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[
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e
n
in
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ac
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
el
ec
tr
icity
s
y
s
tem
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
eir
s
co
p
e,
ex
p
ec
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
s
o
cio
-
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
b
en
ef
its
f
r
o
m
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
SEGs.
So
m
e
o
f
th
ese
b
en
ef
its
in
clu
d
e
th
e
p
o
s
tp
o
n
em
e
n
t
o
f
in
v
estme
n
ts
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
c
ap
ac
ity
,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
p
la
n
ts
,
an
d
th
e
r
e
d
u
cti
o
n
o
f
co
s
ts
f
o
r
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
,
tech
n
ical
an
d
n
o
n
-
tech
n
ical
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
co
s
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
[
6
]
.
B
esid
es,
it
s
ee
k
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
u
s
tain
ed
an
d
m
o
m
en
tar
y
p
o
wer
o
u
tag
es
an
d
s
er
v
ice
r
esto
r
atio
n
co
s
ts
.
All
o
f
th
is
ca
n
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
in
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
icity
[
5
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
an
S
E
G
ar
e
d
esira
b
le
in
an
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
o
wer
g
r
i
d
s
in
ce
in
th
es
e
s
y
s
tem
s
elec
tr
icity
m
u
s
t
b
e
r
eliab
ly
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
tly
,
th
e
ele
ctr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
h
av
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
m
an
y
elem
en
ts
o
f
SEGs
s
u
ch
as
S
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
S
C
ADA
)
,
ce
n
tr
alize
d
an
d
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
en
s
ati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
u
n
d
er
lo
ad
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
g
en
er
atio
n
,
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
f
ilter
,
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
,
h
o
wev
er
,
a
r
e
o
p
er
atin
g
in
is
o
latio
n
with
o
u
t in
teg
r
atio
n
[
8
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
,
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
c
h
h
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
ad
v
an
t
ag
es
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
SEGs
in
t
o
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
[
6
]
.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
s
u
ch
as
d
em
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
DR
)
s
y
s
tem
s
[
6
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
7
]
,
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
[
1
8
]
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
[
1
9
]
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
lo
a
d
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
2
6
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
C
u
b
a,
wh
er
e
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
o
b
ject
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
lo
ca
ted
,
t
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
ca
n
in
teg
r
ate
an
SEG
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ie
d
.
I
n
[
2
8
]
a
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
wir
e
less
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
lo
w
-
co
s
t
an
d
wid
e
-
ar
ea
h
o
m
e
au
to
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
is
ev
alu
ated
.
J
.
Nu
ñ
ez
et
a
l
.
[
2
9
]
a
to
o
l
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
o
f
a
SC
ADA
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
d
esalin
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Me
n
d
o
za
et
a
l
.
[
3
0
]
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
an
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
i
n
tellig
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
f
ilter
in
g
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
o
f
a
wate
r
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
p
la
n
t
ar
e
ev
al
u
ated
.
W
h
ile
[
3
1
]
an
d
[
3
2
]
p
r
esen
t
a
f
lex
ib
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
o
r
m
o
d
el
an
d
a
f
au
lt
d
iag
n
o
s
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
lie
d
to
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Sam
ad
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
t
h
at
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ec
to
r
h
as
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
b
ee
n
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
m
a
n
ag
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
SEGs.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
ey
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
a
r
ev
iew
to
m
o
tiv
ate
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
SEG
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
ed
in
SEGs
an
d
au
to
m
ated
DR
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
b
ased
o
n
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
ap
p
lied
in
alu
m
in
u
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
lan
ts
,
ce
m
e
n
t f
ac
t
o
r
ies,
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
lan
ts
,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
co
o
lin
g
f
ac
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
d
is
cu
s
s
es
asp
ec
ts
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
a
d
d
ed
to
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
a
d
v
an
ce
s
in
au
to
m
ated
DR
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
e,
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
y
n
am
ic
m
ar
k
ets
th
at
allo
w
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
SEGs.
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
th
at
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
f
ac
ilit
ies,
d
u
e
to
th
eir
lar
g
e
en
er
g
y
f
o
o
tp
r
i
n
t,
m
u
s
t
b
e
k
ey
p
lay
er
s
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
SEGs.
I
n
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
'
o
p
in
io
n
,
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ec
to
r
h
as
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
e
g
r
ea
t
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
SEGs,
wh
ich
is
ev
i
d
en
ce
d
i
n
th
e
litt
le
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
th
is
s
ec
to
r
in
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
ac
tiv
ities
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
SEGs.
ABB
[
8
]
a
clea
r
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
SEG
co
n
ce
p
t
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
i
s
g
iv
en
.
T
h
is
tech
n
ical
r
e
p
o
r
t c
o
n
clu
d
es
th
at
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
r
el
iab
ilit
y
,
an
d
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
in
a
n
id
ea
l
f
u
tu
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
,
n
ew
in
itiativ
es
s
u
ch
as
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
m
o
to
r
s
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
,
as
well
a
s
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
SEG
co
n
ce
p
t.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
an
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
was
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
y
A
B
B
in
th
e
p
u
lp
an
d
p
ap
er
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
I
n
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
u
s
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ag
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
an
d
th
e
i
n
ter
est
in
n
ew
in
v
estme
n
ts
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
,
ar
e
th
e
asp
ec
ts
th
at
d
ef
in
e
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
f
o
r
a
n
ex
p
an
s
io
n
to
war
d
s
th
e
SEG
with
in
th
e
p
u
lp
an
d
p
ap
er
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
as
a
r
aw
m
ater
ial
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
an
SEG
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
8
]
.
Sev
er
al
wo
r
k
s
r
elate
d
to
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
SEG
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
DR
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
6
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
Gen
er
ally
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
ce
r
t
ain
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
wh
en
d
e
m
an
d
is
h
ig
h
er
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
n
e
ed
s
to
b
e
g
e
n
er
ated
.
DR
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
allo
w
th
e
g
r
id
to
m
ak
e
s
m
ar
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
with
o
u
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
T
o
im
p
lem
en
t
a
DR
s
tr
ateg
y
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
th
e
elec
tr
ici
ty
s
u
p
p
ly
co
m
p
an
y
m
o
n
ito
r
s
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
to
ass
ess
d
em
an
d
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
cu
s
to
m
er
with
p
r
ice
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
214
0
–
2
1
5
0
2142
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e.
W
ith
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
cu
s
to
m
er
ca
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
ce
r
t
ain
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
eir
en
er
g
y
c
o
s
ts
an
d
m
ak
e
th
e
d
em
an
d
b
etter
a
d
a
p
t to
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
.
Alam
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
a
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
DR
in
an
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
SEG
u
s
in
g
wir
eless
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
d
escr
ib
ed
.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
lo
o
k
s
at
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
wir
ed
n
etwo
r
k
s
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
in
s
tallatio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
.
Xen
o
s
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
as
an
ex
t
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
SEG
co
n
ce
p
t
th
at
in
clu
d
es
lar
g
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
D
R
s
tr
ateg
y
is
also
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
an
i
n
teg
r
al
elem
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
SEG.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ass
es
s
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
a
la
r
g
e
ch
em
ical
p
lan
t
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
th
r
o
u
g
h
DR
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ass
ess
th
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
lan
t
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eser
v
es
o
f
elec
tr
i
ca
l
en
er
g
y
with
o
u
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
Z
h
o
u
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
an
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
y
b
ased
o
n
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
u
n
d
er
th
e
SEG
co
n
ce
p
t,
a
p
p
lied
in
th
e
Sh
en
h
u
a
co
al
m
in
e,
in
C
h
in
a.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
E
n
er
g
y
3
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
NI
C
E
(
n
atio
n
al
in
s
titu
te
f
o
r
clea
n
an
d
lo
w
ca
r
b
o
n
en
e
r
g
y
)
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
ty
p
ical
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
a
d
ig
ital
s
im
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
SEG
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
th
e
co
al
m
in
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ex
p
an
d
s
SEG
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
lar
g
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
p
o
li
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
o
f
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Ach
iev
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ical
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
an
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
SEG.
R
ea
ctiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wa
y
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
r
e
d
u
c
e
lo
s
s
es,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
aim
ed
at
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
in
all
n
o
d
es
o
f
a
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
ef
f
icien
t d
r
iv
es
[
3
3
]
.
Ma
k
lak
o
v
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
,
a
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
s
tu
d
y
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
d
r
iv
es
b
ased
o
n
"
b
ac
k
to
b
ac
k
"
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
a
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
SEG.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
'
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
as
th
e
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
s
a
n
d
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
t
h
e
p
r
in
ci
p
le
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
,
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
in
g
its
in
s
tallati
o
n
in
p
ar
allel
with
a
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
an
SEG
in
an
in
d
u
s
tr
y
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
i
ts
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
was
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
a
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
2
0
1
5
,
in
f
o
u
r
Dan
is
h
co
m
p
an
ies
as
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
p
r
esen
t
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
an
SEG
(
t
h
at
is
,
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
ed
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
)
b
y
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
,
a
s
well
as
th
e
k
ey
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
o
f
SEG
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
,
th
o
s
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
S
E
Gs
an
d
th
at
p
lay
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le,
s
u
c
h
as
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
ar
e
r
elate
d
.
Sp
ec
tr
u
m
s
elec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
tak
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
SEG
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
allo
w
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
u
s
er
s
to
tr
an
s
f
er
d
ata
u
s
in
g
licen
s
ed
o
r
f
r
ee
b
an
d
s
ar
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
"b
ac
k
b
o
n
e"
o
f
SEG
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
I
C
T
)
.
E
lectr
ic
g
r
id
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
m
ar
t
if
th
e
y
h
av
e
c
o
o
r
d
in
ate
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
au
to
m
atio
n
,
a
n
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
m
u
s
t
als
o
h
av
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
op
er
atin
g
d
e
v
ices,
as
well
as
th
er
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
b
etwe
en
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
o
p
er
at
o
r
ca
n
h
a
v
e
to
o
ls
th
at
o
p
er
ate
au
to
m
at
ically
o
r
g
iv
e
o
p
er
atin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ca
s
es
[
2
6
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
to
o
ls
f
o
r
p
o
wer
q
u
a
lity
co
n
tr
o
l,
s
u
ch
as
au
t
o
m
atic
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
o
n
-
lo
ad
tap
ch
an
g
er
co
n
tr
o
l,
f
ilter
b
an
k
co
n
tr
o
l,
g
e
n
er
ato
r
ex
citatio
n
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
tr
o
l,
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
o
f
s
lo
w
-
g
r
o
win
g
f
ailu
r
es
ca
n
also
b
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
an
SEG.
An
e
x
am
p
le
is
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
a
m
o
to
r
b
y
d
et
ec
tin
g
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
tr
e
n
d
o
f
its
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
3
5
]
.
Mo
n
ito
r
in
g
t
h
e
lo
ad
f
a
cto
r
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
al
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
f
lo
w
[
2
5
]
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
s
witch
e
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
d
e
v
ices,
o
r
b
y
in
tellig
en
t
d
ev
ices
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
elay
s
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
in
tellig
en
t
m
o
to
r
s
,
etc.
,
wh
ich
u
s
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
lo
ca
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
ield
b
u
s
.
Mo
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Sam
ad
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Kilicco
te
[
6
]
to
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ap
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SE
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lts
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ies
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th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Th
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ma
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t g
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2.
RE
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ARCH
M
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O
D
2
.
1
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M
a
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a
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m
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T
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ch
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s
u
p
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Fi
g
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1
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/6
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atic
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ADA
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im
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.
Fig
u
r
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1
.
Gen
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al
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-
lin
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am
o
f
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in
d
u
s
tr
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2
.
1
.
1
.
P
o
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f
a
ct
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k
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ap
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atica
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ar
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ate
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b
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th
e
f
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r
b
ar
s
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h
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ch
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g
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im
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th
e
m
a
n
ag
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t
o
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ac
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r
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r
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ied
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t
th
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g
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m
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n
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etwe
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tr
o
l,
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d
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s
u
r
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t
eq
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ip
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en
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talled
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ed
iu
m
v
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ltag
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a
n
d
th
e
SC
ADA
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
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f
ac
to
r
m
a
n
ag
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en
t
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tem
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d
th
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eq
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m
en
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at
s
u
p
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it is
s
h
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wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
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wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
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m
ad
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at
th
e
in
p
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t
o
f
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ch
b
u
s
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d
m
o
n
th
ly
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o
wer
f
ac
to
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ca
lcu
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ar
e
r
u
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
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ADA
s
y
s
tem
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h
is
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
th
e
ca
p
ac
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r
b
an
k
s
in
s
talled
in
th
e
lo
w
v
o
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s
u
b
s
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s
to
p
r
o
v
id
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e
m
e
d
i
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m
v
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etwo
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k
a
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th
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s
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ce
th
e
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v
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s
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m
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e
n
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lectr
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(
NE
S),
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n
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in
g
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e
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T
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Au
to
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b
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4
p
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ed
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.
Fu
n
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5
3
is
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ted
wh
ich
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lcu
lates
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
,
m
in
im
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m
,
an
d
a
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ag
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o
f
an
an
al
o
g
v
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r
iab
le
m
o
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th
ly
an
d
s
av
es
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
214
0
–
2
1
5
0
2144
v
alu
es
in
th
e
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ar
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les
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at
ar
e
d
esig
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ated
.
C
o
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m
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tio
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co
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o
u
s
ly
in
cr
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m
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e
m
o
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ly
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im
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ec
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with
th
ese
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alu
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e
ca
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o
f
th
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p
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wer
f
ac
to
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p
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m
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d
.
Dep
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co
m
m
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d
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s
en
t
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t
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d
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co
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t th
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s
t
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o
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ca
p
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ito
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b
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Step
s
f
o
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th
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im
p
l
e
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en
tatio
n
o
f
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h
e
p
o
we
r
f
ac
to
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m
an
ag
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en
t sy
s
tem
2
.
1
.
2
.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
co
ntr
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l sy
s
t
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m
des
ig
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Vo
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
in
th
e
m
ain
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
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u
t
b
y
two
au
to
m
atica
lly
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ated
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ch
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.
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e
ex
ch
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n
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er
s
h
av
e
th
e
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itatio
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th
at
th
ey
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ly
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ec
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e
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o
ltag
e
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ig
n
als
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m
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e
o
f
th
e
two
b
ar
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f
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ch
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a
n
s
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o
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r
.
T
h
e
s
tep
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f
o
r
th
e
im
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lem
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tatio
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o
f
th
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v
o
ltag
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co
n
tr
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l
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y
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tem
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d
th
e
eq
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ip
m
en
t
th
at
s
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p
p
o
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ts
it a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Step
s
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
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s
tem
T
o
p
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o
ce
s
s
th
e
d
ata
s
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ed
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h
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th
e
au
to
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atio
n
b
r
a
n
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o
f
th
e
SC
ADA
SERVE
R
p
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m
,
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ip
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es
th
e
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
es
o
f
b
u
s
two
an
d
b
u
s
f
o
u
r
s
to
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ed
in
th
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er
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er
with
a
m
ax
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u
m
p
r
e
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ef
in
ed
v
alu
e;
an
d
if
it
e
x
ce
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s
it
f
o
r
a
ce
r
t
a
in
tim
e,
a
telec
o
m
m
an
d
is
s
en
t
to
th
e
b
u
s
in
p
u
t
r
elay
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o
u
r
,
s
o
t
h
at
it
is
s
u
es
an
o
r
d
er
to
th
e
o
n
-
lo
a
d
ta
p
-
ch
an
g
er
to
r
aise
th
e
s
h
u
n
t
o
n
e
s
tep
an
d
th
u
s
lo
wer
th
e
v
o
ltag
e.
I
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
less
th
an
th
e
p
r
ed
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i
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ed
v
alu
e,
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e
r
em
o
te
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n
tr
o
l
is
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en
t
to
th
e
s
a
m
e
r
elay
to
is
s
u
e
an
o
r
d
er
to
th
e
o
n
-
lo
ad
tap
-
c
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er
to
lo
wer
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e
b
y
p
ass
o
n
e
s
tep
an
d
th
u
s
r
aise
th
e
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
waitin
g
tim
e
o
f
th
e
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o
m
m
a
n
d
s
is
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
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m
a
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
th
at
r
elate
s
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e.
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
s
id
e
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
f
o
r
th
e
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
s
id
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
aitin
g
tim
e
to
s
en
d
telec
o
m
m
an
d
s
: (
a)
l
o
w
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
(
b
)
h
i
g
h
v
o
ltag
e
y =
0.275x
-
1617.5
R
² =
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
5850
5900
5950
6000
6050
6100
6150
T
im
e
(s
)
Volt
age
(V)
Low v
oltag
e
(61
00;
60)
(59
00;
5)
y
=
-
0.275x
+
1787
R² =
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
62
50
63
00
63
50
64
00
64
50
65
00
T
im
e
(s
)
Voltage
(V
)
H
igh
v
oltag
e
(62
80;
60)
(64
80;
5)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
Th
e
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
co
n
ce
p
t a
p
p
lied
to
a
n
in
d
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s
tr
ia
l e
lectrica
l sys
tem
(
I
s
id
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o
F
r
a
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ta
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2145
2
.
1
.
3
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Dema
nd
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a
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m
ent
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em
des
ig
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I
n
C
u
b
a,
o
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ay
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5
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m
to
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m
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estab
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ed
b
y
th
e
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atio
n
al
o
f
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ice
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o
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tr
o
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ONURE)
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o
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h
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ay
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h
e
in
d
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tr
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m
u
s
t p
a
y
a
s
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r
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h
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g
e.
E
lectr
ical
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er
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y
m
ea
s
u
r
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e
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ts
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
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ca
r
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t
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ain
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ile
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n
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n
d
d
is
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n
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ec
tio
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er
atio
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f
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tr
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d
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ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
e
o
p
er
a
tio
n
s
o
f
f
ice.
T
h
ese
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
is
tan
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
em
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
telep
h
o
n
e
o
r
b
y
tr
u
n
k
in
g
r
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o
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y
s
tem
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d
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r
in
g
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ea
k
-
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
p
atch
o
p
er
at
o
r
s
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
elec
tr
icity
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
o
p
er
ato
r
s
an
d
tak
e
t
h
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
ac
tio
n
s
to
a
v
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id
e
x
ce
e
d
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
co
n
tr
ac
ted
d
em
an
d
v
al
u
e.
T
h
is
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
o
f
te
n
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
as
it
is
n
o
t
d
o
n
e
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
an
d
s
o
m
etim
es th
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
em
an
d
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ac
tu
al
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
o
f
th
e
Dem
an
d
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t
Sy
s
tem
b
eg
in
b
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
ical
v
ar
iab
les
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
with
th
e
I
ON7
6
5
0
[
3
6
]
in
tel
lig
en
t
elec
tr
ical
d
ev
ices.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
(
DC
S)
s
o
th
at
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
lan
t
o
p
er
ato
r
s
ca
n
ac
ti
v
ely
m
an
ag
e
th
ei
r
d
em
an
d
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
also
p
r
esen
ted
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
'
s
web
s
ite
to
b
e
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
p
lan
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
is
ts
,
p
lan
t
m
a
n
ag
er
s
,
p
lan
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
,
elec
tr
ical
tech
n
ical
s
er
v
ices
tech
n
ician
s
,
an
d
m
a
n
ag
er
s
i
n
g
en
er
al
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
On
th
e
DC
S
s
cr
ee
n
,
th
e
o
p
tio
n
to
e
n
ter
t
h
e
m
ax
im
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m
d
em
an
d
alar
m
v
al
u
e
is
en
ab
led
an
d
th
e
B
u
s
in
ess
web
s
ite
s
h
o
ws th
e
v
alu
es.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
ese
f
ig
u
r
es a
r
e;
(
a
)
DC
S scr
ee
n
,
(
b
)
co
m
p
an
y
'
s
web
s
ite
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
lef
t
co
r
n
er
t
h
at
t
h
e
v
is
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al
an
d
au
d
i
b
le
alar
m
is
ac
tiv
ated
s
in
ce
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
d
em
an
d
v
alu
e
was
ex
ce
ed
e
d
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
t
h
e
o
p
er
ato
r
s
b
eg
in
to
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
n
o
n
-
ess
en
tial lo
ad
s
u
n
til
th
e
d
em
an
d
v
alu
e
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
a
ls
o
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
'
s
web
s
ite
a
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
2
.
1
.
4
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
a
nd
pro
t
ec
t
io
n e
qu
ipm
ent
T
wo
ty
p
es
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
co
e
x
is
t
in
th
e
m
e
d
iu
m
-
v
o
ltag
e
n
e
two
r
k
.
On
th
e
o
n
e
h
a
n
d
,
th
er
e
is
th
e
d
ig
i
tal
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
SC
ADA
p
r
o
ject,
an
d
o
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
,
i
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
with
o
u
t
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
,
an
alo
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
r
o
tectio
n
a
r
e
u
s
ed
.
I
n
th
e
SC
ADA
p
r
o
ject,
th
e
I
E
C
6
1
8
5
0
[
3
7
]
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
u
s
ed
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
r
elay
s
,
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
er
v
er
s
.
I
n
m
ed
iu
m
v
o
ltag
e,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
witch
es,
b
lad
es,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
wer
e
m
ain
tain
ed
.
All
elec
tr
o
m
e
ch
an
ical
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
elay
s
wer
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
d
ig
ita
l
r
elay
s
an
d
th
e
d
ata
ex
ch
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
elay
s
an
d
th
e
f
in
al
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
was
m
ain
tain
ed
with
th
e
wir
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
214
0
–
2
1
5
0
2146
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
e
d
iu
m
v
o
ltag
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
SC
AD
A
p
r
o
ject,
w
h
ich
is
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
f
ield
d
ev
ices,
r
em
o
te
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
lo
ca
l
s
witch
es.
W
ith
th
e
SC
ADA
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
tatio
n
r
ec
eiv
es
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
an
d
d
is
p
lay
o
f
p
ar
am
et
er
s
,
as
well
as
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
s
o
f
ala
r
m
s
an
d
o
p
er
ati
o
n
s
.
I
n
tech
n
ical
s
er
v
ices,
th
e
is
s
u
an
ce
o
f
r
ep
o
r
ts
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
e
-
m
ail.
Desp
ite
th
e
tech
n
ical
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
SC
AD
A
s
y
s
tem
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
au
to
m
atio
n
b
r
an
ch
.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
ch
an
g
e
b
r
a
n
ch
is
also
n
o
t
u
s
ed
to
ex
ch
an
g
e
d
ata
w
ith
o
th
er
s
y
s
tem
s
.
2
.
1
.
5
.
T
he
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ica
l ba
s
is
f
o
r
t
he
im
plem
ent
a
t
io
n o
f
t
he
SE
G
co
ncept
in t
he
in
du
s
t
ry
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
h
as
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
with
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ca
p
ac
ity
with
a
ce
r
tain
lev
el
o
f
lo
ca
l
au
to
m
atio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
ar
e
n
o
t
in
teg
r
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
as
ea
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
its
d
ata
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
ly
an
d
is
o
n
ly
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
f
o
r
d
ata
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies ar
e:
−
Su
r
v
alen
t E
lectr
ical
SC
ADA.
−
Au
to
m
atic
lo
ca
l c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
b
a
n
k
s
.
−
A
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
in
th
e
o
n
-
lo
a
d
tap
-
c
h
an
g
er
s
o
f
th
e
t
wo
m
ain
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
SE
G
co
n
ce
p
t
s
tar
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
in
t
o
th
e
SC
ADA
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
m
an
u
ally
:
−
Glo
b
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
co
n
tr
o
l.
−
Vo
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l i
n
o
n
-
lo
ad
ta
p
-
ex
ch
an
g
er
s
.
−
Dem
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
SC
ADA
Su
r
v
alen
t
s
y
s
tem
h
as
an
au
t
o
m
atio
n
b
r
an
c
h
with
th
e
o
p
tio
n
o
f
s
cr
ip
tin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
y
o
u
to
d
ef
in
e
an
d
r
u
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
u
s
e
d
atab
a
s
e
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
s
eq
u
en
ce
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
.
W
ith
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
ito
r
,
h
is
to
r
ical
an
d
ca
lcu
lated
v
alu
es
ca
n
b
e
s
to
r
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
co
n
tr
o
l
s
eq
u
en
ce
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
y
o
u
ca
n
u
s
e
a
n
OPC
s
er
v
er
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
(
D
C
S).
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
T
h
e
SEG
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
,
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
,
a
n
d
d
e
m
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
2
0
1
7
an
d
b
eg
an
o
p
er
atin
g
in
2
0
1
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
a
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
SEG
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
3
.
1
.
P
o
wer
f
a
c
t
o
r
m
a
na
g
e
ment
s
y
s
t
em
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
SEG
s
y
s
tem
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
was
d
ef
icien
t
s
in
ce
th
ey
d
id
n
o
t
ac
h
iev
e
a
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
b
o
n
u
s
es
an
d
p
e
n
alties
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
elec
tr
icity
b
ill.
T
h
e
p
e
n
alty
c
o
s
ts
r
ea
ch
ed
$
US
3
3
,
1
3
6
.
2
8
in
2
0
1
6
an
d
$
US
4
9
,
3
0
5
.
4
5
C
UC
in
2
0
1
7
.
Af
ter
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
SEG
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ac
h
iev
ed
wer
e
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
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in
ce
n
o
p
en
alties
wer
e
r
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eiv
ed
an
d
th
e
b
o
n
u
s
es
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
f
a
cto
r
in
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e
elec
tr
icity
b
ill
r
ea
ch
ed
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
1
6
0
,
3
9
5
.
5
2
C
UC
in
th
e
p
er
io
d
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
a
r
y
to
J
u
l
y
2
0
1
8
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
co
ntr
o
l sy
s
t
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m
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I
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ate
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ted
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er
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a
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o
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wer
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r
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in
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o
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g
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.
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ter
t
h
e
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y
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im
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lem
en
ted
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v
o
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e
r
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u
latio
n
in
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in
d
u
s
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ial
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im
p
r
o
v
ed
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Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
a
g
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ap
h
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
in
a
p
er
io
d
af
ter
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
ep
o
r
t o
f
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
I
n
th
is
f
ig
u
r
e,
f
o
u
r
v
er
tical
b
ar
s
(
A
-
B
,
an
d
C
-
D)
in
d
icate
th
e
tim
e
in
ter
v
als
in
wh
ich
v
o
ltag
e
d
ev
iatio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
lim
its
s
et
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
also
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esto
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
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e
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
lim
its
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
S
E
G
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
3
.
1
.
2
.
Dem
a
nd
ma
na
g
e
m
ent
s
y
s
t
em
C
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
e
m
an
d
co
n
tr
ac
ted
with
t
h
e
elec
tr
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co
m
p
an
y
,
th
e
way
it
wa
s
m
an
ag
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
SEG
s
y
s
tem
was
in
ef
f
icien
t.
As
ev
id
en
ce
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
,
th
is
ca
u
s
ed
t
h
is
v
alu
e
to
b
e
ex
ce
ed
e
d
o
n
m
a
n
y
o
cc
asio
n
s
with
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
t
o
v
e
r
p
ay
m
e
n
ts
d
u
e
to
p
en
alties
.
W
ith
th
e
im
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lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
SEG
s
y
s
tem
,
it
was
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
th
e
s
y
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tem
,
k
ee
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in
g
it
b
elo
w
th
e
c
o
n
tr
ac
ted
v
alu
e
with
o
u
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
a
g
r
ap
h
with
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
two
d
a
y
s
af
ter
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
A
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
i
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th
e
f
ig
u
r
e
,
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e
d
em
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d
r
em
ain
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elo
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ONURE,
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em
o
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atin
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o
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e
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tem
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co
n
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(
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(
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Fig
u
r
e
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.
(
a
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e
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io
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I
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h
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u
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at
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p
t
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ee
n
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o
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y
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o
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o
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u
s
tr
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I
n
m
a
n
y
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
d
e
g
r
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o
f
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
in
clu
d
in
g
S
C
ADA
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
tit
u
te
a
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
SEG
co
n
ce
p
t.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
an
SEG
s
y
s
tem
in
an
in
d
u
s
tr
y
u
n
d
er
s
t
u
d
y
was
p
r
esen
ted
,
wh
ich
h
as
an
elec
tr
ical
SC
ADA,
as
well
as
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
f
ac
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
SEG
s
y
s
tem
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
ea
k
-
p
ea
k
d
e
m
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
g
lo
b
al
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l o
f
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
.
W
ith
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
SEG
s
y
s
tem
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
was
ac
h
iev
ed
,
with
n
et
b
illi
n
g
b
alan
ce
s
o
f
1
6
0
,
3
9
5
.
5
2
C
UC
in
6
m
o
n
th
s
f
o
r
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
was
ad
e
q
u
ately
g
u
ar
an
tee
d
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
tectio
n
r
elay
s
an
d
th
e
SC
ADA
s
y
s
te
m
,
av
o
id
i
n
g
in
v
esti
n
g
in
d
e
d
ica
ted
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t.
L
ik
ewise,
with
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
SEG,
d
em
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
m
o
r
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ally
,
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
e
m
an
d
b
elo
w
th
e
co
n
tr
ac
ted
d
em
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
in
th
o
s
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
wh
er
e
th
er
e
is
s
o
m
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
im
p
lem
en
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
es
ty
p
ical
o
f
an
SEG,
wh
ich
co
n
s
titu
tes an
o
p
e
n
f
ield
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
J.
C.
Eras
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
o
f
li
g
h
t,
sta
rter,
a
n
d
ig
n
it
i
o
n
lea
d
-
a
c
id
b
a
tt
e
ries
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Ef
fi
c
ien
c
y
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
1
9
-
1
2
3
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
J.
R.
G
ó
m
e
z
,
E.
C.
Qu
isp
e
,
R.
d
e
l
P
.
Ca
stri
ll
ó
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
R
.
Vie
g
o
,
“
Id
e
n
ti
fica
ti
o
n
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
Op
p
o
rtu
n
it
ie
s
with
th
e
Us
e
o
f
P
re
m
iu
m
Eff
icie
n
c
y
M
o
to
rs
a
s
Altern
a
ti
v
e
fo
r
De
v
e
lo
p
in
g
Co
u
n
tri
e
s,”
En
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
0
,
p
.
5
4
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/en
1
3
2
0
5
4
1
1
.
[3
]
M
.
Ze
n
g
a
n
d
B.
N.
J
ø
rg
e
n
se
n
,
“
G
lo
b
a
l
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
Tran
sm
issio
n
:
C
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
E
u
ro
p
e
,
th
e
U
S
,
a
n
d
C
h
i
n
a
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
T
h
e
1
0
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Gr
e
e
n
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
H.
J.
L
o
sc
h
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
En
e
rg
y
Eff
icie
n
c
y
i
n
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
:
A
P
ro
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
S
t
u
d
y
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s,”
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
Re
n
e
we
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
]
M
.
M
a
d
ri
g
a
l,
R.
Ul
u
sk
i
,
a
n
d
K.
M
e
n
sa
n
G
a
b
a
,
“
P
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
G
u
id
a
n
c
e
fo
r
De
fin
in
g
a
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
M
o
d
e
r
n
iza
ti
o
n
S
trate
g
y
:
Th
e
Ca
se
o
f
Distri
b
u
ti
o
n
(Re
v
ise
d
Ed
it
io
n
),
”
W
o
rd
Ba
n
k
Pu
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
7
.
[6
]
T.
S
a
m
a
d
a
n
d
S
.
Kili
c
c
o
te,
“
S
m
a
rt
g
rid
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
d
u
str
ial
se
c
to
r
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
s
&
Ch
e
mic
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
p
p
.
7
6
-
8
4
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
c
o
m
p
c
h
e
m
e
n
g
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
7
.
0
0
6
.
[7
]
S
.
Ch
a
k
ra
b
o
rt
y
,
A.
Ch
o
wd
h
u
r
y
,
a
n
d
S
.
C
h
a
k
ra
b
o
rt
y
,
“
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
s
&
sm
a
rt
g
rid
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
In
d
ia,”
In
t
e
rn
a
t
io
n
a
l
Res
e
a
rc
h
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
6
-
1
5
4
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[8
]
ABB,
“
In
d
u
str
ial
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
in
I
n
d
u
strial
Ne
two
rk
s,”
S
CRIB
D
,
2
0
1
0
.
[9
]
M
.
F
a
h
e
e
m
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
m
a
rt
g
rid
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
t
h
e
p
e
r
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
o
f
In
d
u
str
y
4
.
0
:
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
Rev
iew
IRJET
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
c
o
sre
v
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
8
.
0
0
1
.
[1
0
]
M
.
A.
Be
ra
wi
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ac
c
e
ler
a
ti
n
g
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
En
e
r
g
y
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
t
h
ro
u
g
h
I
n
d
u
stry
4
.
0
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
4
6
3
-
1
4
6
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
4
7
1
6
/i
jt
e
c
h
.
v
1
1
i
8
.
4
6
2
7
.
[1
1
]
C.
M
a
rti
n
,
F
.
S
tara
c
e
,
a
n
d
J.
P
.
Tri
c
o
ire,
“
T
h
e
F
u
tu
re
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
:
Ne
w
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
Tran
sf
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
G
rid
Ed
g
e
,
”
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
M
.
H.
S
h
o
re
h
,
P
.
S
ian
o
,
M
.
S
h
a
fi
e
-
k
h
a
h
,
V.
L
o
ia,
a
n
d
J.
P
.
S
.
Ca
talã
o
,
“
A
su
rv
e
y
o
f
i
n
d
u
strial
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
De
m
a
n
d
Re
sp
o
n
se
,
”
El
e
c
tric P
o
w
e
r S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
4
1
,
p
p
.
3
1
-
4
9
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
e
p
sr.
2
0
1
6
.
0
7
.
0
0
8
.
[1
3
]
D.
P
.
Xe
n
o
s,
I.
M
.
N
o
o
r
,
M
.
M
a
tl
o
u
b
i,
M
.
Cicc
i
o
tt
i,
T.
Ha
u
g
e
n
,
a
n
d
N.
F
.
T
h
o
r
n
h
il
l,
“
De
m
a
n
d
-
si
d
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
a
l
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
i
n
d
u
str
ial
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
c
o
n
su
m
e
rs:
An
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
a
n
e
n
e
rg
y
-
in
ten
si
v
e
c
h
e
m
ica
l
p
lan
t,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
8
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
8
-
4
3
3
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
a
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
8
.
0
8
4
.
[1
4
]
S
.
M
it
ra
,
I
.
E
.
G
ro
ss
m
a
n
n
,
J.
M
.
P
in
t
o
,
a
n
d
N.
Ar
o
ra
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
io
n
p
lan
n
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
ti
m
e
-
se
n
siti
v
e
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
p
rice
s
fo
r
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
p
o
we
r
-
in
ten
siv
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
e
s,”
Co
mp
u
ter
s
&
Ch
e
mic
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
-
1
8
4
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
c
o
m
p
c
h
e
m
e
n
g
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
9
.
0
1
9
.
[1
5
]
M
.
Ala
m
,
J
.
Kim
,
Y.
Li
,
S
.
H
.
Ho
n
g
,
X.
Li
a
n
d
A
.
Xu
,
“
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
wire
les
s
in
d
u
stri
a
l
n
e
two
rk
s
f
o
r
in
d
u
strial
sm
a
rt
g
r
id
s,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
(ICAE
CT
)
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
8
3
-
8
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IC
AECT.
2
0
1
4
.
6
7
5
7
0
6
6
.
[1
6
]
S.
Ba
h
ra
m
i
a
n
d
A.
S
h
e
ik
h
i,
“
F
ro
m
De
m
a
n
d
Re
sp
o
n
se
in
S
m
a
rt
G
r
id
To
wa
rd
In
teg
ra
ted
De
m
a
n
d
Re
sp
o
n
se
in
S
m
a
r
t
En
e
rg
y
H
u
b
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
m
a
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
5
0
-
6
5
8
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TS
G
.
2
0
1
5
.
2
4
6
4
3
7
4
.
[1
7
]
M
.
Ya
o
,
Z
.
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o
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1
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Ch
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Lee
,
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Ha
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a
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d
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S
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[2
2
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sh
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o
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n
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u
n
,
F
.
M
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a
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d
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g
,
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ter
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1
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ter
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3
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.
D.
P
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n
jaitan
,
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W.
S
a
n
jay
a
,
a
n
d
R.
K
u
rn
ian
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ter
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Rev
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f
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p
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5
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1
8
.
[2
4
]
D.
Ha
n
a
n
d
X.
Li
,
“
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e
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o
re
c
a
stin
g
o
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rica
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[2
5
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Cu
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3
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0
.
[2
6
]
M
.
Yu
,
M
.
Z
h
u
,
G
.
Ch
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n
,
J.
Li
a
n
d
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u
,
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.
[2
7
]
W.
S
.
Oc
a
ñ
a
,
A.
M
.
Ab
a
ta,
E.
S
.
Já
c
o
m
e
,
a
n
d
V.
M
.
M
o
ra
,
“
Distrib
u
te
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sy
ste
m
s
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n
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n
d
u
strial
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o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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n
n
e
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s
with
t
h
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n
tern
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o
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h
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g
s,
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ime
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t
i
n
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stry
4
.
0
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”
In
ter
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ti
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l
Rev
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f
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t
o
ma
t
ic
Co
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ro
l
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l.
1
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o
.
5
,
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p
.
1
2
9
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0
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9
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d
o
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0
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5
8
6
6
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re
a
c
o
.
v
1
2
i5
.
1
7
6
8
7
.
[2
8
]
E.
M
e
n
d
o
z
a
,
P
.
F
u
e
n
tes
,
I.
Be
n
í
tez
,
D.
Re
in
a
,
a
n
d
J.
Nú
ñ
e
z
,
“
Re
d
d
e
se
n
so
re
s
in
a
lám
b
rico
s
m
u
lt
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lt
o
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a
ra
siste
m
a
s
d
o
m
ó
ti
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o
s
d
e
b
a
jo
c
o
st
o
y
á
re
a
e
x
ten
d
i
d
a
,
”
RIA
I
-
Rev
ist
a
Ib
e
ro
a
m
e
ric
a
n
a
d
e
Au
t
o
má
t
ica
e
In
fo
rm
á
t
ica
in
d
u
stri
a
l
:
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ista
Ib
e
ro
a
me
ric
a
n
a
d
e
A
u
to
má
ti
c
a
e
I
n
fo
rm
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ti
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a
,
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l.
1
7
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.
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0
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9
5
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0
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2
3
0
1
.
[2
9
]
J.
Nu
ñ
e
z
,
I.
F
.
Be
n
ít
e
z
P
i
n
a
,
A
.
Ro
d
ríg
u
e
z
M
a
rtí
n
e
z
,
S
.
Día
z
P
é
re
z
a
n
d
D.
Lu
iz
d
e
Ol
iv
e
ira,
“
To
o
ls
fo
r
th
e
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
S
CAD
A S
y
ste
m
in
a
De
sa
li
n
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ti
o
n
P
ro
c
e
ss
,
”
IEE
E
L
a
t
in
Ame
ric
a
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
,
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l.
1
7
,
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o
.
1
1
,
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p
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8
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9
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LA.
2
0
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9
.
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9
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2
4
.
[3
0
]
E.
M
e
n
d
o
z
a
,
J.
An
d
ra
m
u
ñ
o
,
J.
N
ú
ñ
e
z
,
a
n
d
I.
Be
n
ít
e
z
,
“
De
li
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e
ra
ti
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e
a
rc
h
it
e
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re
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o
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sm
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rt
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rs
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th
e
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terin
g
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p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
a
wa
ter
p
u
rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
p
lan
t,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
sic
s:
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s
,
v
o
l.
1
7
3
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
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,
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0
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0
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7
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6
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0
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2
0
8
8
.
[3
1
]
J.
R.
N.
Alv
a
re
z
,
I.
F
.
B
.
P
i
n
a
,
a
n
d
Y.
L.
Al
b
u
e
rn
e
,
“
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
in
F
lex
i
b
le
S
u
p
e
rv
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r
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r
Lab
o
ra
to
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y
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
”
IOP
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s:
M
a
ter
ia
l
s
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
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l.
8
4
4
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o
.
1
,
p
.
1
-
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
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D.
M
.
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3
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Li
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4
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Z.
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⊘
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[3
5
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T.
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.
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Li
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6
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S
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[3
7
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IEC,
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6
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:
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.
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–
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4
:
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,
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1
1
.
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