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cc
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to
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(DA
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C).
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DC
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DA
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d
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.
K
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w
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d
:
DC
to
DC
co
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v
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ter
MA
T
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A
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Mic
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P
R
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©
201
8
In
s
t
it
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C
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uth
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:
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.
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m
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Dep
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Un
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hig
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f
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eq
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c
y
,
h
ig
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s
it
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s
co
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is
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b
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eu
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ch
[
1
]
.
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n
al
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s
is
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p
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s
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itc
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to
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g
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ested
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m
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[
2
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m
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g
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tp
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.
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ased
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Ma
k
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3
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R
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f
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c
y
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S
h
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a
m
a
[
4
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.
Hig
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ter
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ted
b
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g
[
5
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.
T
h
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h
ig
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h
-
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eq
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ir
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ased
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w
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if
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s
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s
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ated
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r
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t
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L
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[
6
]
.
Me
r
g
e
d
t
w
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g
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p
o
w
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co
n
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ch
itect
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r
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h
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w
itc
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s
en
t
ed
b
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P
ila
w
a
-
P
o
d
g
u
r
s
k
i[
7
]
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
is
p
ar
tic
u
lar
l
y
w
ell
-
s
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it
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f
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in
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C
MO
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s
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as
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m
ak
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s
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f
t
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av
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ev
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u
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co
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w
it
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m
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d
ac
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c
h
ar
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co
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tr
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ca
p
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itiv
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atte
n
u
atio
n
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
te
d
b
y
R
ed
ic[
8
]
.
Dig
itall
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co
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tr
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lled
m
u
ltip
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b
u
c
k
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co
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ca
p
ac
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v
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atte
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ato
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g
iv
e
n
b
y
J
ain
[
9
]
.
A
lo
w
v
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lu
m
e
p
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w
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m
a
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g
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m
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ased
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is
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esen
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b
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Ah
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m
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[
1
0
]
.
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Do
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T
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r
ee
DC
/DC
co
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v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
itab
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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P
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E
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Dr
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N:
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i
g
h
er
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
s
.
[
1
1
]
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
a
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
er
d
u
al
ac
tiv
e
b
r
id
g
e
Dc
-
to
Dc
co
n
v
er
ter
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
Kh
er
alu
w
ala[
1
2
]
.
A
cti
v
e
cla
m
p
L
L
C
r
eso
n
a
n
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
p
o
in
t
-
of
-
lo
ad
ap
p
licatio
n
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Ma
k
s
i
m
o
v
i[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
n
e
w
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
s
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
ed
-
m
o
d
e
DC
/
DC
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
els
e
m
p
o
wer
s
en
s
at
io
n
al
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
ch
an
g
i
n
g
r
ec
u
r
r
en
ce
to
b
e
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
ed
w
h
i
le
s
af
e
g
u
ar
d
in
g
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
b
asic
b
y
a
n
d
b
y
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
y
ie
ld
o
v
e
r
a
w
id
e
lo
ad
r
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
-
s
tack
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
es
s
.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
iev
ed
i
n
p
ar
t
b
y
h
o
w
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
ar
titi
o
n
ed
.
Ne
w
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
s
f
o
r
r
ad
io
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
D
C
/D
C
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
i
s
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
W
a
h
b
y
[
1
4
]
T
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
it
h
ce
lls
o
p
er
atin
g
at
1
0
0
MH
z
ar
e
also
d
escr
ib
ed
.
I
t
is
an
ticip
ated
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
w
il
l
allo
w
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
in
th
e
s
ize
o
f
s
w
itc
h
in
g
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
an
d
,
in
s
o
m
e
ca
s
e
s
,
t
o
p
er
m
it th
eir
i
n
teg
r
ated
f
ab
r
icatio
n
.
A
d
esi
g
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
ed
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
s
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
See
m
an
[
1
5
]
.
Sim
p
le
ac
cu
r
ate
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
f
o
r
p
lan
a
r
s
p
ir
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
s
is
p
r
esen
t
ed
b
y
Mo
h
an
[
1
6
]
.
P
r
in
ted
cir
c
u
it
b
o
ar
d
in
teg
r
ated
to
r
o
id
al
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
is
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
Ka
m
b
y
[
1
7
]
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
l
i
m
itatio
n
s
o
f
DC
to
D
C
b
u
c
k
C
o
n
v
er
ter
s
i
s
g
i
v
en
b
y
T
u
ck
er
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
d
elin
g
an
d
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
b
id
ir
e
ctio
n
al
d
u
al
ac
ti
v
e
b
r
id
g
e
DC
to
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
K
r
is
m
er
[
1
9
]
.
P
o
in
t
-
of
-
lo
ad
(
P
OL
)
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lies
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
l
y
to
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
v
o
lu
m
e,
w
ei
g
h
t,
a
n
d
co
s
t
o
f
m
a
n
y
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ic
es.
T
h
is
is
m
ai
n
l
y
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
air
l
y
lar
g
e
in
d
u
cto
r
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
co
n
v
er
ter
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
ese
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
e
s
it
to
h
av
e
a
r
elati
v
el
y
lo
w
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
it
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
,
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
l
ess
d
u
a
l a
cti
v
e
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
(
DA
HB
)
,
u
s
es
a
n
ac
-
li
n
k
to
tr
an
s
f
er
p
o
w
er
,
in
s
tead
o
f
th
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
d
c
-
l
in
k
.
No
t
o
n
l
y
d
o
es
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
le
s
s
D
A
HB
o
f
f
er
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
t
h
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
th
e
b
u
l
k
y
i
n
d
u
cto
r
,
b
u
t it
also
al
lo
w
s
s
o
f
t
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
5
0
% d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
al
l a
cti
v
e
d
e
v
ices.
A
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
le
s
s
d
u
al
ac
tiv
e
b
r
id
g
e
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
p
o
in
t
-
of
-
lo
ad
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
lies
is
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
Am
i
n
[
2
0
]
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
o
w
v
o
lta
g
e
DC
i
s
ap
p
lied
to
DA
B
DD
C
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
D
A
B
DD
C
i
s
a
p
p
lied
to
Sin
g
le
P
h
ase
Hal
f
B
r
id
g
e
I
n
v
er
ter
(
SP
HB
I
)
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DA
B
D
AC
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
e
n
s
ed
a
n
d
it
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
is
ap
p
lied
t
o
P
R
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
P
R
is
u
s
ed
to
u
p
d
ate
th
e
w
id
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
E
x
is
t
in
g
S
y
s
te
m
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
c
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DA
B
D
A
C
s
y
s
te
m
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
liter
atu
r
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ea
l
w
it
h
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
P
I
&
P
R
C
b
ased
DHB
in
v
er
t
er
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
P
R
C
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
th
e
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
s
y
s
te
m
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es
w
it
h
P
I
an
d
P
R
co
n
tr
o
lled
DAB
DAC s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
er
E
lectr
o
n
&
Dr
i S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
316
–
3
2
2
318
2.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
RO
P
O
RT
I
O
NA
L
R
E
SO
NAN
T
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
B
asicall
y
an
id
ea
l
P
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
ai
n
v
a
lu
e
is
i
n
f
i
n
it
y
id
ea
ll
y
b
u
t
p
r
ac
ticall
y
we
p
u
t
s
o
m
e
r
ea
l
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
o
u
r
s
y
s
te
m
.
No
r
m
all
y
w
e
u
s
e
P
R
co
n
tr
o
l
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
ea
d
y
s
tat
e
er
r
o
r
u
p
to
ze
r
o
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
it
is
an
e
f
f
icie
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
u
s
e
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
s
i
g
n
als.
He
r
e
in
o
u
r
s
y
s
te
m
a
s
w
e
u
s
e
a
s
y
s
te
m
in
v
o
l
v
ed
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
i
g
n
als
o
r
A
C
p
o
w
er
s
o
th
e
P
R
co
n
tr
o
ller
w
o
r
k
v
er
y
ef
f
icien
tl
y
in
s
u
c
h
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
d
esire
d
in
p
u
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
i
g
n
al.
S
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
m
u
l
tip
le
to
p
o
lo
g
y
(
m
u
lti
-
to
p
o
lo
g
y
)
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
o
u
r
d
ev
ices
p
r
o
v
id
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
to
co
v
er
a
b
r
o
ad
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
d
esig
n
s
u
s
ed
in
D
C
-
DC
a
n
d
AC
-
DC
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
cir
cu
its
f
o
r
a
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
en
d
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
2
.
1
.
I
m
po
rt
a
nce
o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
liter
atu
r
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ea
l
w
ith
P
R
co
n
tr
o
lled
D
A
B
DAC
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
P
R
C
f
o
r
D
A
B
D
A
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
: Se
ctio
n
I
I
d
escr
ib
es th
e
d
etails o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
y
s
te
m
.
Sectio
n
I
I
I
an
al
y
ze
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
D
A
B
D
AC
s
y
s
te
m
.
Sectio
n
I
V
p
r
o
v
id
es
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lt
s
to
v
er
i
f
y
t
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l a
n
al
y
s
is
t
h
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
is
g
i
v
en
i
n
Sectio
n
V.
3.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
C
lo
s
ed
lo
o
p
DA
B
D
AC
w
it
h
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
1
.
L
o
ad
v
o
ltag
e
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
e
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[1
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D.
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J.
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a
n
o
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a
n
d
D.
J.
P
e
rre
a
u
lt
,
"
M
e
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d
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g
e
p
o
we
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c
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r
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in
P
ro
c
.
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EE
E
P
o
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e
r
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e
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tro
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ics
S
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e
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ialists
Co
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f
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0
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8
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0
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[9
]
A
.
R
a
d
i
a
n
d
A
.
P
ro
d
i,
"
Bu
c
k
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o
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it
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m
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c
ti
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c
h
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c
a
p
a
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it
iv
e
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tt
e
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u
a
ti
o
n
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"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
.
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
.
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v
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l.
2
7
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o
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3
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4
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a
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0
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2
.
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0
]
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.
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a
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d
a
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h
a
h
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.
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in
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a
n
d
A
.
P
r
o
d
i,
"
Dig
it
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ll
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se
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e
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a
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r
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ro
c
.
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EE
A
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tro
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ics
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.
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0
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.
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1
]
S
.
M
.
A
h
sa
n
u
z
z
a
m
a
n
,
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Blac
k
m
a
n
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.
M
c
Ra
e
,
a
n
d
A
.
P
ro
d
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,
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me
p
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ma
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e
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le
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t
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o
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it
,
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in
P
ro
c
.
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E
A
p
p
li
e
d
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o
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r
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e
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tro
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ics
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n
f
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a
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2
]
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W
.
A
.
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.
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n
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r,
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M
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n
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d
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.
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ra
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,
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th
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sity
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/d
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o
r
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ig
h
p
o
w
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r
a
p
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li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
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n
d
.
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.
,
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l.
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p
.
6
3
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3
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n
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1
9
9
1
.
[1
3
]
M
.
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ra
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w
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la,
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W
.
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a
s
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ig
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e
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M
.
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n
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a
n
d
E.
D.
Ba
u
m
a
n
n
,
"
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e
rf
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a
n
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e
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h
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ra
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teri
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ti
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c
ti
v
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rid
g
e
d
c
-
t
o
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rter,"
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
d
.
Ap
p
l
.
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
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o
.
6
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p
.
1
2
9
4
-
1
3
0
1
,
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v
.
1
9
9
2
.
[1
4
]
H.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
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M
a
k
si
m
o
v
i,
a
n
d
R.
Zan
e
,
"
Active
c
la
mp
L
L
C
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
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rte
r
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r
p
o
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t
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of
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l
o
a
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
"
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n
P
r
o
c
.
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A
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p
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e
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r
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e
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tro
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ics
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n
f
.
,
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0
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3
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p
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1
4
0
6
-
1
4
1
2
,
M
a
r.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
J.
M
.
Riv
a
s,
R.
S
.
W
a
h
b
y
,
J.
S
.
S
h
a
f
ra
n
,
a
n
d
D.
J.
P
e
rre
a
u
lt
,
"
Ne
w
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
fo
r
ra
d
i
o
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fre
q
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e
n
c
y
d
c
/d
c
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
,
"
in
P
ro
c
.
IEE
E
P
o
w
e
r
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e
c
tro
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ics
S
p
e
c
ialists Co
n
f
.
,
2
0
0
4
,
p
p
.
4
0
7
4
-
4
0
8
4
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u
n
.
2
0
0
4
.
[1
6
]
M
.
D.
S
e
e
m
a
n
,
“
A
d
e
sig
n
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
s
w
it
c
h
e
d
-
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
d
c
-
d
c
c
o
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v
e
rters
,
”
P
h
.
D.
d
isse
rtatio
n
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia at Berk
e
le
y
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
7
]
S
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
n
,
M
.
d
e
l
M
a
r
He
rsh
e
n
so
n
,
S
.
P
.
Bo
y
d
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n
d
T
.
H.
L
e
e
,
"
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i
m
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le
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c
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ra
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re
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n
s
f
o
r
p
lan
a
r
sp
ira
l
in
d
u
c
tan
c
e
s,"
IEE
E
J
.
S
o
li
d
-
S
t
a
te
Circ
u
it
s
,
v
o
l.
3
4
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o
.
1
0
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p
.
1
4
1
9
-
1
4
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4
,
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t.
1
9
9
9
.
[1
8
]
P
.
Ka
m
b
y
,
A
.
Kn
o
tt
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a
n
d
M
.
A
.
E
.
A
n
d
e
rse
n
,
"
Prin
ted
c
irc
u
it
b
o
a
r
d
i
n
teg
ra
te
d
t
o
ro
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d
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l
ra
d
io
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q
u
e
n
c
y
in
d
u
c
to
rs
,
"
in
P
r
o
c
.
IEE
E
In
d
u
strial
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s S
o
c
iety
Co
n
f
.
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
6
8
0
-
6
8
4
,
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t.
2
0
1
2
.
[1
9
]
J.
T
u
c
k
e
r,
"
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
li
m
it
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
d
c
/d
c
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rters
"
,
An
a
lo
g
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
T
e
x
a
s In
stru
m
e
n
ts,
p
p
.
1
1
-
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4
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
0
]
R.
W
.
Eri
c
k
so
n
a
n
d
D.
M
a
k
sim
o
v
i,
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
.
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
NY
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r
S
ien
c
e
+
Bu
sin
e
ss
M
e
d
ia
I
n
c
.
,
2
0
0
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
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8
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I
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t J
P
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lectr
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Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
316
–
3
2
2
322
[2
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F
.
Krism
e
r,
“
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o
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ti
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iz
a
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rid
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e
d
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-
d
c
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o
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,
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h
.
D.
d
isse
rtatio
n
,
ET
H Z
u
rich
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2
0
1
0
.
[2
2
]
A
.
Am
in
,
“
A
tran
sf
o
r
m
e
r
les
s
d
u
a
l
a
c
ti
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e
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rid
g
e
d
c
-
d
c
c
o
n
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p
o
in
t
-
of
-
lo
a
d
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
li
e
s,”
M
.
A
.
S
c
.
th
e
sis,
Un
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e
rsit
y
o
f
T
o
ro
n
to
,
2
0
1
5
.
1
4
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.