an 50 Hz
, th
e
fundame
ntal f
re
qu
e
nc
y of t
he
c
urren
t
ref
e
re
nc
e.
=
400
−
325
V
(1)
Durin
g
t
he downwar
d sl
ope t
he
e
qu
at
io
n
is
as
(
2)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
241
–
248
244
=
−
400
−
325
V
(2)
So
lvi
ng
thi
s
f
or
a
n
i
nductanc
e
of
100
m
H,
and
a
hyste
resi
s
of
±
200
mA,
gi
ves
t
1
a
nd
t
2,
the
t
otal
per
i
od
bei
ng
t1
+t
2,
t
he
recipro
cal
bein
g
t
he
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
ency
durin
g
t
he
pea
k
of
the
c
urren
t
re
fer
e
nc
e.
1
=
533
.
3
,
2
=
55
.
2
w
hich
giv
es
a
switc
hing
fr
e
quenc
y
of
1.7
K
Hz.
If
simi
la
r
equ
at
io
ns
we
re
wr
it
te
n
f
or
the
half
wa
y
point
w
hen
the
gr
i
d
vo
lt
a
ge
is
16
2.5
V,
a
f
r
equ
e
nc
y
of
4.1
K
Hz
is
ob
ta
ined.
(Tho
ugh
m
or
e
appr
ox
imat
e
).
Wh
e
n
t
he
ci
rc
uit
br
ea
ke
r
is
op
e
ne
d,
sim
ula
ti
ng
los
s
of
gr
i
d
vo
lt
age
,
the
current
ref
e
re
nc
e
bec
om
es
zero.
Howe
ver,
the
hy
ste
resis
cu
rr
e
nt
c
ontr
ol
le
r
co
ntin
ues
t
o
pum
p
a
±
200
m
A
as
the
re
is
a
path
f
or
t
he
flo
w
of c
urren
t
fr
om
the
DC
vo
lt
a
ge
of
40
0 V,
t
hroug
h
t
he
sw
it
c
hes, i
nd
ucto
r
a
nd int
o t
he
p
a
r
al
le
l l
oad
.
S
o,
t
her
e
is
a
volt
age
acr
oss
the
pa
rall
el
l
oad
du
e
to
the
hy
ste
resis
ba
nd
of
c
urre
nt
of
±20
0
mA,
al
be
it
at
a
high
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
say
10
KH
z
,
c
ompare
d
t
o
t
he
nor
mal
50
Hz
.
Th
is
be
ha
viou
r
ma
y
be
us
e
d
to
s
hu
t
dow
n
the
in
ve
rter
by
halti
ng
the
gate
sig
nals
to
th
e
s
witc
hes
i
n
the
sin
gle
phase
bri
dge.
A
very
rel
ia
ble
anti
-
isl
an
ding
met
hod
may
be
dev
el
op
e
dusin
g
t
his
phen
ome
non.
A
simpl
e
un
der
-
volt
ag
e
rela
y
may
be
cal
ibrate
d
t
o
e
sta
bl
ish
a
nti
-
isl
and
i
ng
protect
ion. Fi
gure
5 sho
ws
t
he
volt
age ac
ros
s the
par
al
le
l l
oa
d usin
g
C
HC
durin
g gr
i
d fail
ur
e
.
Figure
4.
Cu
rr
e
nt r
i
pp
le
i
n
CH
C
Figure
5.
CHC
, grid
f
ai
lu
re at
117 ms
, volta
ge
acro
s
s
par
al
le
l
load
2.2.
Constan
t
Fre
quency
Cu
rre
nt
M
od
e
C
on
t
rol
The
c
ontr
ol cir
cuit o
f
CFC
m
od
e
c
on
tr
ol,
also
known
as
p
e
ak
C
M
C i
s
sho
wn b
el
ow in
Fi
gure.
6.
T
he
fo
ll
owin
g
detai
ls
are
us
e
d
i
n
t
he
sim
ulati
on.
The
c
urre
nt
refe
ren
ce
is
der
i
ve
d
from
the
gri
d
volt
age
scal
e
d
t
o
the
pe
ak
cu
rr
e
nt
re
quire
d.
So,
this
res
ults
in
unit
y
powe
r
f
act
or
operati
on
an
d
nee
ds
no
PLL.
The
in
duct
or
current
"
I
L
"
ma
y
be
sen
sed
by
a
ha
ll
-
ef
fect
cu
rr
e
nt
sen
sor.
T
he
in
put
DC
volt
age
V
dc
is
40
0
V
.
T
he
gr
id
volt
ag
e
is
230
V
, 5
0 H
z.
A
c
on
sta
nt
s
witc
hing f
re
qu
ency
of 10 K
H
z
is
use
d
to produ
ce
pulse
s
. A
sw
it
ch
pair
is
t
urne
d
on
wh
e
n
the
hi
gh
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
c
lock
pulse
goe
s
to
the
"set
"
(
S)
i
nput
of
t
he
SR
flip
-
fl
op.
Wh
e
n
the
cu
rrent
rises
and
it
s
peak
e
qual
a
nd
just
ex
ceeds
t
he
c
urre
nt
re
fere
nce
,
t
he
co
mp
a
rato
r
pro
duces
a
"re
s
et
"
(R)
pulse
t
o
t
he
flip
-
flo
p
w
hich
tur
ns
of
the
s
witc
hes.
T
he
c
urren
t
deca
ys
t
il
l
the
ne
xt
"
se
t"
pulse
from
the
cl
ock
upon
wh
ic
h
the
whole
c
ycl
e
re
peats.
G
1
a
nd
G2
are
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
durin
g t
he
posit
ive
c
yc
le
of
t
he
gr
i
d
volt
age
a
nd
G
3,
G4
ar
e
con
t
ro
ll
ed
during
the
neg
at
iv
e
cycle
of
t
he
gr
i
d
vo
lt
a
ge.
S
lop
e
co
mp
e
ns
a
ti
on
is
ad
de
d
t
o
t
he
c
urre
nt
r
e
fer
e
nc
e
to pre
ven
t s
ub
-
harmo
nic
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s. A
reset
ta
ble integ
rato
r
is u
se
d
t
o gene
rate slo
pe
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n.
Figure
2
sho
ws
the
i
nduct
or
c
urren
t
in
C
FC
mode
c
ontrol
.
A
c
urre
nt
T
HD
le
sser
tha
n
5
%
is
ac
hieve
d
wh
e
n
t
he
in
du
ct
or
is
c
hose
n
t
o
be
50
m
H.
S
o,
t
he
met
hod
ma
y
be
us
e
d
le
giti
mate
ly.
When
the
ci
rc
uit
breake
r
is
op
e
ne
d,
t
he
gr
i
d
volt
age
is
rem
ov
e
d
a
nd
the
cu
rr
e
nt
re
f
eren
ce
bec
om
e
s
zer
o.
Howe
ve
r,
the
re
is
a
pa
th
f
or
inducto
r
c
urre
nt
to
fl
ow
th
rough
the
pa
rall
el
load
.
S
ome
lo
w
c
urre
nt
hi
gh
f
reque
ncy
osc
il
la
ti
on
s
ar
e
ob
serv
e
d
durin
g
this
peri
od
wh
ic
h
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
8,
possibly
due
to
the
slo
pe
c
ompen
sat
ion
ci
rcu
it
r
y.
T
he
volt
age
acro
s
s
the
par
a
ll
el
load
is
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
9
by
c
onside
rin
g
an
i
mp
e
da
nc
e
of
50
ohm
i
n
CFC
mode
c
ontr
ol,
wh
e
n
t
he gri
d
i
s d
isc
onnected
a
t 117 ms.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Curren
t
mo
de c
on
tr
ol
of sin
gle phase
gr
id ti
e invert
er wi
th
an
ti
-
isl
an
ding
(
Sa
nja
y
La
ks
hmin
ar
ay
an
an
)
245
Figure
6.
Co
ntr
ol circ
uit f
or
C
FC m
od
e
contr
ol
Figure
7.
Detai
le
d
vie
w of i
nd
ucto
r
c
urren
t i
n
CFC
mode c
on
trol
Figure
8.
I
nduc
tor
c
urre
nt, 7
A peak
f
al
ls
w
hen grid
fail
s at 1
17ms i
n peak
CMC
Figure
9.
V
oltage ac
ro
s
s
par
al
le
l l
oad
wh
e
n g
rid
is
disco
nnect
ed
a
t 117 ms i
n
CF
C mo
de
c
ontro
l
2.3.
Av
er
age
Cu
rr
ent
m
od
e
Con
tro
l
The
ci
rcu
it
dia
gr
a
m
for
the
c
on
t
ro
l
ci
rcu
it
of
the
ACM
C
is
sho
wn
in
th
e
Fig
ure
10.
It
is
t
he
mo
st
intuit
ive
of
the
three
meth
od
s
discu
ssed
.
It
i
s
base
d
on
the
fact
that
the
du
ty
rati
o
of
the
switc
hes,
deter
mine
s
the
rise
of
t
he
in
du
ct
or
cu
rr
e
nt.
T
his
is
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
by
a
si
mp
le
feedbac
k
co
ntr
ol
with
a
PI
or
pro
por
ti
on
al
-
integral
c
on
tr
ol
.
The
on
l
y
dra
w
bac
k
is
the
t
un
i
ng
of
t
he
PI
con
t
ro
ll
er.
The
value
of
the
i
nduct
or
determi
nes
the
performa
nce.
Figure
11
sho
ws
the
i
nducto
r
curre
nt
us
in
g
ACM
C
A
s
witc
hing
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
of
10
K
Hz
w
as
us
e
d.
In
the
simulat
ion
a
pr
oport
ion
al
gain
of
10
a
nd
an i
nteg
ral
gai
n o
f
2 see
me
d t
o w
ork
well
. T
he
low
pass
filt
er
use
d t
o
sense
the
in
duc
tor
cu
rr
e
nt
was
a
first
order
filt
er
with
a
c
ut
-
off
of
f
reque
nc
y
of
1
KHz.
A
50
mH
i
nducto
r
giv
es
a
cu
rr
e
nt
wa
ve
form
with
T
H
D
le
sse
r
t
han
5%
.
Fi
gure
12
s
hows
an
i
nd
uctor
cu
rrent
i
n
a
ver
a
ge
cu
rr
e
nt
con
t
ro
l
mode
with
10
A
r
efe
ren
ce
b
e
fore a
nd after
t
he
gr
i
d
is s
hut
dow
n
at
117ms
.
Figure
10. C
ontrol circ
uit o
f
t
he ACMC
Figure
11.
Det
ai
le
d
view
of
5A
peak in
du
ct
or
current
us
i
ng
ACM
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
241
–
248
246
As
i
n
t
he
ot
he
r
meth
od
s
,
w
he
n
t
he
gri
d
vol
ta
ge
fail
s,
lo
w
volt
age,
high
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
are
induced
ac
ross
the
par
al
le
l
lo
ad
w
hich
are
quit
e
disti
nct
f
r
om
the
normal
gri
d
vo
lt
a
ge.
This
is
li
ke
a
n
unde
r
-
vo
lt
age
sit
uatio
n
a
nd can
b
e
d
i
scriminat
e
d
as
a fa
ult sit
uatio
n qu
it
e
rap
i
dly
.
Figure
12.
Ind
ucto
r
c
urren
t i
n
a
ver
a
ge
c
urr
ent contr
ol m
ode c
on
t
ro
l
fall
s at 1
17ms
w
he
n gr
i
d
is s
hut d
own
3
IMPLEME
N
TATION
The
power
ci
rc
uit
can
be
impl
emented
with
f
our
M
O
SFETs
or
IG
BT
s,
a
nd
their
gate
dr
i
ve
ci
rcu
it
s.
The
in
duct
or
may
be
an
ir
on
co
red
t
yp
e
.
Currents
a
nd
volt
age
se
ns
in
g
can
be
done
usi
ng
hall
-
ef
fect
sens
or
s
wh
ic
h
pr
ov
i
de
excell
ent
isolat
ion
of
t
he
c
on
tr
ol
ci
rc
uit
f
rom
the
powe
r
ci
rc
uit
wh
ic
h
is
li
ve
.
Gate
dr
ive
s
s
hould
pr
e
fer
a
bly
ha
ve
opto
-
isolat
io
n.
The
c
on
t
ro
l
ci
rcu
it
s
a
re
bu
i
lt
from
anal
og
dev
ic
es
s
uch
as
opam
ps
,
c
omp
arator,
transisto
rs
a
nd
diodes.
Some
dig
it
al
ci
rcu
it
s
su
c
h
as
SR
flip
-
flo
ps
,
a
nd
ot
her
l
og
ic
gates
are
al
so
re
qu
i
r
ed.
In
current
hyste
r
esi
s
co
ntr
ol,
t
he
hyste
resis
may
be
pro
vi
ded
by
a
Sc
hmi
tt
trigg
e
r
usi
ng
a
n
O
pam
p.
Slo
pe
com
pensat
ion
i
n
c
onsta
nt
f
requen
c
y
cu
rr
e
nt
mode
or
pea
k
current
m
od
e
c
an
be
impleme
nted
us
i
ng
Opamps
.
In
ACM
C
,
the
PI
co
ntr
ol
le
r
is
bu
il
t
us
i
ng
Op
a
mp
s
with
resist
ive
-
ca
pacit
ive
el
ements
f
or
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n.
A
CMC
in p
a
rtic
ular
is
cond
ucive
t
o
a
n
em
be
dd
e
d so
luti
on
us
i
ng a
DS
P
or mic
ro
c
on
t
ro
ll
er.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
CMC
te
ch
niqu
es
can
be
us
e
d
ef
fecti
vely
i
n
gri
d
ti
e
inve
rters
a
nd
pro
vid
e
ef
fecti
ve
a
nti
-
isl
and
i
ng
featur
e
s.
C
M
C
of
gr
i
d
ti
e
inve
rter
ope
rates
at
un
it
y
powe
r
factor
with
ou
t
PLL,
gr
i
d
volt
age
is
us
e
d
to
sh
a
pe
current
ref
e
rence
wav
e
f
orms.
This
pa
pe
r
pre
sents
res
ults
of
three
c
on
t
ro
l
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
us
e
d
in
cu
rr
e
nt
m
ode
gr
i
d
ti
e
inv
erter
.
T
he
Inp
ut
DC
volt
age
is
40
0
V
,
the
gri
d
volt
ag
e
is
230
V,
50
Hz
f
or
al
l
the
t
hr
ee
c
urre
nt
co
ntr
ol
te
chn
iq
ues
us
e
d.
All
the
thre
e
methods
ca
n
be
operate
d
s
o
as
to
resu
lt
in
cu
rr
e
nt
TH
D
le
ss
than
5%.
CMC
resu
lt
s
s
how
lo
w
cu
rr
e
nt
high
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
os
c
il
la
ti
on
s
wh
e
n
the
gri
d
vo
lt
ag
e
is
tur
ned
off.
ACM
C
is
th
e
mo
st
intuit
ive
of
the
three
met
hods
disc
us
se
d.
W
he
n
th
e
gr
id
vo
lt
age
fail
s,
lo
w
vo
lt
age
,
high
f
reque
ncy
osc
il
la
ti
on
s
are
in
du
ce
d
ac
r
os
s
the
pa
rall
el
load
w
hich
a
re
qu
it
e
disti
nct
f
rom
the
normal
gr
i
d
volt
age
.
T
his
is
li
ke
an
unde
r
-
vo
lt
age
sit
uati
on
a
nd
ca
n
be
discriminate
d
as
a
fa
ult
sit
ua
ti
on
quit
e
ra
pi
dly
.
Pa
pe
r
al
s
o
ex
plains
the
pa
ssive
te
chn
iq
ues
of
a
nti
-
isl
and
i
ng
m
et
hod
durin
g
gri
d
fail
ure.
T
his
can
be
use
d
t
o
bu
il
d
lo
w
co
st
sing
le
ph
a
se
gr
id
ti
e
inv
e
rters
for
s
ol
ar,
P
V
a
ppli
cat
ion
s at
homes
and co
mme
rcial
sit
es.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Panwar,
N.
L
.
,
S.
C.
Kaushik,
and
Surendra
Kotha
ri,
"Role
of
ren
e
wable
en
erg
y
so
urc
es
in
env
iron
me
nt
al
prot
ectio
n:
A re
vie
w
,
"
R
enewable
and
sus
tainable ene
rgy
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ie
ws
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vo
l. 15, no. 3, pp.
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2011
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Jana
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Joydip
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Hir
anm
ay
Sa
h
a,
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Konika
Das Bh
at
t
ac
har
y
a,
"A
re
vie
w of
inv
ert
er
topol
ogie
s for
si
ngle
-
phase
g
rid
-
conne
c
te
d
photo
volt
aic
sys
tems,
"
Re
n
ewabl
e
an
d
Sustainabl
e
Ener
gy
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ews
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.
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[3]
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Zhihong Ye, a
nd
A
mol
Kolwa
lka
r
,
"Investi
gation
of
antiisla
nd
ing
pr
ote
c
ti
on
of
powe
r
conve
r
te
r
base
d
distri
bute
d
g
ene
r
at
ors
using
fr
eq
uenc
y
dom
ai
n
a
nal
ysis
,
"
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
,
vol.
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,
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[4]
Zha
ng,
Dehu
a,
e
t
al
.
,
"H
igh
eff
i
c
ie
ncy
cur
ren
t
mo
de
cont
rol
for
th
ree
-
phase
mi
cro
-
inv
erters
,”
201
2
Tw
ent
y
-
Se
ve
nth
Annual
I
EE
E
Ap
pli
ed
Powe
r
Ele
ct
ronics
Con
fe
re
nce
and
E
xposit
i
on
(APEC)
,
Orla
ndo,
FL,
2012,
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p.
892
-
897
.
[5]
Kjae
r,
Soere
n
Bae
khoe
j,
John
K
.
Peder
sen,
and F
red
e
Bl
aa
b
je
rg
,
"
A
rev
ie
w
of
sing
le
-
phase
grid
-
co
nnec
t
ed inv
ert
e
r
s
for
photo
vol
ta
i
c
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
,
"
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
2
-
1
3
0
6
,
2005
.
[6]
Vela
sco,
David
,
et
al
.
,
"Rev
ie
w
o
f
ant
i
-
isla
nd
ing
t
ec
hn
iqu
es
in
d
istri
bute
d
gen
era
t
ors,
"
Re
n
ewabl
e
and
s
ustainabl
e
ene
rgy
re
views
,
vol.
14
,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
1608
-
1614
,
20
10
.
[7]
Wu,
Hongying
,
et
a
l.
,
"A
cur
r
en
t
-
mode
cont
ro
l
t
ec
hniqu
e
with
i
nstant
an
eous
in
duct
or
-
cur
r
ent
f
ee
dba
ck
for
UP
S
inve
rt
ers,
"
A
PEC
'99.
Fourteent
h
Annual
Applie
d
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ro
nic
s
Conf
ere
nce
and
Ex
posi
ti
on.
1999
Confe
ren
c
e
Proce
ed
ings (
Ca
t.
No
.
99CH36285)
,
Dal
la
s,
TX,
US
A,
1999,
pp.
951
-
957
,
vol
.
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Curren
t
mo
de c
on
tr
ol
of sin
gle phase
gr
id ti
e invert
er wi
th
an
ti
-
isl
an
ding
(
Sa
nja
y
La
ks
hmin
ar
ay
an
an
)
247
[8]
Za
re
,
Firuz,
and
Gera
rd
Le
dwi
ch,
"A
hyster
esis
cu
rre
nt
cont
ro
l
for
single
-
phase
mu
l
ti
le
v
el
vol
ta
ge
s
ourc
e
inve
r
te
rs:
PLD i
mpleme
n
t
at
ion
,
"
IE
EE t
ra
nsacti
ons on
po
wer
elec
troni
c
s
,
vol.
17
,
no
.
5
,
pp
.
731
-
738
,
2002
.
[9]
Jianhua
,
Wa
ng
,
et
al.
,
"M
ode
li
n
g
and
ana
lysis
o
f
hyster
et
i
c
cur
r
ent
mode
cont
ro
l
inve
rt
er,
"
2009
Tw
enty
-
Fourth
Annual
I
EE
E
Ap
pli
ed
Powe
r
Ele
ct
ronics
Con
fe
re
nce
and
E
xposit
i
on
,
W
ash
ingt
on
,
DC,
2009
,
pp
.
1
338
-
1343
.
[10]
S.
Nag
a
raja
Rao
.
Ki
ran
Kumar
B
.
M
,
and
Pranu
pa
S.
,
"Thr
ee
Ph
ase
Diod
e
Cl
amped
Mul
ti
l
evel
DC
Li
nk
Inv
erte
r
with
Multi
Ref
er
enc
e
Modul
at
ion
Te
chn
ique
s."
Jo
urnal
of
Adv
an
c
ed
Re
search
in
Dynamic
al
and
Control
Syste
ms
,
vol.
10
,
no
.
9
,
pp
.
1793
-
1805
,
201
8
.
[11]
Yao,
Zh
il
e
i,
an
d
La
n
Xi
ao,
"Control
of
sing
le
-
phase
grid
-
co
nnec
t
ed
inv
ert
e
r
s
with
nonli
n
ear
loa
ds,
"
I
EE
E
Tr
ansac
ti
ons on Indus
trial
E
le
c
tronic
s,
vo
l. 60, n
o.
4
,
pp
.
1384
-
1
389
,
2011
.
[12]
Chera
t
i, S.
M.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"D
esign
of a
cu
rre
nt
mod
e
P
I
cont
ro
ller
for
a
single
-
ph
ase
P
WM
inve
r
te
r
,
"
2
011
IEEE Applie
d
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
Coll
oqu
ium
(I
AP
EC)
,
Johor B
ahr
u,
2011
,
pp.
1
80
-
184.
[13]
Manoha
ran
,
Mo
hana
Sundar,
As
hra
f
Ahm
ed,
an
d
Joung
-
Hu
Par
k,
"D
igital
i
mpleme
n
ta
t
ion
of
p
ea
k
cur
ren
t
mod
e
cont
rol
for
singl
e
-
phase
H
-
Br
idg
e
inv
ert
e
r
with
slope
com
pensa
tion,
"
2013
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Con
fe
re
nce
on
E
le
c
tric
a
l
Mac
hine
s and
S
yste
ms
(ICEM
S)
,
Busan,
2013,
pp
.
1502
-
1506
.
[14]
La
m
chi
ch
,
M.
R.
T.
,
"A
ver
age
Cu
rre
nt
Mode
Cont
rol
of
a
Vo
lt
ag
e
Source
Inv
er
te
r
Connec
t
ed
to
th
e
Grid,
Applic
at
io
n
to
Diffe
r
ent Filte
r
Cells,
"
Journal
of El
e
ct
ri
cal
En
gine
ering
,
vol
.
5
5,
no
.
3
-
4
,
pp
.
77
-
82
,
2004
.
[15]
Manoha
ran
,
Mohana
Sundar
,
As
hra
f
Ahmed
,
an
d
Joung
-
Hu
Park,
"P
ea
k
-
va
lley
cur
ren
t
mode
co
ntrol
le
d
H
-
bridg
e
inve
rt
er with dig
it
al
slop
e co
mpens
at
ion for
cy
cle
-
by
-
cyc
l
e curr
en
t regul
at
ion
,
"
Jo
urnal
of El
ec
tri
c
al
Engi
n
ee
ring
&
Technol
ogy
,
vo
l. 10, no. 5, pp.
19
89
-
2000
,
2015
.
[16]
Raj
e
ev,
Mini
,
an
d
Vivek
Agarwa
l,
"S
ingl
e
phase
cur
ren
t
sourc
e
in
ver
te
r
with
mul
t
i
loop
c
ontrol
for
tra
nsformer
le
ss
grid
-
PV
int
erf
ace,
"
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on
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Rao,
S.
Nag
ara
j
a
,
D.
V.
As
hok
Kumar
,
and
Ch
Babu,
"G
rid
Co
nnec
t
ed
Distribu
te
d
Gene
r
at
ion
Sys
te
m
with
Hi
gh
Volta
ge
Gain
Ca
s
ca
ded DC
-
DC
Convert
er
Fed
A
symme
tr
i
c M
ul
tilevel
Inv
ert
er
To
pology,
"
In
te
rna
ti
onal
Journal o
f
El
e
ct
rica
l
&
Co
mputer
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
(IJ
ECE
)
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vol
.
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47
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Rao,
S.
Naga
r
aja,
D
.
V
.
As
hok
Kumar
,
and
Ch
Sai
Babu
,
"Impl
em
en
ta
t
ion
of
C
asc
ade
d
base
d
R
eve
rsing
Volt
ag
e
Multi
le
v
el
Inve
rt
er
using
Mul
ti
C
arr
ie
r
Modula
ti
o
n
Strategie
,
"
In
ter
nati
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r
Ele
ct
r
onic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
ms
(IJ
PE
D
S)
,
vol
.
9
,
no
.
1
,
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220
-
230
,
20
18
.
[19]
Khanfa
ra
,
M.,
R
.
El
Bac
h
ti
ri
,
M.
Bo
uss
et
ta
,
and
K.
El
Ha
mm
ou
mi
.
"A
mu
lt
i
ca
rr
ie
r
PWM
t
ec
hni
que
for
fiv
e
l
evel
inve
rt
er
connect
ed
to
the
grid
.
"
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
r
onic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
m
(I
JP
EDS)
,
vol
.
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no.
4
,
pp
.
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,
2018
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[20]
Rao,
S.
Naga
r
aja,
D
V
As
hok
K
uma
r,
and
Ch
S
ai
Babu,
"Int
egr
at
ion
of
Rev
ersi
ng
Volt
age
Mul
ti
le
v
el
Inve
rte
r
Topol
ogy
wi
th
High
Volta
g
e
G
ai
n
boost
Conve
rte
r
for
Distr
ibu
te
d
G
ene
ra
ti
on
,
"
Inte
rnat
ional
J
ournal
of
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems
(I
JP
EDS)
,
vol
.
9
,
no.
1
,
pp
.
210
-
2
19
,
2018
.
[21]
Vadde
,
Anus
ha
,
S.
Sachi
n
,
and
V.
V.
S.
N
.
Sit
a
ram
Gupt
a,
"R
e
al
i
mpl
e
me
n
ta
t
io
n
of
synchronou
s
boost
conve
rt
er
with
con
trol
l
er
f
or
power
f
ac
tor
cor
recti
on
,
"
201
7
IEEE Regi
on
1
0
Symposium (TENSYMP)
,
Co
ch
in,
2017
,
pp
.
1
-
4.
[22]
Kami
l
,
H
ava
l
S
ard
ar,
et
a
l.
,
"
L
ow
-
volt
age
Rid
e
-
through
Meth
ods
for
Grid
-
co
nnec
t
ed
Photov
olt
aic
Sys
te
ms
i
n
Microgr
id
s:
A
Revi
ew
and
Future
Pros
pec
t,
"
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Powe
r
Elec
tronic
s
an
d
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol
.
9
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1834
-
1841
,
2018
.
[23]
Dell
a
Kra
cha
i
,
M.,
K
.
Me
louk
,
and
M.
Kedda
r
,
"Inv
esti
ga
ti
ng
sine
-
band
hyster
esis
con
trol
of
photo
volt
a
ic
-
gr
i
d
conne
c
te
d
inv
er
te
r,
"
Int
ernati
on
al
Journal
of
P
ower
E
lectronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Sy
stems
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vol
.
11,
no
.
2
,
pp.
969
-
976
,
20
20
[24]
Hass
ai
ne,
Li
n
d
a,
and
Moha
me
d
Rida
Bengou
rina,
"
Design
and
di
git
al
im
p
lementa
ti
on
of
pow
er
co
ntrol
str
at
egy
for
grid
conn
ec
t
ed
p
hotovol
taic
inve
r
te
r,
"
Inte
rnat
ion
al
Journal
of
Po
wer
Elec
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
s
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vo
l.
10,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
15
64
-
1574
,
2019
.
[25]
Manjuna
th
a,
B
.
M.,
e
t
al
.
,
"A
n
Optim
ized
Mul
t
i
le
ve
l
Inve
r
te
r
T
opology
with
Sy
mm
et
r
ical
and
As
ymm
et
ri
ca
l
DC
Source
s
for
Sus
ta
in
abl
e
En
erg
y
Applicati
o
ns,
"
Engi
ne
ering,
Te
chnol
ogy
&
Ap
pli
ed
Scienc
e
R
ese
arch
,
vol
.
10
,
no.
3
,
pp
.
5719
-
5723
,
2020
.
[26]
Abokhali
l
,
Ahm
ed
G.
,
Ahmed
Bil
al
Aw
an,
and
Abdel
-
Rah
ma
n
Al
-
Qawasmi
,
"Compa
ra
ti
ve
stud
y
of
passive
and
ac
t
ive
isla
nding
det
e
ct
ion
m
et
ho
d
s for
PV
grid
-
c
onnec
t
ed
sys
te
m
s,
"
Sustainabi
l
it
y
,
vol
.
10
,
no
.
6
, p
.
1798
,
2018
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[27]
Bagha
e
e,
Ham
id
Rez
a
,
et
al.
,
"A
nt
i
-
Islandi
ng
Prote
ct
ion
of
PV
-
base
d
Microgr
ids
Co
ns
isti
ng
of
PH
E
Vs
using
SV
Ms
,
"
IEE
E
T
rans
act
io
ns on
Smar
t
Gr
id
,
vol
.
11
,
no
.
1
,
pp.
483
-
500
,
20
20
.
[28]
Yu,
Byunggyu,
"A
nti
-
isla
nding
per
forma
n
ce
analysis
of
mul
t
ipl
e
PV
mi
cro
-
inv
er
te
r
oper
ations
,
"
IETE
Journal
o
f
Re
search
,
vol
.
6
4,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
785
-
795
,
2018
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Dr.
Sanj
ay La
kshmin
ara
y
anan
is a B.
Tec
h
(Ho
ns
)
from
II
T
, Kha
ragp
ur 1990.
H
e
h
a
s
done
his
M
ast
ers
a
nd
P
hD
f
r
om
t
he
Indian
In
sti
tute
of
Sci
ence
Ba
ng
al
ore.
He
has
7.5
year
s
of
e
xperi
ence
in
in
dustr
y
an
d
13
year
s
of
e
xp
e
rience
i
n
acade
mics.
H
e
is
cur
re
ntly
a
pr
of
ess
or
i
n
the
Ele
ct
rical
and
Ele
ct
r
on
ic
s
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
dep
a
rtme
nt
of
BMSIT&
M
,
Ba
ng
al
or
e.
H
is
area
of intere
s
t i
s pow
e
r
el
ect
ronics a
nd driv
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
241
–
248
248
Kiran
K
um
ar
B
M
is
cu
rr
e
ntly
w
orki
ng
a
s
an
Assistant
Pr
ofess
or
in
de
par
tme
nt
of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gin
eeri
ng
at
M
S
Ra
maia
h
U
nive
rsity
of
Applie
d
S
ci
ences,
B
eng
al
uru.
He
is
al
so
purs
uing
P
h.D
i
n t
he
s
ame
univ
ersit
y.
He
ha
s
th
ree
i
nter
national
c
onfe
ren
ce
s
a
nd
three
inter
national
jo
urnal
pap
e
rs
to
his
cre
dit.
His
r
esearch
inte
re
sts
in
po
wer
el
ect
ro
nics
,
re
new
a
ble
e
ne
rgy
s
ys
te
m
s
a
nd
rob
otics,
he
is
a
stu
de
nt
c
h
ai
r
of
IEE
E
SB
RUAS an
d g
ra
du
at
e
stu
den
t
membe
r of IE
EE.
Dr.
S.
Nag
araj
a
Rao
is
cu
rrentl
y
wor
king
as
an
As
sist
an
t
Profess
or
of
the
De
pt.
of
Ele
ct
rical
and
Ele
ct
ro
nic
En
gi
neer
in
g,
M.S.
Ra
maia
h
Un
i
ve
rsity
of
A
ppli
ed
Scie
nces,
Ba
ng
al
or
e.
He
obta
ine
d
his
Ph
.
D.
degree
i
n
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
r
onic
s
En
gin
eeri
ng,
Jawa
har
la
l
Ne
hru
Tech
nolo
gi
cal
Un
i
ver
sit
y
Ka
kin
a
da,
Ka
kin
a
da,
A
.P.,
I
NDIA.
He
has
publishe
d
se
ve
ral
Nati
onal
a
nd
I
nter
nationa
l
Jo
ur
nals
a
nd
Co
nfere
nces
.
His
a
rea
of
interest
po
wer
el
ect
ro
nics
and
Ele
ct
ric D
rive
s.
Ms.
Pr
an
u
pa.
S
is
cu
rr
e
ntly
work
i
ng
as
As
sist
ant
P
rofess
or
in
departme
nt
of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gin
eeri
ng
at
Ra
maia
h
U
niv
ersit
y
of
A
ppli
ed
Scie
nces
(
RUAS),
Ba
nga
lore.
S
he
has
been
act
ive
in
IEEE
Ba
ngal
or
e
Sect
io
n
a
nd
al
so
a
me
mb
e
r
of
IEE
E
P
owe
r
a
nd
E
ne
rgy
So
ci
et
y
(
PES
).
He
r
resea
rc
h
i
nterest
is
on
re
new
a
ble
ene
rgy,
r
obotics,
op
t
imi
zat
ion
a
nd
con
t
ro
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.