Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 96
9
~
97
6
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p96
9-9
76
9
69
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Investigating sine-band hyst
eresis
control of photovoltai
c
-grid
connected i
n
verter
M.
D
e
lla
Kra
c
ha
i
1
, K.
M
e
l
o
uk
2
, M.
K
e
d
d
ar
3
1,
2
Aut
o
m
a
t
i
c
s
dep
a
rt
me
nt
,
Un
iv
ersi
ty
of Sci
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Te
c
h
no
logi
es
o
f
Ora
n
–
Mo
ha
m
e
d Bou
d
i
a
f
,
Al
ge
ria
3
Departm
e
nt of Ele
c
trical and
Co
mpu
t
er
Eng
i
n
e
erin
g
Un
iv
ersit
é
du
Q
u
ébec
à Tro
i
s-Rivières
,
C
a
n
a
da
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
Au
g 6
,
20
19
Re
vise
d
Oc
t 2
0
, 2
019
Acc
e
pt
e
d
Dec 15
, 20
19
In th
is p
a
per
,
an
opt
imi
zatio
n
of
P
V
grid
co
nn
e
c
ted
sys
t
em
is
in
vestig
ated
.
Th
is
is
ach
ieved
b
y
cons
id
erin
g
th
e ap
p
l
ic
ation
o
f
artif
i
c
i
al in
tellig
en
ce
in
t
h
e
DC
si
de to re
aliz
e m
a
xima
l
po
wer
e
x
tra
c
ti
on
,
a
n
d
u
s
i
ng a si
ne
-b
a
n
d
hy
steresis
con
t
r
o
l
in
th
e
AC
side
of
th
e
s
y
stem, to
g
e
n
e
rate
a sin
e
c
u
rre
nt/v
o
lta
ge sui
t
a
b
l
e
for
g
r
i
d
c
o
nne
cti
o
n
IE
EE
92
9
-
20
00 st
a
n
da
rd
s
.
Th
e ov
era
l
l s
y
st
em h
a
s b
e
en si
mulated
taking
into
accou
n
t
en
viron
m
ental
effec
t
s
and
st
an
d
a
rds con
s
tr
aint
s
in ord
e
r
to
a
c
h
ie
v
e
b
e
st pe
rfo
rman
c
e
.
Th
e
cho
i
c
e
of
s
i
n
e
b
a
nd
h
y
s
t
eres
is co
ntro
l w
a
s
sele
cted
co
ns
idering
its
i
m
pl
ement
a
tion
si
mpl
i
city. The al
go
ri
thm
runs fast on
a low
-
c
o
st
micro
c
ontrol
l
er
allo
wing
to
avo
i
d
any
de
lay
tha
t
can
cau
se
a
ph
as
e sh
ift
in
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
.
A
n
exp
e
riment
al se
t
up h
a
s
been r
ealized for
tests an
d
v
a
lid
a
tion
pu
rpo
s
es.
Both
simu
la
tio
n
an
d
ex
peri
me
n
t
al
resu
lts lead to
satis
f
ac
tory
re
sul
t
s wh
ic
h a
r
e c
o
n
f
or
m
t
o
t
h
e IE
EE
9
2
9
-
20
00 sta
n
da
rd
s.
Ke
yw
ords:
A
r
tif
ic
ia
l in
te
lli
g
e
n
c
e
Di
strib
u
t
e
d ge
nerat
o
rs
M
a
x
i
m
a
l
pow
er
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
PV
-g
ri
d c
onne
ct
ed
syst
em
S
i
n
e
-b
an
d hy
st
e
r
esi
s
co
n
t
ro
l
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
D
e
lla
Kr
a
c
h
a
i M
o
h
a
me
d,
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
of
A
u
to
ma
tic
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
sity
of
Sc
ien
c
e
an
d
Tech
no
log
i
es o
f
Or
an
–M
oh
a
m
ed
B
o
ud
ia
f (US
T
O
-
M
B
), A
l
g
e
r
i
a.
Emai
l:
mo
ha
me
d.del
l
akra
c
h
ai
@u
ni
v
-
u
s
t
o
.dz
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
D
i
st
ri
b
u
te
d po
we
r ge
nera
to
rs pres
e
n
t a
n
a
l
te
rnat
i
v
e sol
u
t
i
on
for c
o
n
n
ec
ti
ng re
new
a
bl
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
so
ur
c
e
s
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
.
Th
es
e pow
er
sou
r
ces
are
ob
t
a
i
n
ed
f
r
om
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
n
a
t
u
re
s:
so
lar
,
w
i
nd
,
e
t
c
.
A
l
g
e
ri
a
h
a
s
a
b
e
n
e
fit
to
r
e
c
e
iv
e
abou
t
17
00
to
26
00
k
W
h
/
m2
/
y
e
a
r
of
so
la
r
e
n
e
r
gy
[1].
Th
is qu
ali
f
ies s
o
la
r en
ergy
a
s
a
pri
m
a
r
y
re
ne
w
a
ble
t
o
be
u
s
e
d
. I
n
or
der t
o
har
n
ess
thi
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
as
a
D
G
,
t
h
e
po
we
r
syst
e
m
s t
h
at
i
n
te
rfa
ce
P
V
gene
rat
o
r t
o
t
h
e gri
d
m
u
st
be
we
l
l
de
si
gne
d
to
sa
ti
sfy g
r
id
co
nnec
t
i
o
n c
r
it
eri
a
.
The
p
o
w
er i
s
co
min
g
f
r
om a
PV
gen
e
rat
o
r t
h
at
,
i
n
pl
ace
co
nve
rt
s s
u
nl
i
ght i
n
t
o
e
l
ect
ri
ci
t
y
. A
n
o
n
l
i
ne
ar
rel
a
t
i
ons
hip e
x
i
s
t
s
be
t
w
een
t
h
e del
i
v
e
r
e
d
pow
e
r
a
nd t
h
e
out
p
u
t
v
o
lt
age
.
In
o
r
de
r t
o
us
e
effi
ci
ent
l
y
P
V
ge
ne
rat
o
rs
, th
e
y
must
be
op
erat
ed
in
th
e
i
r
ma
x
i
ma
l
po
w
e
r,
w
h
i
c
h
is h
i
g
h
l
y
d
e
p
e
nd
en
t o
n
env
i
ro
nm
en
t
.
A
r
tif
ic
ia
l i
n
te
llig
e
n
c
e
h
a
s b
e
e
n
w
i
d
e
l
y
use
d
i
n
thi
s
o
p
era
t
i
o
n. N
e
u
r
al
net
w
orks
[2
-4
]
Fuz
z
y
l
ogi
c
[
5
-8]
we
re
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
ul
ly
i
n
t
r
ac
king
t
h
e
maxi
ma
l ge
ner
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r.
O
n
t
h
e A
C
si
d
e
,
i
n
order t
o
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
P
V
ge
ne
ra
tors t
o
gri
d
,
the
i
n
verte
r
m
u
st
be c
ont
rol
l
e
d
t
o
p
r
o
duc
e
a
h
i
g
h
-q
u
a
lity
s
i
n
e
wav
e
ac
co
rd
i
ng to th
e in
t
e
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
stan
d
a
rd
s. Hy
st
e
r
e
s
is cu
rren
t
co
n
t
r
o
l
[9
-12
]
has b
e
e
n
pro
pose
d
t
o
sa
t
i
s
fy t
h
ese
re
qui
re
me
nt
s.
Oth
e
r
w
o
rks
p
r
op
ose
d
c
u
rre
nt
c
ont
rol
st
rat
e
g
y
[
13,
1
4
]
t
o
p
r
ovi
de
bal
a
nc
e
d
out
p
u
t cu
rre
n
t
a
n
d
red
u
c
e
t
h
e T
o
ta
l
Har
m
o
n
i
c
Di
st
o
r
t
i
on (T
H
D
)
, ac
hie
v
i
n
g uni
t
y
p
o
we
r
fa
ct
o
r
(UP
F
)
[1
5]
, c
o
m
p
en
sat
e
fo
r t
h
e
ha
rm
o
n
ic
c
u
rre
n
t
c
o
nt
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
gri
d
c
u
rre
n
t
a
n
d
mi
cr
o
g
ri
d
wi
t
hout
t
h
e u
s
e
of a
n
y
com
p
en
sat
i
o
n
de
vic
e
s
[16
]
,
i
n
j
e
c
t
i
on
o
f
bal
a
nc
ed
cl
ea
n
c
u
rre
nts t
o
t
h
e
gr
id [1
7].
In t
h
i
s
pape
r,
effi
ci
enc
y
of
t
h
e
s
y
st
em i
s
c
onsi
d
ere
d
as a
maj
o
r
fac
t
or
a
nd t
h
e
p
r
op
os
ed s
y
st
em i
s
b
u
i
l
d
a
r
o
u
n
d
pra
c
t
i
cal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
6
9
–
976
97
0
con
s
i
d
era
t
i
o
ns:
maxi
miz
i
n
g
t
h
e
po
wer i
s
su
e
d
f
r
om P
V
g
e
nera
t
o
rs a
nd
pro
duce
p
r
o
p
e
r
AC
p
o
we
r t
o
be
del
i
v
ere
d
t
o
t
h
e
p
ubli
c
gri
d
ut
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
a
cco
rda
n
ce
t
o
IE
EE
929-
2
0
0
0
st
a
nda
rd
[1
8].
2.
LAYOUT
OF
THE P
R
OPOSE
D
S
Y
ST
E
M
The
bl
oc
dia
g
ram o
f
t
h
e
syst
e
m
u
nde
r i
n
vest
iga
t
i
on is s
h
ow
n in F
i
gu
re
1.
As
d
e
pic
t
ed i
n
t
h
is fi
g
u
re
,
su
n
ligh
t
is
con
v
e
r
t
e
d
thr
ough
PV
p
a
n
e
l
s
to
a D
C
pow
e
r
w
h
ich
is n
o
t
ne
c
e
ss
ar
ily
th
e
ma
x
i
m
a
l amo
u
n
t
d
u
e
t
o
i
t
s consi
d
era
b
l
e
depe
nde
ncy
on e
n
vi
ron
m
en
t
a
l
con
d
i
t
i
ons,
suc
h
a
s
i
n
s
o
l
a
t
i
on a
n
d
te
mpe
r
at
ure
.
MP
P
T
b
l
oc
is
use
d
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
t
r
a
c
ki
ng t
h
e
maxi
mal
po
we
r re
gardi
n
g a
n
y
of t
h
ese c
o
n
d
it
i
ons
. F
u
zzy
logi
c
is
used
for t
h
at
pu
rpose
.
O
n
c
e
t
h
e
pa
ne
ls o
p
era
t
e
a
t
M
P
P
,
i
nve
rt
er
i
s
u
s
ed t
o
al
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r to fl
ow
to t
h
e
g
r
id si
de
b
y
con
v
e
r
ti
ng
it
t
o
AC
p
o
we
r.
A
c
o
ntrol
sy
ste
m
bui
lt
-a
ro
u
n
d
a
sy
nc
hron
iz
at
i
on
mec
h
a
n
i
s
m a
n
d si
ne
-ba
n
d
hyste
resi
s
c
o
mmut
a
t
i
on i
s
i
m
ple
m
ent
e
d
to
s
a
t
i
sfy
t
h
e
st
an
dar
d
o
f
co
n
n
e
x
io
n
at
po
i
n
t
o
f
c
o
mm
o
n
co
upl
in
g
(DC
c
o
mp
one
nt
and
T
H
D
pa
r
a
met
e
rs
of t
h
e
AC
s
h
ape
at
th
e
o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
t
h
e
i
nve
rt
er).
F
i
gu
re
1.
P
r
o
p
o
se
d s
y
st
em c
o
mp
one
nt
s
2.1.
PV panels
PV
pa
nel
s
a
r
e
c
o
l
l
ec
ti
on
of P
V
-ce
l
l
s
in
serie
s
re
pre
s
e
n
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
ei
r e
q
ui
va
le
nt c
i
rc
ui
t gi
ve
n i
n
F
i
g
u
re
2(a
)
. The
I-
V
re
la
t
i
onshi
p of pr
o
d
uc
e
d
e
n
ti
t
i
es di
vide
s
t
h
e
ope
rat
i
on
of
P
V
pa
ne
ls i
n
t
o
t
h
re
e
m
o
des (F
i
g
u
r
e
2(b)).
As c
o
ns
t
a
nt
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
n
t
h
e
ri
g
h
t-si
d
e
whe
r
e
th
e
pa
ne
l
o
u
t
put
resi
sta
n
ce
i
s
ve
r
y
l
o
w.
O
n
t
h
e
l
e
ft
-si
d
e
th
e
p
a
n
e
l is v
i
e
w
e
d
a
s
a co
n
s
ta
n
t
c
u
rr
en
t so
u
r
c
e
. B
e
t
w
e
e
n
th
e
s
e
two
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
li
es
th
e max
i
ma
l pow
e
r
po
in
t
in
w
h
ich
th
e
p
a
n
e
l
s
op
er
at
e in ma
x
i
ma
l eff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
.
(a
)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re
2.
(a
)
E
qui
val
e
nt
el
ec
t
r
i
c
al
c
i
rcui
t
of
a
P
V
c
e
l
l
,
(b)
M
o
de
s o
f
ope
rat
i
on of P
V
pa
ne
ls
The el
ec
tric
al
c
h
ara
c
t
e
ri
st
ic
s
of
PV pa
ne
ls
(I-V
-
P
) are
subje
c
t
to
sur
r
ou
nd
ing
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t, mo
s
t
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
l
y i
n
so
la
tio
n
lev
e
l
a
n
d
te
mp
era
t
ur
e. Tab
l
e
1
shows th
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
ch
a
r
a
c
t
eri
s
tic
s o
f
th
e p
a
ne
l u
s
ed
in
t
h
e syst
em.
F
i
g
u
re
3(a
)
a
n
d 3(
b) gi
ve
a
pl
ot
of
t
h
ei
r i
m
pact
. It
i
s
o
b
ser
v
e
d
tha
t
i
n
s
o
la
ti
on
va
ri
a
t
i
ons
i
n
fl
uenc
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Invest
i
g
ati
n
g
si
ne-b
an
d
hyst
er
esi
s
co
nt
rol
of
ph
ot
ov
ol
tai
c
-
g
ri
d
…
(M. De
ll
a Kr
ach
a
i
1
)
9
71
con
s
i
d
era
b
ly t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d po
we
r c
o
mpa
r
i
n
g
to t
e
mpe
r
at
ure
c
h
an
ge
s.
Mo
nit
o
ri
n
g
t
h
ese
va
ri
at
i
o
n
s
is
i
m
po
rt
a
n
t
t
o
ha
ve
e
n
o
u
g
h
i
n
fo
rma
t
i
o
n a
b
o
u
t
MPP
l
o
cat
i
o
n.
Ta
ble
1.
C
h
ara
c
t
e
ri
st
ic
s
of t
h
e
P
V
pa
nel
use
d
in t
h
e
s
y
st
em
Solte
ch 1S
TH
-
215-P
(
1000W/
m
2
,
25degC
)
Pm
a
x
213.
15
W
Voc
36.
3
V
Isc
7,
84A
Vm
p
29V
Im
p
7,
35A
(a) (
b
)
Fi
gu
re
3.
(a
) In
sol
a
t
i
on
i
n
fl
ue
nce
on
pr
od
uce
d
pow
e
r
,
(b) T
e
mpe
r
at
ure
i
n
fl
uence
o
n
pro
d
u
ced
p
o
w
er
2.2.
M
a
xima
l
po
we
r
p
o
int
tr
a
c
ki
ng
As t
o
d
a
ys
mi
c
r
oc
o
n
troll
e
rs
a
l
l
o
w
fast
a
nd
com
p
l
e
x
c
o
mp
ut
at
i
ons, t
h
i
s
makes
easi
e
r
t
h
e
ta
s
k
o
f
i
m
pl
eme
n
t
i
ng art
i
fic
i
a
l
i
n
te
ll
igenc
e
al
gori
t
h
m
s
[15
-
1
7
,
1
9
, 21
,
2
2
,
2
5
,
26
]. Fuz
z
y
l
o
gi
c sy
st
em
i
s
d
e
vel
o
ped t
o
tr
a
c
k
th
e
MP
P lo
c
a
t
i
o
n. Th
is syst
em
i
s
a c
o
mp
le
x al
go
r
i
thm t
h
at
m
a
ps
t
h
e
ph
y
s
i
cal in
pu
t
s
(Es
,
T)
t
o
a
fuz
z
y
re
p
r
es
e
n
ta
ti
on
t
h
ou
g
h
a
s
e
t
of
m
e
m
b
e
r
shi
p
f
u
nct
i
o
n
s. De
pen
d
i
ng
o
n
de
grees
o
f
me
mb
ershi
p
(
p
r
o
je
cti
o
n
o
f
in
pu
ts
o
r
fu
zz
y se
ts)
a
n
u
mb
er of
se
le
ct
ed ru
le
s a
r
e
a
c
ti
v
a
t
e
d
.
Th
ese
ru
le
s ar
e
th
en
i
n
f
e
r
r
e
d
to
pro
duce
a
de
c
i
si
on
(s).
A
n
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
ese
de
ci
sions
make
s t
h
e
out
put
. As
a fi
na
l p
h
a
s
e
,
a de
fuzzi
fi
c
a
t
i
on
(map
pi
n
g
fro
m
fuzz
y spa
ce t
o
re
al
spa
c
e
)
out
put
s
the
loc
a
t
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
maxi
mal
avai
l
a
bl
e
p
o
w
e
r
co
rr
e
s
po
nd
in
g to
th
e p
r
e
s
en
te
d i
nputs
(Es
/
T)
.
Th
e c
o
mp
le
x
ity
of
d
e
si
gn
ing
su
c
h
a
sy
s
t
e
m
r
e
sid
e
s
i
n
t
w
o
pa
rt
s:
me
mbe
r
shi
p
f
unct
i
ons
(t
hei
r
nu
mbe
r
s,
t
h
ei
r s
h
ape
s
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
rul
e
s t
h
at
go
ve
rn t
h
e
ope
rat
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
syste
m
w
h
i
c
h
must
be
fo
rm
u
l
at
ed b
y
a
n
e
x
pert
. A
d
a
p
ti
ve
ne
u
r
al
fuz
z
y
i
n
fere
nce
s
y
st
em
s, A
N
F
I
S
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
pose
d
t
o
opt
i
m
iz
e an i
n
i
t
i
a
l F
I
S
usi
n
g
ne
ura
l
ne
tw
or
ks t
o
ma
p a
se
t
of
(in
put
/
o
utp
u
t
)
dat
a
. T
h
i
s
da
ta
set
is
gat
h
e
r
ed from t
h
e
P
V
pa
nel
i
n
use
.
A
s
o
b
serve
d
fro
m
F
i
gu
re
3(a
)
,
i
n
sol
a
t
i
o
n
im
pa
c
t
i
s
domi
n
a
n
t
.
That
qual
i
f
i
e
s
it
a
s
a
ma
jo
r
fac
t
or t
o
co
nsi
d
er i
n
de
si
g
n
in
g t
h
e
fuz
z
y
mem
b
e
r
shi
p
funct
i
o
ns.
Aft
e
r
trai
nin
g
t
h
e
net
w
ork t
o
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
p
u
t
/
o
u
t
p
ut
da
ta
se
t
,
the
re
sult
i
ng F
I
S
re
vea
l
s t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
/
out
p
u
t
me
mb
ersh
i
p
fu
nct
i
o
n
s a
n
d
fuz
z
y
rul
e
s
th
a
t
we
re
hi
dde
n un
de
rne
a
t
h
t
h
i
s
n
u
meri
cal
dat
a
.
Fi
g
u
res
4(a
)
a
n
d
4(b) sho
w
the
mem
b
ers
h
i
p
fu
nct
i
o
ns fo
r
t
h
e ini
t
i
a
l
an
d
o
p
ti
miz
e
d F
I
S
Th
e
s
e re
su
l
t
s
c
o
nf
ir
m th
e con
c
l
u
si
o
n
ex
tr
act
ed
fro
m t
h
e
p
r
ev
iou
s
se
cti
o
n. Th
e m
a
x
i
ma
l pow
e
r
i
s
hi
ghl
y
de
pen
d
i
n
g
o
n
i
n
s
o
l
a
t
i
on an
d
n
o
t c
o
nsi
d
e
r
a
b
l
y
on
t
e
mperat
ure
.
T
h
e
s
u
rfa
c
e
(F
i
gure
5)
t
h
a
t
ma
ps
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
curr
en
t
I
m
p
p
r
e
sp
ec
ti
vel
y
to
t
h
e
input
s Is
c
(
E
s) an
d V
o
c (T)
o
f
t
h
e op
t
i
mi
ze
d
f
u
zz
y
inf
e
ren
c
e
sy
ste
m
sho
w
s
t
h
e
hi
g
h
l
y n
o
n
-l
i
n
ea
r
re
l
a
t
i
onshi
p t
h
at
e
x
i
s
t
s
be
tw
ee
n
the
s
e e
n
ti
t
i
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
6
9
–
976
97
2
(
a
)
(b)
Fi
gu
re
4.
F
u
z
z
y
M
F
s
for
(a
) i
n
i
t
ia
l FIS a
n
d
(
b
)o
pt
imi
zed F
I
S
F
i
gu
re
5. F
u
zz
y
i
n
fere
nce
sys
t
em
su
rfa
ce
2.3.
In
v
ert
er
c
o
nt
r
o
l an
d g
r
id synch
r
on
izatio
n
The s
ync
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
on i
s
a
c
hi
e
v
ed
b
y
meas
uri
ng t
h
e
sine
v
o
l
t
a
ge a
t
t
h
e
p
o
i
n
t o
f
c
o
mm
on c
o
upl
in
g
(
P
CC)
th
ro
ug
h a
n
a
t
te
nu
a
tion
tr
an
sf
or
mer
[
1
8
,
20
, 23
, 24
]
.
Th
i
s
sin
e
w
a
v
e
i
s
r
e
d
u
ced
to
1
V
m
a
g
n
i
tud
e
w
h
ich
is
t
h
e
n
mu
l
tip
lied
b
y
th
e Impp
(m
a
x
i
m
a
l
PV
c
u
rr
en
t from MP
P
T
)
to pr
oduce
t
h
e
refer
e
nce AC
c
u
rr
ent.The
in
v
e
r
t
e
r
ou
t
p
u
t
c
u
rr
en
t
is
comp
ar
ed
ag
a
i
n
s
t
t
h
e
r
e
fe
r
e
n
c
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
nd th
e
d
i
ff
er
en
ce is co
n
t
ro
ll
ed to v
a
ry
w
i
t
h
in a
sin
e
-ba
n
d
h
y
s
t
e
r
e
sis th
at
pr
odu
c
e
s
th
e
co
mmu
t
at
ion
pu
l
s
es
to
th
e
tr
an
s
i
stor
s of
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
. F
i
g
u
r
e
6
sh
ow
s th
e
op
era
tio
n
mech
an
ism
of
t
h
e
A
C
sid
e
.
(
a
)
(
b
)
Fi
gu
re
6. Si
ne
-
b
an
d h
y
st
ere
s
is
co
nt
rol
p
r
i
n
ci
pl
e
3.
SIM
U
LAT
I
O
N
RE
SUL
T
S
Assem
b
li
n
g
al
l
subs
yst
e
ms
an
d c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
some
sc
e
n
ario
s
,
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
res
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
i
s
s
u
ed
. F
i
gure
7
sho
w
s th
e pr
odu
ce
d cu
rr
en
t a
n
d pow
e
r
f
r
o
m
PV
p
a
n
e
l
s
for
an
i
n
creasi
n
g in
so
la
ti
on
l
e
v
e
l.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7(a
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Invest
i
g
ati
n
g
si
ne-b
an
d
hyst
er
esi
s
co
nt
rol
of
ph
ot
ov
ol
tai
c
-
g
ri
d
…
(M. De
ll
a Kr
ach
a
i
1
)
9
73
pre
s
e
n
ts the
p
o
sit
i
on of t
h
e
MPP
o
n
the
P
V
cu
rve
s
an
d
Fi
gu
re 7
(
b) th
e
cor
r
esp
o
ndi
n
g
ev
ol
ut
io
n of
t
h
e
maxi
ma
l
a
v
ai
l
a
ble
c
u
rre
nt
at
the
out
put
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
pa
nel
s
.
It
i
s
o
b
se
rv
ed t
h
at
t
h
e
t
r
a
c
ki
n
g
pe
rf
orma
nce
is
sat
i
s
fact
ory a
n
d the
ef
fi
ci
enc
y
of the
DC
si
d
e
is o
p
t
i
miz
e
d.
(a
)
(b
)
F
i
gu
re
7.
M
P
P
t
r
a
c
ki
n
g
per
f
ormanc
e
On
t
h
e
A
c
si
d
e
, Fi
gu
re
8(a)
show
s
tha
t
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
rt
er
c
u
rre
nt
i
s
i
n
pha
se
(
s
yn
c
h
ro
n
o
u
s
)
wi
th
a
g
r
i
d
vol
ta
ge
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
ng
a
unit
y
po
we
r fact
or
(ac
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
er)
w
h
i
l
e
F
i
gure
8(
b) sh
o
w
s t
h
e
si
ne
-ban
d
h
y
st
ere
s
is
cont
rol
l
e
r pu
l
s
es pro
duce
d
to
dri
v
e
t
h
e
i
nve
rt
er
t
r
an
si
stors.
It
is o
b
se
rve
d
tha
t
the
nu
mb
er o
f
c
o
mmut
a
t
i
ons
i
n
cre
a
ses
a
r
ou
nd
z
e
ro-c
rossi
n
g
of the
gri
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
i
n
ve
rsel
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
ona
l
to t
h
e h
y
st
eresi
s
ba
n
d
w
i
dt
h
.
(a
)
(b
)
F
i
gu
re
8. G
r
i
d
si
de out
put
s
4.
EX
PERI
ME
N
T
AL RE
ALIS
ATIO
N A
N
D
RE
SU
LT
S
In
o
r
de
r t
o
m
a
ke
re
al
c
o
ncl
u
sio
n
s, a
n
e
x
p
e
ri
me
nta
l
prot
ot
y
p
e
(Fi
g
ure
10
) ha
s
bee
n
de
vel
ope
d.
Fi
gu
re
9
,
s
h
ow
s t
h
e
har
d
wa
re
i
m
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
o
n
pri
n
ci
pl
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ot
ot
y
p
e.
A
pi
lot
c
e
l
l
is
use
d
t
o
mea
s
u
r
e t
h
e
sho
r
t
c
i
rcui
t c
u
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.
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
M.
Ca
pd
e
r
ou, "
Atl
a
s sol
a
ire d
e
l’Alg
é
ri
e, "
Offi
ce
d
e
s
p
ubl
ic
a
tio
n
s
un
iv
e
r
sita
ire,
Tom
e
s 1, 2, et 3,
1
9
87
.
[2]
T.
Hiy
a
m
a
,
S
.
Ko
uzu
m
a
&
T.
Imak
ubo
,
“Id
e
n
tific
atio
n
of O
p
t
i
mal
Opera
t
in
g P
o
int of
P
V
M
odu
les
us
in
g Neu
r
al
Ne
twor
k for Re
a
l
Ti
m
e
Ma
x
i
mu
m P
o
wer Tr
ack
in
g Co
ntrol
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
an
s. on
En
er
gy Co
nver
sion
,
Vo
l. 10
,
19
95
.
[3]
Mo
ha
m
e
d
Ke
dda
r,
Ma
ma
d
ou La
m
i
ne Do
umb
i
a
,
Moh
a
m
e
d
De
ll
a, Ka
rim Be
lm
ok
hta
r
, Ab
d
e
lh
am
i Mi
do
un,
“Inter
conn
e
c
tion
P
e
rforman
ce
Analys
is
o
f
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
Ph
ase
Neural
N
e
two
r
k Based
NP
C
an
d CHB
M
u
ltilev
el Inver
t
er
s
for G
r
id
-con
n
ected
P
V
Sy
stems”,
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jou
r
na
l of
Ren
e
wa
bl
e En
erg
y
Res
e
arch
-
I
J
RE
R
,
Vol
.
9,
No
.
3
(
2019
)
[4]
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Kedd
ar, M.
L. Do
umb
i
a, Karim Belmo
k
h
t
ar, M
.
Della K
r
achai
,
A
.
H.
M
i
do
un,
“
E
xp
e
r
iment
a
l V
a
lid
a
tio
n
of
P
h
ot
ov
olt
a
ic
G
r
id
C
o
n
n
e
c
te
d
NP
C
M
u
lt
ile
v
e
l
Inve
rte
r
Ba
se
d
on
Ne
u
r
al
Ne
two
r
k MPPT
”
,
In
ter
natio
na
l
Con
f
er
e
n
c
e
on
Wind
En
erg
y
an
d App
licat
ion
s
in
Alg
e
ria
(ICW
EAA),
20
18
[5]
T
.
Ra
m
e
sh
,
R. Sa
ra
va
n
a
n,
S. Se
k
a
r," Ana
l
y
s
i
s
of
ANFI
S MPP
T
Control
l
ers
fo
r
Part
i
a
lly
S
h
ad
ed S
t
and
-
A
l
o
n
e
P
h
o
t
o
vol
tai
c
S
y
st
em wi
th
Mu
lt
i
l
e
ve
l I
n
ver
t
er
, "
I
n
ter
nat
io
na
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
Rob
o
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
Au
to
mat
i
o
n
(
I
J
RA
)
, vo
l.
7,
No.
2, pp
. 14
0~14
8,
Ju
n 2
0
1
8
.
[6]
R.
A
r
ul
murug
a
n, S
w
ap
na
S
a
n
d
araju
,
"
An
AN
FIS
Con
v
erter
Con
t
ro
l A
p
p
r
o
ach of
G
r
id
Co
nne
cte
d
W
i
nd/PV/Satt
er
y system,
"
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ro
bot
ic
s an
d Au
tomat
i
o
n
(IJ
R
A
)
, v
o
l. 8, No. 1,
p
p
.
6~
17
,
Ma
r 201
9
.
[7]
S
.
Della Kr
acha
i
, A. Bou
dgh
en
e
S
t
amb
ouli,
M
.
D
e
lla Krach
a
i
, M
.
Bek
h
ti, “
E
x
p
eri
m
ental inv
e
stig
a
t
ion o
f
ar
tifici
al
in
tel
l
i
g
en
ce
appl
ied
i
n
M
P
P
T
tec
h
ni
qu
es
”,
I
n
t
e
rnat
io
n
a
l
J
o
urn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r Ele
ctron
i
c
s
an
d Dri
v
e
Sy
ste
m
(
I
J
P
E
D
S
)
,
Vol
.
1
0
, No. 4, pp.
21
38
-21
4
7
,
2
0
19
.
[8]
L
.
Ati
k
,
P.
Pe
tit
, J.
P.
Sa
wic
k
i,
Z
.
T
.
Ternifi, G. B
a
chir,
M.
Del
l
a,
and
M
.
Ailler
ie
,
“
M
ax
imu
m
P
o
w
e
r P
o
int Track
in
g
alg
o
rith
m
bas
e
d
on
s
l
iding
m
o
d
e
an
d
fuzz
y
log
i
c
for
pho
to
vo
lta
i
c
sou
r
c
e
s
un
der
var
i
ab
le
env
i
ro
nm
ent
a
l
condit
ions”,
Technologi
es and
Ma
t
e
rials for Renewable
E
n
er
gy, Environment
a
n
d Sust
a
i
n
abi
lity AIP
Conf
.
P
r
oc.
18
14
, P
a
ris
,
N
o
v
e
mber
2
016
[9]
S.
Ra
ja
Moha
m
e
d
,
P. Arun
a Je
ya
nt
hy
,
D.
De
va
raj,
"
Hy
st
e
r
e
s
is-base
d
Vol
t
a
g
e a
n
d
Cu
rre
nt
Co
ntro
l Te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
fo
r
Grid
Conn
ected
S
o
lar P
h
otovo
ltai
c S
y
stems:
Comp
ara
t
ive
S
t
ud
y,"
In
ter
n
a
t
i
o
na
l Jou
r
n
a
l
of
El
ectrical
and
Com
puter Eng
i
n
eering (I
JEC
E
)
,
Vol. 8
,
N
o
.
5,
p
p
.
26
71
~2
68
1,
Oc
t
201
8.
[10]
N. Ch
aitan
y
a
,
P
.
S
u
jath
a
,
K.
Chan
dra S
e
kh
ar
,
"
Curren
t
Co
ntrolle
r
Ba
s
e
d
P
o
w
e
r
M
a
n
a
ge
ment Str
a
teg
y
f
o
r
Interfac
i
ng
D
G
U
n
i
t
s t
o
Mi
cro Grid,
"
Inter
n
a
t
i
ona
l Jou
r
na
l of Ele
c
trica
l
a
nd C
o
mp
uter
Eng
i
n
e
erin
g (IJECE)
, Vol
.
7
,
No. 5
,
p
p
. 23
0
0
~2
30
8,
Oc
t 2
017.
[11]
J.
K
a
du
im Ab
e
d
, "
A Thre
e
P
h
ase P
h
otovo
lt
aic G
r
id
Tied
Tnv
e
rter S
y
s
t
e
m
Con
t
ro
l B
a
sed
on T-S
Fu
z
z
y
E
q
ualizat
ion, "
In
tern
atio
na
l Jo
ur
nal o
f
Power
El
ectr
oni
cs
an
d
D
r
ive
S
y
stem
(IJP
ED
S)
,
Vo
l.
10,
No. 2, pp.
9
2
8
~
9
3
4
,
Jun
2019
.
[12]
M
.
Y
a
ich
,
M
.
G
h
arian
i
, "
A
No
v
e
l
Techn
i
q
u
e f
o
r Tu
ning
P
I-co
n
t
ro
lle
r
in
S
w
itc
hed
Relu
ctan
ce
M
o
tor D
r
iv
e for
Transporta
tion Systems,"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
na
l Jour
na
l o
f
Ele
c
trica
l
a
nd
Com
puter En
g
i
n
eering
(IJ
ECE)
,
Vol.8, No.
6,
pp.
42
72
~4
28
1, Dec
2
018
.
[13]
A. N
a
d
e
ripou
r
,
Z.
A
b
d
u
l-M
a
l
e
k,
E
.
Ab
oham
zeh
,
Vig
n
a
K
.
Ra
m
a
ch
andar
a
mu
rth
y
,
M
.
R
.
M
i
v
e
h,
“
C
on
tro
l
strateg
y
of Grid-Connected PV Invert
er
s i
n
Microg
rid with
Nonlin
ear Op
e
r
a
t
in
g Co
ndit
i
o
n
s”
I
E
EE
7
t
h
I
n
ter
nat
io
na
l
Con
f
er
e
n
c
e
on
Po
wer
an
d En
er
gy (P
ECon
)
, 20
1
8
[14]
A N
a
deripo
ur
,
Z.
A
bdu
l-M
a
l
e
k
,
M
.
R
.
M
i
v
e
h,
M
.
J.
A.
M
o
g
h
add
a
m
,
A
.
K
a
l
a
m,
and
F
.
H
.
G
a
ndo
man,
“ A
Har
m
o
n
ic
C
o
mp
ens
a
ti
on
S
t
r
a
t
e
gy
in
a
G
r
id
-
C
onn
ect
ed
Pho
t
ovo
lt
a
i
c
Syste
m
Usin
g
Ze
ro
-Se
que
n
c
e Co
nt
ro
l
”
,
En
erg
i
es
20
18
,
1
1
,
2
6
2
9
;
do
i:1
0
.
3
39
0
[15]
A Na
de
ri
po
u
r
, Z.
Ab
du
l-Ma
le
k an
d
J.
M.
Gu
e
rre
ro
“
C
on
t
r
ol
Met
h
o
d
for
Th
ree
-
Ph
a
s
e
Gri
d
-
C
on
nect
e
d
In
ve
rt
e
r
PV
Sy
st
e
m
Em
p
l
oy
in
g Uni
t
y
P
o
we
r
Fa
c
t
o
r
(UPF) St
rat
e
gy in Microgrid”,
CEEGE 20
19
,
DO
I:
10
.10
5
1
/
e3
scon
f
/
2
0
1
911
50
10
06
[16]
Nad
e
ripo
ur,
A
.
A.
Mo
hd
Zin1
,
M.
H.
Bin
Hab
i
b
udd
in
,
M
.
R.
M
i
v
e
h,
J
.
M
.
G
u
errero
, "
A
n
im
pro
v
ed s
y
n
c
hron
ou
s
referen
ce
fr
am
e
current
co
ntrol s
t
rateg
y
for
a p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic g
r
id
-co
n
n
ected
inv
e
rter
u
n
d
e
r u
n
b
a
lanc
e
d
an
d
no
nlin
ear
lo
ad co
nd
it
ion
s
"
,
PLOS ONE
,
DO
I:1
0
.1
37
1/jo
ur
nal.po
n
e
.0
16
48
5
6
,
20
17
[17]
Asu
h
a
i
m
i
Mohd
Zi
n,
A.;
Nade
ri
po
ur, A.
; Ha
b
i
b
u
dd
in
,
M
.
H.
;
Gu
er
r
e
ro
, J
o
sep
M
.,
“
H
armo
nic
curre
nts
Comp
ensator
G
r
id
-Conn
ec
ted
In
v
e
rter
a
t
th
e M
i
c
r
og
rid
”
,
IET
,
El
ectr
oni
cs
Letter
s
,
20
16
,
52
(20
)
,
1
7
1
4
- 1
715
.
[18]
IE
EE
St
d 929-2
000,
“IEEE
R
e
commended Practi
ce for Ut
ilit
y Int
e
rface
of
Phot
ovol
ta
i
c
(PV)
Syst
ems,
DOI:
1
0
.
1
10
9/
IEE
E
S
TD.
2
0
0
0
.
91
30
4,
2
0
0
0
.
[19]
M
.
K
e
dd
a
r
, M
.
L. Do
umb
i
a,
K. Belmok
h
t
ar
,
M
.
D
e
ll
a
Krach
ai, “A
New
En
ergy
S
t
rat
e
gy
o
f
an A
u
ton
o
mo
u
s
M
i
cro
g
rid
b
a
s
e
d on Virtua
l
I
m
ped
a
n
ce in
M
u
lt
il
ev
el Dr
oo
p Co
n
t
ro
lle
d Inve
r
t
e
r
s”,
2
0
1
9
Th
e
Int
e
rn
a
t
i
onal
Con
f
er
e
n
c
e
on
Ad
van
ced
Elec
t
ric
a
l
Eng
i
n
eering
, Algiers,
A
l
g
e
ria (ICAEE
2
019)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
9
6
9
–
976
97
6
[20]
D.
S
a
ttian
adan
,
V. K
a
ly
an
asu
n
d
a
ram
,
S
.
V
i
d
y
a
s
a
gar,
De
epak
Ku
mar
N
a
yak
,
Roo
p
am
Jh
a,
“M
ax
i
m
um P
o
wer
Po
in
t
T
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
for a
Grid
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
h
ot
ov
ol
ta
ic
Syste
m
Usi
n
g
Sl
id
ing
Mo
de
Con
t
r
o
l”
,
In
tern
atio
na
l Jo
ur
na
l of Po
we
r
Ele
c
tr
onics and
Dr
ive
S
y
st
em
(I
J
P
EDS
)
,
Vo
l. 8
,
No.
4, p
p
. 17
85
~
1
79
2,
Dec
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
.
[21]
Sa
m
o
si
r A.
S.,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
od
e
lin
g an
d Si
m
u
l
a
ti
on
of Fu
z
z
y
L
o
g
i
c b
a
se
d Ma
x
i
m
u
m Powe
r Poi
n
t
Tra
c
k
i
ng
(M
PPT) for
PV Appl
icat
ion,”
Int
e
rn
atio
nal
Jo
ur
nal
o
f
Electri
cal
an
d C
o
mp
uter En
g
i
n
e
ering (I
JECE)
,
Vol.
8, No
.
3,
p
p
.
13
15
-1
32
3
,
20
1
8
.
[22]
Ma
n
o
h
a
ra
n
P.,
et a
l
., “
A
Co
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
St
ud
y a
n
d
Ana
l
ysi
s
on
Conve
n
t
io
n
a
l
S
o
l
a
r
PV Ba
se
d DC-DC Co
nv
e
r
te
rs
a
n
d
MPPT
T
e
c
hniqu
e
s
,
”
In
do
ne
sian
J
o
u
r
n
a
l of
Ele
ct
ri
c
a
l E
ngin
e
e
r
in
g a
nd Co
m
p
ut
e
r
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
,
Vol
.
11, No
. 3
,
p
p
.
83
1-8
3
8
,
2018
.
[23]
Y.
Ya
ng
a
n
d
F
.
b
l
aa
bje
r
g,
“
O
v
e
rvi
e
w o
f
sin
g
l
e
-ph
a
se gr
id
c
o
nn
ected ph
oto
v
o
l
taic sy
ste
m
s
”
,
E
l
ectric P
o
w
e
r
Com
pon
ents S
y
s
t
ems
, Vo
l.
43
, N
o
. 1
2
,
pp
.
13
52
–
1
363
, J
u
l.
2
015
.
[24]
M
.
Parv
e
z
,
M
.
F
.
M
.
Eli
a
s,
N.
A.
R
a
him
,
a
n
d N. Os
man
,
“
C
urrent co
ntro
l
tech
niqu
es for
thre
e-p
h
ase
gri
d
in
ter
c
o
nnec
t
io
n
o
f
renew
a
b
l
e
po
w
e
r gen
e
ration
s
y
s
t
ems
:
A
r
e
vi
e
w
”,
Solar
En
erg
y
,
V
o
l.
13
5
,
pp
.
29
–4
2, 201
6
.
[25]
Abd
e
lh
a
d
i Bo
ukn
a
d
e
l
,
N
a
i
m
a
Ikke
n
,
Ahm
e
d Hadd
ou
,
No
u
r-Ed
d
i
n
e
Ta
ri
ba,
Ha
fsa
El Om
a
r
i, Ham
i
d
E
l
Om
a
r
i
,
"
A
n
e
w S
O
GI-PLL
m
e
t
h
o
d
ba
se
d on
fuz
z
y
l
o
gi
c
fo
r grid-connected PV i
n
vert
er,
"
I
n
tern
at
io
na
l
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
tr
ica
l
an
d Co
mp
ute
r
E
ngineer
in
g
(IJ
ECE)
,
Vo
l.
9, No
. 4, p
p
. 22
64
-2
273,
DOI:
1
0
.
1
15
91/
ij
ec
e.
v9
i4,
2
0
1
9
[26]
L
.
Ha
ssa
i
n
e
, M. R.
Be
n
g
o
u
ri
na
,
“
D
e
s
ig
n
a
n
d
digi
ta
l im
pl
em
en
tation
of p
o
w
e
r
c
o
ntrol str
a
tegy
f
o
r grid
co
nn
ecte
d
ph
otov
olta
ic
in
v
e
rter
”,
In
te
rn
at
iona
l
J
o
urna
l
o
f
Powe
r El
e
c
tron
ic
s
an
d
Dri
v
e S
y
stem (IJ
PE
DS)
, Vol. 10
,
No
.
3,
Se
p
2
0
1
9
,
pp.
15
64
~
1
57
4
BIOGRAPHIES
OF AUTH
O
R
S
De
l
l
a
Kra
c
h
ai Moh
a
m
e
d
wa
s b
o
rn
on
29
.
0
9
.
1973
in
Ora
n
Alg
e
ri
a
.
In 1
9
9
6
he
g
r
a
d
u
a
te
d at
the
El
ec
tr
on
ic
s De
pa
rtm
e
nt
o
f
the
F
a
c
u
lt
y o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
cal
En
gin
eer
in
g
at Un
iv
ersity
(US
T
O
)
in
Al
ge
ria.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
hi
s
“
M
a
g
i
s
te
r”
.
In
t
h
e
fi
el
d
o
f
p
o
we
r e
l
e
c
t
ron
i
c
s
a
n
d p
h
o
t
ovol
ta
ic
syste
m
s
in 20
00
; an
d
th
e Ph
D d
e
gr
ee
in
2
0
0
9
. A
c
tu
ally
he
is
in
ter
e
ste
d
in po
w
e
r
ele
c
t
ron
i
cs
an
d
in
ren
e
wabl
e energ
i
es (wind
and so
lar
en
erg
y
).
E-mail:
moh
a
me
d.d
e
llakra
c
ha
i@
un
iv
-usto.
dz
Me
lo
u
k
kh
ei
ra
wa
s bo
rn i
n
Si
di
Be
la
b
b
e
s
(Al
g
e
r
ia
),
on Dec
e
m
be
r 2
5
, 19
72
In
19
95
she
g
r
ad
ua
t
e
d a
t
the
Ele
c
t
roni
c
s
De
pa
rtm
e
n
t
of
the
Facu
lt
y
of E
l
e
c
t
ri
cal
En
gi
ne
e
r
in
g a
t
S
i
di Belab
b
es
U
n
iv
e
r
s
i
ty
(Djill
a
li Li
abes
) in
A
l
g
e
ria. S
h
e d
e
fen
d
e
d
her
“Mag
is
ter
”
in
th
e field
of
Optoel
ectronics i
n
1999;
her
thesis
t
itle was
“D
esign and
opt
i
m
i
zat
ion of
sem
i
-
c
on
ductor
l
a
ser
”
,
an
d th
e
P
h
D
d
e
gree
in
2
0
1
0
;
H
e
r s
c
ient
ific
res
e
arch
is
fo
cu
sing
in
b
l
u
e
sem
i
co
nd
uctor
lasers
.
Ac
t
u
a
l
l
y
, sh
e
is in
te
re
ste
d
in re
gula
t
i
on
a
nd
c
o
ntrol i
n
syste
m
.
E-m
a
il
: m
l
kk
hr1@gm
a
i
l.
c
o
m
@
gm
a
i
l.c
o
m
M
o
hamed K
e
dd
ar is
ac
tu
ally a
P
h
d s
t
u
d
ent at
UQTR (Un
i
v
e
rsité d
u
Q
u
éb
ec
à
Trois-Rivi
ère
s
)
F
aculty
of
Elec
t
rica
l
an
d
Co
mp
uter
En
gin
eer
in
g
,
C
a
n
a
d
a
.
His
sc
ientif
ic
res
earch
is
fo
cus
i
ng
in
p
o
wer elec
tro
n
ic
s, smart grid
s an
d
ren
e
w
a
b
l
e
en
erg
i
es
.
E-mail:
moh
a
me
d.k
e
dd
ar
@
u
q
t
r.c
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.