In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
Vol.
11, No.
1, Mar
ch 2020,
pp.
56~63
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
5
9
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v11
.
i
1.pp
5
6
-6
3
56
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
j
p
eds.i
a
esco
re
.com
Solar fe
d BLDC
motor drive for
mixer grin
der using a boost
converter
De
e
k
shi
t
h
a
S
N
a
yak
1
,
R
. S
hivarud
raswamy
2
1
Res
e
arch
s
c
h
ol
ar, Dep
artm
en
t
of
El
ectrical and
El
ectro
n
i
cs E
ngi
neeri
n
g
, M
ani
p
a
l
Academ
y
o
f
H
igher
Edu
cati
o
n
,
Ind
ia
2
Dep
a
rt
m
e
nt of E
l
ect
rical
a
n
d
Elect
ron
i
cs
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
, Man
ip
al A
cadem
y
of
H
igher
E
duact
io
n
,
I
ndi
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Jun 12,
2019
R
e
v
i
s
e
d
Jul
8
,
2
019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Oc
t
1
1
,
2
019
Th
e
existi
ng
m
ixer
g
rin
d
er
c
omp
r
ises
o
f
th
e
univ
e
rs
al
m
otor
ope
rat
i
ng
i
n
a
l
te
rn
a
t
in
g
c
u
rre
n
t
s
up
ply
du
e
to
h
ig
h
sta
r
tin
g
to
rqu
e
c
h
a
ra
cte
ri
s
tics
and
sim
p
l
e
c
o
n
tro
l
lin
g
o
f
th
e
s
p
eed
.
T
h
e
abs
e
nc
e
of
b
rus
h
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
ed
uct
i
on
o
f
no
is
e in
t
h
e
Brushl
e
ss
DC (BL
D
C) ex
t
en
ds its lifet
im
e an
d m
a
kes
i
t
i
d
eal in
a
m
i
xer
gr
i
n
der
.
A
novel sol
ar-pow
ered BLDC mot
o
r
dri
v
e
f
o
r
mixer
gr
i
nd
er
i
s
pres
ent
e
d
in
t
his
pap
e
r.
A
D
C-DC
b
o
o
s
t
c
on
verter
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
ut
il
i
se
d
to
op
erate
a
P
V
(
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
ic)
a
rray
at
i
ts
h
i
g
h
e
st
p
ower.
The
p
r
o
po
se
d
hy
st
eresis
c
u
rre
nt
c
o
n
tro
l
B
LD
C
s
y
stem
h
as
b
een
d
ev
el
oped
in
t
h
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
.
A
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
i
s
m
a
d
e
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
l
y
a
v
a
i
la
ble
m
i
xe
r
g
r
in
de
r a
l
on
g
with
t
he
s
imu
l
a
t
e
d
p
ro
po
se
d
sy
ste
m.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Hysteresis current
c
ontrol
BL
D
C
MATLAB
M
i
xe
r gr
inde
r
So
lar
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en acces
s a
r
ti
cle u
n
d
e
r t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-S
A
li
cens
e
.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
R
Shi
v
ar
udras
wam
y
,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
a
n
d
El
ect
ro
ni
c
s
Eng
in
e
e
ring
,
Ma
ni
pa
l Inst
it
ute
of
T
ec
hn
o
l
o
gy,
Ma
ni
pa
l A
c
adem
y of H
ig
her
Ed
uca
t
i
on,
M
a
n
i
p
a
l
,
K
a
rna
t
aka,
India.
Em
ail:
sh
ivar
u
d
rasw
a
m
y.
r@
m
a
nipa
l.e
d
u
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
P
hot
o
v
o
lta
ic
(
P
V
)
ar
ray
a
r
e
w
i
d
e
ly
u
se
d
for
pr
o
d
u
c
i
ng
electr
i
c
i
t
y
f
r
o
m
the
li
gh
t.
T
he
se
P
V
mod
u
l
e
con
v
er
t
s
s
u
n
l
i
g
h
t
t
o
d
i
re
ct
c
urre
nt
[
1-3]
.
A
s
t
he
P
V
ba
sed
e
l
ec
tr
ici
t
y
gene
ra
ti
o
n
i
s
ec
ofri
e
n
d
l
y
a
nd
le
ss
ma
int
e
na
nce
,
t
he
se
a
re
e
m
p
loye
d
for
th
e
g
r
id
c
o
n
n
ecte
d
a
pp
l
i
ca
t
i
o
ns
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
sta
n
d
a
l
o
ne
a
p
p
l
icat
i
ons
i
.e.
w
a
ter
pump,
d
om
est
i
c
ap
p
l
i
a
nce
s
,
str
eet
l
ig
ht
i
ng
[
4
].
A
n
ele
c
tr
i
c
m
o
t
o
r
p
l
a
y
s
a
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
r
o
l
e
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
ec
onom
ic an
d
e
nerg
y eff
i
c
i
en
cy of dom
es
tic
app
li
a
n
ces li
k
e the
mixer
gri
nder
.
A
n effic
i
ent m
o
tor redu
ce
s th
e
cos
t
a
n
d
size
o
f
the
p
ho
t
ovo
lt
aic ar
ray [5-9].
The
m
otiva
tio
n f
or the
w
ork
i
s
t
he c
omm
e
r
c
ial
l
y
ava
ila
b
l
e
m
i
xer
gri
nder
use
s
t
he
u
nive
rsa
l
m
o
t
or
[
1
0
].
U
nfort
una
te
ly,
t
h
e
un
ive
rsa
l
m
otor
i
s
less
efficie
n
t,
a
nd
due
t
o
i
t
s
brus
hes
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
t
a
tor
arr
a
ngem
e
n
t
s,
i
nc
u
r
s
hi
g
h
m
a
i
nte
n
ance
c
o
s
t
[
1
1
]
.
T
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
s
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
,
t
h
e
perm
ane
n
t
m
a
gne
t
BLD
C
m
otor
i
s
e
m
p
l
oy
ed
d
ue
t
o
i
t
s
h
i
g
h
er
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
[
12],
si
m
p
le
c
on
tro
l
[
1
3
-1
5
]
,
low
elec
tr
oma
gne
t
i
c
in
ter
f
er
ence
(
E
M
I
)
[
16-2
0
],
a
nd
hi
g
h
r
el
ia
bi
lit
y
[
2
1-2
3
].
T
o
he
l
p
i
s
o
la
t
e
d
an
d
rem
o
te
a
re
a
regi
on,
it
i
s
d
e
s
i
gne
d
l
o
w
vol
tage
a
p
p
l
ia
nce
so
t
o
e
lim
ina
t
e
th
e
grid
p
ow
e
r
by
us
i
ng
re
ne
w
a
ble
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
o
w
er
f
r
om
the solar.
In
t
hi
s
pa
pe
r,
t
he
s
o
l
ar
f
e
d
B
LD
C
m
i
xe
r
gr
inde
r
is
d
es
i
gne
d,
w
h
i
c
h
ha
s
hi
gh
er
e
ffi
ci
e
n
c
y
t
h
a
n
th
e
exi
s
ti
ng
A
C
u
nive
rsal
m
o
t
or
m
ixer
g
rin
d
er
.
Even
t
he
hys
te
resis
curr
ent
con
t
ro
l
l
e
r
i
s
de
signe
d
f
o
r
con
t
rol
lin
g
the s
p
eed of the BLDC m
o
tor.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Sol
ar fe
d BL
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
dr
i
v
e
for m
i
x
e
r gr
in
d
e
r usi
ng a
b
o
o
st
conve
r
t
e
r (
D
e
eksh
i
t
h
a S Nay
a
k
)
57
2.
PROPOSED M
E
T
HO
D
F
i
gu
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
i
v
e
u
s
e
d
in
t
he
m
i
x
e
r
g
r
in
d
e
r
.
A
b
oo
st
c
on
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
empl
oy
ed
be
t
w
ee
n
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
and
the
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
sour
ce
i
nver
t
e
r
(
V
S
I
)
.
A
ddit
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
b
oo
st
c
onve
r
t
er
i
s
op
era
t
e
d
by
c
o
n
t
r
o
lli
n
g
a
P
V
arr
a
y
thr
o
ug
h
t
h
e
P
e
r
t
ur
b
a
nd
O
b
ser
v
e
r
M
P
P
T
al
gori
t
h
m
t
ech
ni
q
u
e.
T
h
e
B
L
D
C
mi
x
e
r
gr
inde
r
is
f
e
d
by
t
h
e
V
S
I.
T
he
t
hr
ee
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
the
ha
ll
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
a
r
e
f
ed
t
o
a
BLD
C
m
ot
or
c
on
tr
o
l
.
The
BLD
C
m
ot
or
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
s
t
he
h
yste
r
e
sis
cur
r
ent
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
er
it
is
u
se
d
beca
use
o
f
its
e
xcel
le
n
t
d
y
n
am
ic
r
e
spo
n
se
a
nd
c
a
pab
i
lit
y
to
c
o
n
tr
ol
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
ip
p
l
e
pea
k
t
o
p
e
a
k
v
a
l
ue
i
n
de
sir
e
d
hys
te
r
e
sis
ba
n
d
lim
i
t
,
and
ga
t
e
s
ig
na
ls
f
r
o
m
a
contr
o
l
l
e
r
a
r
e
f
e
d
t
o
th
e
V
S
I
for
contr
o
l
l
i
n
g
s
p
e
ed
o
f
th
e
mo
t
o
r.
Bo
o
s
t
c
o
nve
r
t
e
r
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
s
our
c
e
I
nve
r
t
e
r
BL
D
C
mo
t
o
r
M
i
x
e
r
gr
i
n
de
r
BL
D
C
Mo
t
o
r
co
n
t
r
o
l
3
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
H
a
ll
s
i
g
n
a
ls
S1-
S
6
PW
M
Pu
l
s
e
s
+
-
Cp
v
C
Vd
c
+
-
Vp
v
Ip
v
M
PPT
Pu
l
s
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
Ip
v
Vp
v
D
F
i
gur
e
1.
B
l
o
c
k
d
ia
gr
a
m
o
f
pr
opose
d
m
ix
e
r
g
r
i
nd
e
r
3.
RESEARCH METHOD
F
o
r
the
des
i
r
e
d
oper
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
m
i
x
e
r
g
r
i
n
d
e
r
,
s
uitab
l
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
cat
io
n
s
a
nd
d
e
sign
o
f
t
h
e
PV
a
r
r
a
y
,
b
o
ost
c
o
n
v
er
ter
,
a
nd
B
LD
C
mi
xe
r
gr
in
der
pla
y
a
n
imp
o
r
t
a
n
t
r
o
le
.
A
4-
p
ol
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
10
000
r
pm
a
n
d
20
0
W
w
a
s
s
e
l
e
c
ted.
T
he
P
V
ar
r
a
y,
boos
t
co
n
v
er
t
e
r
,
a
nd
m
i
xer
gr
i
nder
w
e
r
e
s
e
l
e
c
te
d
so
t
ha
t
t
h
e
f
unc
tio
n
o
f
a
sys
t
em
i
s
no
t
d
i
s
t
ur
be
d
unde
r
a
ny
c
lim
at
ic
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s.
3
.
1
.
PV
a
rra
y
a
nd ma
x
i
mu
m p
o
w
e
r po
in
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
ng
A
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
w
ith
p
ea
k
pow
er
o
f
3
0
0
W
i
s
d
e
si
gne
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
20
0W
m
i
x
er
g
r
i
nder
t
o
c
om
pen
s
a
t
e
the
m
o
tor a
n
d con
v
e
r
ter
losse
s
.
Tab
l
e 1
s
h
ow
s t
h
e
de
si
gn
of t
he P
V
ar
r
a
y,
a
nd t
h
e MP
P
T
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
use
d
i
s t
h
e P
e
r
t
ur
b
a
nd O
b
ser
v
e
r
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
sh
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
2
.
T
hi
s
a
l
gor
it
h
m
u
se
s
le
ss
m
easur
ed
p
a
ramete
rs
a
n
d
si
mpl
e
f
e
e
d
b
ack
s
ch
eme
.
I
n
th
is
m
et
h
od,
v
ol
ta
ge
o
f
a
m
o
du
le
i
s
per
i
od
i
c
a
l
l
y
g
ives
p
er
tur
b
a
t
i
on,
a
n
d
c
on
sis
t
e
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
ou
t
p
u
t
i
s
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
t
h
a
p
r
i
o
r
p
e
r
t
u
r
b
i
n
g
c
y
c
l
e
.
A
f
t
e
r
a
p
e
a
k
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
r
e
a
c
h
e
d
,
p
owe
r
i
s
ze
ro
a
t
MP
P
a
nd
in
n
ex
t
inst
an
t
de
cre
a
ses,
t
he
n
pe
rt
urba
ti
o
n
r
e
v
erse
s.
W
hen
sta
b
le
c
on
d
itio
n
is
r
eac
he
d,
a
lg
orit
hm
o
sc
illa
te
s
ar
oun
d
a
pe
a
k
pow
e
r
p
oi
n
t
.
To
m
ain
t
a
i
n
s
m
all
p
o
w
e
r
va
r
i
at
io
ns,
t
h
e
p
e
r
t
ur
ba
ti
o
n
s
i
z
e
kep
t
v
er
y
s
m
all.
T
he
m
et
ho
d
is
a
dva
nce
d
i
t
se
t
s
t
he
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
olta
ge
c
or
r
e
spo
n
d
i
n
g
t
o
a
p
ea
k
vo
l
t
a
g
e
of
a
m
odu
le.
T
h
e
P
I
c
ontr
o
ller
t
h
en
a
c
ts
t
o
tr
a
n
sfe
r
a
n
oper
a
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
nt
o
f
a
m
o
dule
t
o
t
h
a
t
spe
c
if
i
c
vo
lta
ge
l
e
v
el.
T
h
e
MP
PT
a
l
gor
ithm
o
p
er
ates
ba
se
d
on
a
de
r
i
vat
i
v
e
of
a
p
o
w
er
outp
u
t
(
P)
r
elat
ing
t
o
a
p
ane
l
vol
tag
e
(V
)
is eq
ui
v
a
len
t
to
zero
a
t th
e
MPP.
Ta
b
l
e
1.
D
e
s
ign
of
P
V
ar
r
a
y
PV
m
odul
e
(
H
B
-
12100
)
N
s
36
V
o
21V
I
o
7.
1A
V
m
17V
I
m
6A
V
oc
63V
I
sc
7.
1A
Module
s
i
n
s
e
ri
e
s
1
Module
s
i
n
p
a
ra
l
l
e
l
3
P
e
a
k
P
owe
r
300W
F
i
gur
e
2.
F
l
ow
c
h
ar
t
of
a
P
er
tur
b
a
nd
O
b
se
r
v
e
r
algo
rith
m [2
4
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
56
– 63
58
3.2.
Boost
con
v
e
r
te
r
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
a
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
w
h
i
c
h
s
t
e
p
-
u
p
t
h
e
o
u
t
put
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
f
ro
m
it
s
l
o
w
inpu
t
vo
lta
ge.
F
i
gure
3 r
e
pre
s
e
n
ts
a
c
irc
u
it o
f
t
he
boos
t c
o
n
v
erter
.
Table 2
sh
ow
s
specific
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
boos
t c
onve
rter.
D
C
S
L
Vi
n
V
out
F
i
gur
e 3.
Circu
it o
f
a
b
o
o
st
c
o
nver
t
e
r
Tab
l
e 2.
S
pecific
a
t
i
on
o
f
a
bo
o
s
t
con
ve
rter
Inp
u
t volta
ge (V
in
)
17V
O
u
tput
volta
ge
(V
o
)
24V
S
w
itc
hing
fre
que
nc
y
(
f
sw
)
500kHz
Ind
u
c
t
or
c
urre
nt
r
ipple
(
I
ripp
le
)
30%
Output
v
o
l
ta
ge
r
ipp
l
e
(V
rippl
e
)
10m
V
To c
alc
u
la
te
t
he
va
l
ue
o
f
the
l
o
ad
r
esis
ta
nce
Loa
d
resi
s
tanc
e=
o
o
I
V
(
1
)
Assume I
o
=0
.
4
A
Loa
d re
si
sta
n
c
e
=60
Ω
To
ca
l
cu
l
a
t
e
th
e
v
al
u
e
of
t
h
e in
du
ct
o
r
300
o
s
in
I
f
D
V
L
μH
(
2)
To
ca
l
cu
l
a
t
e
th
e
v
al
u
e
of
t
h
e ca
p
a
ci
to
r
mF
V
f
D
I
C
o
s
o
034
.
2
(
3
)
Ta
b
l
e
3
s
h
ow
s
the
sw
itc
hin
g
s
t
a
t
e
s
of
t
he
V
S
I
.
T
h
e
t
h
re
e
ha
ll
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
g
a
t
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
o
t
h
e
V
SI
b
y
el
ect
ron
i
c
commu
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
Th
e
el
e
c
t
ro
ni
c
co
mmu
t
at
i
ons
a
re
t
he
c
om
m
u
tat
i
on
o
f
c
u
rre
nt
s
f
l
o
w
ing
th
rough
t
h
e
w
i
ndi
ng
o
f
t
h
e
BLDC
m
o
t
o
r
i
n
p
r
e
d
efi
n
e
d
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
es
b
y
t
h
e
d
eco
de
r
su
ch
t
h
a
t
the
d
i
re
ct
curr
ent
is
s
ym
me
t
r
i
c
al
ly
d
ra
wn
f
r
o
m
a
D
C
b
us
o
f
t
h
e
VS
I
for
1
2
0
°
a
n
d
em
plo
y
e
d
i
n
a
pha
se
w
i
t
h
b
a
c
k
e
mf.
The
V
S
I
is
o
p
e
ra
tes
t
h
rou
g
h
a
f
u
nda
me
n
t
a
l
freque
nc
y
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
p
ulses
for
reduc
i
n
g
switching
l
oss.
T
able
4
repr
esents t
he
s
pec
i
fic
a
tio
ns
o
f t
h
e
BLD
C
m
otor.
T
a
b
l
e
3
.
S
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
s
ta
te
s
o
f
V
SI
Ro
t
o
r
positi
on
θ
Ha
ll
signa
l
S
w
i
t
c
h
ing
st
a
t
e
H
3
H
2
H
1
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
N
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-6
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
6
0
-
1
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
120-18
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
180-24
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
240-30
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
300-36
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
N
A
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ta
b
l
e
4.
S
pe
cifica
ti
on
of BLD
C m
o
tor
Ra
t
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
200
W
I
n
p
u
t Volta
g
e
24V
R
a
t
e
d
Sp
e
e
d
1000
0
r
p
m
S
t
a
t
o
r
R
es
is
t
a
n
ce(
R
s
)
0.
5ohm
s
Sta
t
or
I
nduc
ta
nc
e
(L
s
)
0.
6m
H
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f Pole
s (P)
4
Fric
tion
C
o
e
f
fic
i
e
n
t
(B
)
0.
0682e
-
3
I
n
er
t
i
a
l
Co
ef
f
i
ci
en
t
(
J
)
1
5
.
5
e
-
3
J
/k
g
m
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
So
l
a
r fe
d B
L
DC m
o
t
o
r dr
ive
f
o
r
m
i
xe
r
gr
i
n
d
e
r
using
a b
o
o
s
t
conv
e
r
ter (D
eek
sh
it
h
a
S
Nay
a
k
)
59
3.3.
Mod
e
l
lin
g
of th
e
p
r
o
p
o
sed
BLD
C
d
r
ive
syst
em
To
r
un
a
m
o
t
o
r
a
t
d
iffe
ren
t
s
pe
ed
s,
t
he
B
L
D
C
m
o
tor
dr
iv
e
re
qui
r
e
s
a
s
p
e
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
s
m
o
o
t
h
con
t
ro
l
lin
g of t
he
d
ri
ve.
The
c
l
o
s
e
d
l
o
op
s
p
e
e
d
c
ontr
o
l
l
er
o
f t
he BLD
C
m
o
t
o
r
dr
ive
is
d
e
p
i
c
te
d
i
n
F
ig
ure 4. In
a
clos
ed
l
o
o
p
opera
ti
o
n
,
at
t
he
d
e
s
ire
d
t
ime
the
re
fer
e
nce
spee
d
c
a
n
b
e
c
h
an
ge
d
for
a
dri
v
e
t
o
w
ork
a
t
t
he
des
i
red
sp
ee
ds.
In
t
he
c
l
o
se
d
l
o
o
p
s
peed
c
o
n
t
rol
l
er
d
ri
ve,
actu
a
l
s
p
e
e
d
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
i
s
f
e
d
b
a
c
k
t
o
a
i
n
p
u
t
.
B
y
us
i
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
sy
stem
s,
t
he
s
pee
d
c
a
n
b
e
varie
d
a
s
per
requ
i
rem
e
nt.
T
h
e
a
c
t
ua
l
spee
d
is
f
e
d
b
ac
k
t
o
i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
i
s
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
s
p
e
e
d
,
w
h
i
c
h
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
err
o
r
si
gnal
s.
T
his
is
f
ed
t
o
the
P
I
con
t
ro
l
l
er,
whi
c
h
con
t
ro
ls
t
he spe
e
d
.
The
pa
st an
d
t
h
e
prese
nt err
or ge
t
s n
u
l
l
i
f
ies
by a P
I
con
tro
l
le
r [2
5].
The spe
e
d fe
d t
o
t
he P
I co
ntro
l
l
er
gene
ra
tes
a
tor
que
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
v
al
ue.
Th
is
r
ef
ere
n
c
e
t
orque
i
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
a
c
t
u
a
l
m
o
t
o
r
t
o
r
q
u
e
f
e
d
f
r
o
m
hal
l
s
e
n
sor
s
.
The
refere
n
c
e
cur
r
ent
is
g
e
n
er
ated
by
the
e
rror
s
igna
ls
p
ro
duc
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
reference
torque
a
nd
me
asure
d
b
y
t
h
e
ac
tua
l
t
orq
u
e
.
This
r
efere
n
ce
cur
r
ent
an
d
t
h
e
m
e
a
sure
d
cur
r
ent
gener
a
te
e
rr
or
s
igna
ls
a
re
f
ed
t
o
a
h
y
s
t
e
r
e
s
i
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
.
T
h
e
g
a
t
e
p
u
l
s
e
s
t
o
a
V
S
I
s
w
it
c
h
t
o
turn
O
N
or
O
F
F
is
p
rod
u
ce
d
by
a
hys
t
e
res
i
s
c
u
rre
nt
c
on
tro
l
ler.
T
he
D
C
l
i
nk
c
a
p
aci
t
o
r
ac
t
s
a
s
th
e
sour
ce
t
o
a
V
SI.
All
t
h
e
feed
ba
c
k
s
to
g
ener
at
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
a
r
e
s
e
n
s
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
h
a
l
l
s
e
n
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
s
p
e
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
by
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
co
nt
rol
me
t
hod
y
i
e
l
ds
bet
t
er
r
esul
ts.
F
i
gure
4.
D
i
a
gram
of spee
d c
ontr
o
l
of BLD
C m
o
t
o
r
3.4.
Math
e
matic
a
l
Mode
lling
of
t
he
BL
D
C
Motor
C
ons
ide
r
t
he
c
yl
i
ndr
ical
r
ot
or
a
nd
s
ta
t
o
r
a
s
h
a
v
ing
3
pha
se
w
i
n
di
n
g
s,
n
a
m
ely,
a
,
b,
a
nd
c
.
The
rot
o
r
is
o
f
pe
rm
anen
t
m
a
gne
ts
w
i
t
h
a
un
i
f
o
r
m
a
i
r
gap,
w
hi
le
t
he
s
ta
to
r
has
t
h
re
e
pha
ses,
w
hic
h
a
re
s
tar-
conn
ec
t
e
d.
The
m
o
tor
is
n
ot
s
a
t
urated
a
s
it
i
s
o
p
e
r
ate
d
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
rate
d
c
ur
rent.
The
dy
nam
i
c
eq
ua
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
p
hase
a
,
phase
b,
a
nd pha
se c
a
re:
a
c
b
a
S
an
e
dt
di
M
dt
di
M
dt
di
L
R
V
(
4
)
b
a
c
b
S
bn
e
dt
di
M
dt
di
M
dt
di
L
R
V
(
5
)
c
b
a
c
S
cn
e
dt
di
M
dt
di
M
dt
di
L
R
V
(
6
)
Where
,
R
i
s
a
resista
n
ce
o
f
the
ar
ma
ture,
L
i
s
a
s
elf-
in
d
u
cta
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
,
M
i
s
a
m
u
t
u
a
l
in
duc
ta
nce
of
t
he
a
r
m
a
t
ur
e,
V
an
,
V
bn
,
and
V
cn
i
s
the
vo
lt
a
g
e
of
t
he
t
er
minal
s
,
and
i
a
,
i
b
,
and
i
c
i
s
th
e
inp
u
t
curr
ent
o
f
t
he
m
otor.
In
t
he
B
LD
C
m
o
tor
,
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
of
t
he
r
otor
p
o
sit
i
on
i
s
r
e
l
ate
d
t
o
a
bac
k
e
mf.
Eac
h
p
hase
of
a
ba
c
k e
m
f ha
s
1
2
0
0
p
ha
se
a
ngl
e
d
i
ffe
ren
c
es.
There
f
ore
,
t
he
e
qu
a
t
ions f
or e
ach
pha
se
a
re as
f
o
llows:
r
a
a
a
f
K
e
)
(
(
7
)
r
b
b
b
f
K
e
)
3
2
(
(
8
)
r
c
c
c
f
K
e
)
3
2
(
(
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
r
i
S
yst
V
o
l.
11,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
202
0
:
56
–
63
60
c
b
a
c
b
a
s
c
b
a
s
s
s
cn
bn
an
e
e
e
dt
di
dt
di
dt
di
L
i
i
i
R
R
R
V
V
V
0
0
0
0
0
0
(
10)
Th
e to
t
a
l
to
rque
wa
s
as
fo
ll
ows:
r
a
a
K
e
(
11)
c
c
b
b
a
a
m
i
e
i
e
i
e
P
(
12)
2
)
(
P
i
e
i
e
i
e
P
T
r
c
c
b
b
a
a
rm
m
e
(
13)
M
e
ch
a
n
i
c
al
p
a
r
t
rm
rm
L
e
B
dt
d
J
T
T
(
14)
)
2
(
2
r
L
e
rm
P
B
T
T
J
P
dt
d
(
15)
Where
,
B
i
s
t
h
e
fl
u
x
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
T
L
i
s
t
h
e
l
o
ad
t
o
r
q
u
e,
T
e
i
s
t
he
e
lec
t
r
o
m
a
gne
tic
t
or
q
u
e
,
a
nd
J
is
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
d
e
ns
ity
.
4.
RESU
L
T
S
A
ND DIS
C
U
S
S
I
ON
The
pr
o
p
o
se
d
so
lar
-
based
cu
r
r
e
nt
c
on
tr
o
l
le
d
BLD
C
m
i
x
e
r
g
r
i
nde
r
wa
s
simu
late
d
i
n
t
h
e
M
ATLA
B
so
ftware.
Th
e
solar
irrad
i
an
c
e
w
as
v
aried
f
r
o
m
5
00
W/m
2
-1
000
W/
m
2,
a
n
d
t
he
p
ow
er
out
put
o
f
a
P
V
a
r
r
ay
i
s
d
e
p
i
ct
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
5
.
F
i
gur
e 5.
Outp
u
t p
o
we
r from a
PV
p
anel
F
r
om
F
igur
e
5
,
it
ca
n
be
o
b
s
er
ved
t
h
at
t
h
e
o
utp
u
t
p
o
w
e
r
is
h
i
g
h
er
w
hen
t
h
e
sol
a
r
i
r
ra
d
i
an
ce
i
s
1
000
W/
m
2
a
nd
t
em
per
a
tur
e
i
s
25
0
C.
F
i
gur
e
6(
a)
r
e
p
r
e
se
nts
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
ta
ge
f
r
o
m
the
bo
ost
c
o
nver
t
er
when
a
s
o
l
ar
i
r
r
adia
n
c
e
is
1
000
W/
m
2
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
1
7
V
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
t
e
p
s
u
p
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
o
24
V
wi
t
hou
t
aff
ect
ing
t
h
e
effi
ci
e
n
cy
o
f
t
h
e
co
nv
ert
e
r.
F
i
g
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
r
ep
re
sen
t
s
p
o
we
r
o
utpu
t
fro
m
the
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
erter
whe
n
a
s
ol
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
an
c
e
i
s 10
00W
/
m
2
.
F
r
om t
he
P
I
co
ntr
o
l
l
e
r
,
th
e sp
e
e
d
i
s
r
eg
u
l
a
t
e
d
as
de
p
i
cte
d
i
n F
i
gur
e
7.
B
L
D
C
r
e
fer
e
nce
s
p
ee
d
w
a
s se
t
a
t
3
0
0
0
r
p
m
an
d
a
f
ter
0.
4
se
c
spee
d
is
g
r
a
du
a
lly
i
ncr
e
ased
t
o
3
5
00r
pm
a
t
0.
6sec
a
n
d
t
he
n
a
f
te
r
1
se
c
s
p
ee
d
is
incr
ease
d
t
o
400
0r
pm
a
t
1.
4
sec
.
T
he
r
ef
e
r
e
n
ce
spe
e
d
a
nd
me
as
ur
ed
s
pe
ed
i
s
summ
ed,
an
d
e
rror
si
gna
l
s
ge
nera
t
e
d
i
s
g
ive
n
t
o
th
e
P
I
c
o
n
tr
olle
r
to
n
u
l
l
i
fy
t
he
e
rror
si
g
n
al
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
of
t
he
B
LDC
mo
tor
is
c
o
n
t
r
o
lled.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Sol
ar fe
d BL
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
dr
i
v
e
for m
i
x
e
r gr
in
d
e
r usi
ng a
b
o
o
st
conve
r
t
e
r (
D
e
eksh
i
t
h
a S Nay
a
k
)
61
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
6.
(
a
)
O
utp
u
t
vo
lta
ge
f
r
o
m
a
b
oos
t
c
o
nver
t
er
.
(
b)
O
ut
p
u
t
pow
er
f
r
o
m
a
boos
t
co
nv
e
r
ter
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
.
Ref
er
e
n
ce
and
me
asur
e
d
s
pee
d
f
r
o
m
the
200
W
BLD
C
m
otor
F
i
gur
e
8(
a
)
d
i
s
p
l
a
y
s
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
ur
ed
t
or
q
u
e
of
a
B
LD
C
m
o
t
o
r
.
T
he
c
om
me
r
c
iall
y
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
m
i
xe
r
gr
inde
r
has
l
o
a
d
t
or
que
r
an
ge
a
t
0.
1
t
o
1
N
m.
A
t
the
star
t
i
n
g
,
w
h
e
n
t
he
b
ack
e
mf
i
s
z
e
r
o,
t
he
t
or
q
u
e
i
s
h
i
gh.
As
t
h
e
s
pe
ed
i
ncr
ease
s
,
the
t
o
rq
ue
d
ecr
ease
s
a
s
t
h
e
s
p
e
e
d
a
nd
t
or
que
i
s
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
l
y
pr
o
p
o
r
tiona
l
.
F
igur
e
8(
b)
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
p
h
a
s
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
.
A
s
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
ses,
t
he
m
otor
d
r
a
w
s
m
or
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
nd
w
hen
the
s
p
eed
v
ari
e
s
even
t
he c
urre
nt
v
ar
ie
s.
The
torq
u
e
and
cur
r
e
n
t
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
por
t
i
ona
l
t
o
e
a
c
h
ot
he
r
.
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
8.
(
a
)
M
e
a
sur
e
d
t
o
r
q
ue
f
r
o
m
the
B
L
D
C
m
ot
or
.
(
b
)
Pha
s
e
c
u
rren
t
s
fro
m th
e BLDC
m
o
t
o
r
The
P
h
i
l
i
p
s
H
L
1
64
3
/
04
m
o
del
w
a
s
use
d
f
or
t
he
e
xper
i
m
e
nta
l
d
em
o
ns
tr
ati
o
n.
T
he
s
pe
cif
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
of
t
h
i
s
m
od
el
a
re
6
00
W
,
2
30
V
AC
,
a
n
d
sp
eed
o
f
18
000
r
p
m
.
Fl
u
x
435
ser
i
e
s
I
I
pow
e
r
qua
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
ner
g
y
a
n
al
yser
w
as
u
se
d
for
ta
ki
n
g
t
he
r
ea
dings
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
9.
Tab
l
e
5
sh
ow
s
t
h
e
com
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
a
n
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
m
i
xe
r
gr
i
nde
r
a
nd
t
he
s
im
u
l
a
t
ed
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
24V
B
LD
C
sy
st
e
m
und
er
n
o
lo
a
d
a
nd
l
o
a
d
c
on
dit
i
o
n
.
I
f
t
h
e
cres
t
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
s
1
.
41,
t
he
n
the
r
e
i
s
a
n
a
b
se
nce
of
d
ist
o
r
t
io
n,
a
n
d
if
t
he
c
r
e
st
f
act
or
i
s
abo
v
e
1.
8,
t
hen
the
a
m
ou
nt
o
f
d
i
stor
ti
on
i
s
ve
r
y
h
i
gh.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
11,
N
o.
1
, Ma
r
202
0
:
56
– 63
62
F
i
gur
e 9.
Expe
r
i
m
e
nta
l
d
em
o
n
stra
tio
n
of e
x
i
st
in
g m
i
xe
r gr
inde
r
Ta
b
l
e
5.
Comp
a
riso
n
of t
he
expe
r
i
me
nt
a
l
e
x
i
s
tin
g
mixer
grin
der
and
si
m
u
late
d
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
24V
B
LD
C sy
stem
a
t
no l
o
a
d
a
n
d
loa
d
co
nd
i
tio
n
E
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
e
xis
ting
m
i
x
e
r
gr
inde
r
(6
00
W)
No
l
oa
d c
onditi
on
Si
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
propose
d
m
i
x
e
r
g
r
inde
r
(2
00
W)
No
l
oa
d c
onditi
on
E
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
e
xist
ing
m
i
x
e
r
grinde
r
(6
00
W)
W
ith lo
a
d
Si
m
u
la
t
e
d
pr
opose
d
m
i
x
e
r
gr
i
nde
r
(
2
00
W)
With l
o
a
d
Am
ou
nt
o
f
dist
orti
o
n
(C
re
st f
ac
tor)
C
f
=
2
.
39
C
f
=
1
.
41
C
f
=2
.
0
5
C
f
=
1
.
39
T
o
ta
l H
a
r
m
oni
c
distorti
on
Volta
g
e
=
5
%
C
u
r
r
e
n
t=
20.
2%
Volta
g
e
=
3
.35%
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
=
3.
25%
Volta
g
e
=
4
.8%
C
u
r
r
e
n
t=
15.
3%
Volta
g
e
=
3
.15%
C
u
rr
e
n
t=
3.
05%
T
h
e
ef
f
i
ci
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
sy
st
e
m
48.
25%
79.
35%
48.
02%
78.
68%
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
A
s
p
e
r
t
he
s
p
e
c
i
fica
ti
o
n
d
a
t
a,
t
he
p
ro
p
o
se
d
s
o
lar
fe
d
B
L
D
C
m
i
x
e
r
gr
in
der
w
a
s
s
i
m
u
la
te
d
i
n
t
he
Ma
tla
b
/
S
i
mul
i
nk.
T
he
c
l
o
se
d
lo
o
p
h
yste
resi
s
c
u
rrent
c
o
n
tr
ol
l
e
r
BLD
C
s
y
s
tem
w
a
s
use
d
f
or
c
o
n
tr
oll
i
n
g
t
h
e
spee
d
of
t
he
m
otor.
T
h
e
tor
que
,
varia
b
l
e
s
pe
ed,
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
or
c
urr
en
ts
c
h
a
rac
t
e
r
istics
w
e
re
a
l
s
o
di
sc
us
se
d.
A
c
o
mp
a
r
ati
v
e
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
ffi
c
i
en
cy
a
nd
t
h
e
h
a
rmo
n
i
c
d
i
s
t
o
rt
i
o
n
of
t
he
e
x
p
e
r
im
e
n
t
a
l
ex
isti
ng
un
i
v
ersal
motor
an
d
t
h
e
sim
u
late
d
pro
p
o
se
d
BLD
C
m
ot
or
s
ys
tem
w
a
s
d
e
term
in
e
d
.
D
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
a
b
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
brus
hes,
t
he
e
ffic
ie
nc
y
of
t
he
B
L
D
C
mot
o
r
w
a
s
hig
h
er
t
ha
n
of
t
h
e
m
i
xe
r
grin
der
oper
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
the
u
n
i
v
ersal
motor.
T
he
c
rest fac
tor
a
n
d
t
h
e
tota
l harm
on
i
c
d
i
s
t
o
rt
i
on
w
a
s
h
ig
her i
n
t
he exi
sti
n
g
u
n
i
ver
s
a
l
m
o
t
or
c
ompa
red
w
ith
t
he pr
opo
se
d sys
t
e
m
.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
I
l
i
ke
t
o
t
h
a
nk
m
y
g
u
i
de
(
D
r
.R.
S
h
ivar
udra
S
w
a
m
y)
f
or
h
is
g
u
i
da
n
ce
i
n
t
h
i
s
re
sea
r
ch
p
ap
e
r
.
I
t
h
a
nk
my
HOD
f
o
r
h
i
s
su
ppo
rt,
and
my
c
olleg
e
(
Man
i
p
a
l
In
stitu
te
o
f
Te
c
hno
lo
gy
,
M
a
nip
a
l
)
,
wh
i
c
h
p
r
ovi
ded
the
expe
r
t
i
s
e
t
h
at
g
re
at
ly
a
ss
i
s
te
d
t
h
e
re
sear
ch.
I
w
oul
d
l
i
ke
t
o
t
ha
nk
M
r
.
Jaya
raj
for
he
l
p
i
ng
i
n
t
he
e
x
p
er
i
m
enta
l
dem
o
n
s
t
r
at
io
n
of t
he
m
i
x
e
r
gr
i
n
d
e
r
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
M
o
h
a
mm
ed
S
h
e
ik
a
n
d
D
ev
araj,
"S
im
ulati
o
n
and
an
alys
is
o
f
s
t
and-a
l
o
ne
p
hotovolta
i
c
s
ys
tem
w
i
t
h
b
oost
c
onverte
r
using
M
A
TLAB
/
S
imu
link,"
2014 IEE
E
Inter
nation
a
l
Confer
ence on
Cir
c
uit,
Po
wer an
d Comp
u
t
in
g T
echno
lo
gi
es,
pp
.
8
14-8
2
1
,
2
0
1
4.
[2]
S
i
n
gh Bh
i
m
a
nd
R
ajan
K
,
"S
olar pho
to
vo
lt
aic
array
f
e
d
w
a
ter
p
u
m
p
dri
v
en
b
y
b
r
ush
l
es
s
D
C
m
o
t
or
u
s
i
ng
L
ands
m
a
n
con
v
erter,
"
IE
T
Renew. Power
Gen.
,
v
o
l
10
,
p
p
. 4
73
-48
4
, 2
01
6.
[3]
Deek
shi
t
h
a
S
.
Nayak
and
S
w
am
y
Sh
iv
arud
ra
R
.,
"
Lo
ss
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ien
cy
a
n
a
ly
si
s
of
univ
e
rsal
m
otor
u
s
e
d
i
n
m
i
x
er
gri
n
d
e
r
by
m
a
t
hem
a
ti
cal
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
"
201
8
IEEE
Inter
natio
na
l Co
nf
eren
ce
on
Au
toma
ti
c Contr
o
l
an
d
Intelli
g
en
t
Sys
t
ems
,
p
p
.
10
5
-
11
0,
2
0
18.
[4]
Chi
W.C
,
C
hen
C.H
a
n
d
Cheng
M
.
Y
,
"
Position-
sensorless
techni
que
f
o
r
e
lectri
c
brak
ing
comm
u
t
ati
o
n
s
o
f
BL
D
C
m
achin
e,"
IET Elect
ri
c Po
we
r A
p
pl
.,
v
o
l
7
,
pp.
7
0
2
–
71
3,
201
3.
[5]
Bist
V
a
nd
B
h
i
m
S
i
ng
h,
"
A
u
n
i
t
y
P
F
b
ri
dg
eless
i
s
olat
ed
c
uk
con
v
ert
e
r
f
e
d
BLDC
m
ot
or
d
riv
e
,
"
IEEE T
r
an
sac
t
io
ns
on
Ind
u
s
t
rial Ele
ctr
o
n
.
,
v
o
l
62,
pp.
411
7–
41
28,
2
0
1
5
.
[6]
Singh
Bh
i
m
a
nd
Kum
a
r
R,
"
Sim
p
le
B
L
D
C
mot
o
r
drive
f
o
r
PV
a
rray
f
ed
w
ater
pum
p
s
y
stem
,"
IE
T Pow
e
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
,
vol 9
,
p
p.
1
48
6–
1495,
2
0
1
6
.
[7]
Vith
ayasri
chare
o
n
and
I.F
M
a
cGi
l
l
,
"
Val
u
i
n
g
P
V
i
n
f
u
ture
p
ow
er
generation
portf
o
lios
lar
g
e-scal
e
and
its
im
pli
c
a
t
io
n
fo
r c
lim
ate an
d en
ergy
po
l
i
c
y
,
"
IET
Renewa
bl
e Po
we
r G
e
ner
.
,
vol
10,
pp
.
7
8–8
7,
2
0
16.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
So
l
a
r fe
d B
L
DC m
o
t
o
r dr
ive
f
o
r
m
i
xe
r
gr
i
n
d
e
r
using
a b
o
o
s
t
conv
e
r
ter (D
eek
sh
it
h
a
S
Nay
a
k
)
63
[8]
Hw
ang,
L
iu
C
.T
a
nd
L
i
P
.
L,
"
Des
i
gn
a
n
d
a
naly
sis
o
f
B
LDC
m
o
t
o
r
f
or
a
pp
lic
a
t
io
n
in
r
o
b
o
t
i
c
s
,"
IET E
l
ectric Po
wer
Appl.,
v
ol
6
,
pp
. 38
4
–
3
8
9
,
2
01
2.
[9]
Xi
a
C,
C
hen
W,
X
iao
Y,
et
a
l
.
,
"
Three
ef
f
ective
v
e
cto
r
-
bas
e
d
current
c
o
n
t
r
ol
ling
sy
st
em
f
o
r
th
ree-ph
ase
f
o
ur-
sw
it
ch t
rapezoi
d
al
BLD
C m
o
t
o
r,"
IET
Elect
ri
c
Po
wer A
ppl
.,
vol 7
,
p
p
.
5
68
–5
74,
20
1
3
.
[10]
Kuma
r
R
a
n
d
Sing
h
B
,
"
BLD
C
m
otor
d
r
i
v
e
n
PV
a
rra
y
fe
d
wa
te
r
pu
mp
s
ystem
u
s
i
n
g
zeta
co
nv
erter,"
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
cti
on on
Ind
u
s
t
rial
A
ppl
.,
v
o
l
5
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
16–2
322
,
2
01
6.
[11]
Hu
ang
H.
H
and
Chen
H
.C,
"
D
esig
n
o
f
c
urren
t
s
ou
rce
i
n
v
e
rter
f
ed
BLDC
m
o
t
o
r
d
rive
a
nd
a
pp
lic
a
t
io
n
s
t
o
wi
th
sq
uare-wav
e cur
r
en
t p
o
sition s
e
nso
r
les
s
co
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r,"
IET
Elect
r
i
c Po
wer
A
ppl
.,
vo
l
7, p
p
. 41
5
–
4
2
6
,
2
01
3.
[12]
Ku
m
a
r
Raj
a
n
an
d
Bh
im
S
in
gh,
"
S
o
la
r
P
V
p
o
w
ered
B
L
D
C
m
o
tor
driv
e
fo
r
wa
te
r
p
u
mp
in
g
u
s
in
g
Cu
k
c
o
nv
e
r
te
r,
"
IET
Elect
. Po
we
r A
ppl
., v
ol
11
, p
p. 2
21
-23
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[13]
M
o
zaf
f
a
ri
N
iapour,
S
h
arif
ian
M
.
B.
B,
D
an
yali
S
,
et
a
l
.,
"
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
i
v
e
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
b
a
s
e
d
on FL-IC MPPT controller
an
d Z-so
urce i
n
v
e
rter,"
Ene
r
gy
Co
nv
e
r
sio
n
Man
ag
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
5
2,
pp.
3042
–3
058
,
2
01
1.
[14]
Rajas
e
khar
and
Bas
a
varaja
B
an
a
k
ara,
"
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
of
B
rushles
s
D
C
dri
v
e
with
s
i
n
g
l
e
curren
t
s
en
s
o
r
f
e
d
f
r
o
m
P
V
with
h
i
gh
vo
ltage-gain
DC-DC
c
o
nverter,"
I
n
te
r
n
a
t
io
na
l J
o
ur
n
a
l
of
Po
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
tr
on
ic
s
an
d
Dr
iv
e
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
vol
9
,
pp
.
3
3-45
,
2
0
1
8
.
[15]
Baharu
din
an
d
S
.
M
.
A
yob
,
"Brus
h
l
e
ss
DC
m
o
t
o
r
s
p
eed
c
o
n
t
r
ol
u
si
n
g
s
ingl
e
in
pu
t
fu
zzy
P
I
con
t
rol
l
er,"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve Systems
(
I
JPE
D
S),
vol
9
,
pp.
1
9
5
2
-
1
9
6
6
,
2
0
18.
[16]
Harn
efo
r
s,
S
.E.
S
aarakk
a
la
a
nd
M
.
H
in
kk
anen,
"S
peed
c
on
tro
l
o
f
el
ectrical
d
riv
e
s
u
s
i
n
g
cl
a
s
si
cal
c
on
trol
m
eth
ods,"
IEEE
Transac
t
i
ons on Indu
st
ry
A
p
pli
c
a
t
ion
s
,
vo
l
49,
p
p
.
8
89-8
9
8
,
2
013
.
[17]
S
h
i
hua
a
nd
L
.
Zh
ig
ang,
"
Ad
aptive
S
p
eed
c
o
n
t
r
ol
f
or
p
erm
a
n
e
nt-m
a
g
n
e
t
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
t
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
of
l
oad
in
erti
a,
"
IEEE T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
ions
on
Ind
u
stri
a
l
El
ectr
onics
,
vol 5
6,
p
p
.
3
0
5
0
-
3059
,
2
0
0
9
.
[18]
S
h
u
n
-Chu
ng
and
L.
Yi
-Hu
a
,
"A
m
o
d
ifi
e
d
P
I
-lik
e
f
u
zzy
lo
g
i
c
con
tr
oller
f
o
r
sw
itched
relu
ctan
ce m
o
t
o
r d
r
ives,"
IEEE
Tran
sac
t
io
ns
on
Ind
u
str
i
a
l
Ele
c
tr
on
ic
s
,
vol
5
8,
p
p
.
181
2-1
8
2
5
,
2
011.
[19]
Jo
on
S
un
g
P
a
rk
a
nd
K
i-Do
ek
L
ee,
"
Desi
gn
a
n
d
I
mplem
e
n
t
ati
on
o
f
B
LDC
mo
tor
w
i
t
h
i
ntegrat
e
d
dri
v
e
ci
rcuit,
"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve System (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
8
,
pp.
110
9-1
1
1
6
,
201
7.
[20]
V.
G
eeth
a
a
nd
S
.
T
h
ang
a
vel
,
"
P
e
rf
orm
a
nce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
i
rect
t
or
qu
e
con
t
ro
lled
BLD
C
m
o
t
or
u
si
ng
f
u
zzy
l
og
ic
,
"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve System (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
7
,
pp.
144
-15
1
,
2016.
[21]
Raja
N
o
r
F
ird
a
u
s
R
aj
a
O
t
hman
,
"
D
esi
gn
of
holl
o
w
-ro
t
o
r
brus
h
l
ess
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
,
"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
ur
nal
of
Po
we
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
em
(
I
JP
EDS)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
3
87-3
9
6
,
2
016.
[22]
M.
S
.
Ah
mad,
A
.
A.
M
.
Nu
ru
l,
F
.
Maher
and
I.
D
aha
m
an,
"Im
p
roved
t
o
r
q
u
e
i
n
P
M
B
r
u
s
h
l
e
s
s
m
o
t
o
r
s
w
i
t
h
m
i
nim
u
m
diff
erence
i
n
l
o
t
n
u
m
ber
an
d
pol
e
n
u
mb
er,"
Int
e
rna
t
i
onal
Jou
r
n
a
l P
o
we
r
an
d
Ener
gy
Co
n
versi
on
,
vo
l
.
3
,
pp
.
2
06-
219,
2
0
1
2
[23]
Z.
Q
.
Z
hu,
H
.
D
a
vi
d
Ho
we
a
n
d
C
.
C.
C
han
,
"
Im
p
r
o
v
ed
a
n
a
ly
tical
m
odel
f
or
p
redict
ing
t
h
e
magnetic
f
iel
d
di
s
t
ributi
o
n
i
n
b
rus
h
l
e
ss
perm
anent-m
a
g
n
et
m
achi
n
es,
"
IEEE Transact
ion
s
on M
a
gnet
i
c
s
,
vol.
38
,
p
p
.
22
9-
2
3
8
,
20
02
.
[24]
Na
ya
g
a
m
V
Se
n
t
hi
l
a
n
d
L.
P
re
ma
la
tha
,
"
Gre
e
n
e
n
e
rg
y
ba
se
d
c
o
u
p
le
d
in
du
c
t
or
i
nt
erleav
ed
c
o
n
v
e
rt
er
w
ith
M
P
P
T
tech
niq
u
e
f
o
r
BLD
C
a
p
p
li
cati
o
n
,
"
Int
e
rn
at
ion
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l o
f
Power El
ectr
onic
s
an
d Dr
ive Sys
t
ems
(
I
JPED
S
)
,
vo
l
9,
p
p
.
1
7
2
5
-1732
,
2
01
8.
[25]
A
h
m
e
d
A
k
r
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the National
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l Co
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f
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s
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urn
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ls
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