In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
170~
1
7
7
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
1.pp
1
70-
17
7
170
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
A
contribution to the control o
f voltage and power o
f
the
interconnection b
e
tween two decentr
alized electrical grids with
an optim
al localization of t
he SVC d
evices in real-time
A. A
.
Tadjeddine,
A. C
h
a
k
e
r,
M
. Khiat, L.
A
b
d
e
lmale
k
,
N
.
K
h
alfa
lah
Labo
rato
ry of
SCAM
RE,
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
o
f
Elect
rical
En
g
in
eerin
g, Nat
io
na
l
Po
ly
te
c
h
nic
Sc
ho
ol
,
M
a
uri
ce Au
di
n
o
f
Oran
,
A
lgeri
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
A
pr 17,
2
0
1
8
Re
vise
d N
ov
18,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
D
ec 3,
201
8
S
e
veral
pro
b
l
e
m
s
r
elat
ed to th
e
po
wer
g
r
id
i
n
t
h
e
reg
i
on
o
f
Ad
r
ar,
in
s
outhern
Al
geri
a
,
w
here
i
t
is
not
c
on
nec
t
ed
t
o
th
e
A
l
g
e
rian
n
ati
o
n
a
l
net
wor
k
.
This
regi
on
c
ont
ain
s
m
any
energ
y
r
eso
u
rces
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
s
t
a
ti
ons,
win
d
and
ph
ot
ov
olt
a
ic
f
arm
s
.
Th
e
i
ndu
st
rial
d
evelo
p
m
e
nt
i
n
t
h
is
r
eg
io
n
r
equ
i
res
a
con
n
ect
ion
w
ith
t
he
n
ati
o
n
a
l
n
e
tw
ork
to
r
ati
o
n
a
lize
r
e
new
a
ble e
ne
rg
y
so
ur
c
e
s
and
a
l
lo
w
suf
f
ic
i
e
nt
cap
acity
o
f
po
wer
f
o
r
th
e
t
w
o
grid
s.
T
he
w
o
r
k
in
vo
lved
in
s
tudying
t
he
p
ossib
i
l
ity
o
f
in
t
e
rco
n
n
ectio
n
bet
w
een
t
h
e
g
rid
o
f
Adrar
regi
on
a
n
d
t
he
A
l
g
erian
n
a
ti
onal
netw
ork
.
M
odel
i
n
g
,
control
an
d
r
eal-t
im
e
anal
ys
is
o
f
vari
o
u
s
s
cenario
s
h
a
v
e
b
een
ach
ieved
.
A
n
S
V
C
wit
h
a
n
optimal
loc
a
t
io
n
ha
s
c
o
ntro
lle
d
th
e
im
pr
ov
em
e
n
t
o
f
t
he
voltage
o
f
th
e
in
terco
nnect
ed g
rid
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
D
e
c
e
ntral
i
ze
d pro
duc
t
i
o
n
Elec
tric
a
l
grid
Interc
o
nnec
t
i
o
n gri
d
Load
f
low
R
eal
-t
i
m
e
S
V
C
(s
t
a
t
i
c
v
a
r
c
o
mp
e
n
s
a
t
o
r)
Vol
t
a
g
e
co
n
t
ro
l
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
A
li A
bder
r
az
ak Ta
d
jed
d
i
ne
,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
Eng
i
ne
eri
ng,
Na
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
o
l
y
te
ch
ni
c S
c
h
ool
, M
a
u
ri
c
e
Au
di
n o
f
Ora
n
,
Algeria.
Em
ail:
atad
j
1
@gma
i
l
.
c
om
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
inc
r
ea
se
o
f
t
h
e
dem
a
n
d
f
or
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
ner
g
y
ha
s
requ
ired
h
ig
he
r
dem
a
nds
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
erg
y
pro
duce
r
[
1].
N
o
w
a
da
ys,
ind
u
s
t
rial
ize
d
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
de
a
l
w
i
t
h
a
s
e
rious
c
h
a
lle
n
g
e
w
i
t
h
t
he
s
t
r
ong
d
em
and
for
elec
tr
ical
e
n
e
rgy
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
in
dus
tria
l
de
ve
l
o
pm
ent
a
n
d
ea
c
h
one
o
f
t
h
em
h
a
s
its
o
w
n
s
tr
a
t
eg
y
t
o
s
a
t
isfy
t
he
ir
need in electrical
ener
gy [
2]
, [3].
N
e
verthe
le
ss,
t
h
e rene
w
a
b
l
e ene
r
g
y
i
nte
g
ra
ti
on, t
he e
nerg
y
stor
a
g
e,
the
d
e
m
and r
e
spo
n
se
[4], [5] and
the
use
o
f
e
lect
ric
e
n
erg
y
i
n
a
l
l
ar
eas
a
n
d
e
ve
ry
a
spec
t
of
o
u
r
l
i
v
es
a
re
m
ore
d
i
ffi
c
u
l
t
t
o
m
a
in
ta
in
t
he
s
ta
b
i
l
i
t
y
betwee
n product
i
on and po
wer
co
nsum
ption
[
6
]-[8].
A
l
ge
ria
is
o
ne
o
f
the
f
i
rst
A
frican
i
n
dus
t
r
i
a
l
c
e
nter
s,
b
eca
use
o
f
it
s
econ
o
mi
c
po
li
cy
,
whi
c
h
i
s
b
a
s
ed
on
t
h
e
re
al
i
z
a
t
io
n
of
a
l
a
r
ge
num
ber
of
i
n
dus
tria
l
s
i
tes
i
n
v
a
r
io
us
f
ie
l
d
s
(h
ydr
oca
r
b
on,
s
te
el,
agr
o
-foo
d
,
ene
r
g
y
,
etc
.
)
[9]-[1
2
]
.
H
ow
ever,
t
h
e
A
l
ge
ri
an
a
u
t
hor
it
ies
have
m
o
ve
d
t
o
w
a
rds
t
h
e
gre
e
n
e
n
er
gy
op
era
tio
n
po
lic
y l
o
ca
te
d
in s
ou
the
r
n A
l
ge
ria
(the A
dr
ar
hub).
The
w
o
rk
c
arr
i
e
d
o
ut
c
o
n
ce
rns
t
h
e
i
n
terc
o
nnec
t
io
n
of
t
h
e
A
drar
re
g
i
on
w
it
h
th
e
e
n
ti
re
A
l
g
e
r
ian
nat
i
ona
l
gr
id.
Re
a
l
-ti
m
e
m
o
del
i
ng,
c
o
n
t
ro
l
a
nd
a
n
a
l
ysis
w
er
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
,
a
n
d
a
n
op
tim
al st
u
d
y
of t
h
e S
V
C’s loca
ti
on
w
a
s pe
rform
e
d.
The
s
t
ud
y
c
a
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
m
a
ke
s
i
t
p
o
s
si
b
l
e
to
a
c
h
i
e
ve
t
hi
s
p
o
l
i
c
y
by
set
tin
g
up
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
e
ner
g
y
source
s
(w
i
n
d
fa
rms,
pho
t
ovo
l
t
aic
park
s,
e
tc.
[1
3],
[1
4])
and
t
he
t
ra
n
s
fe
r
of
t
he
e
n
e
rgy
pro
duce
d
b
y
t
h
e
in
t
e
rco
n
n
ec
t
i
o
n
b
etwee
n
two e
l
e
ctr
i
ca
l
gr
ids
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A con
t
rib
u
t
i
o
n
to
t
h
e co
nt
rol o
f
vol
t
age
a
n
d
po
wer of
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
rco
nnec
t
i
o
n b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
w
o
…
(
A
. A.
T
adjed
d
i
ne)
17
1
A
F
A
CTS
dev
i
ce
in
s
hun
t
m
ode
i
nc
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
tat
i
c
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
tor
o
f
re
ac
ti
ve
e
nerg
y
(S
VC)
c
o
nt
r
o
l
s
the
s
t
a
b
ili
ty
a
s
w
e
ll
as
t
h
e
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
the
e
n
e
r
gy
tra
n
spor
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
g
r
i
d
.
T
h
e
S
V
C
c
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
t
h
e
transm
i
s
s
i
ble
pow
er
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
l
i
ne
s.
T
h
e
p
urp
o
se
i
s
t
o
p
ro
vi
de
o
r
a
b
sor
b
r
ea
ct
ive
pow
er
i
n
a
w
a
y
th
a
t
all
o
w
us
t
o
m
o
di
fy
t
he
n
a
t
ura
l
c
hara
cter
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
the
l
i
nes
i
n
order
to
m
ak
e
it
m
o
re
c
om
pat
i
ble
w
ith
t
h
e
l
oad
and
to
c
on
tro
l
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
a
t
the
n
odes
i
n
a
r
easona
b
l
e
st
e
a
dy
s
t
a
t
e
.
T
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
S
V
C
’
s
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
n
elec
tr
ical gr
i
d
minim
i
z
e
s c
o
n
s
truc
tio
n
cos
t
s
and i
n
c
r
ea
se
s stab
il
ity m
ar
gi
ns
[
15]-[17
]
.
1.1.
S
t
atic
V
ar C
omp
e
n
s
ator
(
S
V
C
)
Th
e
S
V
C’s
d
e
v
i
ces
a
re
s
hunt
-c
on
n
ect
ed
s
t
a
t
i
c
po
wer
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs
/
a
bs
orbe
rs
w
hose
ou
t
p
u
t
s
a
r
e
v
a
ri
e
d
t
o
co
nt
ro
l
th
e
vo
lt
ag
e
an
d
po
wer
f
acto
r
o
f
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
s
y
s
t
em
s
[1
8].
The
m
a
i
n
p
u
r
p
o
se
o
f
us
i
n
g
S
V
C
is
usu
a
l
l
y
t
h
e
qu
ic
k
co
n
t
ro
l
o
f
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
a
t
t
h
e
w
e
a
k
p
o
i
nts
of
t
h
e
gri
d
.
The
gr
ou
p
i
n
g
o
f
bo
th
T
S
C
a
nd
T
C
R
dev
i
ce
s;
h
a
s
t
he
f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
c
o
mpo
n
e
n
t
:
c
a
p
acit
o
r
ba
nks
C
,
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
s
L,
a
c
on
tro
l
l
e
d
th
y
r
istor
r
eac
t
o
r
an
d
harm
on
ic
f
il
ter
s
,
cons
tit
ut
ing
the
c
o
mpe
n
sa
t
o
r
un
der
t
h
e
n
a
m
e
S
V
C
(
sta
tic
c
om
p
e
nsa
t
o
r
r
e
active
e
n
ergy).
In
its sim
ple
f
o
rm
, the
S
V
C
i
s
co
nne
c
t
e
d
t
o
a
cou
p
li
ng
t
ran
s
fo
rmer
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
co
n
n
ect
ed
t
o t
h
e AC
b
u
s
a
s
shown
in
F
i
gure
1 [1
9].
F
i
gure
1.
S
c
h
em
atic si
n
g
l
e-p
h
a
s
e
re
prese
n
t
a
tio
n
o
f
a
n S
V
C
1.2.
S
V
C
Ch
aract
erist
ic
s
The
S
V
C
can
oper
a
te
i
n
tw
o
di
ffe
re
nt
m
o
d
e
s
:
the
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
re
gu
l
a
t
i
on
m
ode
(
w
h
er
e
the
vo
lta
g
e
i
s
regu
la
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
he
lim
its
[
V
m
ax;
V
m
in])
a
nd
the
V
A
R
c
o
ntr
o
l
m
ode
(
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
susc
e
p
ta
nce
of
t
he
S
V
C
i
s
kep
t
c
ons
ta
nt)
[2
0],
[21].
The
va
riat
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
t
h
y
ris
t
or
f
iri
n
g
a
n
gle
α
m
a
ke
s
it
p
o
ssi
b
le
t
o
co
n
t
rol
t
h
e
c
u
rrent
in the rea
cta
n
c
e
e
n
sur
i
n
g
a fast a
n
d c
ont
i
n
uo
us co
n
tr
ol. F
ig
ure
2 sh
o
w
s
the
stea
d
y-st
a
t
e c
o
n
t
r
o
l
cha
r
ac
te
ristics
in wh
i
ch
t
hr
ee
zone
s
are
disti
n
ct
:
a.
For
V<V_mi
n
no T
C
R
,
Maxi
m
u
m
capa
c
it
i
v
e
suscep
ta
n
c
e,
wit
h all TS
Cs
i
n servic
e.
b.
F
o
r
V
_
m
i
n<V
<
V
_
ma
x
Co
n
t
r
o
l
are
a
w
here
the
r
ea
cti
v
e e
n
e
r
gy
i
s
a
c
ombi
nat
i
on o
f
TC
R
s a
nd TS
Cs.
c.
F
o
r
V
>
V
_
ma
x no
TS
C,
M
a
x
im
um
induc
t
i
v
e
susce
p
t
a
n
ce,
w
it
h a
l
l
T
C
R
s in ser
vi
ce.
F
i
gure
2.
S
V
C
stea
d
y
-
s
t
ate
c
o
ntr
o
l
cha
r
ac
t
e
ri
stics
S
V
C
ins
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
ons
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
l
o
ca
t
e
d
i
n
t
he
C
e
n
tre
of
t
he
t
ra
nsm
i
ssi
on
i
nt
erc
o
nn
ec
ti
o
n
s
o
r
at
t
h
e
e
nd
s
of
t
he
l
i
n
e
t
o
c
om
pen
s
ate
for
bo
t
h
t
he
i
rr
egu
l
ar
l
oad
an
d
op
ti
m
iz
e
t
h
e
ac
ti
ve
l
os
ses
as
w
ell
a
s
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
a
n
d
pow
er
fa
c
t
o
rs of t
h
e so
urc
e
i
n
the p
o
w
e
r gr
i
d
[
2
1
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
17
0 –
17
7
17
2
2.
MATE
R
I
A
L
S
AN
D CALC
U
LAT
I
ONS
A
l
ge
ria
'
s
ind
u
s
t
ria
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
nt
i
n
t
h
e
las
t
d
ec
ade
ha
s
c
o
ntr
i
b
ut
ed
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
ea
se
o
f
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
con
s
um
pt
io
n.
T
h
i
s
inc
r
ea
se
c
ann
o
t
b
e
sa
tis
fie
d
e
c
o
nom
ic
all
y
a
nd
r
el
ia
b
l
y
w
i
th
o
u
t
the
deve
lopm
en
t
o
f
l
oca
l
elec
tr
ic
p
ow
er
g
e
n
era
t
i
o
n
pa
rks.
T
ha
n
k
s
t
o
i
t
s
g
e
o
gra
p
hic
a
l
pos
i
t
i
on,
t
he
r
eg
io
n
of
A
drar
(
south)
c
on
t
a
i
n
s
impor
ta
nt
r
e
n
e
w
able
e
nerg
y
source
s,
m
a
i
n
l
y
the
sun
a
n
d
the
w
i
nd
.
To
e
nsur
e
i
n
te
rcon
nec
tio
n
w
i
th
t
he
nat
i
ona
l
g
r
id,
a
st
udy
w
a
s
rea
l
ize
d
c
o
n
ce
rn
in
g
on
t
he
c
h
o
ic
e
of
i
n
t
er
co
nne
c
t
i
o
n
s
ite
,
da
ta
c
ollec
tio
n
a
n
d
re
al-
t
i
me
si
m
ul
a
tion
.
2.1.
Si
te
sel
ec
ti
o
n
The
o
p
t
im
al
p
rop
o
sa
l,
a
fter
s
e
v
era
l
v
ar
ian
t
s
of
i
n
t
erc
o
nnec
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
z
o
n
e
s
,
i
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
in
F
i
gure
1.
I
t
repre
s
ents
t
he
A
l
g
e
r
ia
n
ge
o
g
r
a
ph
ica
l
m
ap
w
it
h
a
p
rese
n
t
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
l
i
n
es
a
nd
su
bs
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
nd
i
n
t
e
rc
onn
e
c
ti
on
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
cent
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
e
l
ect
ric
a
l
g
ri
d
of
t
h
e
s
ou
t
h
er
n
r
e
g
i
on.
'
A
d
rar
a
n
d
th
e
n
o
rt
her
n
g
ri
d
o
f
w
e
ster
n
A
l
ger
i
a
.
T
he
i
n
t
erc
onne
c
t
i
o
n
z
o
ne
i
s
pre
s
e
n
te
d
by
a
c
i
r
cle
o
n
t
he
g
eo
gr
ap
hica
l
m
a
p
as
s
ho
w
n
in Fig
ure
3.
F
i
gure
3.
I
nterc
onne
c
t
i
o
n
gri
d
be
t
w
e
e
n
N
orth an
d
i
so
late
d
adr
a
r
g
r
i
d
2.2.
Data
c
ol
lect
io
n
The
bas
i
c
dat
a
a
r
e
t
hose
o
f
t
h
e
n
a
tio
na
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
ici
t
y
an
d
G
a
s
Co
m
p
an
y
(S
O
N
ELG
A
Z
-
A
lgeria)
da
t
i
ng
from
the
yea
r 201
7
for
both
th
e
sou
t
hern
a
n
d
nor
the
r
n A
l
ger
i
a
n
gr
ids [
2
2
]
.
2.3.
S
i
mu
lati
on
t
ools
F
o
r
t
h
e
sim
u
l
a
tio
n
an
d
va
l
i
da
tio
n
o
f
t
he
r
esu
l
t
s
o
f
the
int
e
r
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
on
be
tw
een
t
he
t
w
o
g
r
i
ds,
t
h
e
H
Y
P
E
R
S
I
M
sim
u
lat
o
r
of
t
he
R
6.1.0.
o6
1
9
v
ersio
n
w
as
u
se
d
w
h
er
e
th
e
dat
a
c
ol
l
ecti
o
n
ph
as
e
of
t
h
e
e
l
ect
ri
c
a
l
syste
m
s
for e
v
ery
grid c
omp
o
n
en
t
w
a
s im
pl
e
m
e
n
ted.
3.
RESULT
S
3.1.
Syst
em desc
r
ipt
i
on
The
st
u
d
ie
d
system
i
s
m
a
de
o
f
thre
e
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
g
ri
ds;
the
na
tio
n
a
l
i
n
t
e
rco
n
n
e
c
t
ed
g
rid
(sub
s
ecti
on
of
the
A
l
geria
n
W
es
t
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
i
t
y
gr
id),
t
he
A
d
r
a
r
g
rid
(S
ou
th
)
,
a
n
d
the
in
ter
c
on
nec
t
i
o
n
gri
d
.
The
elec
t
r
i
c
ity
g
r
i
d
stud
ie
d
cons
ist
s
of va
rious
c
o
m
pone
n
t
s
l
i
st
e
d
i
n
Ta
ble
1.
Tab
l
e
1.
D
ata
from
e
l
e
ctrica
l
syste
m
s
t
u
dies
Ge
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
Ce
ntra
l TG/C
C
R
e
n
e
w
a
bl
e
E
n
e
r
gy
S
our
c
e
s
P
hotovolta
ic
W
ind
T
u
rbine
Bu
s
e
s
08
09
0
2
L
o
a
d
bus
e
s
G
e
ne
ra
t
o
r
b
u
s
e
s
2
9
09
Tr
an
s
f
o
r
me
r
s
21
Li
ne
s
38
Se
lf
09
SV
C
03
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A con
t
rib
u
t
i
o
n
to
t
h
e co
nt
rol o
f
vol
t
age
a
n
d
po
wer of
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
rco
nnec
t
i
o
n b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
w
o
…
(
A
. A.
T
adjed
d
i
ne)
17
3
3.2.
Volta
g
e
con
t
rol an
d
tran
si
t
li
mits
Ta
b
l
e
2
i
llus
t
r
a
tes
the
l
o
w
e
r
and
u
pper
li
m
i
t
s
o
f
the
v
o
l
ta
ge
f
o
r
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
.
T
a
b
l
e
3
.
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
the
t
r
ans
it
l
i
mi
ts
f
or
l
i
n
e
s
a
n
d
t
ra
nsform
ers
i
n
a
n
orma
l
g
r
i
d
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
on.
T
he
i
nter
c
o
n
n
ecti
o
n
gri
d
a
s
show
n
in Fig
ure
4.
Ta
b
l
e
2.
Inter
val of
t
he v
ol
ta
g
e
s
of the
n
o
d
es
2
20/
60/
30
KV
Tab
l
e
3
.
The
Tra
nsit
Li
m
i
t
s
f
or
L
i
n
e
s
an
d
Tr
ansform
e
r
s
i
n A
N
o
rm
al Grid
S
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
lev
e
ls
Lo
w
e
r
U
ppe
r
220
KV
0
.
9
1
1.
09
Te
nsion
nom
in
a
l
(
kV)
60
KV
0
.
9
1
1.
09
30
KV
0
.
9
1
1.
09
T
r
a
n
sits E
n S
i
tua
tion Norma
l
e
Li
n
e
80%
Tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
me
r
80%
F
i
gure
4.
T
he
r
epr
e
sen
t
at
i
o
n o
f
m
ode
l
stu
d
y
3.3.
C
a
lcu
l
s
re
su
lt
I
n
o
rder
t
o
st
u
dy
t
h
e
l
a
t
tice
beha
vior
o
n
t
h
e
vo
lta
ge
s
i
d
e,
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
w
itho
u
t
c
ompe
nsa
tio
n
as w
e
l
l
as w
i
t
h the
i
n
te
grat
io
n of
t
he
S
V
C
.
3.3.
1. C
ase
01:
C
alcu
l
with
o
u
t C
o
mp
en
sation
Th
e
resu
lt
s
of
t
h
e
2
20/6
0
/
3
0
KV
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
ob
t
a
i
n
e
d
w
it
hou
t
rea
c
t
i
v
e
co
mp
e
n
s
a
t
i
on
are
sho
w
n
in Fig
ure
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
17
0
–
177
17
4
(a)
(b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
5.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
o
bta
i
ned
f
o
r
vol
tage
s
of
g
r
i
ds
2
2
0
/
60
/
30
K
V
(
c
a
se
01)
W
e
f
i
n
d
t
h
a
t
s
i
x
n
o
d
e
s
h
a
v
e
e
x
c
e
e
d
e
d
t
h
e
u
p
p
e
r
b
o
u
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
ose
d
v
o
lta
ge
i
ncl
u
di
n
g
f
our
2
2
0
k
v
no
de
s:
B
EN
,
KS
A,
T
I
M
a
nd
K
BR,
a
60k
v
node
:
BE
C
an
d
a
n
o
t
he
r
30
kv
n
o
d
e
:
KS
A
Tab
le 4
.
Ta
b
l
e
4.
E
xce
e
de
d
l
i
m
i
ts
o
f
vol
ta
ge
s
2
2
0
/
60
/
30
K
V
(
c
a
se
01)
Te
nsion
K
V
Bu
s
Vi (p
u
)
∆Vi
2
20
K
V
B
E
N
1.
131
0.
024
K
S
A
1.
127
0.
016
T
I
M
1.
102
0.
041
KB
R
1.
095
0.
037
60
K
V
BE
C
1.
106
0.
012
30
K
V
KS
A
1.
114
0.
005
3.
3.
2.
C
ase
02:
C
alcu
l
of
C
omp
e
n
s
at
i
o
n
U
s
in
g
S
e
l
f
s
I
n
t
he
s
e
c
o
nd
pa
r
t
,
w
e
u
sed
the
se
l
f
-
r
e
acti
v
e
com
p
e
n
sa
tion
to
r
educe
t
h
e
te
ns
io
ns
o
f
the
node
s,
w
h
ic
h
vi
ola
t
e
t
h
e
l
i
m
i
t
s
.
F
i
gur
e
6
sho
w
s
the
ob
ta
ine
d
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
:
We
h
a
v
e
no
tic
e
t
h
a
t
f
o
u
r
no
d
e
s
have
e
xce
e
d
ed
t
he
u
p
p
er
l
im
it
of
t
h
e
i
mpo
s
e
d
v
olt
a
g
e
i
nc
l
udi
ng
t
w
o
n
o
d
e
s
of
2
20kv
:
B
E
N,
K
S
A
,
a
n
o
d
e
of 60
kv:
B
EC
a
nd
an
o
t
h
er o
n
e
o
f
30kv
:
KSA
Ta
b
l
e
5
.
Ta
b
l
e
5.
E
xce
e
de
d
l
i
m
i
ts
o
f
vol
ta
ge
s
2
2
0
/
60
/
30
K
V
(
c
a
se
01)
Te
nsion
K
V
Bu
s
Vi (p
u
)
∆Vi
2
20
K
V
B
E
N
1.
107
0.
001
K
S
A
1.
104
0.
003
60
K
V
BE
C
1.
093
0.
017
30
K
V
KS
A
1.
091
0.
014
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A c
ontri
b
u
ti
o
n
to
the
c
ont
ro
l o
f
v
o
lt
age
a
n
d
p
o
wer of t
h
e
i
n
te
rco
nnec
t
io
n b
e
twee
n t
w
o
… (
A
.
A.
T
adjed
d
i
ne
)
17
5
(a)
(b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
6.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
o
bta
i
ned
f
o
r
vol
tage
s
of
g
r
i
ds
2
2
0
/
60
/
30
K
V
(
c
a
se
02)
3.
3.
3.
C
ase
02:
C
alcu
l
of
C
omp
e
n
s
at
i
o
n
U
s
in
g
S
e
l
f
s
After
a
se
ries
o
f
c
a
l
c
u
la
t
i
o
n
s,
t
he
r
esu
l
t
w
a
s
ca
se
n
um
ber
03
;
the
use
of
a
n
S
V
C
is
t
he
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
f
o
r
the
opt
im
al
r
e
acti
v
e
c
o
mpe
n
sat
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
een
t
he
l
oa
d
pea
k
s
and
th
e
loa
d
d
ips
of
our
s
ys
tem
.
F
igur
e
7
sho
w
s
the
r
e
s
u
lts
o
b
t
aine
d
usin
g
t
h
e
S
V
C
de
vic
e
at
t
he
K
S
B
n
ode.
Tab
l
e
6
s
how
s
the
ma
xi
m
u
m
a
nd
min
i
mu
m
va
lue
s
o
f
eac
h
vo
l
t
age
l
e
ve
l.
(a)
(b
)
(c)
F
i
gur
e
7.
T
he
r
e
s
u
l
ts
o
b
t
ai
ne
d
for
th
e
22
0
/
6
0
/
30
K
V
gr
i
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
es (
case
03
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
17
0 –
17
7
17
6
Tab
l
e
6. Exc
ee
ded l
i
mi
ts o
f
2
2
0
/
60
/
30 K
V
vol
t
a
ges (
case
03)
M
a
x
M
i
n
Bu
s
Vi
(
pu)
B
u
s
V
i
(
pu)
220
KV
B
E
N
1.
046
T
IM
1
.
015
60
KV
SA
I60
1.
063
A
I
S
0
.
953
30
KV
AO
U
1.
029
R
EG
0
.
975
4.
DISC
USSION
S
F
r
om
t
he
r
e
s
u
lts
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
i
n
case
n
u
m
b
er
“
0
2
”
,
w
e
have
n
ot
ice
d
t
h
a
t
a
s
l
i
g
h
t
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
n
s
i
o
n
com
p
are
d
t
o
t
h
e
first
ca
se,
bu
t
w
i
th
a
lw
ays
a
vi
ola
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
tens
i
on
in
f
o
u
r
no
des
exce
e
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
pper
limi
t
.
Th
e
u
s
e
of
a
6
0
Mv
a
r
S
VC
a
t
th
e
K
S
B
node
a
l
l
o
w
e
d
t
h
e
e
l
i
m
in
ati
o
n
of
t
h
e
t
hre
e
l
e
v
e
l
s
vo
lta
g
e
v
i
o
la
ti
on
s
(22
0
,
60
a
n
d
3
0
K
V
)
.
These
ob
ta
ine
d
r
e
s
ul
t
s
m
ade
i
t
possi
ble
to
e
ns
ure
t
e
nsio
ns
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
tran
si
ts
w
it
hin
t
h
e
adm
i
ss
ib
le
lim
its be
t
w
een
[
0.9
0
;
1.0
9
] a
nd 8
0
%
r
espe
ctive
l
y
.
4.1.
A
ctive
Lo
sses
of th
e
S
yst
e
m
Ta
b
l
e
7
prese
n
ts
t
he
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
ac
tive
l
o
s
s
es
dur
in
g
the
di
ff
e
r
en
t
c
a
s
es
w
i
t
h
t
he
r
at
e
o
f
r
ed
u
c
ti
on
o
f
t
h
e
a
cti
v
e loss
es.
Tab
l
e
7.
E
volu
t
i
o
n com
p
ar
i
s
o
n
of t
h
e
tota
l
acti
v
e
losses
for
t
h
e t
h
ree
ca
se
s
A
ppa
r
e
nt L
osse
s
Re
du
c
t
i
o
n
Re
du
c
t
i
on%
MW
M
v
a
r
MVA
Ca
s
e
0
1
10.
31
9
-537.
242
537.
341
‐‐
Ca
s
e
0
2
9.
7
5
1
-525.
288
525.
379
11.
962
2
.
226
Ca
s
e
0
3
9.
4
0
2
-483.
023
483.
114
54.
227
10.
092
The
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
s
h
ow
t
ha
t
a
f
ter
ea
c
h
c
ase
o
f
c
om
pen
s
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
ct
iv
e
e
n
ergy,
t
h
e
a
ctiv
e
lo
sse
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
re
r
educ
ed.
The
lo
ss
r
educ
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
u
s
ing
t
h
e
S
V
C
d
e
v
i
c
e
a
t
K
S
B
i
s
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
d
a
t
1
0
%
c
o
mp
a
r
ed
to
t
h
e
f
i
rst
ca
se
, i
n
crea
si
ng
t
h
e
po
w
e
r
t
ra
n
s
f
e
r ca
p
a
c
it
y.
5.
OPTIMIS
A
T
I
ON DES RÉSULTA
T
S
(OPF)
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
i
n
i
m
i
ze
a
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
rea
c
t
i
ve
p
ow
er
l
osse
s,
w
e
p
e
r
f
o
rm
ed
a
l
os
s
o
p
t
i
miza
tio
n
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
bas
i
n
g
o
n the
S
V
C
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
be
tw
ee
n t
h
e
t
w
o
BN
A
a
n
d
K
S
B
n
ode
s Ta
ble
8.
Tab
l
e
8.
C
om
p
a
riso
n be
tw
ee
n
optim
iza
t
io
n ac
tive
an
d
rea
c
ti
ve lo
sses
A
ppa
re
nt L
osse
s
R
e
du
c
tion
R
e
du
c
tion%
MW
M
v
a
r
MVA
SA
NS
S
VC
4
.
809
58.
70
1
58.
898
-
-
S
V
C
a
u
poste
B
NA
3.
688
51.
18
3
51.
316
7
.
582
12.
873
SV
C a
u
poste
K
SB
3
.
573
49.
17
9
49.
309
9
.
589
16.
281
F
r
om
t
he
r
esul
t
s
w
e
had,
w
e
no
t
i
c
e
t
hat
the
use
of
t
he
6
0
Mv
ar
S
V
C
a
t
t
h
e
K
S
B
n
o
d
e
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
des
i
rable
case
com
p
ari
ng
to
t
he
B
N
A
n
ode
.
Thi
s
l
ocat
i
on
has
m
i
n
i
m
ize
d
acti
v
e
a
n
d
re
acti
v
e
los
s
es
b
y
16
%
w
ith
a
volta
ge
prof
ile
of
1.0
4
a
t the
BN
A
no
de a
nd 1.
02
at t
he
K
S
B
n
ode
.
6.
CONCL
U
S
ION
Rea
c
t
i
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
c
ompe
n
s
at
io
n
pla
y
e
d
a
v
it
al
r
o
l
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
ta
bil
i
ty
o
f
volt
a
g
e
a
nd
e
l
e
ct
ri
ca
l
t
r
an
si
t
thr
o
u
g
h
t
he co
nnec
tio
n be
t
w
e
e
n the
tw
o so
ut
h a
n
d n
o
rt
h A
l
ge
ria
n
n
e
t
wo
rk
p
ol
e
s
.
Th
e
u
s
e o
f
S
VC
d
ev
i
ces
h
as
no
t
on
l
y
a
l
l
o
w
e
d
an
d
m
a
de
i
t
p
o
ss
i
b
l
e
t
o
s
e
t
n
o
d
es
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
n
d
red
u
c
e
ac
t
i
ve
l
os
ses,
b
u
t
a
lso
t
o
i
n
c
re
ase
pow
er
transm
i
ssi
on from
the n
o
r
t
h
t
o
t
he so
u
t
h
gri
d
and v
i
ce
ve
rs
a
.
The
use
of
t
h
i
s
in
terc
on
ne
ct
i
o
n
m
a
kes
it
p
o
ss
ib
l
e
t
o
tra
n
sfer
t
h
e
e
l
ect
ric
a
l
e
n
ergy
g
en
era
t
ed
i
n
t
h
e
re
g
i
o
n
of
A
d
r
ar
(
so
u
t
h
e
rn
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
)
th
ro
ugh
w
i
nd
f
arms
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
ai
c
pl
ant
s
,
whi
c
h
c
o
n
s
t
i
t
ut
e
s
a
h
ug
e
tech
n
i
ca
l
,
e
con
o
m
i
c
a
n
d
ec
olo
g
ica
l
e
ffic
i
e
n
c
y
by co
n
t
ri
bu
t
i
ng
t
o
a
susta
i
n
a
ble
an
d
sus
t
a
i
nab
l
e
de
ve
lo
p
m
ent.
Th
e
ch
oi
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
lo
c
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
poi
nt
o
f
i
n
t
e
rco
n
n
e
c
t
ion
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
s
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
o
r
ma
int
a
in
in
g
the
vol
ta
ge
w
ith
in
t
he
p
e
r
miss
ib
l
e
l
im
i
t
s.
T
h
e
o
pt
i
ma
l
lo
ca
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
V
C
minimi
z
e
d
ac
t
i
ve
a
nd
rea
c
ti
ve
l
o
sses
by
1
6% w
ith a
norm
a
l
v
o
lta
ge
profile.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
A con
t
rib
u
t
i
o
n
to
t
h
e co
nt
rol o
f
vol
t
age
a
n
d
po
wer of
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
rco
nnec
t
i
o
n b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
w
o
…
(
A
. A.
T
adjed
d
i
ne)
17
7
REFE
RENCES
[1]
S
.
R
aja
m
o
h
am
ed,
D.
D
evaraj
a
nd
P
.
A
.
J
ey
a
n
th
y,
"
M
o
deli
ng
a
nd
s
i
m
u
l
a
tin
g
f
o
r
tran
si
en
t
st
abilit
y
an
alysis
o
f
an
380
KV
i
n
t
er-tie
n
etw
o
rk,
"
201
5 Int
e
rn
atio
nal Conf
eren
ce
o
n
Con
t
r
o
l
,
Inst
ru
men
t
atio
n,
Commu
ni
ca
t
i
on
and
Com
put
a
t
io
nal Tech
nol
og
ies
(
I
CCICCT
)
, Kumar
acoil
, p
p
. 65
5
-6
5
8
, 20
1
5
.
[2]
Benj
ami
n
L
ehi
a
ny,
"
T
h
e
i
n
teg
r
ati
on
o
f
n
et
wo
rk
i
nd
ust
r
ies
in
E
ur
ope:
regu
lati
on
,
m
a
rket
a
nd
s
trategy
(
in
Fren
ch:
L
’
intégr
atio
n de
s
in
dustries de
r
é
seau
x en Eu
ro
pe: rég
u
l
a
tion, marché et s
t
ratégi
e.
G
e
sti
o
n e
t
management
),
"
Eco
l
e P
o
lytechn
i
q
u
e X
,
F
rançai
s, 20
13.
[3]
Hen
g
-Yi
S
u
1
;
Y
u
-Lian
g
H
s
u
a
n
d
Y
i-Ch
ung
Chen
,
"P
SO
-Based
V
o
ltag
e
Con
t
ro
l
Strat
e
gy
f
or
L
oadab
ility
En
han
c
em
en
t i
n
S
m
a
rt P
o
w
er Grids,
"
Appl.
Sci
.
,
v0l
.
6,
4
4
9
,
20
16.
[4]
Ion
e
l
Vech
iu,
"M
od
eli
ng,
C
ont
rol
an
d
Int
e
g
r
ati
o
n
of
D
ece
nt
rali
z
e
d
P
rodu
cti
o
n
i
n
μ
N
etw
o
rks
;
E
lectri
cal
En
gi
neerin
g
(
in Fr
ench:
M
o
d
éli
s
a
t
i
on, Co
m
m
a
nde et
Int
é
gra
t
i
o
n
d
e
la
Pr
od
uc
t
i
o
n
D
écent
r
al
is
ée da
ns
l
e
s
µ
r
ésea
ux
; Gén
i
e
E
l
ectri
q
u
e
),
"
Gre
n
ob
le
I
NP,
di
sse
r
ta
tion
, 2
01
3
.
[5]
Ism
a
il
El
K
af
az
i,
R
achi
d
B
ann
a
ri
,
Abd
e
lllah
Ab
ou
abd
e
llah
,
"
M
o
de
li
ng
a
n
d
o
pt
im
i
z
a
tio
n
of
c
o
m
pl
ex
p
rod
u
ct
ion
sy
st
e
m
s;
a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
t
o
e
nergy
n
e
tw
ork
s
:
s
t
a
t
e
of
t
he
a
rt
a
nd
c
ompa
riso
n
of
m
o
d
e
l
s
(
i
n
Fr
ench
:
La
m
odél
i
s
a
tio
n
et
l’o
p
tim
i
s
ati
o
n
d
e
s
sys
t
èmes
de p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n co
m
p
lexes
; ap
pl
icat
io
n a
u
x r
é
seaux éner
gét
i
q
u
es: E
t
at d
e
l’a
r
t
et
Com
par
aiso
n de m
odèl
e
s
),"
X
è
me
Co
nf
éren
c
e
Int
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
: Con
c
e
p
ti
on
et Pr
odu
cti
o
n
In
tégr
ées
,
M
a
roc.,
p
p
. 1-1
2
, 2
01
6.
[6]
Vi
ncent
Ri
ou
s,
"
The
dev
e
lo
pm
ent
o
f
t
h
e
t
rans
po
rt
n
etw
o
rk
i
n
an
el
ectrical
s
ys
tem
lib
eralises,
a
prob
le
m
o
f
coo
r
di
nati
on
w
ith
th
e
p
r
odu
cti
on
(
i
n
Fren
ch: L
e
d
évelo
ppem
e
nt
d
u
rés
e
au de tr
ansp
o
r
t
dan
s un
s
y
st
ème électriq
u
e
li
bér
a
lise,
u
n
p
r
ob
lème de coo
r
d
i
n
a
ti
on
a
vec
l
a
pr
od
uction
),"
E
c
on
om
ies
et
f
inan
ces
.
Unive
r
sité
P
aris
S
ud,
di
ss
ertati
on
,
2
007.
[7]
Yah
i
aou
i
M
erzo
u
g
,
"
Op
tim
a
l
c
o
n
t
ro
l
o
f
r
eact
ive
p
o
w
e
rs
a
nd
v
o
l
t
ag
es
i
n
a
FACT
S
n
e
tw
ork
(
i
n
F
r
ench
:
Cont
rôle
op
timal
des
pu
is
sa
nces r
é
act
i
ve et
des t
e
ns
io
ns dan
s u
n
r
é
sea
u
d
’
én
erg
i
e él
ect
ri
qu
e pa
r dispos
it
if
s
F
A
CT
S
),"
Un
iv
e
r
sit
é
Des
Scien
ces et
de l
a T
e
ch
no
lo
gie
d’O
r
an
(US
TO),
d
is
se
rta
t
io
n
,
2
6-3
0
,
2
01
4.
[8]
An
dres
O
v
a
lle,
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
I
nt
egrat
i
o
n
o
f
Recharg
eab
le
H
yb
rid
Elec
t
ric
V
e
hi
cles
i
n
t
o
a
Resi
dential
Net
w
o
r
k
(
in
Fr
ench:
Int
é
g
r
ati
o
n
opti
m
ale d
e
s V
é
hi
c
u
les
Electr
i
q
u
es
Hybrid
es Recha
r
g
e
abl
es dan
s un réseau Rési
den
t
i
e
l
),
J
o
urné
e
s
J
C
GE’2
01
4
- S
E
EDS
,
S
a
i
n
t
-
Louis
Ju
n
201
4.
[9]
Brahi
m
R
e
f
af
a,
L
ak
hd
ar
A
do
uk
a,
"
T
h
e
Im
pact
o
f
Hyd
r
ocarb
o
n
P
r
i
c
e
C
ha
n
g
e
on
E
c
o
n
o
mic
Grow
th
i
n
Alg
e
r
i
a
(
in
Fr
ench:
L
’Imp
a
ct
de
Varia
t
i
o
n
d
e
s P
r
i
x
d
e
s
H
y
dr
ocar
bu
res
su
r
la
Croissa
nce E
c
on
om
iqu
e
en
Al
gérie
),"
R
evue
Al
gérienn
e
d’E
c
on
omi
e
et
de
M
a
n
agem
e
nt
, vo
l
8
,
p
p
.
1
3-2
4
, 2
01
7
.
[10]
Céli
ne
A
nto
n
in,
Brun
o
Du
cou
d
ré,
Herv
é
P
é
l
é
raux,
C
h
r
is
ti
ne
R
iffl
a
r
t
,
A
u
r
élien
S
a
uss
a
y,
"
P
é
tro
l
e
:
d
u
carbo
ne
p
o
u
r
la croissanc
e
(
in Fr
e
n
ch:
Pétr
ol
e
: d
u
ca
rbo
n
e p
o
u
r
l
a
cro
i
ss
an
ce
),
"
Revue d
e
l’OFCE
,
20
15
.
[11]
M
o
h
a
med
Bo
uch
a
ko
ur,
"
T
he
n
at
io
nal
i
s
s
u
e
of
non-hy
dro
carbon
e
x
p
o
rts
-
M
e
t
ho
do
lo
gy
f
o
r
a
s
tra
t
e
g
ic
a
pp
ro
a
c
h
(
in
Fr
ench:
La
q
uesti
on
natio
nale des
e
xp
ort
a
tio
ns
h
o
r
s hy
drocarb
u
re
s -M
é
t
h
od
o
l
og
ie
p
ou
r
un
e
a
p
p
r
oc
h
e
s
tra
t
é
g
iqu
e
),"
Unive
r
sit
é
d
e La
g
h
o
u
at Revu
e
DIRASSA
T, 2
01
7
.
[12]
Eri
c
M
orin,
M
odeli
ng
o
f
a
street
car
e
lectri
cal
n
e
t
wo
rk
:
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
mp
on
ent
to
t
h
e
s
ys
te
m
.
E
ngin
eerin
g
S
c
ien
ces
[phys
i
cs
]
(
in
Fr
en
ch: M
o
d
él
isa
t
i
o
n
d
’
un
r
é
sea
u
électriq
u
e de tr
am
way: du compo
s
a
n
t
a
u
sys
t
èm
e.
S
c
ien
ces de
l’in
gé
n
i
e
u
r [
p
hysic
s
]
). Universit
é J
o
seph-Fourier
-
Grenobl
e
I, 20
0
5.
[13]
Bou
a
lem
Bo
ukezat
a,
A
bdel
m
adjid
C
hao
u
i,
J
ean
-P
aul
Gau
b
ert,
M
abro
uk
Hach
e
m
i,
"
S
o
l
a
r
ph
ot
ovo
lt
a
i
c
sys
t
em
con
n
ected
t
o
t
h
e
elect
rical
n
etwo
rk
a
nd
a
s
s
o
c
iat
e
d
w
i
th
a
p
aral
lel
active
f
i
l
t
er
(
i
n
Fr
ench: S
y
stèm
e
s
o
l
a
i
r
e
ph
ot
ovolta
ïq
ue
con
n
ecte au
ré
sea
u
élect
riq
u
e
et a
sso
c
i
é à un fi
ltr
e
actif para
l
l
è
le
),
".
S
y
m
posi
u
m
de
G
én
ie
El
ectriq
u
e,
2
0
1
4
.
[14]
A.
K
.
Pat
h
ak,
M
.
P
.
Sh
arma
a
n
d
M
.
Gup
t
a,
"
Eff
e
c
t
o
n
stat
i
c
a
nd
dy
nam
i
c
reacti
v
e
po
wer
in
h
ig
h
pen
e
trati
o
n
win
d
power
system
w
i
t
h
alt
e
ring
S
VC
l
ocat
ion,"
20
1
6
IE
EE 6
t
h In
t
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l
Co
nfe
r
ence on
Po
wer Sys
t
ems
(
I
CPS)
,
New Del
h
i, p
p.
1
-6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[15]
T
.
S
r
i
k
a
n
t
h
,
S
.
C
.
S
e
l
v
i
a
n
d
V
.
N
.
S
.
P
.
P
u
s
h
y
a
,
"
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
t
a
t
i
c
V
A
R
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
o
r
(
S
V
C
)
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
e
m
a
lo
ng
w
it
h
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
er
g
en
erat
io
n,"
2
0
1
7
IE
EE
Inter
n
a
tio
na
l Conf
eren
ce
o
n
Electri
cal,
In
stru
ment
a
t
io
n
an
d Co
mmu
n
i
cat
i
o
n
E
ngineer
in
g
(
I
CE
ICE)
,
Karu
r, pp
.
1
-6
, 2
01
7.
[16]
Chak
er.
A
,
K
h
i
a
t
.M
,
"
O
p
t
im
al
D
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
of
r
eact
ive
po
wer
w
i
t
h
securities
cons
t
r
aints
by
n
u
m
erical
a
nd
h
euri
s
t
ic
me
tho
d
ME
PCO
N
, "
Ma
n
s
ou
ra
h-Eg
up
t, 98
, 19
9
8
.
[17]
F
.
B
en
zergu
a
;
N
.
K
h
alf
a
lah,
A
.
Ch
aker,
J.
M
art
i
n
ez
r
a
m
o
s
,
J
.
Ri
quelme
a
nd
A.
M
arano,
"
Al
location
o
f
S
tatic
V
AR
C
o
mp
e
n
s
a
to
r
in
w
e
s
te
r
n
A
l
g
e
r
i
a
n
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
"
Acta Electro
t
e
hnica
,
vol.
53
,
pp
.
6
9
-7
3,
2
01
2.
[18]
Yo
us
se
f
M
o
u
l
o
u
di,
A
b
d
e
llah
Laou
f
i
,
"
P
erf
o
rmance
o
f
a
S
tatic
C
om
pen
s
ato
r
o
f
t
h
e
real
n
etw
o
rk
A
lg
eri
a
n
W
e
s
t
THT
(
i
n
Fren
ch: P
e
r
f
or
man
ces d
’
un
Co
m
p
en
sat
e
ur
S
t
a
t
iq
ue
d
u
résea
u
r
é
e
l
T
H
T O
u
es
t
A
l
gérien
),"
JSR
.
,
19
5-2
00,
2
0
1
0
.
[19]
S
aeid
G
hol
ami
F
a
rkou
sh
,
Ch
ang
-
Hwan
Kim
an
d
S
a
n
g
-Bon
g
Rh
ee,
"
T
H
D
R
ed
uc
ti
on
o
f
D
i
s
t
rib
u
t
i
o
n
S
ys
tem
Bas
e
d
on
A
S
R
F
C
a
nd
H
V
C
M
et
ho
d
f
o
r
S
V
C
un
der
E
V
C
h
a
rg
er
C
on
d
i
tio
n
f
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
Fact
or
I
m
p
ro
vem
e
n
t
,
"
Sym
m
et
ry
,
vo
l.
8
,
p
p
.
1
-2
2,
201
6.
[20]
G
M
Ramdan;
Y
Mulyad
i
and
Hasbul
l
a
h,
"
T
h
e
v
o
ltage
p
ro
f
ile
i
mpro
vem
e
nt
u
s
i
ng
s
t
a
ti
c
var
co
m
p
ensat
o
r
(SV
C
)
in
power s
y
stem
t
r
a
nsm
i
ssion,"
IOP Co
nf
. Se
r;
Ma
te
r.
S
c
i. Eng
,
vol. 1
28
,
p
p.
1
-7,
2016
.
[21]
Jan
de K
ock
,
K
o
b
u
s
S
t
r
aus
s
,
"
P
racti
cal P
o
w
er Distri
b
u
tio
n f
o
r I
nd
us
try
,
"
Ne
wn
es-E
ls
evier
,
2
0
0
4
, p
p. 74
.
[22]
S
o
n
e
lgaz,
Activity
repo
rt an
d
C
ons
olid
ated
M
an
a
g
em
en
t A
c
c
o
un
ts
,
20
1
5
, 20
1
7
.
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