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p
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s
[1
],
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
,
[
4
],
[
5
].
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
v
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t
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l
m
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m
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n
t
u
s
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g
t
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m
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s
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r
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t
h
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g
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p
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ce
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V
c
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ar
e
s
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m
ico
n
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cto
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s
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to
co
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er
t
s
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lar
en
er
g
y
in
to
elec
tr
icit
y
[
6
],
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
11
]
.
T
o
o
v
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co
m
e
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li
m
i
tatio
n
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f
co
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m
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l
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d
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tr
icit
y
s
i
m
u
lt
an
eo
u
s
l
y
[
1
2
],
[
13
]
.
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at,
b
y
m
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y
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n
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t
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y
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tlab
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Si
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k
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ev
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lu
ated
to
g
et
a
b
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p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
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.
I
n
ad
d
itio
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to
alter
n
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s
o
u
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ce
s
,
th
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m
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(
T
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ev
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h
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n
ar
is
e
as
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g
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m
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tal
f
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n
d
l
y
ap
p
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f
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h
ea
t
p
u
m
p
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
[
16
]
.
T
h
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m
o
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tr
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g
en
er
ato
r
(
T
E
G)
h
av
e
b
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f
it
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
r
es
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ed
i
n
s
ize,
m
ild
in
w
ei
g
h
t,
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h
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
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,
n
o
wo
r
k
in
g
f
l
u
id
a
n
d
n
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
m
o
v
in
g
p
ar
ts
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
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e
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s
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r
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s
s
u
c
h
as
f
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el
ce
l
ls
,
ca
r
DC
elec
tr
ic
s
o
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r
ce
s
an
d
P
V
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
ed
th
e
t
h
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
[
1
7
].
A
co
n
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
id
ea
o
f
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
er
m
al
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
to
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tr
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y
d
ir
ec
tl
y
u
s
in
g
TE
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
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t
s
e
v
er
al
y
ea
r
s
a
g
o
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
TE
s
w
i
th
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
allo
w
s
u
s
ed
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f
th
e
P
V
b
y
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p
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t
to
g
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ate
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itio
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al
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,
th
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e
f
o
r
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m
p
r
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v
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n
g
t
h
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
8
]
.
Mo
j
u
m
d
er
et
al
.
[
1
9
]
p
r
o
p
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s
ed
s
in
g
le
p
as
s
P
VT
air
co
llecto
r
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m
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a
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b
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f
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in
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f
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s
w
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s
tab
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f
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is
s
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n
.
T
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g
y
b
alan
ce
eq
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w
as
an
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tical
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d
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f
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ch
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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P
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Vo
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No
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2
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.
1
9
%
r
esp
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el
y
.
A
m
a
th
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m
atica
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m
o
d
el
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
b
y
K
h
eli
f
a
et
al
.
[
20
]
w
it
h
a
t
h
er
m
al
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
w
at
er
h
ea
tin
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
i
n
c
lu
d
es
t
h
eo
r
etica
ll
y
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d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tall
y
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
P
V
T
co
llecto
r
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
b
alan
ce
s
o
f
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m
o
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el
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d
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u
p
led
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if
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eq
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if
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ata
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w
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p
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o
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v
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ltaic
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co
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t,
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d
ef
f
ec
t o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
.
Ko
s
s
y
v
ak
i
s
et
al.
[
21
]
ex
a
m
in
ed
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
ll
y
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
tan
d
e
m
P
V
-
T
E
G
h
y
b
r
id
u
tili
ze
p
o
ly
-
Si
as
w
ell
as
d
y
e
-
s
e
n
s
iti
ze
d
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
f
f
ec
t
is
te
s
ted
u
s
i
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g
d
if
f
er
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t
t
h
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m
o
ele
m
en
t
g
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w
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ic
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t
h
e
s
h
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r
ter
th
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m
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m
en
t
s
in
cr
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es
t
h
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tp
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t
le
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h
e
n
co
n
s
id
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ed
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
ac
t
u
al
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Z
h
u
et
al.
[
22
]
b
u
ild
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
P
V
-
T
E
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
w
h
ich
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
to
tal
p
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w
er
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tp
u
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d
eli
v
er
ed
a
lar
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e
te
m
p
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if
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n
ce
ac
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o
s
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th
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TE
m
o
d
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le
w
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th
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n
tr
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lled
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ea
t
f
lo
w
.
T
h
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th
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d
n
u
m
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ca
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ted
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n
ad
v
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ce
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f
th
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l
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
s
tu
d
ied
b
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Z
h
an
g
et
al.
[
23
]
f
o
r
ev
al
u
ati
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
co
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ce
n
tr
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g
P
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-
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E
h
y
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s
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b
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u
s
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g
d
if
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n
t
t
y
p
e
o
f
PV
ce
ll.
R
ez
an
ia
&
R
o
s
e
n
d
ah
l
[
2
4
]
s
tu
d
ied
o
n
C
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
te
g
r
ated
w
it
h
T
E
Gs
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h
ey
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v
e
s
ti
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ate
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s
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h
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n
tr
ated
p
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n
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at
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d
d
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f
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n
t
t
y
p
e
o
f
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
.
T
h
e
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
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P
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y
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te
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n
th
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P
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G
s
y
s
te
m
th
at
co
n
s
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s
t
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o
f
TE
m
ater
ial
s
Z
T
≈
1
.
Fro
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
m
o
s
t
t
h
eo
r
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l
s
tu
d
ie
s
o
n
l
y
u
s
e
t
h
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co
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eq
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tt
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W
h
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m
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d
y
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to
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f
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V.
Fu
r
t
h
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m
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th
i
s
n
e
w
th
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r
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ca
n
m
in
i
m
ize
t
h
e
er
r
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r
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th
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t
h
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r
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l
s
t
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y
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A
c
co
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d
in
g
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r
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w
led
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b
e
co
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cl
u
d
ed
th
at
t
h
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s
t
u
d
y
o
f
th
er
m
a
l
eq
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ilib
r
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m
o
n
t
h
e
P
VT
s
y
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is
li
m
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d
s
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ie
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d
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y
p
r
ev
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s
r
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2.
M
AT
H
E
M
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CAL M
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I
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cr
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co
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ar
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g
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as s
h
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ig
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tr
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s
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o
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w
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g
a
s
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n
s
b
ased
o
n
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
e
m
atic
o
f
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t T
r
an
s
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er
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o
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a
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ir
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alan
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at
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A
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En
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[4
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a
l.
,
"
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
e
x
e
rg
y
a
n
a
l
y
se
s o
f
so
lar d
ry
in
g
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
re
d
se
a
w
e
e
d
,
"
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Bu
il
d
in
g
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
2
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
so
lar
d
r
y
in
g
s
y
ste
m
fo
r
re
d
c
h
il
i,
"
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
9
9
,
p
p
.
4
7
-
5
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
6
]
R.
L
a
m
b
a
&
S
.
C.
Ka
u
sh
ik
,
"
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
c
o
n
c
e
n
trate
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
–
th
e
rm
o
e
lec
tri
c
h
y
b
rid
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
,
"
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
8
8
-
9
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
l
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
th
e
rm
a
l
(P
V
T
)
w
a
ter
c
o
ll
e
c
to
rs,"
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
7
8
,
p
p
.
6
4
1
-
6
5
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[8
]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
Co
ll
e
c
to
r
e
f
ficie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
p
a
ss
so
lar
a
ir
c
o
ll
e
c
to
rs
w
it
h
f
in
s,"
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
9
t
h
W
S
EA
S
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
YST
EM
S
CIENCE
a
n
d
S
I
M
ULAT
ION
in
ENG
INEERIN
G
(ICOSS
S
E’
1
0
)
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
4
2
8
-
34.
[9
]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
e
t
a
l
.,
"
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
S
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
-
p
a
ss
so
lar
a
ir
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
w
it
h
sta
g
g
e
re
d
f
in
s,"
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
9
t
h
W
S
EA
S
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
YST
EM
S
CIE
NCE
a
n
d
S
IM
UL
AT
ION
in
E
NG
INEERIN
G
(ICOSS
S
E’1
0
),
Ja
p
a
n
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
4
1
0
-
1
4
.
[1
0
]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
De
sig
n
a
n
d
te
stin
g
o
f
so
lar d
ry
e
r
f
o
r
d
ry
in
g
k
in
e
ti
c
s
o
f
se
a
w
e
e
d
in
M
a
lay
si
a
,
"
in
P
r
o
c
.
o
f
th
e
5
th
In
t.
C
o
n
f
.
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
-
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
–
Bio
m
e
d
icin
e
(EDE
P
’
1
1
,
Co
rf
u
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
-
1
2
4.
[1
1
]
A
.
Ib
ra
h
i
m
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Eff
icie
n
c
ie
s
a
n
d
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
o
f
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
in
teg
ra
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
t
h
e
rm
a
l
(BIP
V
T
)
s
y
st
e
m
,
"
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
7
7
,
p
p
.
5
2
7
-
3
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
M
.
Z
o
h
ri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
T
h
e
rm
a
l
(P
V
T
)
S
y
ste
m
w
it
h
a
n
d
W
it
h
o
u
t
F
i
n
s
Co
ll
e
c
t
o
r:
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (
IJ
PE
DS
),
v
o
l.
8
,
No
.
4
p
p
.
1
7
5
6
-
1
7
6
3
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
3
]
Bu
d
iy
a
n
to
&
F
a
d
li
o
n
d
i
,
“
T
h
e
I
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
S
o
lar
Ce
ll
Ou
tp
u
t
P
o
w
e
r
Us
in
g
Co
o
li
n
g
a
n
d
Re
f
le
c
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
M
irro
r.
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
No
.
3
p
p
.
1
3
2
0
-
1
3
2
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
J
.
S
u
ry
a
Ku
m
a
ri
&
Ch
.
S
a
i
Ba
b
u
,
“
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
Ce
ll
u
sin
g
M
a
tl
a
b
S
im
u
li
n
k
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t”,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
2
,
No
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
-
3
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
A
b
d
-
El
-
Ha
k
e
e
m
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
“
T
h
e
L
in
e
a
r
M
o
d
e
l
o
f
a
P
V
m
o
d
u
le”
,
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (
IJ
PE
DS
),
v
o
l
.
8
,
No
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
0
0
-
9
0
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
16
]
X
.
F
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
rm
o
e
lec
tri
c
re
se
a
rc
h
–
Re
c
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
p
o
ten
ti
a
ls
f
o
r
s
u
sta
in
a
b
le
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
p
p
.
4
8
6
-
5
0
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
7
]
D.
En
e
sc
u
,
&
E.
O.
V
irj
o
g
h
e
,
"
A
r
e
v
ie
w
o
n
th
e
r
m
o
e
lec
tr
ic
c
o
o
li
n
g
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
3
8
,
p
p
.
9
0
3
-
16
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
8
]
A
.
M
a
k
k
i
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
in
h
y
b
rid
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
s
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
,
"
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
p
p
.
6
5
8
-
8
4
,
2
0
1
5
.
[
1
9
]
J.C.
M
o
ju
m
d
e
r
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
n
e
x
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
n
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
ir
t
y
p
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
th
e
rm
a
l
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r
sy
ste
m
in
teg
ra
t
e
d
w
it
h
c
o
o
li
n
g
f
in
s d
e
sig
n
,
"
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
B
u
il
d
in
g
s
,
v
o
l.
1
3
0
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
-
8
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Ma
th
ema
tica
l Mo
d
elin
g
o
f P
h
o
to
vo
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ic
Th
erma
l Th
ermo
elec
tr
ic.
.
.
(
N
u
r
u
l S
ya
kira
h
N
a
z
r
i
)
801
[
20
]
A
.
Kh
e
li
f
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
tailed
stu
d
y
o
f
h
y
b
rid
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
th
e
rm
a
l
(P
V
/T
)
so
lar
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r,
"
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
3
5
,
p
p
.
1
6
9
-
7
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
21
]
D.N.
Ko
ss
y
v
a
k
is
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ex
p
e
rime
n
tal
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
tan
d
e
m
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
th
e
r
m
o
e
lec
tri
c
h
y
b
rid
sy
ste
m
,
"
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
1
1
7
,
p
p
.
4
9
0
-
5
0
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
22
]
W
.
Zh
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Hig
h
-
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
t
h
e
rm
o
e
lec
tri
c
h
y
b
rid
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
w
it
h
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
th
e
rm
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
"
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
0
0
,
p
p
.
9
1
-
1
0
1
,
2
0
1
6.
[
23
]
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
th
e
rm
o
e
lec
tri
c
h
y
b
rid
s
y
ste
m
s,"
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
7
8
,
p
p
.
8
9
5
-
9
0
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
24
]
A
.
Re
z
a
n
ia
&
L
.
A
.
Ro
se
n
d
a
h
l
,
"
F
e
a
sib
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
a
ra
m
e
tri
c
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
h
y
b
rid
c
o
n
c
e
n
trate
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
th
e
rm
o
e
lec
tri
c
s
y
ste
m
,
"
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
8
7
,
p
p
.
3
8
0
-
8
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
5
]
A
.
F
u
d
h
o
li
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e
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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&
Dr
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y
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Vo
l.
9
,
No
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2
,
J
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2
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1
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:
795
–
802
802
Pro
f
Da
to
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Dr
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BS
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c
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En
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f
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m
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Un
iv
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rsity
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f
W
isc
o
n
sin
-
M
a
d
iso
n
i
n
1
9
8
5
,
t
h
e
M
S
in
En
e
rg
y
R
e
so
u
rc
e
s
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
P
i
tt
sb
u
rg
h
i
n
1
9
8
9
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Do
rg
a
n
S
o
lar
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
ia
m
i
a
t
Co
ra
l
Ga
b
l
e
s
in
1
9
9
7
.
His
M
S
t
h
e
sis
w
a
s
o
n
S
o
lar
A
b
so
rp
ti
o
n
Co
o
li
n
g
S
y
st
e
m
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
D
d
isse
rtatio
n
w
a
s
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
Do
u
b
le
-
P
a
ss
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
S
o
lar
Co
ll
e
c
to
rs.
Up
o
n
g
ra
d
u
a
ti
o
n
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
a
s
a
n
A
ss
ista
n
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
a
n
d
M
a
teria
ls
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
(N
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
la
y
sia
).
He
w
a
s
p
ro
m
o
ted
t
o
th
e
p
o
st
o
f
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
o
f
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
a
n
d
M
a
teria
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
(th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
la
y
sia
)
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
is
th
e
Dire
c
to
r
o
f
th
e
S
o
lar
En
e
rg
y
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
In
stit
u
te
i
n
th
e
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
sin
c
e
2
0
0
5
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
f
o
r
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
5
-
y
e
a
rs.
His
m
a
in
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
a
re
in
so
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
re
so
u
rc
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
s
(
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic,
so
lar
p
o
w
e
re
d
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
v
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
,
so
lar
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
th
i
n
f
il
m
sili
c
o
n
so
lar
c
e
ll
)
a
n
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
so
lar
th
e
rm
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s
(
so
lar
c
o
o
li
n
g
,
so
lar
h
e
a
t
p
u
m
p
,
so
lar
a
ss
isted
d
ry
in
g
,
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
th
e
rm
a
l
o
r
h
y
b
rid
c
o
ll
e
c
to
r).
He
h
a
s
se
c
u
re
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
ro
m
th
e
M
a
la
y
sia
n
M
in
stry
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
M
a
lay
si
a
n
M
in
istry
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
in
d
u
stry
f
o
r
m
o
re
th
a
n
USD
6
m
il
li
o
n
.
He
h
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
ry
c
o
u
rse
s
th
e
As
ian
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
e
rg
y
(2
0
0
7
-
2
0
1
4
)
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
IS
ES
CO,
COMS
A
T
,
TIKA an
d
UN
ES
CO.
He
h
a
s p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
o
v
e
r
8
0
0
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
(S
COP
US
h
in
d
e
x
=
4
9
,
n
o
.
o
f
c
it
a
ti
o
n
=
8
0
0
1
)
(G
o
o
g
le
S
c
h
o
lar
h
in
d
e
x
=
6
0
,
n
o
.
o
f
c
it
a
ti
o
n
=
1
3
4
7
3
).
A
to
tal
o
f
3
2
M
S
c
(c
o
u
rse
wo
rk
),
1
5
M
S
c
(re
se
a
rc
h
m
o
d
e
)
a
n
d
4
0
P
h
D
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
tes
f
ro
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
su
c
h
a
s
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
,
Ira
n
,
Ira
q
,
A
lg
re
ria,
L
ib
y
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
Nig
e
ria,
O
m
a
n
,
Ye
m
e
n
,
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
Jo
rd
a
n
h
a
v
e
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
u
n
d
e
r
h
is
su
p
e
r
v
isio
n
.
He
h
a
s
d
e
li
v
e
re
d
k
e
y
n
o
tes
a
n
d
p
lan
e
ry
sp
e
e
c
h
e
s
a
t
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
o
n
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
in
M
a
lay
sia
,
Ch
i
n
a
,
I
n
d
ia,
Ira
q
,
Ira
n
,
F
ra
n
c
e
,
G
re
e
c
e
,
M
o
rro
c
o
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s,
Hu
n
g
a
ry
,
Eg
y
p
t,
L
ib
y
a
,
Un
it
e
d
A
ra
b
E
m
irat
e
s,
S
y
ria,
S
a
u
d
i
A
ra
b
ia,
Ba
h
ra
in
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
,
P
h
i
li
p
h
i
n
e
s,
Ja
p
a
n
,
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
Ho
ll
a
n
d
,
Italy
,
M
a
ld
iv
e
s,
a
n
d
C
o
m
b
o
d
ia.
He
h
a
s
u
n
d
e
rta
k
e
n
sh
o
rt
a
ss
ig
n
m
e
n
ts
in
a
b
o
u
t
1
0
c
o
u
n
tri
e
s
f
o
r
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
g
e
n
c
ies
a
n
d
p
ro
g
ra
m
s
su
c
h
a
s
UN
DP
-
G
EF
,
UN
IDO
,
A
S
EA
N
EU
-
En
e
rg
y
F
a
c
il
it
y
,
A
S
E
A
N
-
A
u
stra
li
a
Eco
n
o
m
ic
Co
-
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
P
ro
g
ra
m
,
A
S
E
A
N
-
CID
A
(C
a
n
a
d
a
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Ag
e
n
c
y
),
JSP
S
-
V
CC,
Brit
is
h
Co
u
n
c
il
CHICH
E,
IS
ES
CO
a
n
d
UN
ES
CO
re
late
d
to
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
a
s
th
e
Ho
n
o
ra
ry
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
o
f
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Bu
il
t
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
No
tt
in
g
h
a
m
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
(2
0
0
9
-
2
0
1
3
)
.
In
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
,
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
in
ted
a
s
th
e
a
ss
o
c
iate
e
d
it
o
rs
o
f
th
e
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
(2
0
0
5
–
2
0
1
0
)
a
n
d
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
Cit
ies
a
n
d
S
o
c
iety
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
b
y
El
se
v
ier
L
td
,
a
n
d
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
e
rg
y
,
Hin
d
a
w
i.
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
th
e
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
(T
h
a
il
a
n
d
),
Jo
rd
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
a
n
d
In
d
u
strial
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
(JJ
M
IE)
(Jo
rd
a
n
),
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
(Ca
n
a
d
a
)
a
n
d
P
a
les
ti
n
e
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Re
se
a
r
c
h
Jo
u
rn
a
l
(P
a
les
ti
n
e
).
He
w
o
n
se
v
e
ra
l
in
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
w
a
rd
s
f
o
r
h
is
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
io
n
i
n
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
in
c
lu
d
in
g
th
e
IDB
(Isla
m
ic
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Ba
n
k
)
S
&
T
P
rize
2
0
1
3
,
W
o
rld
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Ne
t
w
o
rk
P
io
n
e
e
r
A
wa
r
d
2
0
1
2
,
M
a
lay
sia
G
r
e
e
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Aw
a
rd
2
0
1
2
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
A
S
E
A
N
En
e
rg
y
Aw
a
rd
s
(2
0
0
5
,
2
0
0
7
,
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
2
0
1
4
).
He
h
a
s
4
p
a
ten
ts,
2
0
p
a
ten
ts
p
e
n
d
in
g
,
6
c
o
p
y
rig
h
ts,
a
n
d
1
trad
e
m
a
rk
f
o
r
h
is
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
i
n
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
i
n
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
v
e
w
o
n
8
0
m
e
d
a
l
s
in
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
in
v
e
n
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
e
ti
ti
o
n
s
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
sp
e
c
ial
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
a
w
a
rd
s
su
c
h
a
s
P
rix
d
e
L
'
En
v
iro
n
n
e
m
e
n
t
b
y
th
e
S
w
iss
S
o
c
iet
y
f
o
r
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
P
ro
tec
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
1
,
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
Aw
a
rd
INN
OV
A
2
0
0
7
,
S
p
e
c
ial
P
r
ize
,
Ko
re
a
In
v
e
n
t
io
n
P
ro
m
o
ti
o
n
A
ss
o
c
iatio
n
a
t
th
e
IN
P
E
X
P
it
tsb
u
rg
h
2
0
0
8
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
Aw
a
rd
,
a
t
INN
OV
A
2
0
1
3
i
n
Bru
ss
e
ls.
His
Ro
y
a
l
Hig
h
n
e
ss
T
h
e
S
u
lt
a
n
o
f
P
e
ra
k
c
o
n
f
e
rre
d
th
e
P
a
d
u
k
a
M
a
h
k
o
ta
P
e
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(
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a
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(DPM
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in
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(F
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in
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h
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m
m
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issio
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f
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l
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ter
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f
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1
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sp
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M
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s f
o
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p
a
lm
o
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f
a
c
to
ry
in
M
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si
a
.
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