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Defin
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ce
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
is
o
l
ated
o
p
er
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
ly
o
n
d
ata
av
ailab
le
at
its
ter
m
i
n
als
[
5
]
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
w
a
y
,
a
s
e
a
m
les
s
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
s
,
s
in
ce
i
t is s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
V
SI
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
ticalit
y
o
f
t
h
e
MG
i
s
l
an
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
ce
p
t
w
as
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
te
s
ted
i
n
a
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
i
n
s
tal
led
i
n
th
e
Nat
io
n
al
T
ec
h
n
ical
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
o
f
A
t
h
e
n
s
(
NT
U
A
)
,
w
h
i
ch
co
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
es
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
(
P
V)
g
en
er
ato
r
,
b
atter
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
lo
ad
s
,
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
ter
-
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
in
to
an
L
V
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
u
s
ed
to
co
u
p
le
th
e
P
V
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
to
th
e
L
V
g
r
i
d
allo
w
MG
o
p
er
atio
n
eith
er
in
an
L
V
g
r
id
in
ter
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
o
r
u
n
d
er
is
la
n
d
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
A
ls
o
,
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
te
s
ts
f
o
r
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
an
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
w
er
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
d
escr
ip
tio
n
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
r
eg
ar
d
s
th
e
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
,
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
n
u
m
er
ical
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
-
f
ed
MG
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
u
n
d
er
th
e
is
la
n
d
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
wo
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
T
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
p
r
i
m
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
d
y
n
a
m
ics
a
n
d
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
f
a
u
lts
ar
e
is
s
u
es
ad
d
r
ess
ed
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
te
s
ted
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
wer
e
ev
alu
a
ted
f
o
r
lar
g
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
s
ta
k
i
n
g
p
lace
i
n
t
h
e
MV
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
a
f
o
r
ce
d
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
MG
.
Sin
ce
th
er
e
is
lit
tle
in
er
tia
in
th
e
MG
,
an
d
MS
h
av
e
s
m
all
ti
m
e
co
n
s
ta
n
ts
,
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice
s
w
er
e
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
in
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
lar
g
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
e
m
er
g
en
c
y
m
o
d
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
G
Arc
hite
ct
ure
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
a
t
y
p
ical
M
G
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
w
h
ich
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
a
L
V
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
lo
ad
s
o
r
eq
u
i
v
al
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
lo
ad
s
(
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
o
r
in
ter
r
u
p
tib
le)
,
b
o
th
co
n
tr
o
lled
an
d
u
n
co
n
tr
o
lled
MS,
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices
an
d
a
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
-
t
y
p
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
ed
to
f
u
llfill
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
d
i
s
p
er
s
ed
g
en
er
atio
n
ai
m
i
n
g
at
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
o
p
ti
m
al
tech
n
ical
.
T
h
e
MG
is
ce
n
tr
all
y
co
n
tr
o
lled
an
d
m
a
n
ag
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Mic
r
o
-
Gr
id
C
e
n
tr
al
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
MG
C
C
)
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
i
n
s
ta
llatio
n
at
th
e
L
V
s
id
e
o
f
a
MV
/
L
V
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
MG
C
C
p
o
s
s
ess
e
s
s
ev
er
al
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
ar
e
b
o
th
tech
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical,
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
f
u
ll
y
p
r
o
f
i
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
is
p
er
s
ed
g
en
er
atio
n
r
eso
u
r
c
es
[
2
1
]
.
A
s
ec
o
n
d
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
lev
el
i
s
estab
lis
h
ed
at
th
e
MS
a
n
d
lo
ad
s
lev
el:
MS
ar
e
lo
ca
ll
y
co
n
t
r
o
lled
b
y
a
Mic
r
o
-
s
o
u
r
ce
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
MC)
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
lo
ad
s
o
r
elec
tr
ical
l
o
ad
s
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
a
L
o
a
d
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
L
C
)
.
A
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
i
n
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
c
h
an
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
MG
C
C
a
n
d
th
e
o
t
h
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
d
escr
ib
ed
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
s
is
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
1
.
L
C
is
i
n
ter
f
ac
in
g
to
co
n
tr
o
l lo
ad
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ap
p
lica
tio
n
o
f
an
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
co
n
ce
p
t.
2
.
MC
co
n
tr
o
ls
lo
ca
ll
y
t
h
e
MS
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
lev
el
s
.
3.
T
h
e
MG
C
C
,
as
ce
n
tr
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
p
r
o
m
o
tes
ad
eq
u
ate
tech
n
ica
l
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
p
o
licies ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
es set
-
p
o
in
t
s
to
L
C
a
n
d
MC; it i
s
also
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
lo
ca
l B
S
f
u
n
cti
o
n
alities
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
MG
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
co
m
p
r
i
s
i
n
g
M
S,
lo
ad
s
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l d
ev
ices
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
723
-
7
3
3
725
T
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
to
b
e
e
x
c
h
an
g
e
b
et
w
ee
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
is
s
m
all,
s
in
ce
it
in
cl
u
d
es
m
ain
l
y
m
es
s
ag
e
s
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
s
et
-
p
o
i
n
t
s
to
L
C
a
n
d
MC,
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
s
u
g
g
e
s
tio
n
s
s
e
n
t
b
y
th
e
M
G
C
C
to
L
C
an
d
M
C
ab
o
u
t
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
s
,
v
o
lta
g
e
le
v
els
a
n
d
m
ess
ag
es
ar
e
to
co
n
tr
o
l
MG
s
w
i
tc
h
es.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
s
p
an
o
f
t
h
e
MG
m
a
y
a
id
estab
lis
h
i
n
g
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
n
f
r
astru
c
t
u
r
e
u
s
i
n
g
lo
w
-
co
s
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
Dy
na
m
ic
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
Co
m
po
nents
MS
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
s
ar
e
u
s
e
d
in
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
ar
e
b
r
ief
l
y
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
ele
ctr
ic
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
s
o
m
e
MS
(
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
AC
p
o
w
er
i
n
s
in
g
le
s
h
a
f
t
m
icr
o
-
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
o
r
DC
p
o
w
er
in
P
V
an
d
f
u
el
ce
lls
)
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
tag
es
(
AC
-
DC
-
AC
o
r
DC
-
AC
)
,
w
h
o
s
e
m
o
d
elli
n
g
i
s
also
p
r
esen
ted
[
1
4
]
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
M
icro
So
urce
M
o
delin
g
Sev
er
al
MS
m
o
d
els ar
e
ab
le
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
eir
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
r
o
m
av
ailab
le
liter
atu
r
e,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
cl
u
d
e
P
V
a
r
r
ay
s
w
in
d
t
u
r
b
in
es,
f
u
el
-
ce
lls
,
an
d
m
icr
o
-
t
u
r
b
in
e
s
[
1
6
]
.
A
d
etailed
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
s
in
g
le
s
h
a
f
t
m
icr
o
-
tu
r
b
i
n
es
(
SS
MT
)
an
d
s
o
lid
o
x
id
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
s
(
SO
FC
)
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
4
]
an
d
[
6
]
.
A
s
m
all
as
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
w
i
n
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
(
co
n
s
tan
t
s
p
ee
d
)
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
L
V
g
r
id
w
a
s
also
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
i
o
n
p
latf
o
r
m
.
De
tails
o
f
t
h
e
M
P
PT
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
w
er
e
n
o
t
ad
d
ed
in
th
e
P
V
m
o
d
el.
I
n
s
tead
,
it
w
as
a
s
s
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
ar
r
a
y
i
s
al
w
a
y
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
at
it
s
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
lev
el
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
a
n
d
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
as
d
es
cr
ib
ed
in
[
5
-
6
]
.
Sto
r
ag
e
d
ev
i
ce
s
lik
e
f
l
y
w
h
ee
l
s
an
d
b
atter
ies ar
e
m
o
d
elled
as c
o
n
s
ta
n
t D
C
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
ta
k
in
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t t
h
e
ti
m
e
s
p
a
n
u
n
d
er
an
al
y
s
is
)
.
T
h
e
GA
ST
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
[
1
1
]
w
as
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
u
n
i
t
o
f
m
icr
o
-
tu
r
b
i
n
es,
s
in
ce
t
h
es
e
u
n
i
ts
ar
e
s
m
all
s
i
m
p
le
-
c
y
c
le
g
as
t
u
r
b
in
es.
B
o
th
s
p
lit
-
s
h
af
t
u
n
its
(
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
o
w
er
t
u
r
b
in
e
r
o
tatin
g
at
3
0
0
0
r
p
m
an
d
a
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
i
n
d
u
c
tio
n
g
en
er
ato
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
v
ia
a
g
e
ar
b
o
x
)
an
d
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
s
in
g
le
-
s
h
a
f
t
u
n
its
(
w
i
th
a
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
ac
h
i
n
e)
w
er
e
m
o
d
eled
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
s
h
af
t
m
icr
o
tu
r
b
in
e
(
S
SMT
)
r
e
q
u
ir
es
an
ac
/d
c/a
c
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
g
r
id
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
.
A
w
i
n
d
g
en
er
ato
r
w
a
s
al
s
o
i
n
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
lib
r
ar
y
o
f
MS
u
s
in
g
f
o
r
t
h
at
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
a
n
I
G
d
ir
e
ctl
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
f
i
f
th
-
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el,
av
ailab
le
in
M
A
T
L
A
B
Si
m
u
li
n
k
to
o
lb
o
x
es.
C
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
V
g
en
er
ato
r
,
it
w
a
s
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
is
al
w
a
y
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
at
i
ts
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
lev
e
l
f
o
r
a
g
iv
en
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
B
asicall
y
,
it
is
an
e
m
p
ir
ical
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
es
u
lts
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
1
3
]
,
w
h
er
e
a
d
etailed
MS
m
o
d
elin
g
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
e
MG
p
r
o
j
ec
t c
an
also
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
I
nv
er
t
er
M
o
dellin
g
As
Mic
r
o
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
in
v
er
ted
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
t
h
e
u
s
es
o
f
ad
eq
u
ate
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ate
g
ies
i
n
t
h
e
s
o
lid
s
tate
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
Mic
r
o
g
en
er
ato
r
s
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es a
r
e
u
s
u
all
y
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
2
t
y
p
es [
7
]
:
1
.
P
Q
in
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l: th
e
in
v
er
ter
is
o
p
er
ated
t
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
g
i
v
en
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
et
-
p
o
in
t.
2.
Vo
ltag
e
So
u
r
ce
I
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic:
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
is
co
n
t
r
o
lled
to
―
f
ee
d
‖
th
e
lo
ad
w
ith
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
va
lu
e
s
f
o
r
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
Dep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
l
o
ad
,
th
e
Vo
ltag
e
So
u
r
ce
I
n
v
er
ter
(
VSI
)
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t is d
ef
i
n
ed
[
1
7
]
.
W
h
en
a
n
al
y
zin
g
t
h
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
t
h
e
MG
,
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
m
o
d
eled
o
n
l
y
b
y
t
h
eir
co
n
tr
o
l f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
f
ast s
w
itc
h
in
g
tr
an
s
ie
n
ts
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ics a
n
d
in
v
er
ter
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
n
eg
lecte
d
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
P
Q
Co
nv
er
t
er
Co
ntr
o
l
T
h
e
P
Q
co
n
tr
o
lled
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
b
y
in
j
ec
ti
n
g
in
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
th
e
p
o
w
er
a
v
ailab
le
at
its
i
n
p
u
t
.
T
h
e
r
e
-
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
p
r
e
-
d
ef
in
ed
v
alu
e,
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
lo
ca
ll
y
(
u
s
i
n
g
a
lo
ca
l c
o
n
tr
o
l lo
o
p
)
o
r
ce
n
tr
all
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
MG
C
C
.
T
h
e
P
Q
in
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l s
y
s
te
m
as s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
2
VSI
Co
ntr
o
l
T
h
e
VSI
f
o
llo
w
s
t
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
a
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
ac
h
in
e,
t
h
u
s
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
n
th
e
ac
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
VSI
ac
t
s
as
a
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
o
o
p
s
,
as d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
:
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Defin
in
g
C
o
n
tr
o
l S
tr
a
teg
ies fo
r
Micr
o
Gr
id
s
I
s
la
n
d
ed
Op
era
tio
n
w
ith
Ma
ximu
m
P
o
w
er
…
(
B
V
R
a
ja
n
n
a
)
726
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
Q
in
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
te
m
2
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
I
nv
er
t
er
Co
ntr
o
l duri
ng
O
v
er
lo
a
ds
a
nd
Sh
o
rt
Circ
uits
I
n
v
er
ter
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
o
v
er
lo
ad
s
o
r
b
y
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
its
.
W
h
e
n
ch
an
g
i
n
g
to
is
la
n
d
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
o
r
w
h
e
n
a
h
ea
v
y
l
o
ad
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
u
r
in
g
is
lan
d
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
in
itial
h
i
g
h
v
a
r
ia
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
lo
ca
l lo
ad
an
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
m
a
y
lead
to
h
ea
v
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
a
n
d
tr
an
s
ie
n
t o
v
er
lo
ad
o
f
th
e
V
SI,
s
i
n
ce
t
h
is
u
n
i
t
h
as
a
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
it
u
atio
n
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
t
w
o
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
w
er
e
ad
o
p
ted
.
a.
P
er
m
it
s
a
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
le
s
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t lo
ad
s
(
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
i
n
g
ac
ti
v
ated
b
y
u
n
d
er
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
ela
y
s
)
;
b.
Up
r
ate
th
e
VSI
,
p
er
m
itti
n
g
an
o
v
er
lo
ad
s
itu
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
a
c
er
tain
ti
m
e
i
n
ter
v
al
(
at
lea
s
t
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
e
o
n
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
ac
ti
v
atio
n
)
.
2
.
2
.
3
.
Net
w
o
rk
a
nd
L
o
a
d M
o
delin
g
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
il
it
y
o
f
MG
is
la
n
d
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
w
a
s
e
x
ec
u
te
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
L
V
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
o
n
l
y
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
b
ala
n
ce
d
o
p
er
atio
n
,
in
s
p
ir
e
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
t
h
is
is
n
o
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
s
it
u
atio
n
in
L
V
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
1
0
]
an
d
[
2
3
]
.
T
w
o
lo
ad
t
y
p
e
s
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
:
co
n
s
tan
t
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
lo
ad
s
(
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
v
o
lta
g
e)
an
d
m
o
t
o
r
lo
ad
s
(
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
w
it
h
n
o
m
i
n
al
p
o
w
er
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
b
et
w
ee
n
3
an
d
1
0
k
W
)
.
E
lectr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
m
o
t
o
r
lo
ad
s
ar
e
ty
p
ical
v
alu
e
s
a
v
ailab
le
in
M
A
T
L
A
B
Si
m
u
lin
k
Si
m
P
o
w
er
S
y
s
te
m
s
to
o
lb
o
x
.
As
w
i
ll
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
,
l
o
ad
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
g
r
ea
tl
y
i
n
f
l
u
en
ce
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
M
G,
m
ai
n
l
y
u
n
d
er
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
C
o
n
tr
o
llab
le
lo
ad
s
in
t
h
e
M
G,
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
i
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
h
a
v
e
also
b
ee
n
m
o
d
eled
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
lo
ad
to
b
e
s
h
e
d
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
a
m
p
litu
d
e
o
f
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
ev
iatio
n
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
m
o
to
r
lo
ad
s
h
av
e
n
o
t b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as settab
le
lo
ad
s
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
M
G
Co
ntr
o
l f
o
r
I
s
la
nd
ed
O
pera
t
io
n
I
n
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
en
tire
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
a
MG
in
v
er
ter
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
is
lan
d
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
.
O
th
er
w
i
s
e
t
h
e
Mic
r
o
g
e
n
er
ato
r
co
u
ld
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
/o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
o
s
cillatio
n
s
is
la
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
Mic
r
o
g
en
er
ato
r
ca
n
tak
e
p
lace
b
y
u
n
p
lan
n
ed
ev
en
ts
lik
e
f
au
lt
s
in
th
e
HV
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
r
b
y
p
la
n
n
ed
ac
tio
n
s
lik
e
m
ai
n
te
n
a
n
ce
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
t
h
e
MG
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
i
f
ied
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
i
m
b
ala
n
ce
b
e
t
w
ee
n
lo
ca
l
lo
ad
an
d
g
en
er
at
io
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
[
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
u
n
p
lan
n
ed
ev
e
n
ts
li
k
e
f
a
u
lts
,
MG
s
ep
ar
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
HV
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
u
s
t
o
cc
u
r
as f
ast a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
tr
an
s
ien
t
will h
a
v
e
g
r
ea
t i
m
p
ac
t o
n
MG
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
[
1
2
]
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Sin
g
le
M
a
s
t
er
O
pera
t
i
o
n
A
b
r
ie
f
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
an
SMO
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
a
VSI
-
ac
t
in
g
a
s
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
-
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
as
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
w
h
en
t
h
e
m
ai
n
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
lo
s
t
b
ein
g
th
a
t
all
t
h
e
o
th
er
in
v
er
t
er
s
o
p
er
ated
in
P
Q
m
o
d
e
(
ca
r
r
ier
)
.
L
o
ca
l
MS
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ca
n
r
ec
ei
v
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
MG
C
C
ab
o
u
t
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
r
o
f
i
le
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
MS.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
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8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
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-
7
3
3
727
3
.
1
.
2
.
M
ulti
M
a
s
t
er
O
pera
t
io
n
As
d
escr
ib
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
in
a
m
u
lti
m
as
ter
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
ev
er
a
l
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
o
p
er
atin
g
as
VS
I
w
it
h
p
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
/acti
v
e
p
o
w
er
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e/r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
VSI
c
an
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices
(
ce
ll
s
o
r
f
l
y
wh
ee
ls
)
o
r
to
Ma
in
S
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice
s
i
n
th
e
d
c
-
li
n
k
(
b
atter
ies,
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
)
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
ch
ar
g
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
E
v
en
tu
a
ll
y
,
o
th
er
P
Q
-
co
n
t
r
o
lled
in
v
er
ter
s
m
a
y
also
co
ex
is
t.
T
h
e
MG
C
C
ca
n
m
o
d
i
f
y
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
p
r
o
f
ile
b
y
ch
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
id
le
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
VSI
a
n
d
o
r
b
y
d
ef
in
i
n
g
n
e
w
s
et
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
Ma
in
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
id
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
P
Q
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
v
er
ter
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
L
V
te
s
t
Net
w
o
r
k
is
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
L
V
test
s
y
s
te
m
u
n
d
er
th
e
MA
T
L
A
B
®
Si
m
u
li
n
k
®
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
is
is
a
m
o
d
u
lar
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
latf
o
r
m
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
m
o
d
els
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
an
d
m
o
d
i
f
ied
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
―m
as
k
‖
f
u
n
ct
io
n
alit
ies
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
M
A
T
L
A
B
®
S
i
m
u
li
n
k
®
.
A
s
i
m
ilar
p
latf
o
r
m
w
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
u
n
d
er
th
e
E
MT
P
-
R
V
®
.
Fo
r
th
is
o
n
e,
a
v
er
y
s
i
m
p
le
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
P
W
M
co
n
tr
o
l
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e
f
o
r
VSI
in
v
er
ter
s
w
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
to
an
al
y
s
e
t
h
e
f
a
s
t tr
an
s
ien
t
s
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
itial
s
m
o
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
B
S p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l sch
e
m
e
f
o
r
S
MO
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l sch
e
m
e
f
o
r
MM
O
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
L
V
test
Ne
t
w
o
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Defin
in
g
C
o
n
tr
o
l S
tr
a
teg
ies fo
r
Micr
o
Gr
id
s
I
s
la
n
d
ed
Op
era
tio
n
w
ith
Ma
ximu
m
P
o
w
er
…
(
B
V
R
a
ja
n
n
a
)
728
3
.
1
.
3
.
F
uzzy
L
o
g
ic
Co
ntr
o
lle
rs
P
r
o
f
.
L
.
A
.
Z
ad
eh
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
ed
m
et
h
o
d
ical
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
f
o
r
Fu
zz
y
L
o
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
n
d
later
o
n
Ma
m
d
an
i
an
d
Ass
il
ian
u
s
ed
f
u
zz
y
s
ets
w
it
h
a
r
ec
o
n
cil
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
to
co
n
tr
o
l
a
s
m
all
to
y
s
tea
m
e
n
g
i
n
e.
T
h
is
w
as
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
f
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
FLC).
Ma
m
d
a
n
i
ap
p
lied
F
L
C
in
t
h
e
a
u
to
m
atic
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
a
r
o
tar
y
f
u
r
n
ac
e
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
a
f
ter
th
a
t
an
d
later
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
y
ea
r
1
9
8
0
,
L
ar
s
en
u
s
ed
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fo
r
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
F
L
C
i
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
ir
s
t
F
u
zz
y
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
C
o
n
f
er
e
n
ce
w
a
s
h
eld
i
n
1
9
8
5
in
J
ap
an
.
Yam
ak
a
w
a
d
esi
g
n
ed
a
su
p
er
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
f
u
zz
y
co
n
t
r
o
ller
f
o
r
th
e
Sen
d
ai
u
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
ail
w
a
y
s
,
w
h
ich
w
a
s
u
tili
ze
d
b
y
Hitac
h
i
C
o
m
p
an
y
i
n
J
ap
an
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
a
u
to
m
atica
ll
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
a
tr
ain
o
n
en
ter
in
g
a
s
tatio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
tr
ain
s
to
p
p
ed
at
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
p
lace
.
I
t
also
h
a
d
th
e
b
en
ef
i
t
o
f
b
ein
g
a
h
i
g
h
l
y
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
r
id
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ild
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
a
n
d
b
r
ak
in
g
.
T
o
d
ay
,
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts
in
t
h
e
m
ar
k
e
t
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
[
9
]
i
n
w
h
ich
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
F
L
C
i
s
u
s
ed
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al
t
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
F
L
C
c
o
n
tain
s
f
o
u
r
m
ai
n
p
ar
ts
,
t
w
o
o
f
w
h
ich
p
er
f
o
r
m
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e:
a.
Fu
zz
i
f
ier
(
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
1
)
b.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
b
ase
c.
I
n
f
er
e
n
ce
en
g
i
n
e
d.
Def
u
zz
if
ier
(
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
2
)
Fu
zz
i
f
icatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
t
h
e
v
a
lu
es
o
f
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
co
n
v
er
t
s
in
p
u
t
d
ata
in
to
s
u
it
ab
le
lin
g
u
i
s
ti
c
v
alu
e
s
.
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
b
ase
co
n
s
is
t
a
d
atab
ase
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
ef
in
e
lin
g
u
i
s
tic
co
n
tr
o
l
r
u
les.
T
h
is
r
u
le
b
ase
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
o
als
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
lic
y
o
f
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
ex
p
er
ts
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
a
s
et
o
f
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
tic
co
n
tr
o
l
r
u
le
s
.
Dec
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
lo
g
ic
o
r
i
n
f
er
en
ce
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
is
m
ain
p
ar
t
o
f
a
FLC.
I
t
h
a
s
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
i
m
u
la
tin
g
h
u
m
an
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
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n
g
b
ased
o
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its
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ar
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eter
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ca
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n
d
i
n
[
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
MG
s
in
g
le
-
li
n
e
d
ia
g
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m
.
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m
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Fi
g
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r
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6.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
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N
Dis
co
n
n
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tio
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ad
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er
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t
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th
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y
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m
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eh
a
v
io
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th
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n
d
to
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ate
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f
f
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n
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n
d
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c
u
r
i
n
t
w
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it
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s
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[
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5
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4
.
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Sin
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O
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T
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ce
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ized
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o
f
5
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(
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ig
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lo
ad
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ce
n
ar
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)
.
A
f
au
l
t
in
th
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MV
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id
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o
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r
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at
f
o
llo
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i
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d
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g
1
0
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m
s
a
f
ter
.
Du
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to
t
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e
lar
g
e
in
it
ial
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
e
v
iatio
n
,
a
ce
r
tain
a
m
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n
t
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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PEDS
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694
Defin
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n
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er
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d
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g
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n
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u
r
e
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.
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e
p
r
in
cip
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cr
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o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
li
m
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o
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e
o
b
s
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u
r
e
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o
r
th
e
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f
o
r
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P
Q
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n
tr
o
ll
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in
v
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ter
(
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C
in
v
er
ter
)
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
ea
cc
eler
atio
n
o
f
m
o
to
r
lo
ad
s
lead
s
to
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w
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RE
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NC
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S
[1
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He
n
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Ch
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K.K
.
T
se
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(s):
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[2
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s,
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.
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,
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T
.
Ha
tzia
rg
y
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Je
n
k
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s,
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s
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JIEEC2
0
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,
2
0
0
3
.
[3
]
A
n
c
o
n
a
,
J.J
.
A
F
ra
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
Re
sto
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ti
o
n
F
o
ll
o
w
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a
M
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jo
r
p
o
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r
F
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.
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sa
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Po
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ste
ms
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v
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p
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.
[4
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R.
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W
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P
a
p
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In
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ra
ti
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Distrib
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En
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CERT
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Co
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ro
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Re
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[5
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R.
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ter
a
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P
.
P
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―
Pro
v
id
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strib
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3
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[6
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Ch
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D.M
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[7
]
J.A
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P
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L
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L
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M
o
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a
n
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.
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M
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.
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.
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ra
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o
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in
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ste
m
s
Co
n
f.
Ex
p
o
.
,
v
o
l.
2
,
Oc
t.
1
0
–
1
3
,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
8
1
5
–
8
2
1
.
[1
0
]
R.
Ca
ld
o
n
,
F
.
R
o
ss
e
tt
o
,
a
nd
R.
T
u
rri,
“
A
n
a
lys
is
o
f
d
y
n
a
mic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
d
is
p
e
rs
e
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
T
h
ro
u
g
h
in
v
e
rte
rs
to
d
istrib
u
ti
o
n
n
e
two
rk
s”
,
in
P
ro
c
.
1
7
t
h
In
t.
Co
n
f
.
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
,
Ba
rc
e
lo
n
a
,
S
p
a
in
,
M
a
y
1
2
–
1
5
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
1
]
D.
Ge
o
rg
a
k
i
s,
S
.
P
a
p
a
th
a
n
a
ss
io
u
,
N.
Ha
tzia
r
g
y
rio
u
,
A
.
En
g
ler,
a
n
d
C.
Ha
rd
t,
“
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
M
icr
o
g
rid
sy
ste
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
mic
ro
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so
u
rc
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s
e
q
u
i
p
p
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d
wi
th
f
a
st
-
a
c
ti
n
g
p
o
we
r
e
l
e
c
tro
n
ics
in
ter
fa
c
e
s
‖
,
in
P
r
o
c
.
IE
EE
3
5
th
P
E
S
C,
v
o
l.
4
,
A
a
c
h
e
n
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
2
5
2
1
–
2
5
2
6
.
[1
2
]
J.A
.
P
.
L
o
p
e
s,
J.T
.
S
a
ra
iv
a
,
N.
Ha
tzia
rg
y
rio
u
,
a
n
d
N.
Je
n
k
in
s.
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
icro
g
rid
s.
P
re
se
n
ted
a
t
JIEEC2
0
0
3
.
[1
3
]
Y.
Zh
u
a
n
d
K.
T
o
m
so
v
ic,
―
De
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
d
e
ls
f
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
sin
g
t
h
e
lo
a
d
-
f
o
ll
o
w
in
g
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
M
icro
tu
r
b
in
e
s
a
n
d
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
s‖
,
El
e
c
t.
Po
we
r
S
y
st.
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
6
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
2
.
[1
4
]
J.
P
a
d
u
ll
é
s,
G
.
W
.
A
u
lt
,
a
n
d
J.
R.
M
c
Do
n
a
l
d
,
―
A
n
i
n
teg
ra
ted
S
OFC
p
la
n
t
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
sy
ste
m
s
sim
u
latio
n
‖
,
J
.
Po
we
r
S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
n
o
.
1
-
2
,
p
p
.
4
9
5
–
5
0
0
,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
0
.
[1
5
]
N.
Ha
tzia
g
y
rio
u
e
t
a
l.
,
―
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
mic
ro
-
so
u
rc
e
s fo
r se
c
u
rity stu
d
ies
”
,
i
n
P
r
o
c
.
CIG
RE
S
e
ss
io
n
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
6
]
S
.
Ba
rsa
li
,
M
.
Ce
ra
o
lo
,
a
n
d
P
.
P
e
lac
c
h
i,
“
Co
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
o
f
d
i
sp
e
rs
e
d
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
to
imp
ro
v
e
th
e
c
o
n
ti
n
u
it
y
o
f
e
lec
tricity su
p
p
ly
‖
,
in
P
ro
c
.
P
ES
W
in
ter M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
2
,
2
0
0
2
,
p
p
.
7
8
9
–
7
9
4
.
[1
7
]
M
.
Y.
El
-
S
h
a
rk
h
,
A
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
M
.
S
.
A
la
m
,
A
.
A
.
S
a
k
la,
P
.
C.
By
rn
e
,
a
n
d
T
.
T
h
o
m
a
s,
―
A
n
a
l
y
sis o
f
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
a
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
p
e
m
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
p
o
w
e
r
p
lan
t‖
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
0
2
2
–
2
0
2
8
,
No
v
.
2
0
0
4
.
[1
8
]
A
.
En
g
ler,
―
A
p
p
li
c
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
d
ro
o
p
s in
lo
w
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
rid
s‖
,
In
t.
J
.
Di
strib
.
E
n
e
rg
y
Res
.
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
J
a
n
.
-
M
a
r.
2
0
0
5
.
[1
9
]
J.A
.
P
.
L
o
p
e
s,
C
.
L
.
M
o
re
ira,
a
n
d
F
.
O.
Re
se
n
d
e
,
―
M
icro
g
rid
s
b
lac
k
sta
rt
a
n
d
islan
d
i
n
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
‖
,
in
Pr
o
c
.
1
5
t
h
PS
CC
,
L
ieg
e
,
Be
lg
iu
m
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
0
]
R.
H.
L
a
s
se
ter
a
n
d
P
.
P
iag
i,
―
M
icr
o
g
ri
d
:
A
c
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
l
so
lu
ti
o
n
‖
,
i
n
P
r
o
c
.
3
5
t
h
P
ES
C,
v
o
l.
6
,
A
a
c
h
e
n
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
4
2
8
5
–
4
2
9
0
.
[2
1
]
A
.
M
a
d
u
re
ira,
C.
M
o
re
ira,
a
n
d
J.A
.
P
.
L
o
p
e
s,
―
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
ry
lo
a
d
-
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
fo
r
mic
ro
g
r
id
s
in
isla
n
d
e
d
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
‖
,
i
n
P
r
o
c
.
In
t
.
Co
n
f
.
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
ty
,
S
p
a
in
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
2
]
P
a
p
a
t
h
a
n
a
ss
io
u
.
S
t
u
d
y
-
Ca
se
L
V
Ne
tw
o
rk
.
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