Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 83
3
~
84
3
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p83
3-8
43
8
33
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Modeling and simulati
on of SE
PIC controlled converter using
PID cont
roll
er
Sal
a
m
Ibr
a
hi
m Khather, M
u
ham
m
ed A.
I
b
rahim
Sy
st
e
m
a
nd Contro
l
E
n
g
i
nee
r
i
ng
De
p
a
rt
me
nt
,
Nine
v
a
h Uni
v
e
r
si
ty,
Ira
q
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
Ju
l
24
,
20
19
Re
vise
d N
o
v
9
,
20
19
Acc
e
pt
e
d
Fe
b 3, 2
0
2
0
Th
e
to
polog
y
o
f
S
E
P
I
C "
S
in
gl
e-ended
pri
m
ar
y
in
duc
tan
c
e
c
o
n
v
erter"
is
con
s
idered
as
a
su
itable
o
p
tion
f
o
r au
to
mo
tiv
e
p
o
w
e
r s
y
stem
w
h
ere
the
valu
e
of the
ou
tp
ut
v
o
l
tag
e
s
h
o
u
ld b
e
ran
g
ing b
e
twe
e
n
th
e low
a
n
d h
i
g
h
valu
es
o
f
th
e in
pu
t
v
a
lu
e o
f
vo
lt
age
.
The main
fe
atu
r
e of th
e
DC-D
C con
v
e
rter
is the
stabili
t
y
of ou
tp
ut
vo
lt
age
.
Th
is
p
a
per
s
h
o
ws th
e S
E
P
I
C con
v
erter employ
in
g
P
I
D co
nv
erter
to
be
u
s
ed
in
in
du
strial
app
l
ic
atio
ns
. A
S
E
P
I
C D
C
-DC
con
v
ert
e
r
can
m
a
nag
e
either
s
t
e
p
-d
ow
n mo
de o
r
step-u
p
mo
de
.
The b
e
nefit
o
f
u
s
i
ng t
h
i
s
c
i
rc
ui
t
is t
o
su
pp
l
y
a sta
b
le a
nd c
o
n
t
ro
ll
e
d
out
pu
t vo
lt
a
g
e
n
o
matt
er how
mu
ch the
inpu
t v
o
ltag
e
is.
The simulated
b
e
h
a
viors
of th
e
un
con
t
ro
lled
an
d
c
o
n
t
rolled
S
E
P
I
C c
o
nv
erter
are
pres
ented
in
this
pap
e
r. The
P
I
D con
t
ro
lle
r
b
a
sed o
n
ba
t algo
rithm (BA) op
ti
m
i
z
a
tion
me
tho
d
is
u
s
ed
fo
r
se
a
r
c
h
i
ng of the
be
st Pro
p
o
r
tio
n
a
l
–In
t
e
g
ra
l
-
D
e
ri
va
ti
ve (PID)
g
a
in
s.
T
h
e
so
lu
tion
h
a
s
g
i
v
e
n v
e
ry
go
od
p
e
rformanc
e
and
wh
atev
er
th
e
out
pu
t r
e
fer
e
n
c
e
vo
ltag
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
ion
and
load
dis
t
u
r
b
a
n
ce of the
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Ke
yw
ords:
Ba
t
al
gori
t
hm
D
C
-D
C c
onv
erte
r
Pe
rf
o
r
ma
n
c
e in
de
x
P
I
D controller
SEP
I
C
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
Muhamm
e
d
A
.
Ibrahim
,
El
ect
roni
cs
E
n
gine
e
r
i
n
g,
Syst
em a
n
d C
ont
ro
l
Depa
rtme
nt
Ni
ne
vah
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
ty, M
o
s
u
l
,
Iraq
Emai
l:
mu
ha
mmed.i
b
ra
hi
m@
uo
ni
ne
va
h.e
d
u
.
iq
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
The
DC-
D
C c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
rs t
h
at
ope
rat
e
o
n
a
s
w
i
t
c
hed
m
ode
are an
e
x
a
m
pl
e
of t
i
me
-va
r
yi
ng
n
on-l
i
ne
a
r
dy
namic
syst
e
m
s [
1
-6]. The
s
e
con
v
e
r
t
e
rs c
o
nta
i
n sp
ec
ia
l
i
z
e
d
swit
c
h
e
s
t
h
at
ca
n be
a
ppli
e
d
t
o
ma
nip
u
l
a
t
e
t
h
ei
r
t
opol
o
g
i
cal
st
ruct
u
r
e
o
v
e
r-t
i
m
e as w
e
ll
as t
h
e t
i
me
va
ri
at
i
on i
n
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
in
gre
d
ie
nt
s a
s
t
h
e
i
r di
o
d
e
s
have
no
n
-
l
i
n
ea
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
-
v
o
l
t
a
ge
p
r
o
p
erti
e
s
[7,
8
]
.
S
o
me
of
t
h
e
c
o
mm
on
uses
of
DC
-D
C
co
n
v
ert
e
rs
i
n
cl
u
d
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
lli
ng
t
h
e tr
a
c
ti
on
mo
to
r i
n
th
e en
g
i
n
e
s of el
ec
tr
ic
cars,
fork
li
ft
tru
c
k
s
,
m
a
r
i
n
e
ho
is
ts, min
e
h
a
u
l
e
r
s,
an
d
tr
o
l
l
e
y
c
a
rs
[
1
,
3
,
9,
1
0
]
.
Th
is is pr
im
ar
il
y du
e to
i
t
s in
c
r
ease
d
e
f
f
i
ci
en
cy
in
t
h
e
r
a
p
i
d
dyn
a
m
ic
re
spon
se a
n
d
ac
cel
erat
i
on c
ont
rol [
1
,
3, 4,
11
]. T
h
e
s
e
con
v
e
r
t
e
rs
ca
n be a
p
pl
i
e
d
t
o
imp
r
o
v
e e
n
erg
y
c
onse
r
vat
i
on in
t
r
ans
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
syst
ems
t
h
at
h
a
ve
fre
q
uent
st
ops
t
h
rou
g
h
t
h
e use
of re
ge
ne
ra
t
i
ve
bra
k
i
n
g
t
o
ret
u
rn
ene
r
g
y
ba
c
k
to
it
s sup
p
l
y
in
D
C
mo
to
rs
[
1
2
,
13
]
.
Th
e
co
ns
tru
c
ti
on
of D
C
-
D
C co
nv
er
te
rs requ
ir
es d
e
si
gn
an
a
l
ysi
s
to
det
e
rmi
n
e t
h
e
st
at
e va
ri
a
b
l
e
s
an
d t
h
ei
r
mo
des
of
ope
rat
i
on i
n
de
ve
l
opi
ng
a st
at
e
spa
ce m
odel
.
T
h
e
direct
current
c
o
n
v
ert
e
rs c
a
n
not
be
re
li
abl
y
used
t
o
det
e
rmi
n
e a
wi
de
ran
g
e
o
f
o
p
e
ra
t
i
on
,
e
s
pe
ci
al
l
y
wi
t
h
the
n
e
e
d
t
o
at
t
a
i
n
up
-an
d
-
do
w
n
v
o
l
t
age
c
onve
rsi
o
n
[1
4
-
1
7
]
.
T
h
is crea
t
e
s the
ne
e
d
to
i
n
te
grat
e a S
i
ngl
e
-
Ende
d
P
r
i
m
a
r
y
I
ndu
c
t
o
r
Conve
rt
er
i
n
th
e
d
e
sig
n
in
or
d
e
r
t
o
inc
r
ea
se t
h
e
r
a
ng
e
of o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
rf
orma
n
c
e.
U
n
l
i
k
e
o
t
h
e
r
t
ypes of
c
o
n
v
e
rt
ers,
S
E
PIC
gene
rat
e
s a p
o
si
t
i
ve an
d
re
gul
at
ed
o
u
tp
ut
vo
l
t
a
ge
ba
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
gi
ve
n i
n
put
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
Th
e
co
nv
ert
e
r
u
t
il
iz
es d
i
ff
ere
n
t cou
p
l
in
g
c
a
p
ac
ito
rs
i
n
th
e
cur
r
en
t
i
s
o
l
a
tion
in
the
ev
e
n
t
of sho
r
t
ci
rc
uit
i
n
g
.
Ad
di
ti
onal
l
y
, hea
t
b
u
il
d-up
an
d
ri
p
p
le
in t
h
e
S
E
P
I
C c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r are
p
r
eve
n
te
d
t
h
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
use
of
l
o
w
-
eq
ui
val
e
nt
seri
e
s
re
sist
a
n
c
e
ca
paci
t
o
rs
to i
m
pro
v
e t
h
e
rel
i
abi
l
i
t
y
of t
h
e
di
ve
rsi
f
i
e
d
ope
ra
ti
on
ran
g
e
.
Te
chn
i
qu
e
s
suc
h
as sta
t
e
sp
ace
av
e
r
ag
ing
or
c
i
rcu
i
t av
era
g
in
g
can
b
e
r
e
li
a
b
ly
use
d
in
t
h
e
pro
c
ess of c
o
n
v
e
rt
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
8
3
3
–
843
83
4
mo
d
e
li
n
g
to
d
e
te
r
m
in
e
th
e sig
n
a
l t
r
an
sf
e
r
fu
n
c
ti
on
s o
f
th
e
SEP
I
C c
onv
e
r
ter
.
Th
e
c
o
nv
er
te
r
a
n
aly
s
is will
be
con
d
u
ct
ed
usi
ng
MATL
AB
c
o
mput
e
r
so
ft
ware.
Due
to
the
i
m
pact
s
of t
h
e i
n
duct
o
r
resi
sta
n
ce
on t
h
e
effi
ci
enc
y
of SEPIC c
o
nve
rt
ers,
l
o
w-resi
s
t
a
n
ce in
duc
t
o
r
s
wi
ll
b
e
use
d
re
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
heat
dissi
pat
i
o
n
for
in
c
r
ea
sed
ef
fi
cien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
con
v
e
rt
er
.
D
i
r
e
c
t
Cu
rr
en
t
con
v
e
rt
er
s
ar
e u
s
ed
in t
h
e g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
on
o
f
D
C
cur
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
r
e
gu
la
to
r
s
t
h
at
h
a
v
e
a p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
a
l
i
g
n
m
en
t wi
th
th
e
in
du
ct
o
r
s [1
8]
.
It
’s i
m
p
o
rta
n
t
to
n
o
t
e
tha
t
th
e
di
rec
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
po
we
r s
u
p
p
l
i
e
s
c
o
nta
i
n
S
E
P
I
C
co
nve
rte
r
s
,
whi
c
h e
nha
nce
t
h
ei
r func
ti
on
al
ca
pa
bi
li
t
y
to
o
p
erat
e
in
e
i
t
h
er ste
p
-u
p or
s
t
e
p
-do
w
n mo
de [19
]
.
Th
i
s
is a
c
h
i
ev
e
d
thr
oug
h
r
e
gu
la
r
a
d
j
u
s
t
me
n
t
o
f
th
e
SEP
I
C
con
v
e
r
te
r ci
rc
u
i
t
t
opol
og
y t
o
b
oost
it
s
pe
rfor
ma
nce.
The
rese
a
r
c
h
on
t
h
e
S
E
PIC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
w
o
r
k
in
g in
b
u
c
k
an
d
b
o
o
st
m
o
de.
T
h
e
func
ti
onal
i
t
y
o
f
a
SEP
I
C
c
o
nv
ert
e
r i
s
based
o
n
t
h
e va
ri
at
ions
i
n
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e i
n
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
t
h
at
are
use
d
i
n
t
h
e
de
riva
ti
on
o
f
th
e
id
e
a
l v
a
lue
s
fo
r t
h
e op
tim
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
nc
e
of
th
e
sy
ste
m
.
Th
e
PID
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
r v
a
l
u
e
s
ca
n b
e
ob
t
a
in
ed
t
h
rou
g
h
dif
f
er
ent
a
p
proa
ch
es
de
pe
n
d
in
g
on
fac
t
ors
suc
h
as t
h
e c
u
rre
n
t
vol
t
a
ge
. Thi
s
pape
r is foc
u
sed o
n
appl
yi
ng t
h
e
PID
c
o
n
t
rol
l
er
t
uni
n
g
a
p
pro
ach
base
d o
n
BA to
g
e
ne
ra
t
e
t
h
e
PID
ga
n
i
s t
h
a
t
at
t
a
i
n
opt
imal
perfo
rma
n
ce
.
In
co
nc
l
u
si
o
n
, t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r pres
ent
s
t
h
e a
n
al
ys
i
s
and di
sc
ussi
on o
f
t
h
e
pre
d
i
c
t
e
d
re
sul
t
s
t
h
at
are
obt
ai
ne
d fro
m
t
h
e
S
E
PIC c
o
n
v
erte
r.
2.
R
E
S
E
ARC
H METH
OD
S
E
PIC C
onve
rt
er i
s
a basi
c s
w
it
c
h
in
g -
mo
de co
n
v
erte
r ci
rcui
t
w
h
ere
t
h
e
vol
t
a
ge
o
f
o
u
t
put c
o
u
l
d be
hi
ghe
r,
l
o
we
r
or e
qual
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
v
o
lt
age
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
.
T
h
e
e
q
ui
va
le
nt c
i
rc
ui
t o
f
t
h
e S
E
P
I
C co
nve
rt
er
dem
o
n
s
trat
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1. T
h
e
S
E
P
I
C c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r c
ont
ai
ns
a
p
o
we
r
swi
t
c
h
(MO
S
F
E
T
)
,
a
di
ode
, a
n
in
p
u
t
fi
lt
er
c
a
p
ac
i
t
or
, a
n
out
put
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r a
nd
c
o
u
p
le
d
i
nduc
t
o
rs
.
Th
e mat
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
mode
l
[
14,
2
0
]
of t
h
e
ope
n
loo
p
t
r
a
n
sfe
r
f
u
n
c
t
i
on
i
s
deri
ve
d t
o
a
p
pl
y a
n
a
p
p
r
op
ri
at
e desi
gn
t
echni
que
fo
r o
b
ta
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
i
d
ea
l val
u
es
fo
r
t
h
e c
ont
rol
l
e
r
p
a
rame
te
r
s
wh
ic
h
w
i
l
l
me
et th
e sp
ec
if
icat
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
ste
a
dy
a
n
d
tr
an
si
e
n
t
sta
t
e
of
th
e c
l
o
s
ed
loo
p
s
cont
rol
s
y
st
em
.
Fi
gu
re
1.
C
i
rcu
i
t scheme
of S
E
P
I
C c
o
nve
rte
r
D
u
rin
g
t
h
e t
u
rn o
n
th
e
pe
ri
o
d
o
f
t
h
e
c
i
rcui
t
,
In
Fi
g
u
re
2,
it
coul
d
be
n
o
t
i
c
e
d t
h
at
t
h
e
mome
nt
in
w
h
ich
th
e p
o
wer
sw
it
ch
is t
u
rn
e
d
on
, th
e sw
i
t
c
h
S
is c
l
o
s
ed,
a
nd a
t
th
e same
t
i
me
, L1 (
t
h
e
fi
rs
t ind
u
c
to
r)
w
i
l
l
be
c
h
a
r
ge
d fro
m
t
h
e in
put
vo
l
t
a
g
e
so
urc
e
. Mo
re
ove
r, th
e
seco
nd in
d
u
ct
o
r
L2 get
s
i
t
s ener
gy from
c
a
p
ac
it
o
r
C2
w
h
ile
t
h
e
fu
n
c
ti
on
of
C2
(
t
h
e
ou
t
p
u
t
c
a
p
a
c
ito
r)
w
i
l
l
be
pr
ov
i
d
i
n
g l
o
ad
c
u
rr
e
n
t
.
M
ean
wh
i
l
e,
th
er
e is
no
ene
r
g
y
pr
ovi
d
e
d
t
o
the
l
o
a
d
c
a
pac
i
to
r. T
h
e p
o
la
ri
t
i
e
s
o
f
c
a
pac
i
t
o
r
vol
ta
ge an
d t
h
e i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
u
rre
n
t are
in
d
i
ca
te
d
in
the
n
e
x
t
F
i
gur
e
[2
1]
.
Fi
gu
re
2.
The
di
ag
ram
of a
n
equi
val
e
nt
ci
rc
ui
t
f
o
r t
h
e
S
E
P
I
C
co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
sw
it
ch
is tu
rn
ing
ON
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
Mo
de
li
ng
a
n
d
simul
a
t
i
on
of
S
EPIC
c
ontr
o
l
l
e
d
c
onve
r
t
e
r u
s
i
n
g
PI
D c
o
ntrol
l
er
…
(M
uh
a
m
me
d
A.
I
b
r
ahi
m)
8
35
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
,
in
d
i
cate
s
th
e
st
at
e
of
t
h
e
circ
u
i
t
wh
il
e
th
e
p
o
w
e
r s
w
i
t
c
h
i
s
tu
rn
ed
O
F
F
,
wh
e
r
e
t
h
e
stor
ed
e
n
er
g
y
i
n
L
2
(t
h
e
seco
n
d
i
n
du
ct
or) i
s
mo
vi
n
g
t
o
C
1
(t
he
fi
r
s
t
ca
paci
t
o
r
)
.
M
o
r
e
ove
r
,
t
h
e st
o
r
e
d
ene
r
gy
passe
d
f
r
o
m
L2
(t
he
s
e
c
o
n
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
) t
o
C
2
(
t
he
o
u
t
put
c
a
p
ac
it
or
)
o
u
t
of
t
h
e di
o
d
e a
n
d
pr
ovi
di
ng
t
h
e e
n
e
r
g
y
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ad
[11
]
. L
2
i
s
al
so bei
n
g
con
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
l
o
ad
at
t
h
is
ti
me. A p
u
l
s
e
o
f
c
u
rre
nt
i
s
se
en
by
the
out
put
ca
p
a
cit
o
r a
t
t
h
e
of
f
tim
e
cau
sin
g
i
n
h
e
r
e
n
tly
no
ise
mo
r
e
th
an
a
b
u
c
k
con
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
F
i
gu
re
3.
The
di
ag
r
a
m of
an
equi
val
e
nt
c
i
r
c
ui
t f
o
r t
h
e
S
E
P
I
C co
n
v
er
te
r
w
h
il
e t
h
e swi
t
c
h
is tur
n
in
g
OFF
Inc
r
ea
se
or
de
c
r
e
a
se i
n
t
h
e
a
m
ou
nt
o
f
vo
l
t
a
ge
s t
h
ey c
o
nve
r
t
(
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
) d
e
pen
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
dut
y
c
y
cl
e
(D)
an
d t
h
e
para
sit
i
c
el
ement
s
i
n
t
h
e
ci
rc
ui
t.
The
i
n
d
u
ct
or
c
u
rre
n
t
iL
2
r
i
se
s w
ith
s
l
o
p
e
+
V
/
L2
whi
l
e
swit
c
h
in
g
on
an
d r
e
duce
s
wi
t
h
sl
o
p
e
-
V
/
L2
w
h
ile
swi
t
c
h
ing
o
f
f
,
t
h
us
:
DT
1
D
T
(1
)
V
V
(2
)
T
h
e
in
du
ct
or
c
u
rr
en
t
iL1
in
crea
se
s w
ith
slop
e
+
V
/
L1
du
r
i
ng
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
on
and
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
i
t
h
slo
p
e
-
(
V
+
V
V
/
L1
)
d
u
r
in
g
sw
i
t
ch
i
n
g of
f.
Thus:
DT
1
D
T
(3
)
V
V
(4
)
Th
e
r
a
tio
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
S
E
PIC con
v
e
r
t
e
r
is:
(5
)
Thi
s
co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
ei
t
h
er t
h
e vol
t
a
ge
o
f
o
u
t
put
coul
d
be
hi
g
h
e
r
,
l
o
we
r or
e
q
ua
l t
h
an t
h
e
i
n
put
vol
ta
ge
[
2
1
]
. T
h
e
out
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of
the
s
u
g
g
est
e
d S
E
PIC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r f
u
nct
i
ons i
n
buc
k
a
n
d
b
o
o
st
mo
de.
T
h
e
s
y
st
em
i
s
mod
e
le
d in
MA
TLA
B
/s
imu
l
i
n
k
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
mo
d
e
l is mo
r
e
v
i
su
a
l
th
an sc
ri
p
t; th
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
sy
s
t
em is - easie
r
t
o
si
mula
te
n
o
n
l
i
ne
ar ef
fec
t
s a
n
d di
ffe
r
e
n
t sam
p
le
rat
e
s
i
n
Si
mul
i
n
k.
3.
THE
PID CON
T
R
O
LLER
FOR TH
E SEPI
C
C
O
NV
ER
TER
The
use
of
P
I
D b
e
c
a
me
wo
r
l
dwi
d
e
i
n
ma
i
n
l
y
co
mple
x
i
n
d
u
st
ri
al
pr
oce
s
s
e
s t
h
at
nee
d
pr
eci
se cont
rol
in
sy
ste
m
p
e
rfo
rm
an
c
e
. Propo
r
tion
a
l, in
t
e
gr
a
l
an
d d
e
r
i
v
a
ti
v
e
o
f
th
e e
r
ro
r s
i
gn
a
l
a
r
e
co
mb
in
ed in
a PI
D
c
ont
r
o
ll
er
,
wh
er
e eac
h pa
rt
gi
ve
s s
o
me
ad
vant
a
g
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
v
er
al
l
s
y
st
em
r
e
sp
o
n
se
[
2
2
]
.
A
st
an
da
r
d
bl
oc
k
d
i
a
g
ra
m f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ugg
es
ted
con
t
ro
l
syste
m
arr
a
ng
e
m
en
t
is disp
l
a
y
e
d
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
Fi
gu
re
4.
S
E
P
I
C
c
o
nve
rt
er
wi
t
h
P
I
D
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
y
st
em
bl
oc
k
sc
heme
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
8
3
3
–
843
83
6
The
P
I
D c
o
ntr
o
l
i
s
pr
o
pose
d
t
o
safe
gua
rd t
h
e i
d
e
n
t
i
fyi
ng
req
u
ire
d
i
n
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t ru
nni
n
g
poi
nt
fo
r
SEP
I
C
,
t
h
e
n
adj
u
st
i
n
g SE
P
I
C
,
i
n
orde
r t
o
re
mai
n
very
ne
ar t
o
the
i
n
si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
runni
ng
p
o
i
n
t
if
any
une
x
p
ec
te
d di
st
urbanc
e
s
h
a
ppe
ne
d,
se
t
p
o
i
n
t
c
h
a
nge
s a
n
d
n
o
i
s
e. T
h
e P
I
D
co
nt
rol
l
e
r
wi
ll
ge
nerat
e
corres
p
o
n
d
in
g
P
W
M
pl
uses
t
o
c
ont
rol
t
h
e
sw
it
ch
of t
h
e S
E
PIC c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r. T
h
e
o
u
t
put
vol
t
a
ge
is se
nse
d
a
n
d
c
o
mp
a
r
e
d
to
the
re
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
se
t
po
in
t
requ
ir
ed vo
lta
g
e
th
e resu
l
t
of
th
e er
ror i
s
p
a
s
s
ed t
o
t
h
e
PI
D co
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
to
e
lim
in
a
t
e
th
is
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
c
e
th
rou
g
h
se
tti
ng
th
e D
u
t
y
cy
c
l
e
v
a
lu
e
th
a
t
u
s
ed
in
PW
M
g
e
n
e
rati
o
n
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
5,
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e c
ont
rol
l
e
r
part
c
o
nfi
g
u
r
a
t
i
on. I
n
F
i
gure
6,
o
n
e ca
n o
b
s
e
rve
the
out
p
u
t
wa
vef
o
rms i
n
on
e
dut
y c
y
cl
e
,
a
re
cu
rri
ng
seq
u
e
nc
e
bl
oc
k c
o
n
f
i
g
ure
d
t
o
t
h
e
out
put
i
n
f
o
rm
of
a sa
w-to
ot
h
wa
ve o
f
out
p
u
t
va
l
u
e
s
(0 1
0
)
wit
h
t
i
me val
u
es
(0
, 2/ S
w
it
chi
n
g fre
que
nc
y,
1/
Swi
t
chi
n
g fre
q
ue
nc
y
)
.
T
h
i
s
w
a
vefor
m
i
s
s
u
b
t
rac
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e dut
y
c
y
cl
e
to
re
su
l
t
i
n
a
P
W
M si
gna
l o
f
th
e
w
a
n
t
e
d
d
u
t
y
cy
cl
e.
F
i
gu
re 5.
P
I
D
cont
rol
l
e
r
c
o
nfi
g
u
r
at
i
o
n
i
n
M
A
TL
AB
pr
ogr
am
Fi
gu
re
6. D
u
t
y
cyc
l
e
for
m
.
(
D
=
0.6, S
w
it
c
h
i
n
g fre
que
nc
y=
50K
Hz)
The
t
r
a
n
sfer
fu
nct
i
on
re
gardi
n
g t
h
e
P
I
D
c
ont
rol
l
e
r
c
oul
d
be
s
t
at
ed
as [
1
]:
C
z
P
IT
D
(6
)
whe
r
e:
Ts: sam
p
li
ng
ti
me
P:
Prop
o
r
t
i
onal
ga
in
I:
I
n
te
g
r
al
ga
i
n
D:
De
ri
vat
i
v
e
ga
in
N
:
fi
lte
r
co
eff
i
c
i
e
n
t
Fo
r d
e
sign
PID
c
o
n
t
ro
lle
r fo
r
S
E
P
I
C
conv
e
r
te
r
n
eed
s to
lo
c
a
t
e
co
rrec
t
v
a
lu
e
s
of
pr
opo
r
tion
a
l,
i
n
te
gral
, a
n
d
de
ri
vat
i
ve
coe
f
fi
ci
ent
s
(P
,I,
D
,N
).
Ho
we
ver,
ca
reful
l
y a
n
d
ana
l
yt
i
c
a
l
l
y
ob
ta
i
n
ing
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
c
o
eff
i
c
i
e
n
ts
wh
ic
h
co
nf
irms
th
e
fi
n
e
st
wor
k
in
g
f
o
r
t
h
e c
o
n
t
r
o
l
sy
ste
m
is
a
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t t
a
s
k
[2
3,
24]
.
U
s
i
ng
man
u
al
ap
proa
c
h
es c
oul
d
c
a
u
se re
pe
ti
t
i
on a
n
d
l
o
ss
of t
i
m
e
,
a
nd it
ma
y
l
e
a
d
t
o
da
m
a
ge i
f
i
t
's use
d
o
n
t
h
e ha
rdwa
re
.
It
's i
m
p
o
ssi
b
l
e
t
o
li
nea
r
i
z
e
t
h
e
de
sig
n
i
n
g a
PI
D c
ont
rol
l
e
r
for t
h
e
S
E
P
I
C
co
nve
rte
r
b
e
c
a
us
e
t
h
e co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
mo
del
has
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
pow
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c s
w
i
t
c
h [2
5-
28].
P
I
D T
uni
ng
Ac
h
i
eve
m
e
n
t:
T
h
e
r
e a
r
e
man
y
me
th
ods t
o
t
u
nin
g
t
r
adi
t
i
ona
l P
I
D
,
i
n
t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r,
t
w
o
met
h
ods we
re
se
le
ct
ed
fo
r tun
i
ng
:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
x 1
0
-4
-1
-0
.
5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
A
m
pl
i
t
ude
D
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
PWM
Pu
l
s
e
s
T
r
ia
n
g
le
w
a
v
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Mo
del
i
ng a
n
d
si
mul
a
t
i
on
of
S
EPIC c
ont
r
o
ll
ed c
onve
r
te
r
u
s
ing
PID c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r …
(M
uh
a
m
me
d
A.
Ibr
ahi
m)
8
37
3.1.
MAT
A
L
B
PID
t
u
ne
r
ap
p.
I
t
su
gg
est
e
d
usin
g
sy
ste
m
i
d
en
t
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r id
e
n
tify
i
ng
a p
l
an
t mod
e
l
by
simu
la
tin
g
in
pu
t-ou
tp
u
t
dat
a
.
B
y
M
A
T
L
AB
P
I
D t
une
r (R
20
14a
)
.us
e
simul
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
p
u
t-
out
p
u
t
da
ta
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
li
n
e
a
r
pla
n
t mo
d
e
l an
d
ca
lc
ula
t
ion t
h
e
coe
f
fi
ci
ent
s
of
PI
D co
nt
ro
ll
e
r
. Ta
ble
1
sho
w
s t
h
e
res
u
l
t
s
of
t
h
e
pa
ramet
e
rs of
t
h
e P
I
D
cont
rol
l
e
r gai
n
s.
Tabl
e 1. Pa
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
o
f
PID
c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r
en
ha
nc
ed
by
MAT
L
A
B
t
une
r
p
ar
ame
t
ers
va
l
u
e
s
P
0.
0088
345
697
34
9
7108
I
0.
2322
472
635264
74
D -5.
19677
377
986
298e
-
05
N 106.
54
225
960956
7
3.2.
PID
c
o
nt
r
o
ller
design
u
s
ing Ba
t A
l
g
o
r
i
t
hm
A b
a
t-
i
n
sp
i
r
e
d
a
l
go
r
i
th
m i
s
a m
e
ta
-h
e
u
ris
tic
se
a
r
ch o
p
timi
z
a
t
i
o
n
esta
b
lish
e
d b
y
Y
a
ng [2
9]
.
In
th
is
w
o
r
k
,
th
e BA is
u
s
e
d
t
o
op
tim
ize
t
h
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
of P
I
D
co
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
to en
h
a
n
ce sy
st
em p
e
rfor
m
an
ce an
d
m
a
k
e
t
h
e syst
em
abl
e
t
o
o
p
e
r
at
e i
n
v
a
ri
ous
s
y
st
em
c
o
n
d
it
i
ons
s
u
c
h
a
s
set
p
o
int
v
a
ri
at
i
on, l
o
a
d
d
i
st
urba
nce,
a
n
d
l
i
n
e
di
st
urba
nce.
T
h
e
ba
t al
go
ri
t
h
m i
s
c
o
nst
r
uct
e
d
o
n
t
h
e ec
h
o
loc
a
t
i
on
beha
v
i
or o
f
mi
c
r
o-bat
s
w
i
t
h
c
h
an
gi
n
g
p
u
l
s
e
emi
s
si
on
a
n
d
lou
d
n
e
s
s
[
2
9
]
.
Int
e
gra
l
s
q
ua
red e
r
ror
(IS
E
), i
n
te
gral
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
e
r
ro
r
(IA
E
) a
n
d i
n
t
e
gra
l
ti
me
abs
o
l
u
te
e
r
ror
crit
erion
(IT
A
E
) a
r
e
c
h
ose
n
as
the
g
o
al
wo
rk
i
n
the
c
ont
rol
l
e
r
st
rat
e
g
y
proce
dure.
T
h
e
er
ro
r
crit
eria
I
A
E, IS
E IT
AE e
x
pre
s
si
ons
a
r
e
as de
vel
o
ps [3
0
]
.
(7
)
(8
)
∗
(9
)
whe
r
e
(Tss) i
s
t
h
e
ti
me a
t
st
eady
st
a
t
e
.
Fi
g
u
re
.7
de
mo
nst
r
at
es
the
em
pl
o
y
me
nt
o
f
t
h
e
BA i
n
t
h
e
M
A
TL
AB
com
pute
r
s
o
ft
ware
. T
h
i
s
fl
o
w
cha
r
t wa
s
t
h
en a
d
a
p
t
e
d int
o
co
di
ng
fo
r s
i
mul
a
t
i
on p
u
rp
ose
s
.
Thes
e ba
t
s
wi
ll
t
h
en w
o
r
k
t
o
g
e
t
h
er
t
o
wa
rd
s
the
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
func
ti
o
n
(err
or mi
nimi
za
ti
on
).
In t
h
e
pro
p
o
se
d wo
rk i
t
wi
l
l
wo
rk
t
o
wa
rds
o
p
t
i
m
iz
ing t
h
e
c
ont
rol
l
er
para
met
e
rs (K
p,
Ki
, K
d
,
N)
base
d
o
n
(7
)-(9
)
[3
1-3
2
].
The
s
u
ggest
e
d
met
h
od i
s
exe
c
ut
ed i
n
MA
T
L
AB
c
o
m
put
e
r
softw
a
re
/sc
r
i
p
t( Se
q
u
e
n
ce
of M
A
TL
A
B
sta
t
ement
s
i
n
fi
le
).P
r
e
l
i
m
ina
r
y n
u
me
ri
cal
te
sts i
s
used t
o
se
t t
h
e val
u
es
of
t
h
e B
A
c
ont
rol pa
ra
met
e
rs.
(
Po
pul
at
i
o
n siz
e
(n
),
Nu
mbe
r
of
ge
ne
ra
ti
o
n
(
n
g
), Fre
q
uen
c
y mi
ni
m
u
m(f
m
i
n
), F
r
e
q
uen
c
y ma
xi
mu
m(fma
x
),
Lo
ud
ness
(A
),
Pul
s
e rat
e
(r
)).
Al
l t
h
e
s
e
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
pa
ra
met
e
rs
are
sel
ect
ed
acc
ordi
ng t
o
t
h
e p
r
obl
e
m
s
t
o
be
appl
i
e
d
a
n
d
c
h
ara
c
t
e
ri
st
ic
s ne
e
d
e
d
by
t
h
e
de
si
gne
r.
Tabl
e
2
re
vi
ews
t
h
e
ga
i
n
est
i
mat
e
s
o
f
the
P
I
D
c
ont
rol
l
e
r
a
tta
in
e
d
t
h
ro
ugh
u
s
ing
BA
i
n
M
A
TLA
B prog
r
a
m
.
T
a
b
l
e 2.
G
a
ins of
PI
D
contr
o
lle
r
e
nhanc
ed by BA
p
ar
a
m
et
e
r
s val
u
es
P 0.
0
116
263
478
770
415
I
2.
5088
137
512
257
2
D
-
5
.
67699027
887
95
9e-
06
N
2046.
8
190
301
918
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-86
94
I
n
t J
P
o
w
El
ec
&
D
r
i S
y
st
,
V
o
l
.
11,
N
o
.
2,
J
u
ne
20
2
0
:
8
33
– 84
3
83
8
F
i
gur
e
7.
Fl
o
w
cha
r
t
of
the
B
A
4.
SIMU
LA
TI
ON
RESU
LTS A
N
D
D
I
SCUSS
I
ON
To
study
t
h
e fea
s
ib
i
lity
o
f
the
u
n
c
on
tro
l
led a
n
d
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
ed
S
E
PI
C
c
onve
rt
er
pro
p
o
s
ed
i
n
t
h
is p
a
p
e
r
usi
n
g
M
A
TL
A
B
/si
m
uli
n
k
s
o
f
t
wa
re
an
d
si
mul
a
ti
on
ha
s
be
en
pe
rf
or
med
by
a
ppl
yi
n
g
t
h
e
val
u
es
o
f
c
o
nve
r
t
e
r
ci
rc
u
it
sum
m
ari
z
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
3.
Tabl
e
3.
Desi
g
n
pa
ra
met
e
r
s
v
a
l
u
es
of S
E
P
I
C
co
nve
r
t
e
r
.
S
p
ec
ifi
c
a
tion of
SE
PI
C conve
rt
e
r
R 7.
38
Ω
L
1
4
60
μ
H
L
2
4
60
μ
H
8.
4
μ
F
0.
0163 F
29.
3 V
24 V
D
0.
46
Switc
hin
g
f
r
e
quenc
y
20
K
H
z
The
S
E
P
I
C
c
o
nve
rt
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
wa
s
fi
rst
si
m
u
la
te
d as
unc
o
n
t
r
ol
le
d
SE
P
I
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
h
e
n
si
mul
a
t
e
d
as
c
ont
r
o
ll
ed
SE
P
I
C
c
onve
rt
e
r
.
Fi
gu
re
8,
s
how
ns t
h
e
si
m
u
la
t
i
on
mo
de
l
of
u
n
c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
d
S
E
PIC
co
n
v
ert
e
r
.
The
k
e
y w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s f
o
r
un
con
t
ro
lle
d
SEPI
C
c
onver
t
e
r
ar
e list
e
d
in
Fig
u
re
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Mo
del
i
ng a
n
d
si
mul
a
t
i
on
of
S
EPIC c
ont
r
o
ll
ed c
onve
r
te
r
u
s
ing
PID c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r …
(M
uh
a
m
me
d
A.
Ibr
ahi
m)
8
39
F
i
gu
re 8.
M
A
T
L
AB
/
s
imul
in
k
simul
a
t
i
on
mo
de
l o
f
unc
o
n
tr
o
l
l
e
d SEP
I
C
c
onve
rt
er.
F
i
gure
9. The
wa
ve
forms
of t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
, o
u
t
p
ut
vol
ta
ge
fo
r
the
u
n
c
o
nt
rol
l
ed S
E
PIC
C
(D=
0
.
5
)
U
n
c
o
ntr
o
ll
ed
SEP
I
C
c
o
nve
rt
er
c
a
n w
o
r
k
in
g wi
th ste
p
up
or st
e
p
d
o
w
n w
i
t
h
o
u
t
set
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
ki
n
g
,
li
n
e
r
e
g
u
l
at
ion and
any
d
i
stur
b
a
n
c
e
.
Fi
gur
e
10
,
show
n th
e
s
i
mu
la
ti
on
mo
d
e
l
of
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
d
S
E
PI
C conv
e
r
t
e
r
wi
th
P
I
D
c
ontrol
l
e
r i
n
c
l
ose
d
l
oop
s
y
ste
m
.
Fi
gu
re
1
0
.
M
A
TLAB
/
si
muli
n
k
si
mul
a
ti
on
m
odel
o
f
c
ont
rol
l
ed SE
P
I
C c
o
n
v
erte
r
The
out
put
vol
t
a
ge
for c
o
nt
ro
l
l
e
d S
E
PIC
c
o
nve
rt
er
usi
n
g a
PID
co
nt
rol
l
e
r
at
set
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
ac
ki
ng
fo
r
vol
ta
ge
m
o
de c
ont
rol
a
r
e sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1
1
.
F
i
g
u
re
11.
T
h
e
l
o
ad
out
p
u
t
vo
l
t
a
ge o
f
S
E
PIC
at
2
5
V
S
e
t
poi
nt
&
sup
p
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
ge 2
9
.3
V
.
0
0.
02
0.
04
0.
06
0.
08
0.
1
0.
1
2
0.
1
4
0.
1
6
0.
18
0.
2
-1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
V
o
l
t
age (
V
)
O
u
t
p
u
t
lo
a
d
vo
lt
a
g
e
S
uppl
y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
0
0.
1
0.2
0.
3
0.
4
0.5
0.
6
0.
7
0.8
0.
9
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
V
o
la
g
e
(
V
)
S
e
t
poi
n
t
A
u
to
t
u
n
i
n
g
-P
I
D
BA
-P
I
D
S
upp
l
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
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6
94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
8
3
3
–
843
84
0
F
i
gure
12 s
h
ows t
h
e
SE
P
I
C
wi
th P
I
D
c
o
n
t
rol
l
er
(A
u
t
o tuni
ng
-P
ID
& BA-
P
ID
) un
de
r l
i
n
e
adj
u
stme
nt
. Whe
n
i
t
su
bje
c
t
e
d t
o
ste
p
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
ne
vo
l
t
a
g
e,
i
t
dec
r
ea
se
d rapi
dly
fro
m
2
9
.
3
V t
o
27
V.
F
i
g
u
r
e
12
.
Th
e
ou
tpu
t
vo
lt
ag
e of
SEP
I
C supp
ly
c
h
an
g
e
fr
om
29
.3
V
to
2
7
V
F
i
gure
1
3
s
h
o
w
s t
h
e
SEP
I
C
w
i
t
h
P
I
D
c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r
(A
ut
o
t
u
n
i
ng
-PI
D
&
B
A
-PID
)
un
de
r l
i
n
e
re
gul
at
i
o
n.
Whe
n
i
t
s
u
bje
c
t
e
d to
ste
p
c
h
a
nge
o
f
t
h
e li
ne
vol
ta
ge
, i
t
i
n
c
r
ea
sed rapi
dly
fro
m
29
.3
V
t
o
33
V
.
Fi
gu
re.
1
3. T
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
of
S
E
PICC
- s
u
p
p
l
y
cha
n
ge
from
29.3
V
t
o
33
V
Fig
u
r
e 14 a
nd 15 sh
ow th
e
lo
ad r
e
gu
la
tio
n
of
S
E
P
I
C
wit
h
Au
t
o
t
u
n
i
ng
-PID
& BA-P
ID
f
o
r ste
p
cha
nge
i
n
l
o
ad
current
from 3
.
88
A
t
o
2
A
a
n
d vi
ce ve
rsa
.
F
i
gu
re 1
4
.
L
o
a
d
re
gul
at
i
o
n
o
f
SEP
I
C
C
St
ep c
h
a
nge
o
f
l
o
a
d
c
u
rre
n
t
from
3
.
88
A t
o
2A
F
i
g
u
r
e
15
.
Lo
ad
r
e
gu
la
tio
n
of
S
E
PI
CC
S
t
e
p
ch
a
n
g
e
of
lo
ad
c
u
rr
en
t
f
r
o
m
3. 8
8
A
to
5
.
7
6
A
0
0.
1
0.
2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
Vo
l
t
ag
e
(
V
)
S
e
t poi
nt
Au
tot
uni
ng P
I
D
BA
-
P
I
D
S
uppl
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
0
0.1
0.2
0.
3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.
8
0.9
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
V
o
l
t
ag
e(
V
)
S
e
t po
i
n
t
A
u
t
o
t
u
ni
ng
P
I
D
BA-
P
I
D
S
u
p
p
ly vo
lta
g
e
0
0.1
0.
2
0.3
0.
4
0.5
0.6
0.
7
0.8
0.9
1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
Vo
l
t
ag
e(
V)
S
e
t
poi
nt
Au
to
tu
n
i
ng
P
I
D
BA-P
I
D
L
o
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
0
0.
1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.
5
0.6
0.7
0.
8
0.
9
1
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
V
o
l
t
ag
e (
V
)
S
e
t poi
nt
Au
tot
uni
ng P
I
D
BA
-
P
I
D
Loa
d c
u
r
r
e
nt (A
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
o
w
Elec &
Dri Sy
st
I
SSN
: 2
0
8
8
-8
69
4
Mo
de
li
ng
a
n
d
simul
a
t
i
on
of
S
EPIC
c
ontr
o
l
l
e
d
c
onve
r
t
e
r u
s
i
n
g
PI
D c
o
ntrol
l
er
…
(M
uh
a
m
me
d
A.
I
b
r
ahi
m)
8
41
For
al
l
t
h
e te
st case
s
u
nde
r
stud
y the
p
r
o
p
o
se
d co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
pe
rf
o
r
me
d,
t
h
e o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
g
e u
nde
r
t
h
e l
o
ad r
e
gul
a
t
i
on
(
3
.
8
8
A t
o
5.
76
A) a
n
d li
ne re
g
u
la
ti
on
whe
n
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
l
i
n
e v
o
lt
age
c
h
an
ge
d f
r
o
m
2
9
.
3
V
t
o
33
V i
t
i
s
al
m
o
st
sh
ow
n t
h
at
whe
n
t
h
e
re
f
e
r
e
nce
volt
a
ge
v
a
ri
at
i
on
occ
u
rs
w
h
et
her
t
h
e
r
e
fer
e
nce
volt
a
g
e
goes
do
w
n
o
r
u
p
t
h
e out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
rema
i
n
s
co
nsta
nt
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
re
fer
e
nce
va
l
u
e
.
T
h
e f
u
nct
i
on
of
t
h
e
P
I
D
c
ont
r
o
ll
er
i
s
modi
fyi
n
g
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
cyc
l
e
ba
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
st
e
p
c
h
an
gi
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
re
fer
e
nce
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
wa
ve.
M
o
r
e
ove
r
,
i
t
'
s not
a
f
fe
ct
e
d
if
t
h
e i
n
put
volt
a
ge
c
h
a
n
ge
s an
d loa
d
di
st
ur
ba
nce
c
o
n
d
it
i
ons
.
I
t
'
s
o
bvi
ous
f
r
o
m
obse
r
vi
ng
t
h
e
out
put
v
o
lt
age
wa
vef
o
r
m
,
t
h
at
t
h
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
anc
e
is e
n
ha
nc
ed
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
nfi
r
ms
t
h
at
t
h
e
cont
rol
l
e
r
i
s
s
u
it
a
b
le
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
14
s
h
o
w
s t
h
e
c
o
m
p
ari
s
on
i
n
d
y
n
ami
c
s
pe
rf
or
ma
nce
of
out
p
u
t
r
e
sp
o
n
se
a
t
di
f
f
er
e
n
t
c
a
ses
st
ud
y.
Fig
u
r
e
14
.
C
o
ntr
o
ll
er
s p
e
rfo
rman
ce
ev
a
l
u
a
tio
n
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
The si
m
u
la
ti
o
n
re
sult
s
pr
o
v
i
de i
m
po
rt
ant
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
on
abo
u
t
th
e
dy
n
a
mic
be
ha
vior
o
f
t
h
e
P
I
D
co
nv
er
te
r und
e
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
c
u
rren
t
v
a
l
u
es
(
A
ut
o
tun
i
ng P
I
D
&
B
A
_P
I
D
).
Th
e
D
C
-
D
C c
onv
er
te
r is d
e
si
gn
ed
to
fun
c
ti
on
w
ith
in
t
h
e
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c lo
a
d
an
d co
nd
iti
o
n
p
a
ra
me
te
rs so t
h
at th
e pr
esen
c
e
of
ou
tl
ier
v
a
lu
e
s
i
n
th
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
out
put
i
ndi
ca
t
e
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
ge of t
h
e
dy
nami
c
be
ha
v
i
or
fr
o
m
t
h
e no
rmal
.
This pr
obl
e
m
c
a
n be
r
e
sol
v
ed by
r
e
desi
gni
ng
t
h
e
P
I
D
c
ont
r
o
ll
er
t
o
ge
ne
rat
e
a c
onsta
nt
v
o
lt
age
o
u
t
p
ut
o
f
24
V
an
d
a
n
in
put
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
1-
36V for im
prove
d
stability
and no
n-linea
r
ity of
the
SE
PI
C controlled conve
rter. T
h
e com
putation
of
PID
c
ont
r
o
ll
er
va
l
u
e
s
is
base
d
o
n
i
n
te
g
r
al
,
de
r
i
vat
i
ve
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
nal
va
l
u
e
par
a
met
e
rs
t
h
at
det
e
r
m
i
n
e t
h
e
pr
o
c
ess c
o
nt
r
o
l
ac
ti
on ba
se
d
on B
A
.
Fa
ct
o
r
s suc
h
a
s
t
h
e
c
a
pa
ci
t
o
r a
n
d i
n
duct
o
r
re
sist
an
c
e
ha
ve
a si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
i
n
fl
ue
nc
e
o
n
t
h
e c
o
nve
rt
er
e
f
f
i
ci
enc
y
t
h
u
s
c
r
e
a
t
i
ng t
h
e
nee
d
f
o
r
usi
n
g t
uni
ng
the
SE
P
I
C
con
v
e
r
t
e
r t
o
si
mul
a
t
e
c
onti
n
u
o
u
s
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
P
I
D c
ont
rol
l
e
r
a
l
low
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
ge
ne
ra
ti
o
n
of
P
W
M
p
u
l
s
es
r
e
qu
i
r
e
d
i
n
the
er
ro
r
mi
nimi
za
ti
on
wi
thi
n
t
h
e S
E
PIC
co
n
v
erte
r t
h
ro
ug
h t
h
e
a
p
p
l
ic
at
i
on of
dut
y c
y
cl
e t
o
el
imi
n
at
e t
h
e i
n
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
ut
va
ri
at
i
ons.
T
h
e sy
ste
m
pe
r
f
o
r
ma
nc
e i
s
al
so e
nha
nc
e
d
b
y
t
uni
ng
t
h
e
PI
D c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r
t
o
al
lo
w
f
o
r
mu
lt
id
imen
si
on
al
fun
c
t
i
o
n
a
lity
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
th
e
lo
a
d
d
i
stur
b
a
nce
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
in
th
e b
a
t a
l
go
r
i
t
h
m. Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
h
i
g
h
c
a
pac
i
tor
val
u
es ar
e
r
e
qui
re
d i
n
t
h
e
SEP
I
C
c
onve
rt
e
r
t
o
p
r
omot
e a
r
e
duc
ti
o
n
in t
h
e
r
e
sp
o
n
se
s
p
e
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e ex
pansi
o
n
of
t
h
e in
p
u
t
-
out
put ra
n
g
e
.
The
P
I
D c
ont
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
unct
i
ons
to re
g
u
l
a
te
t
h
e vari
at
i
o
n
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e de
si
red
o
u
t
put
va
l
u
e
s
a
nd
t
h
e
a
c
t
u
al
pr
oc
ess val
u
e
i
n
or
der
t
o
ge
ne
rat
e
a co
nst
a
nt
o
u
t
put
v
o
lt
age
.
5.
CO
NCL
US
IO
N
The
volt
a
ge
i
s
be
in
g c
h
an
ge
d b
y
S
E
P
I
C
f
r
om p
o
si
ti
ve so
u
r
ce
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
o
posi
t
i
ve
l
o
a
d
volt
a
ge
. By
t
h
e
rea
s
on
of t
h
e
ti
me c
h
a
ngi
ng a
n
d swi
t
c
hi
ng
nat
u
re
o
f
t
h
e
po
wer
c
o
nve
rt
e
r
s an
d
the
h
i
gh
no
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
ri
t
y
of
t
h
e d
y
n
ami
c
b
e
ha
vi
or
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
co
nve
rt
e
r
s.
I
n
t
h
is
pa
pe
r,
a
PID
c
o
ntr
o
ll
er
w
a
s
devel
ope
d
t
o
SE
P
I
C
c
o
n
v
ert
e
r
,
a
nd t
h
e
pe
rf
or
ma
nce
of
the
syst
em wa
s e
x
a
m
ine
d
w
h
en t
h
e re
fer
e
nce
out
put
vol
ta
ge i
s
c
h
an
gi
n
g
. T
h
i
s
st
ud
y
co
nf
ir
ms
t
h
a
t
u
s
in
g a
P
I
D con
t
ro
l
l
e
r
to th
e SE
PI
C
c
o
nv
ert
e
r
is su
cc
e
s
sf
u
l
i
n
d
e
si
gn
, an
a
l
y
s
is
, a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
i
e
nce
,
whi
c
h
o
p
erat
e
d
as
a
st
ep
-d
own
a
n
d
ste
p
-u
p
v
o
lt
age
re
gu
l
a
t
o
r.
Coe
ffi
ci
ent
of P
I
D ca
l
c
ul
at
ed
u
s
ing
BA
a
l
gor
ith
m on
M
A
TL
A
B
co
mpu
t
er
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
fo
r
l
o
a
d
an
d
lin
e reg
u
l
ati
o
n
.
BA-P
ID h
a
s s
a
ti
sfac
to
ry
r
e
sul
t
s fo
r
reg
u
l
a
t
i
on
t
h
e
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
g
e.
C
ons
eq
ue
nt
l
y
t
h
i
s
pr
o
pos
ed c
o
nve
rt
er
ca
n be
emplo
y
e
d
to
di
ffe
re
n
t
i
n
d
u
str
i
a
l
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
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94
Int
J
P
o
w
Ele
c
& D
r
i
S
y
st, V
o
l
.
1
1
,
N
o
.
2, Ju
ne
20
2
0
:
8
3
3
–
843
84
2
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
Ven
k
atan
aray
an
a
n
, S
.,
an
d M
.
S
a
ravan
a
n
.
"
P
ro
po
rtion
a
l-in
teg
r
al
Con
t
ro
l for
S
E
P
I
C Con
v
ert
e
r."
Resea
r
ch
J
o
ur
na
l
of Ap
p
l
ied
Sc
ien
ces,
En
gin
eering
an
d T
ech
no
log
y
,
vo
l.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
pp.
6
2
3
-6
29,
2
0
14.
[2]
El
K
h
ate
b
,
Ahmad
,
et
al
.
"
F
uzzy
-lo
g
ic-
c
o
n
trolle
r-bas
ed
S
E
P
I
C con
v
er
t
e
r for
maxi
mu
m p
o
w
e
r
po
in
t
tr
ack
in
g."
I
E
E
E
T
r
an
sa
ctio
ns
on
Ind
u
s
t
r
y
Ap
pl
ica
t
io
ns
,
v
o
l
.
50
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp
.
23
49
-23
5
8
,
20
14
.
[3]
Ou
dd
a, M
e
rye
m
, and
Ab
deld
jeb
a
r Hazz
ab. "P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
ta
ic S
y
s
t
em
w
i
th S
E
P
I
C Co
nverter Con
t
rolled
by
th
e Fu
z
z
y
Lo
gi
c
.
"
Inter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jour
na
l o
f
Pow
e
r
Ele
ctro
nics a
n
d
D
r
ive Sys
t
ems
(IJPEDS
),
v
o
l
.
7
,
no.
4,
p
p
.
12
83
-1
29
3
,
20
1
6
.
[4]
Natara
jan
,
K.
,
a
n
d
C.
G
ovind
ar
aju
.
"
C
lo
sed
Lo
op
Co
ntro
l
An
alys
is
o
f
M
o
d
i
fi
e
d
S
e
p
i
c
Con
v
er
ter."
I
n
ter
nat
io
na
l
Jou
r
n
a
l of
En
gin
eering
T
e
chn
o
lo
gy
an
d Co
mpu
t
e
r
Res
e
ar
c
h
, v
o
l
.
4,
no
. 6
,
2
016
.
[5]
Sa
l
a
za
r-Duq
ue
,
Jo
hn
E.,
E
dua
rdo I.
Orti
z
-
Ri
v
e
ra,
a
nd
Je
sus
Gon
z
a
l
ez
-Ll
o
re
n
t
e
.
"
A
n
a
ly
si
s a
nd non-l
i
n
e
a
r
c
o
n
t
rol
o
f
S
E
P
I
C dc-dc co
n
v
erter in pho
to
vo
ltaic sys
t
ems
.
"
Po
w
e
r El
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s and
Pow
e
r
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
App
l
i
c
at
ion
s
(
P
E
P
Q
A
)
,
2
0
1
5
IE
EE
Wo
rk
sh
op
on
. IE
EE,
20
15
.
[6]
Up
alan
c
h
iw
ar,
Tu
sh
ar P
r
ad
ip
, an
d
A. V. S
a
k
h
are
.
"
D
es
ig
n an
d imp
l
em
en
tation
of the fu
z
z
y P
I
D co
ntroller us
in
g
MATLAB/SIMULIN
K model
.
"
IJR
CCT
,
vol. 3
,
n
o
,
3
,
pp.
36
9-37
2,
20
14.
[7]
S
a
lam
Ib
rah
i
m
Kh
ather,
M
o
h
a
mm
ed
A
l
m
a
ged
,
A
bdu
ll
ah
I.
Ab
du
llah
"
F
r
actio
n
a
l
ord
e
r
bas
e
d
o
n
gen
e
tic
alg
o
r
i
t
h
m
PID c
o
nt
rolle
r fo
r c
ont
rol
l
i
ng t
h
e
sp
ee
d
of DC
m
o
t
o
rs "
In
ter
n
a
t
iona
l Jo
urn
a
l
o
f
En
gine
er
in
g
&
T
e
ch
nolog
y
, vo
l.
7
,
n
o
.
4, p
p
.
53
8
6
-5
39
2,
20
18.
[8]
Mo
ha
m
m
e
d
Alm
a
ge
d,
Salam
Ibra
h
i
m
Kh
a
t
he
r, Abd
u
l
l
a
I.
Ab
du
ll
a "
D
e
sig
n
of a
di
sc
re
te
PID
c
o
nt
rol
l
e
r
ba
se
d
on
id
entif
i
catio
n
d
a
ta for
a
simscap
e b
u
ck
b
o
o
s
t co
nv
erter
mod
e
l "
Interna
t
ion
a
l
Jo
ur
na
l of
Electric
a
l and
Com
put
e
r
En
gine
ering
(I
J
E
CE),
vo
l.
10
, n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
179
7-1
8
0
5
, D
e
cemb
e
r
2
019
.
[9]
Ga
o,
Sh
a
n
sha
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
"A Hi
gh
S
t
e
p
Up SE
PIC-Ba
se
d Co
nv
e
r
t
e
r ba
se
d o
n
P
a
rtl
y
In
te
rlea
v
e
d
T
r
an
sfo
r
m
e
r.
"
IE
E
E
Tran
sac
t
io
ns on
In
dustrial
Electro
nics
, 20
19
.
[10]
M
eena Dev
i
R
and L
.
P
r
em
a
l
a
t
h
a
" S
o
ft Comp
u
t
ing
T
echn
i
qu
e
of Brid
ge
le
s
s
S
E
PIC Co
nverte
r
fo
r P
M
BLDC
Mo
to
r Dri
v
e
"
Int
e
rn
at
io
n
a
l
J
ourn
a
l
of
Po
we
r Ele
c
t
r
on
ic
s an
d
Dri
v
e
Sy
ste
ms
(IJ
PE
DS
)
, vo
l. 9, n
o
.
4,
pp.
15
03-
15
09
, 2
018
.
[11]
Nentaweyilwatda G
o
shwe
An
d
Gy
ang
Jo
hn
Du
ng
"
Imp
l
em
en
tation
o
f
S
E
P
I
C
D
C
-D
C Vo
ltage
Co
nv
ert
e
r Us
in
g
Vol
t
a
g
e M
o
d
e
a
n
d P
r
op
ort
i
o
n
al I
n
te
gra
l
Co
ntro
ll
e
r
s.
"
A
m
e
r
i
c
an
J
o
urna
l o
f
E
n
g
i
nee
r
in
g Rese
a
r
c
h
(AJ
E
R
)
,
p
p
.
1-7,
2
0
18.
[12]
Ma
sso
t
Ca
m
pos,
Miq
u
el
, et
a
l
. "
M
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l m
o
du
la
r DC/DC c
o
nv
e
r
te
r for
re
g
e
n
e
ra
t
i
ve
bra
k
i
ng u
s
i
n
g
supercapa
c
ito
r
s."
Jou
r
n
a
l of
En
e
r
g
y
an
d Pow
e
r
En
gineering
. v
o
l
.
6.
no
. 7
.
20
12
.
[13]
Al S
a
kk
a
,
M
o
n
zer,
Jo
er
i Van
M
i
erlo,
an
d
H
a
mid
Gual
ou
s.
"
D
C/DC co
nv
e
r
t
e
rs fo
r
ele
c
tri
c
veh
i
c
l
es."
El
e
c
tr
ic
Veh
i
cles-Mo
d
e
lling an
d
S
i
mu
la
ti
on
s
.
I
n
T
e
c
h
,
20
11.
[14]
S
i
ra-Ramirez
,
H
e
b
e
rtt
J.
, a
n
d R
a
mó
n S
i
lv
a-Orti
go
za.
Co
nt
ro
l d
e
sign
t
echniqu
e
s
in po
wer el
ec
tro
n
ic
s
d
e
vic
e
s
.
Sp
rin
g
e
r
Sc
ie
n
ce &
Bu
sine
ss Me
di
a
,
20
06
.
[15]
R. P
a
lan
i
s
a
my,
K
.
Vijay
a
ku
m
a
r
,
V. V
e
nk
a
t
ach
ala
m
, R.
M
a
no
Naray
a
nan
,
D.
S
a
rav
a
naku
mar
,
K.
Sarav
a
n
a
n
"
Si
m
u
l
a
tio
n
o
f
va
ri
ou
s DC-DC c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
rs for
phot
o
vo
l
t
aic s
y
stem
"
In
ter
natio
na
l
Jo
ur
nal
of Ele
c
tr
ical
a
n
d
Com
puter Eng
i
n
eering
(IJ
ECE)
,
vo
l.
9,
no.
2,
pp
.
9
17-9
2
5
,
Ap
ril
20
19
.
[16]
T.
A
r
un
kumar
i,
I. Jag
a
de
esh
,
V.
In
dragan
dh
i "
D
e
sign
an
d i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tation
of
mo
d
i
fied
multi
l
ev
el
sepic con
v
e
rter
for PV applications”,
In
d
one
si
an
J
o
urna
l of Ele
c
t
ric
a
l
E
n
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d Co
mp
u
t
e
r
Sci
e
n
c
e
(IJEE
C
S
)
.
vol
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp.
11
25
-11
3
3
,
Ju
ne 2
0
1
9
.
[17]
Rizk
y A
j
ie
A
p
ri
lianto
,
S
u
biy
a
nt
o, To
le
S
u
tikn
o"
M
o
d
i
fied
S
E
P
I
C Co
nv
e
r
t
e
r P
e
r
f
ormanc
e fo
r
Gr
id
-con
ne
cted
P
V
Sy
st
e
m
s un
de
r Va
ri
ou
s Con
d
i
t
i
o
n
s "
T
E
L
K
OM
NI
K
A
(
T
el
eco
m
m
un
ica
t
i
o
n
,
C
o
mp
ut
in
g,
El
e
c
tr
on
ics a
n
d
C
o
nt
r
o
l)
,
vo
l.1
6
,
no
.6
,
pp
.
2
9
4
3
-
295
3,
De
c
e
mber
2
0
1
8
.
[18]
Sh
a
f
in
a
z
A.
L
o
pa
,
S.
Ho
s
s
a
i
n,
M.
K.
Ha
s
a
n a
n
d T.
K
.
Chakr
a
b
o
r
t
y " Design
an
d
S
i
mulation
o
f
DC-D
C
Co
nverter
s
"
In
te
rn
at
io
nal
Re
se
a
r
c
h
J
o
urna
l
o
f
E
ngin
e
e
r
i
n
g
and
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
ogy
(IRJ
ET)
,
p
p
.
63-7
0
, 20
16
.
[19]
Alb
a
rba
r
,
A., S.
Te
a
y
, a
n
d
C. Ba
tu
nl
u. "De
s
ig
n a
n
d d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
of SE
PIC DC-DC bo
ost c
o
nv
e
r
te
r fo
r
ph
otov
olta
ic
ap
p
l
ic
ation
"
Interna
t
ional
Journal
o
f
Pow
e
r
E
l
e
c
tro
n
ics
and Driv
e
Sys
t
em
(IJ
PED
S)
,
vo
l.
10,
no.
1,
p
p
.
40
6-4
1
3
,
2019
.
[20]
S
i
d
d
h
a
rthan
,
Niran
j
an
a,
an
d
B
a
sk
a
r
an
Bal
a
su
braman
ia
n.
"
P
erfo
rmanc
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
ti
on o
f
S
E
P
I
C,
Luo
and
ZETA
con
v
erter."
I
n
ter
n
a
t
i
ona
l
Jo
ur
na
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tr
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
Dr
iv
e
S
y
st
ems
(
I
J
PED
S)
,
vo
l.
10
,
no
. 1
,
pp
. 3
7
4
,
20
19
.
[21]
[L
uo
,
Fa
ng
Li
n,
a
n
d
Ho
ng
Ye.
P
o
we
r e
l
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s: a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
nve
rsio
n te
c
h
n
o
l
ogi
e
s
.
CR
C
P
r
e
s
s
,
20
18
.
[22]
S
Da
woo
d
,
Yo
un
is,
Ali
K
Ma
h
m
oo
d,
a
n
d
Muh
a
m
m
e
d
A Ib
rah
i
m. "
C
omp
a
riso
n of P
I
D, GA
a
nd F
u
zzy
Log
i
c
Cont
rol
l
e
rs
for
Crui
s
e
Cont
rol
S
y
stem.
"
In
te
rna
t
io
na
l
J
o
urna
l
o
f
Co
mp
ut
in
g
a
n
d
Di
gi
ta
l
Sy
st
e
m
s
,
vo
l.
7
,
no
.
0
5
, p
p
.
31
1-3
19,
20
18
.
[23]
Ang
,
Kia
m
He
ong
,
Gre
g
o
r
y
Ch
o
n
g
,
a
n
d Yu
n Li
.
"PID c
o
nt
rol
syste
m
a
n
al
ysi
s
, d
e
si
gn
,
a
n
d t
ech
no
lo
g
y
.
"
IE
E
E
tr
an
sa
c
t
io
ns
on
con
t
r
o
l sys
t
em
s t
echn
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
13
, n
o
.
4, p
p
.
559-
57
6,
20
05
[24]
Up
alan
c
h
iw
ar,
Tu
sh
ar P
r
ad
ip
, an
d
A. V. S
a
k
h
are
.
"
D
es
ig
n an
d imp
l
em
en
tation
of the fu
z
z
y P
I
D co
ntroller us
in
g
MATLAB/SIMULIN
K model
.
"
IJR
CCT
,
vol. 3
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp.
36
9-37
2,
20
14.
[25]
Pa
ra
n
t
h
a
ga
n, B., M.
Ma
rimu
th
u
,
a
n
d
S.
Pra
m
si
Sh
a
m
il
i. "Co
m
p
a
rative An
aly
s
is
of P
e
rform
anc
e
of th
e S
E
P
I
C
Con
v
erter
Us
in
g P
I
D
and
F
u
zzy
Log
i
c
Contr
o
llers
for
LED Lig
h
tin
g
App
l
i
cations
."
Int
e
rn
ation
a
l Jo
ur
nal
o
f
Em
erg
i
ng
T
echn
o
log
y
in
Com
p
u
t
er
Scien
c
e &
Ele
ctr
o
n
i
cs
(I
JET
C
SE)
,
vol
.
1
2
, no
.
2p
p.
1-9,
20
15.
[26]
Ros
a
, Arthu
r
H
R
,
et
al. "
A
d
a
ptive
an
d n
o
n
l
ine
a
r
con
t
rol
te
ch
niq
u
e
s
app
l
ied
to
s
e
p
i
c
co
nv
ert
e
r
in
dc-d
c
,
pfc
,
cc
m
and
dc
m
mo
des
us
in
g h
i
l
simul
a
tio
n
.
"
En
er
gies
,
v
o
l. 1
1
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
60
2,
20
18
.
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