In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
3, S
ep 2019,
pp.
1
3
9
8
~1
4
0
9
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
3.pp1398-1409
1398
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
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score
.
com
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s
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p
hp/IJ
PED
S
3.3V DC ou
tp
ut at-16dBm sensit
ivity and 77%
PCE rectifier for
RF energ
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A
s
t
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ie
N
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asy
e
i
l
a
Fi
f
i
e
A
s
li
1
, Yan Chiew
W
ong
2
1
M
i
cro
a
n
d
Nano
E
l
ectro
nic
,
Research
G
rou
p
,
Centre
f
o
r
T
e
l
ecom
m
unicatio
n, Research an
d
In
n
o
vati
on
,
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
1,
2
Fa
ku
lti
Ke
jur
u
te
ra
a
n
Ele
k
t
ro
n
i
k d
a
n
Ke
ju
ru
te
r
a
a
n
Ko
m
pu
te
r,
U
niv
er
siti Tekni
k
al Mal
a
y
s
i
a Me
laka, Malays
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Oct
2
5
,
2
018
Re
vise
d Jan
1
2
, 2019
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
M
ar 5
, 2
0
19
Thi
s
p
ape
r
p
r
e
sents
a
high
v
olt
a
ge
c
onv
e
rsion
at
h
igh
sensitiv
i
ty
R
F
energy
harv
est
i
ng
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
IoT
app
l
i
catio
n
s
.
T
h
e
harves
ti
ng
syst
e
m
c
om
pri
s
es
bu
lk
-to-sou
r
ce
(
B
T
M
O
S
)
diff
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l
-d
riv
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ased
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ectifi
e
r
to
p
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oduce
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gh
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rves
tin
g
s
y
stem.
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work
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s
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ect
ifier
input
t
o
in
crease
t
h
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sensitivity
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d
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h
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t
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f
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ecti
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s
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targ
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f
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K
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r
High efficienc
y
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gh
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n
si
ti
v
ity
RF
e
nergy
har
v
e
s
ti
n
g
sys
tem
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Yan
C
h
i
e
w
Wo
ng
,
M
i
c
r
o a
nd N
a
n
o
Elec
t
ron
i
c
R
e
sea
r
ch
G
roup,
C
e
n
t
r
e for Te
lecom
m
u
n
ic
at
ion,
Resea
rch
a
nd
In
no
va
tio
n,
F
a
kult
i
K
e
j
u
r
u
t
e
r
aa
n Elek
tro
n
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k
da
n
K
e
j
uru
t
e
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aan
K
om
put
e
r
,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
e
k
ni
ka
l Ma
la
ysia
M
ela
k
a,
H
a
ng Tua
h
Jaya
, 76
1
0
0
D
uri
a
n
Tu
n
g
g
a
l
,
Mela
ka
,
M
a
la
ysia.
Em
ail:
ycw
o
ng
@u
tem
.
edu.
my
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
I
n
r
ece
nt
y
e
a
r
s
,
muc
h
a
tt
e
n
tio
n
ha
s
bee
n
p
l
a
ce
d
on
the
Inter
n
e
t
o
f
Th
ings
(
I
o
T)
t
ec
h
n
o
l
og
y.
I
oT
re
fe
rs
t
o
t
h
e
v
a
st
n
et
wo
rk
o
f
p
h
y
s
i
cal
d
evi
c
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
et
v
ia
b
u
i
l
t
-i
n
se
nsors,
s
o
f
tw
a
r
e
and
nec
e
ssar
y
e
lectr
o
n
i
c
c
i
rcui
ts
a
l
l
ow
in
g
the
de
vice
s
to
s
e
n
d
,
r
ec
e
i
ve
a
n
d
ex
ch
ang
e
d
at
a
[1
,
2
]
.
Th
e
‘Thi
ng
s’,
for
exam
ple
home
app
l
i
a
nc
es
a
r
e
p
u
t
i
n
t
o
h
o
me
n
e
t
w
o
rk
a
nd
can
b
e
con
t
ro
l
l
e
d
b
y
us
i
ng
vo
ice
,
rem
o
te con
tro
l
or sma
r
tph
one via
t
he in
t
er
ne
t
.
In lar
g
e-sc
ale
d
e
p
loym
en
t are
a
suc
h as Sm
a
r
t
C
i
t
i
es, bi
lli
o
n
s o
f
sens
ors
a
r
e
ne
ede
d
t
o
c
ontro
l
t
h
e
‘T
h
i
n
g
s’.
These
w
i
rele
ss
se
ns
or
n
o
d
es
a
re
norm
a
l
l
y
pow
e
r
ed
by
ba
tter
i
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
for
i
t
s
l
i
mi
ted
l
i
fe
t
i
me
a
n
d
t
he
u
se
o
f
ba
tter
i
e
s
i
n
l
a
rg
e
a
r
ea
n
et
wo
r
k
a
re
n
ot
p
ra
ct
i
cal
a
s
i
t
in
vol
ves
the
c
o
st
o
f
p
u
rc
hase,
m
a
inta
i
n
a
n
d
d
is
pose
of
l
a
r
ge
a
m
o
u
n
t
of
b
att
e
ri
es
[
3
]
.
Th
e
r
e
are
al
so
f
e
w
c
a
s
e
s
wh
e
r
e
th
e
app
l
i
c
at
io
n
o
f
b
atte
ri
es
a
re
n
o
t
f
e
a
si
b
l
e
su
c
h
a
s
d
e
v
ic
e
t
h
a
t
i
s
use
d
t
o
mo
n
i
tor
a
s
t
ruc
t
ure
or
t
he
env
i
ro
nm
en
t
(e.
g
.
vo
lcan
o)
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
nee
d
o
f
re
cha
r
g
i
ng
or
r
e
p
lac
i
n
g
t
he
b
at
t
e
ry.
A
s
t
he
a
l
t
erna
t
i
ve
s
o
l
ut
io
n
to t
he
lim
ita
ti
o
n
s of
b
a
t
teries,
e
n
erg
y
ha
r
ves
t
i
ng sy
st
e
m
i
s
us
ed to
p
o
w
e
r
t
h
e
IoT
device
s.
Ene
r
g
y
h
ar
ve
sti
n
g
is
a
p
roc
e
ss
of
h
arne
ssi
ng
e
n
e
r
g
y
fro
m
a
m
bie
n
t
e
nvir
onm
en
t
a
n
d
con
v
e
r
ts
t
h
e
ene
r
g
y
i
nt
o
el
ectric
i
t
y
t
o
p
o
w
er
e
lectric
a
l
or
e
l
e
ctr
o
n
i
c
d
e
vic
e
s
[
4].
En
er
gy
from
su
n
lig
ht,
v
i
brati
o
n
,
r
adio
fre
que
nc
y
(RF
)
[
4,
5
]
a
nd
e
t
c
.
i
s
ca
ptur
ed
,
to
b
e
use
d
d
irec
t
l
y
o
r
ac
cu
mu
l
a
t
e
d
an
d
st
o
r
ed
i
n
a
st
o
r
age
com
p
o
n
e
n
t
l
i
k
e
a
b
atter
y
o
r
a
ca
paci
t
o
r
for
a
per
i
o
d
o
f
tim
e
fo
r
late
r
u
s
e
.
R
F
e
n
ergy
h
as
v
ery
le
ss
p
o
w
e
r
den
s
i
t
y
com
p
a
r
e
d
t
o othe
r
en
ergy
s
o
urce
s
a
n
d
ca
n
be
e
a
s
il
y inte
g
r
ate
d
i
nt
o
a
sma
ll
c
h
ip
m
akin
g
i
t
s
ui
ta
ble
for
IoT
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
io
ns
[
6].
F
u
rther
m
ore
,
R
F
ene
r
gy
i
s
a
v
a
ila
ble
for
a
lmos
t
e
v
eryw
he
re
a
n
d
a
ny
t
i
me
t
ha
nk
s
t
o
t
he
grow
i
n
g
o
f
r
ad
io
w
a
v
e
so
urc
e
s
suc
h
a
s
w
i
r
e
less
LA
N
transm
itter
s
(
W
i
-
F
i
)
[
7
]
,
T
V
[
5
,
7
-
9
]
,
F
M
/
A
M
r
a
d
i
o
,
mobi
le
b
ase
st
ati
o
ns
[
5,
9
]
a
n
d
m
o
b
i
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
es
[
5].
RF
e
nerg
y
i
s
a
for
m
o
f
di
ffe
r
e
nt
i
a
l
a
l
te
r
n
at
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(AC)
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
an
d
re
ct
i
f
i
e
r
i
s
r
eq
ui
re
d
to
c
onv
e
r
t
th
e
d
i
ff
e
r
en
t
ia
l
si
gna
l
ca
p
t
ur
e
d
by
a
n
te
n
n
a
in
to
s
in
g
l
e
di
r
e
c
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
3.3V D
C
out
pu
t at-
1
6
d
Bm
se
n
s
itiv
i
t
y
a
n
d
7
7
%
PCE re
cti
f
ie
r
f
o
r
RF … (
A
str
i
e
N
u
rasye
ila
Fif
i
e A
s
l
i
)
1
399
curr
ent
(D
C).
The
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
r
e
c
tif
i
e
r
w
ill
be
p
asse
d
t
o
f
ew
c
ir
cui
t
s
t
o
f
o
r
m
a
rel
i
ab
l
e
out
put
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
o
u
tp
ut
signa
l
can
b
e
use
d
f
or
e
lec
t
r
o
n
i
c
c
i
rcui
ts.
D
u
e
to
l
ow
d
ens
ity
o
f
t
he
h
a
r
ves
t
ed
R
F
source
f
rom
a
m
bien
t
env
i
ro
nm
en
t,
it
is
i
mpor
ta
n
t
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
a
n
e
ne
rgy
ha
rv
ester
sy
s
tem
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
se
nsi
t
i
v
it
y.
T
h
i
s
pape
r
i
s
orga
nize
d
a
s
f
oll
o
w
s
:
S
e
c
tio
n
2
disc
usses
p
r
inc
i
p
l
e
o
f
R
F
e
n
erg
y
har
v
es
t
i
n
g
s
yst
e
m
an
d
re
vi
e
w
s
the
pre
v
io
us
des
i
g
n
s
of
r
ec
ti
fier
f
or
e
ne
rgy
har
v
es
t
i
ng.
S
e
c
ti
on
3
in
t
r
od
uce
s
t
h
e
a
r
chi
t
ec
t
u
re
a
n
d
char
acter
i
s
t
i
c
of
t
he
pro
pose
d
s
ys
t
e
m.
S
e
c
ti
o
n
4
p
re
sents
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
tio
n
re
s
u
l
t
s
and
d
i
sc
ussio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
prop
os
ed
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
fo
l
l
ow
ed
by t
h
e
co
ncl
u
s
i
on
i
n S
e
cti
on 5
.
2.
RF ENERGY
HARVESTING
WO
R
K
ING PRINCIPLE AND
D
ESI
G
N REVIE
W
3.
1.
R
e
c
t
ifier
F
i
gure
1
s
h
ow
s
t
h
e
typ
i
ca
l
RF
e
nerg
y
ha
r
v
es
tin
g
sys
t
em
.
RF
e
n
e
r
gy
is
capt
u
re
d
by
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
a
n
d
con
v
er
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
D
C
vo
l
t
a
g
e
by
r
ec
t
i
f
i
e
r
.
Typ
i
ca
ll
y,
t
he
o
ut
p
u
t
v
olta
ge
p
ro
duc
e
d
b
y
rec
t
i
f
ier
is
s
m
a
ll
an
d
dec
r
ea
se
s
a
s
t
he
s
e
n
sit
i
v
i
ty
i
ncre
ases
d
u
e
t
o
the
na
tur
e
o
f
a
n
t
e
n
na
t
ha
t
c
a
p
t
u
r
es
v
er
y
sma
ll
ener
g
y
[
6].
Th
e
r
efo
r
e,
i
mp
ed
an
ce
m
at
chi
n
g
i
s
a
pp
li
ed
b
e
t
ween
t
h
e
a
n
t
enn
a
a
n
d
re
ct
ifi
e
r
t
o
p
ro
vide
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
e
n
e
rgy
trans
f
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it [10-
12].
The
se
ns
i
tiv
it
y of re
c
t
i
fi
e
r
d
et
e
r
mi
n
e
s th
e
cap
abi
l
ity
o
f
a re
ct
ifi
e
r
to
b
e op
era
t
ed
w
h
en
v
e
r
y
sma
l
l
e
n
erg
y
i
s
ava
ila
b
l
e
in
t
he
s
ur
rou
n
d
i
ng.
H
ig
h
se
n
s
it
iv
it
y
a
l
l
o
w
s
e
ffic
i
ent
transm
issi
on
of
ene
r
g
y
a
t
gr
eat
er
d
is
ta
nce
s
f
r
o
m
RF
s
o
u
rc
es
[
1
3
].
D
ue
t
o
t
h
e
sm
al
l
out
put
vol
t
a
g
e
p
rod
u
c
e
d
b
y
re
cti
f
i
e
r,
D
C-
D
C
c
ha
rge
p
u
m
p
i
s
u
se
d
to
b
o
o
s
t
s
t
h
e
out
pu
t
v
o
lta
ge
t
o
a
h
i
ghe
r
u
sa
b
l
e
vol
t
a
g
e
l
e
v
el
[
7
,
1
4
]
.
Th
e
vo
lt
ag
e
the
n
i
s
re
g
u
la
te
d
b
y
v
ol
t
a
ge
r
e
gula
t
or
t
o
pro
v
i
d
e
a
s
t
a
b
l
e
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
ge
t
ha
t
is
i
n
d
e
p
en
de
nt
t
o
i
n
pu
t
vo
l
t
ag
e
a
n
d
load current
.
The
ef
ficiency
o
f
recti
f
ier
is
c
r
i
t
i
ca
l
i
n
d
e
s
ign
i
ng
RF
e
n
e
rgy
ha
r
v
est
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m.
H
ig
h
effi
c
i
e
n
cy
re
ct
i
f
i
e
r
re
du
ces
p
o
w
e
r
d
i
ssi
pa
t
e
d
du
ring
t
h
e
R
F
-
DC
c
onv
ersi
on
.
R
ec
t
i
fier
e
ffic
ienc
y
is
d
efi
n
e
d
by
the
pow
e
r
con
v
er
sio
n
e
ffi
c
ienc
y
(P
CE)
f
actor
a
s
in
(
1)
w
here
P
loss
i
s
t
he
c
o
nduc
t
i
o
n
pow
e
r
l
osse
s
i
n
t
he
r
e
c
t
i
fier.
The
efficie
n
c
y
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
thres
h
ol
d
v
o
l
t
ag
e
(
V
th),
c
ha
nne
l
re
sis
t
a
n
ce
(
r
o
n
),
l
ea
ka
ge
c
urrent
a
n
d
c
ur
ren
t
d
ri
ve
ca
pab
i
lit
y
o
f
r
e
c
tif
i
e
r
[6]
.
L
o
w
V
th,
ron,
l
eaka
g
e
c
u
r
r
ent
a
nd
hi
gh
d
ri
v
i
ng
c
ap
abi
l
i
t
y
r
ed
u
c
e
th
e
vo
lt
a
g
e
d
r
op
a
c
ro
ss t
h
e
re
ct
if
i
e
r, t
h
u
s i
n
creas
in
g
th
e e
ffi
cie
n
c
y
.
P
C
E, η%
=
P
out
P
in
=
P
out
P
out
+
P
los
s
×
100
(1
)
F
i
gur
e 1.
RF
e
n
er
g
y
har
ves
ting
sy
stem
The
low
V
th
a
nd
leaka
g
e
cu
r
r
ent
c
a
n
be
achie
ve
d
b
y
a
p
p
l
y
in
g
d
i
ffer
e
n
t
i
a
l
-d
ri
ve
r
ect
ifier
(D
D
R
)
circ
u
i
t
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
2.
D
D
R
c
onsis
ts
o
f
4
tran
sis
t
or
s
w
i
t
h
cross
-
c
onne
cte
d
g
at
e
struc
t
ure
to
f
orm
a
com
p
l
i
m
e
n
t
ar
y
bri
d
ge
r
ec
ti
fie
r
.
The
ga
te
o
f
tr
ans
i
s
t
ors
is
a
cti
v
e
ly
b
iase
d
by
d
i
f
fere
n
tia
l
mode
s
i
g
na
l
at
t
w
o
no
des,
V
x
an
d
V
y
[
1
5
].
W
hen
V
x
i
s
p
o
si
tive
,
M
n2
a
nd
M
p1
a
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
b
i
a
s
a
n
d
a
c
t
a
s
s
m
a
l
l
o
n
-
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
ca
usin
g
the
V
th
o
f
t
h
e
de
v
i
c
e
s
to
d
ecr
ease
effect
i
v
el
y
[1
5].
The
tra
n
sist
ors
w
ill
t
u
rn-o
n
w
h
e
n
V
x
rea
c
he
s
t
h
e
V
th
.
O
n
t
he
o
th
er
h
a
n
d,
a
s
V
y
i
s
n
e
ga
t
i
ve,
M
n1
a
nd
M
p2
a
r
e
i
n
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
b
i
a
s
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
V
th
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
ansi
sto
r
s
to
incre
a
se,
reduc
in
g
t
h
e
re
verse
lea
k
a
g
e
c
u
rre
nt
.
The
di
ffe
re
nt
ia
l
s
i
gn
a
l
a
pp
li
ed
a
t
both
of
t
h
e
i
n
put
o
f
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r
all
o
w
s
bot
h
l
o
w
V
th
a
nd
l
e
a
kage
c
urre
n
t
t
o
be
a
c
h
ie
v
e
d
sim
u
l
t
a
n
eo
us
l
y
,
i
n
cre
a
si
ng
th
e
ef
fi
ci
e
n
c
y
a
nd
sens
iti
vi
ty.
Th
e
o
u
tp
ut
v
o
lta
ge
p
r
o
duces
b
y
D
D
R
is
d
e
f
i
n
ed
a
s
i
n
(
2
)
w
h
e
r
e
V
RF
i
s
t
h
e
i
n
pu
t
AC
s
ig
n
a
l
and
V
drop
is the
v
o
lt
age
lo
ss ac
ross
the
t
r
a
ns
istor
dur
in
g circ
u
it
opera
ti
o
n
.
V
D
C
, o
ut
= 2V
RF
V
dr
op
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
139
8
– 1
409
1
400
Figure 2.
Dif
f
e
rential-dr
ive rectifier
(D
DR)
3.
2.
Desi
g
n
r
ev
i
e
w
Th
ere
a
r
e
f
e
w
t
y
p
e
s
of
r
e
c
ti
fi
er
a
rc
h
i
t
e
ctu
r
es
h
av
e
b
e
en
p
ro
po
s
e
d
f
or
t
he
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
of
R
F
e
n
erg
y
h
a
rv
est
i
ng
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
l
e,
D
i
c
k
s
on
m
ul
tip
li
e
r
o
r
al
so
kno
wn
a
s
vo
l
t
a
g
e
mul
t
i
p
l
i
er
h
as
b
een
u
se
d
by
[1
6]
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
to
c
on
ver
t
t
he
R
F
sig
n
a
l
i
nt
o
D
C
.
In
o
rde
r
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
ve
h
i
g
h
sens
i
tiv
i
t
y
r
ec
tif
i
e
r,
a
ll
of
t
he
t
r
a
n
si
st
o
r
s
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
re
cti
f
i
e
r
are
o
p
e
ra
t
e
d
in
w
eak
i
nv
ersi
o
n.
O
ne
p
ar
a
l
l
e
l
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
o
r
a
shu
n
t
i
nd
uc
tor
i
s
app
l
ied
be
tw
e
e
n
the
a
n
ten
n
a
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
ect
i
f
ier
to
w
ork
a
s
vol
ta
g
e
boo
sti
n
g
ci
rcui
t
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
i
n
c
re
ase
th
e
sens
iti
vi
ty.
Th
e
re
cti
f
ier
is
d
e
s
i
gne
d
w
i
t
h
f
e
w
t
y
p
es
o
f
tr
an
si
s
t
ors
in
cl
u
d
e
ze
ro
V
th
t
ransistor
(ZVT)
,
zero
V
th
trans
i
s
t
or
w
ith
t
h
i
ck
o
x
i
de
(
ZV
TD
G
)
,
low
V
th
t
r
a
ns
ist
o
r
(
L
V
T
),
norm
a
l
V
th
t
r
a
ns
i
s
t
o
r
(
N
F
ET)
a
nd
3.
3V
I
/O
trans
i
s
t
or
w
it
h
t
h
ic
k
o
x
i
d
e
(N
FE
T33)
r
ecti
f
i
e
r
s
w
ith
d
if
fere
nt
num
bers
o
f
stages
t
o
di
ffe
rent
iate
t
he
e
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
the
V
th
t
o
the
sens
i
t
i
v
i
t
y.
A
t
-22.1
d
Bm
a
n
d
10
-
s
t
a
ges
w
i
t
h
Z
V
T
t
ec
h
n
i
q
ue,
the
re
ct
ifi
e
r
able
t
o
pro
d
u
ce
a
n
ou
tpu
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
f
1V
.
-32.1d
Bm
s
e
n
si
t
i
vit
y
i
s
ac
h
i
e
v
e
d
a
t
5
0
-st
a
g
e
s
r
e
c
t
i
fi
er
w
it
h
LVT
t
e
c
hni
que
a
nd
pro
duc
i
n
g
1V
o
u
t
pu
t
vol
ta
ge
. A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
the
rec
tif
i
e
r ha
s
ver
y
hi
gh
s
en
si
t
i
v
i
t
y
, t
h
e
out
pu
t
ho
we
v
e
r i
s
s
ma
ll
a
nd
no
t
a
d
e
qua
te
t
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
c
i
rc
u
it
t
h
a
t
r
eq
uires
3.3V
s
u
pp
ly
v
o
lta
g
e
.
It
a
lso
ha
s
t
o
o
ma
n
y
s
tage
s
w
h
ic
h
con
s
um
ed
l
a
r
g
e
a
rea
a
n
d
spa
ce.
A
nothe
r
w
a
y
to
i
nc
rea
s
e
to
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
is
b
y
incr
eas
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
o
ad
h
o
w
eve
r
th
i
s
m
ig
h
t
g
re
atl
y
d
e
c
re
ases
t
he
e
fficie
n
c
y
c
on
si
deri
ng
lar
g
e
v
ol
ta
ge
l
oss
expe
rie
n
ce
d
b
y
t
he
r
ecti
f
ier
as
t
he
numbe
r of s
tag
e
i
ncre
ases a
s show
n by
(3).
V
ou
t
=
2
N
(V
RF
V
dr
op
)
(3)
F
i
gure
3.
D
ick
s
on m
u
lti
pl
ier
[1
6]
D
.
K
arolak
pr
opose
d
a
n
e
nha
nce
vol
ta
ge
m
ul
t
i
pl
ier
circu
i
t
by
imp
l
em
en
t
i
n
g
b
u
l
k-
bi
a
s
e
d
o
r
d
ynam
i
c
thres
h
o
l
d
MO
SF
ET
(D
TMO
S
)
to
t
he
r
ect
i
f
ier
to
r
ed
uce
t
h
e
V
th
o
f
th
e
t
r
a
n
si
st
o
r
t
hu
s
dec
r
ea
si
ng
t
h
e
v
olt
a
g
e
lo
ss
a
cross
t
h
e
re
ctifier
[1
7].
T
h
e
re
ctif
i
e
r
is
c
a
s
c
a
de
d
t
o
3
-
sta
g
e
t
o
i
nc
re
a
s
e
the
o
u
t
pu
t
vol
tage
.
A
t
9
0
0
MH
z
a
n
d
-2
.3dBm
se
n
s
i
t
i
v
ity
,
t
h
e
re
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
p
r
oduce
d
a
n
o
u
tp
ut
o
f
1
.
2
V
w
i
t
h
4
8
%
po
we
r
ef
f
i
ci
en
cy
.
In
D
TM
OS
trans
i
s
t
or
,
the
bu
l
k
w
hic
h
u
s
u
al
ly
c
o
n
n
ecte
d
t
o
t
h
e
so
urc
e
in
c
onv
en
tio
nal
t
r
a
n
si
sto
r
i
s
c
o
nn
ect
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
g
a
t
e
or
t
he
d
ra
in
o
f
t
h
e
tran
sis
t
o
r
,
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
5.
T
hi
s
h
a
s
forc
in
g
t
h
e
bo
d
y
-t
o-so
urce
v
o
l
t
a
ge
(
V
bs
)
t
o
b
e
e
q
u
a
l
to
g
a
t
e-to
-sou
rc
e
vo
lt
ag
e
(V
gs
)
.
W
he
n
V
gs
=
V
bs
=
0
,
t
h
e
V
th
i
s
hi
gh
,
ca
u
s
in
g
the
l
e
ak
ag
e
cu
rre
n
t
t
o
reduc
e.
W
he
n
V
gs
=
V
bs
=
V
ma
x
(
ampl
it
ude
o
f
i
npu
t
sig
n
a
l
),
t
he
s
our
ce
and
the
s
u
b
s
t
r
ate
is
i
n
forw
a
r
d
b
i
as
forc
in
g
the V
th
t
o dr
op.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
3.
3V
D
C
ou
t
p
u
t
at-
1
6
d
Bm
sen
s
i
tiv
i
t
y
an
d 7
7
%
PCE
rect
ifier for RF
… (Astr
i
e
Nurasyeila Fifie Asli)
1
401
Al
t
h
oug
h
DTM
O
S
t
r
a
n
si
sto
r
h
as
l
o
w
V
th
,
it
s
oper
a
tin
g
v
o
l
t
a
ge
h
o
w
ever
i
s
lim
ite
d
to
i
ts
V
th
[
1
8
,
1
9
]
.
Th
is
i
s
due
t
o
exc
e
ss
ive
in
cre
a
se
i
n
lea
k
a
g
e
curre
nt
w
hen
the
a
p
p
lie
d
vo
l
t
a
g
e
ex
c
eeds
t
h
e
V
th
[1
8,
19]
.
T
h
is
ty
pe
o
f
r
e
ct
if
ie
r
a
l
so
i
ntr
o
d
u
c
e
s
l
ar
ge
v
olta
ge
d
r
op
a
c
r
o
ss
t
he
r
ec
t
i
fier
a
s
the
sta
g
e
of
t
h
e
r
e
c
ti
f
i
e
r
i
ncr
ease
s
.
F
u
r
t
her
i
n
cr
e
a
si
ng
in
l
oa
d
r
e
sis
t
or
o
r
sta
g
e
of
t
he
r
ec
ti
fie
r
t
o
i
n
cre
a
se
t
he
o
u
t
put
w
i
l
l
g
re
at
ly
d
e
c
re
ase
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
cie
n
c
y
m
akin
g
i
t
n
o
t
s
u
i
ta
ble
f
o
r
hi
gh
se
nsit
i
v
it
y
w
i
t
h
l
a
r
g
e
o
ut
put
v
olt
a
g
e
rec
ti
fi
e
r
.
F
i
gur
e
4.
D
TMO
S
vol
t
a
ge
m
ult
i
pl
ier
[1
7]
(a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e 5
.
(a)
BTMOS
an
d
(b
) DTMOS
t
r
an
sis
t
o
r
s
Y. C.
W
o
n
g
a
l
so
h
ad
pr
o
p
o
se
d
an
e
n
h
anc
e
d
D
i
c
ks
on
vo
lta
g
e
m
ul
tip
l
i
er
r
ec
tif
i
e
r
by
a
p
p
l
y
i
ng
u
l
t
r
a
-
l
ow
pow
e
r
(
U
L
P
)
d
i
o
de
[
2
0
]
.
U
LP
d
i
ode
c
omp
o
s
es
o
f
a
pa
i
r
o
f
P
M
O
S
a
n
d
N
M
O
S
t
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
s
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
g
a
t
e
o
f
P
M
O
S
t
r
a
nsi
s
t
o
r
i
s
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
so
ur
c
e
o
f
N
M
O
S
t
r
a
ns
istor
a
n
d
v
ic
e
ve
r
s
a.
T
he
body
o
f
t
he
N
MO
S
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
he
l
ow
est
po
t
e
ntia
l
n
o
d
e
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
b
o
dy
of
P
MO
S
i
s
conn
ec
t
e
d
t
o
t
he
h
i
ghe
st
p
o
t
e
n
tia
l
no
de
.
The
str
u
c
t
ur
e
of
t
he
U
LP
d
i
ode
i
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
igur
e
6.
A
s
th
e
d
i
o
de
i
s
p
o
s
iti
ve
ly
b
iased,
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
N
M
O
S
a
nd
P
M
OS
t
ran
s
is
to
r
s
a
r
e
o
p
e
rat
e
i
n
fo
rward
bias
w
ith
f
o
r
w
a
rd
c
u
r
r
e
nt
s
im
ila
r
to
t
he
c
o
nve
n
tiona
l
MO
S
d
i
ode
.
I
n
r
e
ver
s
e
bias
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
on,
t
he
s
o
u
r
ce
ter
m
ina
l
s
of
b
o
t
h
tr
a
n
s
i
stor
s
ar
e
con
n
ec
t
e
d
toge
the
r
a
n
d
t
he
t
r
a
ns
i
s
tor
s
a
r
e
ope
r
a
ted
i
n
s
u
b
t
h
r
e
sh
o
l
d
r
e
gion.
A
s
t
h
e
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
vo
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
cr
e
a
s
ed,
the
c
u
r
r
e
nt
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
w
ith
t
he
i
ncr
e
ase
i
n
dr
ai
n-
to-
s
our
ce
v
olta
ge
(
V
ds
)
.
A
s
the
cu
t-
off
of
V
gs
i
nc
r
ease
,
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
hen
de
cr
e
a
ses
e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
ia
lly
r
e
duc
in
g
the
le
akage
c
u
r
r
ent
and
ma
in
ta
in
i
n
g
a
g
ood
for
w
a
r
d
cur
re
n
t
.
At
9
00M
Hz
o
p
e
ra
t
i
ng
f
requ
en
cy
,
t
h
e
pr
opose
d
3
-
s
t
a
ge
D
ic
ks
o
n
m
ul
t
i
p
lier
w
i
t
h
U
LP
d
iode
p
r
o
d
u
ces
0
.
2
14
V
ou
t
p
u
t
a
t
-
1
0d
B
m
s
e
n
s
iti
v
i
t
y
w
ith
1
7
.
74
%
eff
i
ci
en
cy
.
F
i
gur
e
6.
U
ltr
a-
low
pow
er
(
ULP
)
d
i
o
de
[
20]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
139
8
– 1
409
1
402
An
ot
h
e
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ment
o
n
vo
lt
ag
e
mul
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
p
erf
o
rman
ce
h
as
b
een
m
a
d
e
[
2
1
]
.
5
-
s
t
a
g
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
mu
l
tip
l
i
e
r
th
at
o
p
e
rat
e
s
a
t
900
M
H
z
a
n
d
50Ω
i
npu
t
sou
r
c
e
a
re
u
se
d
in
t
he
r
esea
ch
w
or
k.
T
he
out
p
u
t
of
t
he
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r i
s
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
t
o
a
v
ol
tage
r
e
g
ul
a
t
or
t
o gener
a
te
a
co
n
st
ant
D
C
o
utpu
t
vol
t
a
g
e
.
DTM
O
S
-
t
y
p
e
t
ransi
s
t
o
r
is
u
se
d
i
n
t
he
r
e
c
tifier
t
o
r
e
duce
t
h
e
V
th
.
A
sh
un
t
i
ndu
c
t
or
a
n
d
a
s
e
ri
e
s
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
F
i
gu
re
7
a
re
con
n
ec
ted
bet
w
ee
n
the
a
n
t
e
nna
a
nd
t
he
r
e
c
ti
fier
t
o
inc
r
ea
se
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
vi
ty
o
f
the
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
.
T
he
r
e
c
tif
i
e
r
pro
duce
s
a
n
o
u
tp
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
b
etw
e
e
n
1
.8V
to
2
V
at
-
18d
Bm
w
ith
1
8
.0
8%
e
ffic
ie
nc
y.
A
volta
ge
l
i
m
iter
i
s
app
l
ied
be
tw
ee
n
the
r
ect
ifier
a
n
d
the
vol
ta
g
e
r
egu
l
a
t
or
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
the
tra
n
s
i
s
t
ors
i
n
t
he
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
or
f
rom
br
eaki
ng
dow
n.
A
s
t
h
e
r
e
cti
f
ier
sta
r
ts
t
o
opera
t
e
,
t
h
e
ou
tpu
t
v
ol
ta
ge
o
f
t
he
r
ect
ifie
r
incre
a
ses
sl
o
w
ly
u
nt
il
i
t
a
c
h
ie
ve
d
the
des
i
red
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
tage.
The
o
u
t
p
ut
v
ol
t
a
ge
i
s
t
h
e
n
r
eg
u
l
ate
d
by
the
prop
ose
d
v
o
l
ta
ge
r
egula
t
or.
V
e
ry
l
ow
e
ffi
c
i
en
cy
i
s
exp
e
ct
ed
to
b
e
ach
i
e
v
e
d
b
y
t
hi
s
re
ct
i
f
i
e
r t
o
g
ene
rat
e
t
h
e
3
.3
V DC
vol
t
a
g
e
d
ue
t
o
t
h
e l
a
rg
e
vo
lt
ag
e
dro
p
a
cross the
re
ctifi
e
r
duri
ng
circ
u
i
t
ope
rat
i
o
n
.
F
i
gur
e 7.
S
hu
n
t
a
nd se
ries i
n
d
u
ct
or
i
m
p
eda
n
c
e
m
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
fo
r
RF
EH
[21]
F
i
gure
8
s
h
o
w
s
the
DDR
s
chem
at
ic
[
2
2
]
.
The
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r
i
s
c
ascade
d
t
o
5
-sta
ge
a
n
d
ope
rates
a
t
915M
H
z
.
An
o
ff-chip
ser
i
es
i
nduc
tor
is
a
pplied
at
t
he
r
ectifier
’s
i
np
u
t
t
o
reso
na
te
t
he
c
apac
ita
nce
from
t
he
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r
an
d
b
oos
ts
t
he
qua
l
i
t
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
(Q
-f
a
c
t
o
r
)
in
o
rder
t
o
ac
h
i
e
v
e
h
i
g
h
e
ff
i
c
ie
nc
y
re
cti
f
ier.
A
t
-3d
B
m
sens
iti
vi
ty,
t
h
e
r
ecti
f
ier
ac
h
i
e
v
e
s
6
6%
pow
e
r
e
ff
icie
nc
y
a
n
d
pr
od
u
c
es
4
V
DC
o
ut
pu
t
vol
t
a
g
e
.
In
c
o
m
pa
ri
son
w
ith t
he pr
e
v
i
o
u
s re
ctif
i
e
r di
s
c
usse
d i
n
t
his s
ecti
o
n, this pro
p
o
s
ed
r
ec
ti
fi
e
r
p
rod
u
c
es b
e
t
t
e
r e
f
f
i
ci
en
c
y
an
d
h
i
g
h
ou
tpu
t
v
ol
t
a
ge
.
The
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltage
i
s
a
d
e
qua
te
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
low
-
p
o
w
er
e
l
e
ct
r
o
n
i
c
d
e
v
i
ce
s.
T
h
e
s
en
si
t
i
vi
t
y
how
e
v
e
r
i
s
l
o
w
,
a
nd
the
c
i
rcui
t
w
i
ll
no
t
b
e
a
bl
e
t
o
oper
a
te
w
he
n
ve
ry
lit
t
l
e
RF
s
i
g
n
a
l
i
s
a
va
ilab
l
e
in
t
he
su
rro
un
ding
.
I
n
cre
a
si
n
g
th
e
l
o
ad
r
e
s
i
s
to
r
ab
l
e
t
o
in
cre
a
se
t
h
e
se
ns
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
h
o
w
e
ver
t
h
is
c
o
s
ts
t
he
pow
e
r
efficie
n
c
y
.
Th
e
r
ecti
f
ier
is
d
e
s
i
g
ne
d
u
s
i
n
g
s
t
an
da
rd
0
.
35µm
pr
o
c
e
s
s
t
e
c
h
nol
ogy
.
Hi
gh
outp
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
gene
ra
ted
by
t
h
i
s
r
ectifier
m
i
g
h
t
d
am
ag
in
g
t
h
e
de
vic
e
b
eca
use
t
he
o
ut
pu
t
ha
s
e
x
cee
ded
t
h
e
tra
n
si
st
or’s
brea
k
dow
n vo
l
t
age
[2
2].
F
i
gure
8.
D
iffe
rent
ial-dr
ive
ba
se
d re
ctifier
[2
2]
A
.
K
.
Mo
gha
d
d
am
prop
ose
d
a
d
o
u
b
l
e
rai
l
d
i
f
fere
n
tia
l
-
drive
rec
t
ifie
r
w
ith
a
n
en
h
a
n
ce
D
T
MO
S
bo
dy
bia
s
in
g
tec
hni
q
u
e
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure
9
a
n
d
F
i
gur
e
1
0
[
23]
.
In
t
his
rec
tif
i
e
r,
t
he
b
u
l
k
of
t
he
P
MO
S
t
r
ansistors
(P
1
–
P
4
)
are
dy
nam
i
c
a
l
ly
b
i
a
se
d
w
i
t
h
p
o
s
it
ive
D
C
vol
ta
ge
a
n
d
t
he
b
u
l
k
o
f
t
he
N
MO
S
tra
n
s
i
st
ors
(N
1
–
N
4
)
are
con
n
e
c
te
d
to
t
he
s
o
u
rc
e.
T
he
p
os
iti
ve
a
nd
ne
gat
i
v
e
r
a
i
l
s
i
n
t
he
d
ou
b
l
e-r
a
il
rec
tif
i
e
r
pro
duc
e
a
sym
m
e
tric
ou
tpu
t
D
C vo
lt
a
g
e. F
or
t
he po
s
i
t
i
v
e rai
l
t
he b
ul
k
o
f
t
h
e
P
M
O
S
i
s
c
o
n
n
ect
ed
t
o
DC
in
w
hi
le
f
or
t
he
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
ra
il
the b
u
l
k
of the PMOS
i
s
c
o
n
n
ecte
d
t
o
DC
out
.
Th
e
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r
op
e
r
at
es
a
t
953M
Hz
fre
qu
en
cy
a
nd
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
s
6
9
.
5
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
3.3V D
C
out
pu
t at-
1
6
d
Bm
se
n
s
itiv
i
t
y
a
n
d
7
7
%
PCE re
cti
f
ie
r
f
o
r
RF … (
A
str
i
e
N
u
rasye
ila
Fif
i
e A
s
l
i
)
1
403
efficie
n
c
y
a
t
5.
2d
Bm
s
e
n
si
t
i
v
ity
a
n
d
2
k
Ω
l
oa
d
re
sis
t
a
n
ce
.
A
m
a
x
imum
o
f
3.5V
o
ut
p
u
t
v
o
lta
ge
i
s
pr
o
duc
ed
a
t
th
i
s
s
e
n
sit
i
v
it
y
a
nd
ef
ficie
n
c
y
.
A
ltho
ugh
the
re
ctifier
h
a
s
g
o
o
d
p
o
w
e
r
effi
cienc
y
a
nd
a
b
le
t
o
gene
rate
s
3.5V
o
u
t
p
ut
v
olt
a
g
e
,
t
h
e
se
nsi
t
i
v
it
y
ho
wev
e
r
is
t
oo
l
o
w
.
In
o
rd
er
t
o
o
bta
i
n
h
i
gher
ou
tp
ut
v
olta
ge
a
t
hi
g
h
er
sens
iti
vi
ty,
large
r
l
o
a
d
resi
s
t
or
i
s
requ
ire
d
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r,
f
urt
h
er
i
ncre
as
i
n
g
in
l
oa
d
resis
t
ance
r
e
duc
es
t
he
efficiency.
Further
m
or
e,
D
T
M
O
S
t
ransis
tor
ha
s
low
e
r
V
th
a
nd
lea
k
age
c
u
r
r
ent
th
us
p
r
ovi
di
n
g
b
e
t
t
e
r
efficie
n
c
y
w
he
n
c
o
mpa
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
onve
n
t
i
o
nal
b
u
l
k
-t
o-so
urc
e
t
ra
nsis
tor.
H
ow
eve
r
,
this
a
bi
lit
y
is
l
imi
t
ed
b
y
the
trans
i
s
t
or
’s
V
th
a
s
D
T
MO
S
tra
n
si
s
t
or’s
bod
y
c
u
rr
ent
i
n
c
r
ea
ses
exc
e
ss
ive
l
y
whe
n
V
gs
e
x
c
e
e
d
s
t
h
e
V
th
[
1
8
,
19].
G
e
ne
ratin
g lar
g
e D
C
vol
tage
at
h
i
g
h
e
r
sens
i
t
i
vi
t
y
w
il
l gre
at
ly dec
rea
s
e the
re
ctifi
e
r’s
e
ffi
c
ien
c
y.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
9.
(
a) P
o
s
it
i
v
e
a
nd (b)
N
e
ga
tive
D
D
R
w
ith l
ow
er
DC F
e
e
d
i
n
g
Body
Bi
a
sing
Te
c
hn
i
q
u
e
[
23
]
F
i
gur
e 1
0
.
3-S
t
age
Dou
b
le-
R
a
il DDR [2
3
]
3.
PROPO
S
E
D
RF
E
N
ERGY
H
ARVESTING SYSTE
M
3.
1.
Dual-gat
e-th
ick
n
ess
diffe
rentia
l
-dr
i
ve r
ect
ifier
D
u
e
t
o
t
he
a
bi
li
ty
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
ti
a
l
-
d
ri
ve
b
a
s
e
d
r
ec
tifier
pr
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
b
o
t
h
l
o
w
V
t
h
a
n
d
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
si
m
u
lta
ne
ous
l
y
,
the
pro
p
o
sed
r
ecti
f
ier
is
d
e
s
i
gne
d
b
y
i
m
p
lem
e
nt
in
g
b
u
l
k
-t
o-so
uce
(B
TMO
S
)
di
ffe
r
e
nt
ia
l-
dri
v
e
ba
se
d
rec
tifie
r
ca
scad
e
d
i
n
to
6
-s
tage
t
o
a
c
h
ieve
h
i
g
h
D
C
o
u
t
pu
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
h
ig
h
sens
iti
vi
t
y
.
Ty
pica
l
l
y
,
the
re
ct
ifier
i
s
d
e
s
ig
ne
d
by
u
s
i
n
g
t
hin-
o
x
i
de
t
rans
istor
as
i
t
has
sm
al
l
c
h
a
n
nel
le
ngt
h,
r
o
n
an
d
f
a
st
s
w
itc
hin
g
spee
d
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
ver
y
i
mp
ort
a
nt
i
n
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
h
i
gh
e
ff
i
c
i
e
ncy
r
e
c
tifier
.
H
ow
ever
,
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ica
l
a
b
i
l
i
ty
a
n
d
st
r
u
c
t
ure
of
t
hi
s tra
n
sis
t
or is li
m
i
te
d b
y
the
v
olta
ge o
pe
rat
i
o
n s
u
ch
t
ha
t
i
t
s
gate a
n
d
dra
in vo
l
t
a
ge
a
re
lim
ite
d t
o
1.8V
o
nly
[2
4].
F
u
r
t
he
r
i
n
c
r
ea
sin
g
i
n
o
p
era
tin
g
vo
l
t
a
g
e
ap
p
lie
d
t
o
th
is
t
ra
n
s
is
to
r
m
a
y
cause
t
o
p
o
o
r
trans
i
s
t
or
s'
p
erforma
n
ce
and
brea
k
d
ow
n.
F
o
r hi
g
h
v
olta
ge
o
pe
rat
i
o
n
, thic
k-
o
x
ide
tran
sis
t
or
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e us
ed.
Th
ick-
ox
i
d
e trans
i
s
t
o
r
s have
m
uch
th
i
c
ker
ga
te
-o
xide
-la
y
er
a
n
d
l
o
n
g
e
r
c
ha
nn
e
l
l
en
g
t
h
a
l
low
i
n
g
i
t
t
o
o
pe
ra
te
a
t
muc
h
h
ig
her
v
o
lta
ge
t
han
t
h
e
th
in-
oxi
de
(
be
t
w
ee
n
3.3V
t
o
5V
)
[22]
.
It
h
a
s
l
ow
e
r
s
pee
d
p
e
r
for
m
a
nc
e
w
h
e
n
c
om
pare
d
to
t
he
t
hi
n
o
x
i
d
e
but
has l
o
w
e
r lea
k
age
cur
r
ent w
h
ic
h i
s
bene
f
i
c
ia
l in m
ain
t
a
i
ni
n
g
th
e
effi
c
i
e
n
cy of the
rect
if
ie
r.
Th
e
p
r
op
o
s
ed
r
ec
t
i
f
i
e
r
i
s
d
iv
id
e
d
i
nto
t
w
o
part
s
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
11
.
Th
e
fi
rs
t
th
re
e
st
ag
es
a
re
d
e
si
gn
ed
b
y
usin
g
th
e
th
in
-ox
i
d
e
t
ra
n
s
i
s
t
o
rs
a
nd
t
h
e
n
ext
t
h
re
e
s
t
a
ges
ar
e
de
si
g
n
ed
b
y
usin
g
t
h
ic
k-ox
i
d
e
trans
i
s
t
or
s.
B
o
t
h ty
pes of
t
ra
n
s
is
tors
a
re used
i
n
th
i
s pr
o
pose
d
c
i
rc
u
i
t
to
ach
i
e
v
e
b
et
t
e
r
ef
fi
ci
en
cy
a
t
ea
ch
s
t
a
g
e
of
t
he
r
e
c
t
i
fier
s
inc
e
t
h
i
n-o
x
i
d
e
a
n
d
t
h
ick-o
x
i
d
e
t
r
ans
i
st
ors
h
av
e
t
h
e
b
e
st
p
e
rfo
rman
c
e
a
t
l
o
wer
v
o
l
t
ag
e
and
hi
ghe
r vo
lta
ge
oper
a
tio
n
respe
c
tive
l
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
139
8
– 1
409
1
404
F
i
gure
1
1
.
Pr
opose
d
d
iffe
ren
t
ial-
drive
re
ct
i
f
ie
r
3.
2.
Low
-
p
a
ss u
p
war
d
m
atch
in
g n
e
t
w
or
k
I
n
i
deal
c
ase
where
t
h
e
sys
t
em
i
s
loss
l
e
ss
,
m
a
xim
u
m
voltage
i
s
tra
n
s
f
er
red
from
t
he
s
ource
t
o
t
h
e
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r,
r
e
s
ult
i
n
g
h
ig
h
se
ns
it
iv
ity
s
ystem
.
P
rac
t
ic
a
lly,
t
h
e
i
m
pe
danc
e
of
t
he
s
ource
a
n
d
r
ecti
f
ier
im
pe
da
nc
e
i
s
no
t
the
s
a
me
a
nd
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
o
ss
e
s
a
re
p
r
e
sente
d
i
n
th
e
c
i
rc
ui
t
[2
5].
If
s
ourc
e
re
sista
n
c
e
i
s
h
i
g
h
er
t
ha
n
t
h
e
m
a
in
circ
u
i
t,
m
ost
p
o
w
e
r
ends
u
p
bei
n
g
r
e
flec
te
d
at
t
he
s
o
u
r
ce.
T
o
f
orce
t
he
r
ecti
f
ier
i
m
peda
nc
e
to
b
e
e
qua
l
as
t
he
source
,
low
-
pa
ss
u
p
w
a
rd
m
at
chi
n
g
ne
tw
or
k
is
u
se
d
t
o
d
e
live
r
a
p
um
pe
d
-
up
vo
ltage
from
the
so
ur
ce
t
o
t
h
e
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r.
T
he
c
i
r
cu
it
i
s
sa
i
d
t
o
a
c
hie
v
e
m
a
x
i
mum
po
w
e
r
transfe
r
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
ectifier
im
p
e
danc
e
i
s
e
q
u
a
l
s
t
o
t
he
source
r
e
s
ista
n
c
e
(R
S
)
as
s
ho
w
n
i
n
(
4
)
w
h
ere
Z
S
i
s
the
s
o
urc
e
i
m
p
eda
n
ce and Z
R
* i
s
t
he
c
omple
x
c
on
j
u
gate o
f
the r
ect
ifier
. R
_R
E
C
T
and
jX
_RECT
i
s
t
h
e
r
ectifi
e
r re
sista
n
ce
a
nd re
acta
n
ce
respe
c
tive
l
y.
Z
S
=
Z
R
*
,
Z
R
*
=
R
_R
EC
T
+
j
X
_R
EC
T
(
4
)
Low
-
pass u
p
w
a
rd
m
atc
h
i
n
g
n
e
tw
ork
sh
i
f
ts
u
pw
a
r
d the
imp
e
dance
o
f
R
_RE
C
T
to be i
d
en
t
i
c
a
l
a
s
t
he R
S
.
F
i
gure
12(a)
s
how
s
th
e
m
o
d
e
ll
ing
d
i
a
g
ra
m
of
D
D
R
a
n
d
i
t
s
r
esista
nc
e
a
n
d
r
eac
tance
w
ith
a
l
ow
-
p
as
s
upw
ar
d
L-m
a
tchi
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
rk.
S
i
nc
e
t
h
e
rec
tif
i
e
r
main
ly
c
om
p
o
ses
of
t
ra
n
s
i
st
ors,
its
r
ea
cta
n
c
e
t
y
p
i
ca
ll
y
co
ns
i
s
t
s
o
f
ca
paci
ta
nce
whic
h
car
ries
t
he
n
e
g
at
i
v
e
re
acta
n
c
e
(
C
_REC
T
)
[25].
To
e
lim
ina
t
e
th
i
s
n
ega
t
i
v
e
r
eac
t
a
nce,
a
pos
it
ive
re
acta
n
c
e
i
s
nee
d
ed.
Thi
s
i
s
s
h
ow
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
1
2
(b)
.
T
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
or,
L
_REC
T
*
w
h
ic
h
has
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
rea
c
tanc
e,
w
ill
r
esonate
t
he
n
ega
t
ive
re
actan
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
_
RE
CT
l
e
a
vi
ng
on
ly
t
he
i
d
e
n
t
ical
s
ourc
e
a
nd
re
cti
f
ier
resistances.
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
12.
(
a
)
D
D
R
’s re
s
i
s
tan
c
e a
nd c
a
pac
i
ta
n
c
e
mode
l
w
i
th
l
o
w
-
pass
up
w
a
rd m
atchin
g
ne
tw
ork,
(
b) D
D
R
’s
resista
n
ce
a
nd
ca
paci
ta
nc
e m
ode
l w
i
t
h
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
a
t
c
h
in
g
netw
or
k
an
d r
e
sona
tin
g
ind
u
c
t
or
,
L
_REC
T
*
The
m
a
tc
hi
ng
c
irc
u
it
co
ns
ists
o
f
para
lle
l
ca
paci
ta
nce
(X
P
)
a
nd
se
ries
i
n
duc
ta
n
c
e
(X
S
)
and
see
s
term
ina
tio
ns
w
it
h
o
n
l
y
R
S
a
n
d
l
oad
re
si
s
t
or
(
R
L
)
present.
T
he
qua
l
i
t
y
f
a
c
t
or
(
Q
-
fa
ctor),
X
S
a
nd
X
P
c
a
n
b
e
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
s
i
n
(
5),
(
6
)
and
(7)
respec
tiv
e
l
y.
A
s
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ure
1
2
(
b
),
X
S
i
s
in
s
eries
w
i
t
h
L
_R
ECT
*.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
3.3V D
C
out
pu
t at-
1
6
d
Bm
se
n
s
itiv
i
t
y
a
n
d
7
7
%
PCE re
cti
f
ie
r
f
o
r
RF … (
A
str
i
e
N
u
rasye
ila
Fif
i
e A
s
l
i
)
1
405
Th
e
r
efo
r
e,
t
h
e
t
ot
al
p
o
s
it
i
v
e
re
ac
t
a
nce
,
X
S_
T
o
t
a
l
is
c
a
l
cu
la
te
d
a
s
i
n
(
8
)
w
h
er
e
f
S
i
s
t
h
e
sou
r
ce
fre
qu
en
cy,
C
P
i
s
the c
a
pa
c
i
tor
in par
al
lel,
L
S
i
s t
h
e
i
ndu
c
t
o
r
i
n s
e
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
X
L_RECT
i
s
t
h
e
i
nduc
t
a
n
c
e
of L
_REC
T
*.
Q
f
act
or
=
R
S
R
_R
E
C
T
1
(
5
)
X
P
=
R
S
Q
fa
ct
o
r
=
1
2π
f
S
C
P
(
6
)
X
S
=
Q
f
act
or
R
_R
EC
T
=
2
π
f
S
L
S
(
7
)
X
S_
T
o
t
a
l
=
X
S
+
X
L_
RECT
(
8
)
4.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
The
c
i
rc
u
it
is
d
es
ig
ne
d
usi
n
g
0.1
8
µ
m
S
ilte
rra
R
F
C
M
O
S
i
n
dee
p
n
-w
ell
tec
h
n
o
l
o
gy.
T
h
e
s
ys
tem
is
des
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
m
a
tc
h
a
5
0
Ω
s
our
ce
impe
danc
e
at
9
0
0
M
H
z
i
np
u
t
f
re
q
u
e
nc
y
t
h
a
t
i
s
ca
pa
ble
to
p
r
o
duc
e
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
3
.
3
V
D
C
vol
t
a
g
e
a
t
mini
mum
o
f
-
15dBm
s
e
n
s
i
t
iv
i
t
y
.
R
F
d
eep
n
-w
e
l
l
tr
ans
i
stor
t
y
p
e
i
s
u
se
d
in
t
he
r
e
c
tif
ier
circ
u
i
t
to
i
s
o
lat
e
t
he su
b
stra
te
o
f
the
N
M
O
S
f
r
o
m
i
t
s or
i
g
i
n
s
u
bs
trate
t
o
for
m
a
bulk-so
urc
e
t
r
a
nsist
o
r.
4.1.
Pr
o
p
o
s
e
d
r
ec
t
i
fi
er
The
perfor
m
a
n
ces
o
f
the
pro
p
o
se
d
re
cti
f
ier
c
i
rc
u
i
t
a
r
e
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
13
a
nd
14
f
or
s
ch
em
atic
a
n
d
pos
t
-
l
a
y
o
u
t
s
i
m
ulat
i
o
n
r
e
spe
c
ti
ve
ly.
T
h
e
re
ctif
ier
ac
hie
v
e
s
t
he
h
i
g
h
e
st
P
C
E
o
f
78
.7
6%
w
it
h
3
.
904V
o
utp
u
t
vo
lta
ge
f
or
p
r
e
-lay
ou
t
s
i
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
77.
07
%
o
f
P
CE
w
i
t
h
4
.
0
6
7
V
o
ut
pu
t
vol
tag
e
f
o
r
p
o
s
t
-
l
a
yo
ut
s
imu
l
ati
o
n
at -
16
dBm
sen
s
i
tiv
it
y.
F
i
gur
e 1
3
.
P
C
E
(%) and
V
O
U
T
(V
) vs.
P
i
n (dBm
)
– pre
-
layo
u
t
F
i
gur
e 1
4
.
P
C
E
(%), I
OU
T (µA
)
a
nd V
O
U
T(
V
)
vs.
P
i
n
(
dBm)
– post-
l
a
yo
ut
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
3
, S
e
p
2
0
1
9
:
139
8
– 1
409
1
406
4.2.
Im
p
e
d
an
c
e
match
in
g
I
n
i
m
p
e
d
anc
e
m
a
t
chi
n
g
ne
t
w
or
k,
r
efl
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
effic
i
e
n
t
(Γ
)
or
a
l
so
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
S
1
1
de
te
rm
i
n
e
s
how
muc
h
p
ow
er
i
s
refl
e
c
te
d
fr
o
m
t
he
a
n
t
en
na
o
r
the
sourc
e
.
R
e
f
lec
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
i
s
t
h
e
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
reflect
ed
f
r
o
m
the
loa
d
t
o
t
h
e
inc
i
den
t
s
ig
na
l
and
can
b
e
ca
l
c
u
la
te
d
a
s
i
n
(
9
)
w
h
e
r
e
Z
L
a
nd
Z
S
a
r
e
t
he
l
oa
d
an
d
so
u
r
c
e
i
mp
e
d
an
c
e
s
resp
e
c
ti
vel
y
. Th
e
h
igh
e
r
t
h
e re
fl
ecti
o
n
co
eff
i
c
i
e
nt
,
t
h
e b
e
tt
er
t
h
e
m
a
t
ch
be
t
we
en
th
e
so
u
r
ce
to
t
he
t
er
mina
t
i
o
n
c
irc
u
i
t
.
Th
e
vo
lt
age
s
t
an
d
i
n
g
w
ave
ra
t
i
o
(VS
WR)
is
a
m
e
a
sure
o
f
h
o
w
w
e
l
l
a
tra
n
sm
ission
l
i
n
e
i
s
m
at
ch
ed
t
o
th
e
l
o
ad
.
VSW
R
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
l
c
ul
at
e
d
a
s
i
n
(
1
0
)
[2
6]
.
As
d
i
s
cuss
ed
i
n
S
e
c
t
io
n
3.
2
,
l
o
w
-pa
s
s
upw
ar
d
im
ped
a
nc
e
m
a
tch
i
ng
n
etw
o
r
k
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
15(a)
i
s
a
p
p
l
ie
d
a
t
t
he
i
n
p
u
t
of
r
e
c
t
i
fier
t
o
t
r
ansfe
r
ma
ximum
i
npu
t
pow
e
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
urce
t
o
th
e
r
ecti
f
ier
.
F
ro
m
F
i
gu
re
15(a
)
,
the
tota
l
i
n
pu
t
im
peda
nc
e
(Z
in
)
i
s
defi
ne
d
a
s
Z
in
X
L
+ X
C
and X
L
L
a
nd X
C
=
1
/
C
.
L
a
nd C are
the
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
a
nd
c
a
pac
i
t
o
r va
lue
s
a
nd
i
s
the
an
g
u
lar
fre
que
nc
y.
R
ew
r
i
t
i
n
g
t
he
e
qua
tio
n,
Z
in
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
fine
d
a
s
i
n
(1
1)
a
n
d
t
he
m
at
chi
n
g
n
e
tw
ork
c
a
n
be
rec
onfi
gure
d
a
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
1
5
(b)
.
I
t
sho
u
l
d
be
n
ote
d
t
h
a
t
(
11)
i
s
t
h
e
ge
ne
ral
e
qua
ti
on
t
o
r
e
p
r
e
sent
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
mp
ed
a
n
ce
.
Th
e
re
a
l
r
ea
ct
an
ce
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
si
st
o
r
s
mo
d
e
l
s
a
n
d
si
zi
ng
a
n
d
i
s
c
a
l
cul
a
te
d
t
h
ro
ugh
S-
paramet
e
r (S
P
)
ana
l
y
si
s
in
C
ad
e
n
ce
.
Γ
(
9
)
VSW
R
|
|
|
|
(10)
Z
in
=
1
2
L +
1
2
L +
C
(11)
(a
)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e 1
5
.
(a) S
i
ng
l
e
a
nd
(b) differ
e
n
t
i
a
l
end
l
ow
-pass u
p
w
a
rd
m
a
tchi
ng
ne
tw
ork
F
r
om
t
he
s
che
m
atic
s
im
u
l
a
tion,
t
he
t
ota
l
i
np
u
t
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
w
i
th
out
t
he
m
a
t
ch
i
ng
netw
ork
is
e
q
u
al
s
t
o
27.
9
9
–
j
1
6
2
4
.
B
y
a
pp
l
y
i
ng
t
h
e
e
q
uat
i
on
fr
om
(
5
)
unti
l
(
8)
a
n
d
(11),
the
to
ta
l
idea
l
in
duc
t
o
r
a
n
d
c
a
p
aci
t
o
r
va
l
u
es
w
ou
l
d
b
e
ar
ou
nd
1
4
5
.8nH
a
n
d
3
.
1
5
p
F
re
spe
c
ti
ve
ly.
Wit
h
t
he
m
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
i
rcui
t,
the
rec
t
i
f
ie
r
a
c
hie
v
e
s
t
he
5
0Ω
s
our
ce
re
si
s
t
anc
e
w
it
h
v
e
ry
s
ma
l
l
re
actanc
e
a
n
d
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
h
i
gh
r
e
flec
t
i
o
n
coe
f
fic
i
e
n
t
val
u
e
as
s
how
n
i
n
F
igur
e
1
6
.
Idea
l
in
d
u
ct
or
a
nd
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
a
re
e
l
e
ct
r
o
ni
c
co
mp
on
en
ts
w
h
e
re
n
o
para
sitic
e
lem
e
nt
s
are
c
ons
i
d
ere
d
.
In
p
ra
c
t
i
c
e,
p
ara
s
it
ic
e
lem
e
n
t
s
e
x
i
s
t
in
t
he
se
c
om
po
ne
nt
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
tot
a
l
in
duc
t
o
r
a
n
d
c
a
pac
i
t
o
r
va
lue
s
m
ig
h
t
b
e
d
i
ffe
r
ent
from
t
h
e
ide
a
l
c
om
po
ne
nt
s.
I
n
IC
d
e
s
ign
i
n
d
u
str
y
,
i
n
duc
t
o
r
con
t
a
i
ne
d
ver
y
h
i
g
h
pa
rasi
t
i
c
capa
c
i
t
a
n
ce
d
ue
t
o
its
p
h
y
si
ca
l
s
tr
uc
ture
t
ha
t
us
ual
l
y
i
s
form
ed
f
rom
the
to
p
me
tal
e
l
em
en
ts
.
Thus,
a
fi
ne
t
une
o
f
in
d
u
ct
o
r
a
nd
ca
pa
c
i
t
o
r
sh
o
u
l
d
be
d
o
n
e
t
o
m
a
tc
h
the
re
ctifier
im
ped
a
nc
e
w
ith
t
he
s
our
c
e
r
e
s
i
s
tanc
e.
I
n
th
is
p
ro
pos
ed
c
i
r
cu
it
,
the
m
a
tch
i
n
g
ne
t
w
ork
is
r
ea
liz
e
d
on-c
h
i
p
a
n
d
t
h
e
ca
paci
t
o
r
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
or
a
re
b
uil
t
f
r
o
m
M
I
M
ca
paci
t
o
r
a
n
d
asym
me
t
rical
s
qua
re
i
n
d
u
ct
or
(
w
ith
o
pt
i
m
iz
ed
Q
-
f
a
c
t
o
r).
T
h
e
p
os
t
-
l
a
y
out
p
ro
pose
d
r
ec
ti
fi
er
a
ch
i
e
v
e
d
th
e
h
i
gh
es
t
S
11
w
h
e
n
t
he
o
n-c
h
i
p
i
n
duc
t
o
r
an
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
val
u
es
a
r
e
a
t
4
0
.82
7
n
H
a
nd
1
.
055
5pF
r
espe
ctive
l
y
a
n
d
the
i
m
pe
da
n
c
e
,
Z
1
1
a
nd
S
11
a
r
e
sho
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure
1
7
.
Th
e
l
a
you
t
of
t
he
p
ropo
sed
rec
t
i
f
i
e
r
a
n
d
o
n
-
ch
ip
m
a
t
chi
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
rk
h
as
a
t
o
t
a
l
c
ore
are
a
o
f
148
6.
1µm
x
11
7
8
.1µ
m
a
s
show
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
18.
T
a
b
le
1
c
om
pare
s
the
pe
rform
anc
e
of
t
he
p
r
opose
d
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
prev
io
us r
esea
rch
works
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
3.3V D
C
out
pu
t at-
1
6
d
Bm
se
n
s
itiv
i
t
y
a
n
d
7
7
%
PCE re
cti
f
ie
r
f
o
r
RF … (
A
str
i
e
N
u
rasye
ila
Fif
i
e A
s
l
i
)
1
407
F
i
gur
e 1
6
.
Z11
and S
11 P
r
e
-
la
yo
ut
D
D
R
w
ith
i
mpe
d
a
n
ce
m
atch
i
n
g
F
i
gure
1
7
.
Z11
a
nd S
11
P
o
st-l
ayo
u
t
D
D
R
w
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