Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
4
13
~
4
2
0
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp
4
1
3
-
4
2
0
413
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Modeli
ng and
si
mulatio
n of for
ces applie
d to the
horiz
on
t
al a
xis
wind tu
rbine
rot
ors by the
vortex
metho
d couple
d with the
metho
d of the
blade
element
Ibt
issem
B
arkat
1
,
A
bdelo
uahab
Benrete
m
2
,
Fa
w
az Ma
ss
ou
h
3
,
Iss
am M
eghlaoui
4
,
Ahl
em
Che
bel
5
1,2,4,5
La
bora
tory,
El
e
ct
rom
ec
h
ani
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Badj
i
-
Mok
htar
-
Annaba
Unive
rsity,
Annab
a
,
Alg
eri
a
3
La
bora
tory
Dyn
Fluid,
Arts
et Mét
i
ers
ParisTech, 151
Th
e
Bou
le
v
ard
Hos
pit
a
l, Par
is,
Franc
e
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
26
, 20
20
Re
vised
Jan
14
, 2021
Accepte
d
Fe
b
4
, 2
0
21
Thi
s
ar
ti
c
le
a
ims
to
study
the
fo
rce
s
appl
i
ed
to
t
he
rotors
of
hor
i
zont
a
l
axi
s
wind
turb
ine
s.
The
a
ero
dynami
cs
of
a
tur
bine
are
con
trol
l
ed
b
y
th
e
flow
aro
und
th
e
ro
tor,
or
esti
m
at
e
of
a
ir
ch
arg
es
on
th
e
rotor
bla
d
es
un
der
va
rious
oper
ating
cond
itions
and
th
ei
r
r
e
la
ti
on
to
the
stru
ct
ura
l
dyna
mi
cs
of
the
ro
tor
are
cr
it
i
cal
for
design.
One
of
the
m
aj
or
c
hal
l
enge
s
in
w
ind
turbi
n
e
ae
rodyna
mi
cs
is
to
pre
d
ic
t
the
forc
es
on
the
bla
de
as
var
iou
s
me
t
hods
,
inc
ludi
ng
b
la
de
e
le
m
ent
moment
the
ory
(B
E
M),
th
e
appr
oa
ch
tha
t
is
nat
ura
ll
y
ad
apt
e
d
to
th
e
si
mul
a
tion
of
the
ae
rody
nam
i
cs
of
wind
t
urbine
s
and
the
dyn
amic
and
models
(CFD
)
t
hat
d
esc
rib
es
wi
th
fid
el
i
ty
the
fl
ow
aro
un
d
the
ro
tor.
In
our
art
i
cl
e
we
propo
sed
a
mod
el
ing
me
thod
and
a
si
mul
ation
of
the
forc
es
appl
i
ed
to
the
hor
izontal
ax
is
wind
rotors
turb
ine
s
using
th
e
appl
i
ca
t
ion
of
th
e
bl
ade
eleme
n
t
s
me
thod
to
mo
del
th
e
ro
tor
an
d
the
vorte
x
me
thod
of
fre
e
wake
mode
l
ing
i
n
orde
r
to
dev
elop
a
rotor
mod
e
l
,
whi
ch
ca
n
be
used
to
stu
dy
wind
far
ms.
Thi
s
model
is
int
end
ed
to
sp
ee
d
up
the
ca
l
cul
a
ti
on
,
gu
a
ran
teeing
a
goo
d
rep
r
ese
nt
at
ion
of
the
ae
rodyn
am
i
c
loa
ds
exe
rt
ed
by
the w
ind.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Fo
r
ces
on the
bl
ade
M
et
ho
d of
t
he blade ele
ment
M
odel
in
g
Vortex
meth
od
Win
d powe
r
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ba
rk
at
Ib
ti
sse
m
Lab
or
at
or
y: El
ect
ro
mec
ha
nical
Enginee
rin
g
Ba
dji
-
Mo
kh
ta
r
-
A
nnaba
Unive
rsity, 2
3000, A
lgeria
Emai
l:
bess
ouma2
007@h
ot
mail
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Use
of
wind
en
ergy
as
a
s
ourc
e
of
re
new
a
ble
ene
r
gy
was
c
onside
rab
l
y
e
xp
and
e
d
in
the
20th
cent
ury,
with
the g
r
owing
pe
netrati
on o
f
wind
e
nerg
y
gen
e
rati
on
int
o
po
wer
grids [1
]
,
[
2].
La
nch
e
ste
r
was
t
he
pr
i
mar
y
pr
e
dicte
r
of a perfect wi
nd’s g
reatest
p
owe
r
[
3]. One of
the
far
em
os
t
vital
ch
al
le
nges w
it
hin
the ae
rod
ynamic
s
of
wind
t
urbin
es
is
to
pr
e
dic
t
pr
eci
sel
y
the
forces
on
the
blade,
w
hich
a
re
m
od
el
e
d
by
var
i
ous
a
pp
roaches
with
va
r
ying
degrees
of
c
omplexit
y
an
d
pr
eci
sio
n,
incl
ud
i
ng
t
he
met
hod
of
t
he
blade
el
eme
nt
th
e
vortex
model
a
nd
a
ppro
ac
hing
the
N
avier
-
Sto
kes
e
qu
at
io
ns
us
in
g
CFD
.
To
da
y,
a
BE
M
-
base
d
eng
i
neer
i
ng
m
od
el
is
commo
nly
us
e
d
to
a
nalyze
t
he
aer
odynamic
p
e
rformance
of
a
wind
t
urb
ine
w
he
re
it
re
li
es
on
a
norm
al
an
d
un
i
form
flo
w
hypothesis
a
nd
on
aer
odyna
mic
charges
a
ct
ing
on
a
n
ac
tuati
ng
dr
i
ve
r
at
her
tha
n
on
a
finite
numb
e
r
of
bla
des
[4].
Ha
ns
e
n
,
et
al
.,
[
5]
show
t
hat
the
acc
ur
ac
y
of
t
he
B
EM
unde
r
nor
mal
lo
ad
co
ndit
ion
s
is
reasona
ble
if
s
uffici
ent
aer
od
yn
a
mic
pro
file
data
is
gi
ven.
The
met
hod
of
the
bla
de
el
e
ment
is
def
ine
d
as
th
e
impro
ved
mod
el
of
the
Ra
nkine
-
Froude
dyna
mics
theo
r
y
[
6
]
,
[
7],
an
d
tha
t
was
the
fi
rs
model
to
pre
dict
the
influx
r
otor
s
pe
ed
w
he
r
e
it
is
assu
med
t
ha
t
the
ro
t
or
ca
n
be
re
placed
with
unif
orml
y
cha
r
ged
dis
k.
CF
D
method
is
to
re
so
lve
t
he
dif
fe
ren
ti
al
eq
uatio
ns
of
fl
uid
me
chan
ic
s
.
Na
vie
r
-
St
ok
e
s
eq
uations
or
sim
plific
at
ion
as
the
E
uler
e
qu
at
io
ns,
pote
ntial
,
pote
ntial
li
near
iz
e
d
a
nd
RA
NS
,
by
al
gorith
ms
a
nd
nume
rical
meth
od
s
[8].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
41
3
–
4
20
414
Com
pr
e
hensi
ve
re
view
is
pr
esented
in
Sa
nd
e
rse
,
et
al
.
,
[
9]
on
th
e
use
of
CF
D
c
odes
f
or
wind
tur
bin
e
cal
culat
ion
s.
T
he
a
nalytic
al
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
a
re
e
asi
ly
de
fine
d
a
ccordin
g
t
o
t
he
tur
bule
nce
m
odel
ing
met
hod
us
e
d,
wh
ic
h
is
of
pa
rtic
ular
sig
nifi
cance
f
or
t
he
modell
ing
of
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
wak
e
s.
T
he
v
o
r
t
e
x
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
r
e
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
m
o
r
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
m
o
m
e
n
t
u
m
,
a
n
d
l
e
s
s
e
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
t
h
a
n
C
F
D
.
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
v
o
r
t
i
c
i
t
y
h
a
v
e
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
f
r
o
m
b
a
s
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
s
t
o
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
[
10
].
T
he
vortex
t
he
ory
c
an
al
so be
u
se
d t
o
est
imat
e the
aerod
yn
a
mic e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y of
wi
nd turbin
es,
ba
sed on t
he p
otentia
l
flo
w,
non
-
viscou
s
.
The
ad
va
ntage
of
t
he
method
is
that
it
re
du
ce
s
the
co
mp
le
xity
of
the
fl
ow
a
nd
it
ha
s
gen
e
rall
y
been
us
ed
f
or
ai
r
fiel
d
an
d
ai
rcr
a
f
t
aerodynamic
analysis.
Des
pite
no
t
bein
g
able
to
pre
dict
the
visco
us
phen
ome
na
s
uc
h
as
separ
at
io
n
a
nd
boun
dary
la
ye
r,
dr
a
g,
it
s
c
ombinati
on
with
aer
odyna
mic
pro
file
data
act
ually
ta
bu
la
te
d
a
powerfu
l
meth
od
for
pr
e
dicti
ng
the
fluid
flo
w
.
M
et
hods
of
f
ree
vortex
wa
ke
ha
ve
dev
el
op
e
d
as
r
obus
t,
flexible
too
ls
f
or
mode
li
ng
the
aer
odynamic
loa
ds
[
11]
.
Y
u,
et
al
.,
[
12]
de
velo
pe
d
a
fr
ee
wak
e
meth
od
t
hat
us
es
a
vortex
rin
g
m
odel
with
a
semi
-
in
fin
it
e
c
ylin
dr
ic
al
vorte
x
tu
be
wh
e
re
nea
r
wa
ke
i
s
simpli
fied
in
t
o
a
series
of
vortex
rin
gs
a
nd
the
far
wa
ke
with
a
se
mi
-
infi
nite
cyl
indric
al
vorte
x
tub
e
s.
Branlar
d
an
d
Gaunaa
[
13]
dev
el
op
ed
a
ppro
ac
h
bas
ed
on
the
us
e
of
vo
rtex
-
base
d
met
hods
incl
ud
i
ng
cylindri
cal
a
n
d
helic
al
wa
ke
models
t
o
stu
dy
t
he
unsta
ble
eff
ect
s
of
ya
w,
s
hear
a
nd
tu
rbul
ent
flo
ws.
A
no
t
her
work
of
Vaal
[14]
pr
ese
nted
an
ae
rod
yn
a
m
ic
model
that
com
bin
e
d
K
utta
–
J
oukows
ki
t
heor
y
with
the
bla
de
el
ement
model
,
wh
ic
h
pre
dict
the
bla
de
ch
arg
es
acc
ur
at
e
ly
an
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
-
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
s
p
e
e
d
s
.
R
e
c
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
b
y
J
i
n
g
D
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.,
[
1
5
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
a
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
f
f
r
e
e
-
w
a
k
e
v
o
r
t
e
x
r
i
n
g
s
t
o
reso
l
ve
the
ae
rod
yn
a
mic
loa
d
ar
ound
wind
tur
bin
es
with
a
horizo
ntal
axis,
on
fixe
d
and
floati
ng
su
pp
or
t
structu
res.
In
t
his wo
rk, we pro
pose an
a
erod
yn
a
mic m
od
el
w
hich
al
l
ow
s
to q
uickly si
mu
la
te
the
flow
of a
wind
tur
bin
e w
it
h
ho
rizo
ntal
axis.
T
his
m
odel
ma
ke
s
it
possible
t
o
pr
eci
sel
y
determine
an
d
c
al
culat
e
the posit
ion
of
the
vortic
es
an
d
the
in
du
c
ed
r
adial
and
a
xial
sp
eed
s
at
any
po
i
nt
in
the
wa
ke.
A
fr
ee
wa
ke
vortex
met
hod
has
been
im
pleme
nted
co
uple
d
with
t
he
blad
e
el
ements
m
et
hod
w
hich
a
ll
ow
s
us
to
quic
kly
determi
ne
t
he
aerod
yn
a
mic l
oads
.
2.
PRESENT
AT
ION
OF T
HE
MO
DEL
Durin
g
operati
on
of
a
wind,
t
he
helic
al
wa
ke
is
f
ormed
be
hind
a
r
otor,
t
he
la
tt
er
w
hich
is
m
od
el
e
d
with
a
series
of
vorte
x
rin
gs
[
16
]
-
[
18].
F
or
t
he
m
od
el
in
g
of
the
wi
nd
t
urb
ine
ro
t
or,
one
can
us
e
t
he
the
ory
of
blade
el
e
ment
wh
ic
h
c
onsist
s
the b
la
de divi
de
d
int
o
se
ver
al
par
ts.
2.1.
Model
ing
of the w
ak
e
The
wa
ke
is
modele
d
by
a
series
of
vorte
x
rin
gs
Fi
gu
re
1,
rea
dy
to
move
a
xiall
y
and
to
wide
n
rad
ia
ll
y,
a
ble
t
o
interact
with
the
impact
of
the
spe
ed
fiel
d
in
duced
i
n
t
he
w
ake
.
I
ncr
e
ased
passa
ge
of
the
blade
re
fer
s
to
the
se
par
at
io
n
of
the
i
ntensity
of
the
vo
rtex
r
ing
a
nd
t
he
radi
us
R,
w
hich
is
pro
portio
nal
t
o
th
e
axial
for
ce
app
li
ed
to th
e r
otor.
(a)
(b)
Figure
1. (
a
) Win
d wak
e
v
is
ualiz
at
ion
[19
],
(
b)
re
pr
ese
ntati
on
of
the
h
el
ic
al
track b
y vort
ex rin
gs
1.2.
Velocity i
n
duc
ed by
a vo
r
tex
ring
The
velocit
y
il
d
in
du
ce
d
with
the
vorte
x
rin
gs
is
dete
r
mine
te
d
us
i
ng
t
he
la
w
of
Bi
ot
-
Sava
rt.
Fig
ur
e
2
sh
ows
g
e
om
et
r
y of v
or
te
x rin
gs
w
i
t
h
a
r
a
d
i
u
s
R
,
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
i
n
p
l
a
n
e
x
y
.
T
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
i
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
s
(
1
)
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
deling a
nd
simu
l
ation of f
or
ces
applied
to
the
horiz
on
t
al
a
xi
s wi
nd tu
r
bin
e
ro
t
or
s
by
…
(
I
btissem
B
ar
k
at
)
415
3
4
r
r
dv
i
=
(1)
Γ
is t
he
inte
ns
it
y
of t
he vorte
x seg
ment
.
M
odel
in
g
t
he
vortex
rin
gs
by
la
w
Bi
ot
-
Sa
var
t
i
nvolv
es
s
ingulari
ti
es
wit
hin
t
he
vortex
cor
es
,
s
o
the
ob
ta
ine
d
so
l
ution
is
,
sin
gula
r
if
t
he
a
nalysis
po
i
nt
P
f
al
ls
on
the
ring,
to
av
oid
sing
ular
be
ha
vior,
a
regulariz
at
io
n
par
a
mete
r
δ
is
intr
oduce
d
.
Figure
3
de
picts
the
a
xial
vel
oc
it
y
induce
d
with
a
nd
with
ou
t
t
he
regularisat
io
n para
mete
r
.
Figure
2. Ge
ome
try
of
the
vortex rin
g
in
the
p
la
ne
xy
Figure
3.
A
xial velocit
y i
nd
uc
ed wit
h
a
nd w
i
thout
the r
e
gula
risat
ion pa
ramete
r
(
)
2
3
2
2
4
+
=
r
r
dv
i
(
2)
Additi
on
al
l
y,
the
preci
se
res
ol
ution
is
voic
e
d
with
t
he
el
li
ptica
l
integrals
of
fi
rst
an
d
se
cond
kind
at
any
po
i
nt
in
th
e
flu
x
fiel
d
[
20
]
T
hu
s
,
t
he
ra
dial
an
d
axial
par
ts
of
t
he
i
nduce
d
vel
ocity
are
ex
presse
d
in
the
fo
ll
owin
g
(3) (
4)
V
z
Vr
f
or th
e ring
vortex
wi
th the radi
us
R
and als
o
the
in
te
ns
it
y Г
.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
+
−
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
−
=
s
E
r
R
z
z
r
R
s
K
r
R
z
z
r
z
r
v
r
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
.
,
(3)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
+
−
+
+
+
+
−
+
+
+
−
=
s
E
r
R
z
z
r
R
s
K
r
R
z
r
z
r
v
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
,
(4)
W
he
re t
he
el
li
ptic i
nteg
rals
K(
s
)
a
nd E
(s) c
omplet
e first a
nd sec
ond
kind
in
par
a
mete
r S
(
5)
:
(
)
2
2
4
+
−
+
=
r
R
Z
rR
S
(5)
The
a
xial
locat
ion
of
the
vort
ex
ri
n
g
in
the
f
r
e
e
w
a
k
e
i
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
w
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
0
,
t
h
e
s
e
l
f
-
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
m
u
t
u
a
l
l
y
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
p
o
i
n
t
,
a
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
b
y
H
e
e
m
s
t
,
et
al
.,
(6)
[21
].
a
u
t
j
i
zi
a
v
v
u
v
+
+
=
=
1
0
(6)
Self
-
in
duced
ve
locit
y
is
de
fined
at
the
po
i
nt
sit
uated
in
the
vortex
ri
ng
for
ra
diu
s
R
an
d
ra
diu
s
cor
e
, acc
ordin
g
to
the
(
7)
,
as
su
ggest
e
d by L
ewis [2
2
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
41
3
–
4
20
416
−
=
4
1
8
l
o
g
4
c
a
u
t
i
r
R
R
v
(7)
The radial
velo
ci
ty of th
e
vo
rtex rin
g
is
deter
mined i
n
a
c
ontrol
po
i
nt to
t
he
p
e
rip
hery
of the
vortex
rin
g by ad
ding
al
l m
utu
al
ly
in
du
ce
d
velocit
ie
s (8)
.
a
u
t
i
j
i
ri
r
v
v
v
=
=
1
(8)
F
rom
Fig
ur
e
4
We
see
t
hat
the
vortex
ri
ng
s
,
w
hich
are
f
or
med
rig
ht
be
hin
d
the
r
otor,
a
r
e
locat
ed
i
n
an
a
rea
of
high
rad
ia
l
veloci
ty,
w
hich
ca
use
s
their
dia
mete
r
to
inc
rease
rap
i
dly
w
hen
away
f
r
om
t
he
r
otor.
Su
c
h
ra
dial
ve
locit
ie
s,
meas
ured
by
th
e
co
ntr
ol
point
at
the
ed
ge
of
th
e
vorte
x
ri
ng,
are
re
duced
to
zer
o.
Figure
5
dem
onstrat
e
t
he
axi
al
velo
ci
ty
as
a
f
unct
ion
of
t
he
distance
z
of
the
r
otor
pl
ane
on
t
he
ed
ge
of
the
rin
gs
.
It
is
re
m
ark
a
ble
that
th
e
vortex
rin
g
beh
i
nd
t
he
r
ot
or
tra
vels
init
ia
ll
y
more
slo
w
ly
than
t
ho
s
e
locat
ed
furthe
r
a
way f
r
om
t
he rot
or
pl
ane
.
Figure
4. Distri
bu
ti
on
of r
a
dia
l velocit
y o
f
th
e vorte
x
rin
g
al
on
g
the
wak
e
Figure
5. Distri
bu
ti
on
of a
xial velocit
y al
ong
the
wak
e
2.3.
Model
ing
of the bla
des
The
aer
odyna
mic
modeli
ng
of
t
he
bla
de
is
of
gr
eat
im
portance
in
t
he
desig
n
of
the
wind
r
otors,
because
very
detai
le
d
cal
cul
at
ion
s
ha
ve
to
be
ca
rr
ie
d
out
in
orde
r
to
deter
mine
t
he
dif
fer
e
nt
ess
entia
l
dimensi
ons
of
the
blade.
Us
e
the
blade
el
ement
meth
od
t
o
deter
mine
th
e
f
or
ce
a
ppli
ed
t
o
the
r
otor
blade
,
Figure
6
il
lustr
at
e
the
sp
ee
d
tr
ia
ng
le
of
blade
el
ement
.
In
thi
s
ap
proac
h,
the
bla
de
is
div
id
ed
i
nto
se
gm
e
nt
s
of
k,
or
e
ach
is
a
ssu
me
d
t
o
be
ind
e
pende
nt
of
the
ot
her
s
.
F
or
each
sect
ion
the
in
du
ce
d
ve
locit
y
is
eval
uate
d
axial
ly a
nd tan
gen
ti
al
ly
by th
e vorte
x
s
ys
te
m,
as
sho
wn by
Karpatne
,
et
al
.,
[
23].
Figure
6.
S
pee
d
tria
ng
le
of
blade
el
eme
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
deling a
nd
simu
l
ation of f
or
ces
applied
to
the
horiz
on
t
al
a
xi
s wi
nd tu
r
bin
e
ro
t
or
s
by
…
(
I
btissem
B
ar
k
at
)
417
The
a
ngle
of i
nc
idence is
g
i
ve
n by
(
9) an
d (
10)
:
−
=
(9)
(
)
(
)
+
−
=
−
'
0
1
1
1
t
a
n
a
r
a
u
(10)
The
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
of
local
li
ft
cl
(i)
is
determi
nated
f
or
each
αi
after
co
nsu
lt
ing
the
data
t
able
of
t
he
ai
rf
oil
of the
bl
ade. The
total
thrust T
g
e
ner
at
ed by t
he r
oto
r
is give
n b
y
(11)
:
(
)
(
)
r
i
c
i
cl
w
N
k
T
k
i
=
2
2
1
(11)
In
order
t
o
c
al
cula
te
the
i
ntensity
for
e
ach
bla
de,
the
K
utta
-
J
ou
ko
wsk
i
the
orem
is
us
e
d.
T
he
equ
i
valente
vo
rtex
i
ntensity
c
an be
determi
ne
d from t
he
t
otal t
urbine
t
hrus
t
(12)
[
24]
.
=
R
r
d
r
T
0
(12)
By ass
um
i
ng that al
l t
he res
ulti
ng
flo
w
is
dr
a
gg
e
d from
the t
ip of t
he blades
and a
dd
i
ng the
total
thr
us
t o
f
al
l t
he
b
la
de
s,
t
he
int
ensity
of the
vorte
x
ri
ng
is
de
te
rmin
at
ed
by (
13)
[24
]
.
=
2
2
NR
T
(13)
W
he
re
Γ
is t
he c
irculat
ion t
hat
w
il
l be
release
d from t
he vort
ex rin
g.
T
his it
erati
ve
met
hod f
or
Γ
is
p
e
rformed
at
each
ti
me st
ep
∆t
, a
s s
how
n
in
K
a
r
patne
,
et
al
.,
(
14)
[
23
]
.
=
N
T
t
2
(14)
2.4.
Scheme
of t
e
mpo
r
al inte
gr
at
i
on
At
each
ti
me
ste
p,
the
t
otal
fiel
d
of
veloci
ty
induce
d
by
al
l
the
rings
s
hall
be
cal
cula
te
d.
F
or
t
he
passing
of
ti
me
a
predict
or
-
c
orrecto
r
sc
hem
e
has
bee
n
sel
e
ct
ed
as
s
how
n
i
n
(
15)
a
nd
(
16
)
[
25].
As
s
hown
in
(15)
a
nd
(
16)
are
us
e
d
for
th
e
first
it
erati
on
to
predict
a
s
olu
ti
on
of
a
xial
and
rad
ia
l
po
sit
ion
s
of
the
vortex
rin
gs
.
(
)
n
i
n
i
ir
n
i
i
z
r
tv
r
r
,
*
+
=
(15
)
(
)
n
i
n
i
iz
i
n
i
z
r
tv
z
z
,
*
+
=
(16
)
The
Ad
a
ms
-
Ba
sh
f
or
t
h
met
hod
is
us
e
d
f
or
pre
ci
sion
a
nd
sta
bi
li
ty
reasons
to
determi
ne
t
he
locat
ion
of
the vo
rtex rin
gs. A
s s
how
n
in
(17) to
(
18).
(
)
)
,
(
2
1
,
2
3
1
1
*
−
−
−
+
=
n
i
n
i
ir
n
i
n
i
ir
n
i
i
z
r
tV
z
r
tv
r
r
(17)
(
)
)
,
(
2
1
,
2
3
1
1
*
−
−
−
+
=
n
i
n
i
iz
n
i
n
i
iz
i
n
i
z
r
V
z
r
tv
z
z
(18)
Ther
ea
fter
, th
e
sp
ee
ds
((
(
∗
,
∗
)
,
(
∗
∗
)
)
are
det
erminated
in t
his n
e
w p
os
it
ion
). The
ri
ng
locat
ion
is
d
et
e
rmin
e
d b
y
a
verage inte
rme
d
ia
te
v
el
ocity
and
new v
el
ocies (
19)
a
nd (2
0)
.
(
)
(
)
*
*
*
*
1
,
,
2
i
i
ir
i
i
ir
n
i
n
i
z
r
v
z
r
v
t
r
r
+
+
=
+
(19
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
41
3
–
4
20
418
(
)
(
)
*
*
*
*
1
,
,
2
i
i
iz
i
i
iz
n
i
n
i
z
r
v
z
r
v
t
z
z
+
+
=
+
(20
)
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
In
t
his
w
ork,
we
ha
ve
us
e
d
two
ty
pes
of
wind
tu
rb
i
nes
to
stu
dy
a
nd
si
mu
la
te
the
f
or
ces
ap
plied
to
wind
tu
r
bin
e
r
otors.
The
fir
st
case
is
a
w
i
n
d
-
r
o
t
o
r
t
y
p
e
N
R
E
L
5
M
W
a
t
w
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
o
f
8
m
/
s
.
T
h
e
N
R
E
L
r
e
p
o
r
t
[
26]
con
ta
in
s
some
ba
sic
par
a
mete
rs
f
or
tu
rb
i
ne
s,
ae
r
od
ynami
c
pr
of
il
es,
aer
odynamic
cha
r
act
erist
ic
s
an
d
ot
her
tur
bin
e
detai
ls
us
e
d
i
n
t
his
m
odel
.
Fig
ur
e
7
s
how
s
the
dist
ribu
ti
on
of
vorte
x
rin
gs
in
the
wak
e
,
t
he
rin
gs
m
ov
e
axial
ly a
nd exp
and ra
diall
y.
This
nume
rical
sim
ulati
on
us
al
lows
the
f
ollow
i
ng
resu
lt
s
pr
ese
nted
i
n
Figures
9
a
nd
10
w
hic
h
s
how
the
distri
bu
ti
on
of
the
intensit
y
Γ,
t
he
ta
nge
nt
ia
l
and
th
e
a
xial
forces
distri
bu
ti
on
al
ong
t
he
blade
.
In
Fig
ur
e
8
it
is
no
te
d
t
hat
th
e
i
ntensity
Γ
blade
ti
p
is
39
m
2
/s
t
his
in
te
ns
it
y
inc
reas
es
pro
porti
onal
ly
to
th
e
value
of
0.87
r/
R an
d decrea
ses r
a
pid
l
y
in
the
blade r
oo
t.
The
ta
ngentia
l
an
d
t
he
a
xial
forces
distrib
ut
ion
in
t
he
r
otor
plane
is
s
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
9
(
a)
(b).
N
ote
that t
h
e
s
e
f
or
ce
s incr
eases sl
i
ghtl
y
at
the end of
th
e b
la
de
an
d
sta
bili
zes, aft
er th
e
s
e
forces
decr
ease
s r
a
pidl
y
at
the
bla
de
roots
.
T
he
sec
ond
c
ase
is
a
wind
t
urbine:
Game
s
a
G
58
wit
h
a
n
N
ACA
44
12
prof
il
e
3
blade
s,
the
ro
t
or
at
a
r
adi
us of 58
mete
rs
f
r
om
t
he
r
esult
s o
btaine
d
in
F
igure 10
sho
ws
the
p
owe
r
rec
ov
e
re
d
by
the
tur
bin
e
Gamesa
acco
rdi
ng
t
o
the
w
i
nd sp
ee
d
.
Figure
7. V
or
te
x rin
gs
distrbut
ion
i
n
the
w
a
ke
Figure
8. Distri
bu
ti
on
of inte
nsi
ty Γ al
ong t
he
b
la
de
(a)
(b)
Figure
9
.
(a
)
T
he
ta
nge
ntial
f
or
ce
s
d
ist
ri
bu
ti
on in
t
he rot
or
plane,
(
b)
the
a
xial
f
or
ce
s
d
ist
rib
ution i
n
t
he rot
or
plane
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Mo
deling a
nd
simu
l
ation of f
or
ces
applied
to
the
horiz
on
t
al
a
xi
s wi
nd tu
r
bin
e
ro
t
or
s
by
…
(
I
btissem
B
ar
k
at
)
419
Figure
10
.
Pow
er
produce
d by game
sa
G58
a
ccordin
g
t
o
the
wind s
pee
d
y
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this pa
per
, w
e
prese
nted
a
work
t
hat
invo
lves
the
m
od
el
i
ng
st
udy
of
the
forces
ap
plied
to
the
win
d
tur
bin
e
ro
t
or
a
xis
horiz
onta
l.
To
do
this,
we
ha
ve
pro
pose
d
a
m
odel
that
com
bin
e
s
the
meth
od
of
bla
de
el
ement
f
or
de
te
rmin
at
io
n
of
aerod
yn
a
mic
f
or
ces
a
nd
vort
ex
the
ory
to
ca
lc
ulate
the
velocit
y
fiel
d
in
duced
i
n
the
r
otor
pla
ne
.
This
model
has
al
lo
we
d
the
impleme
nt
at
ion
of
a
model
di
gital
capab
le
of
pe
rfo
rming
simulat
ion
s
with
acce
ptable
a
ccur
ac
y
a
nd
a
ti
me
ade
qu
at
e
cal
culat
ion
.
N
um
e
rical
simul
at
ion
s
a
re
pe
r
f
ormed
and
t
he
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
of
the
two
ca
ses
of
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
s
show
t
he
va
li
dation
of
this
model
to
dete
rmin
e
the
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
pe
rformanc
e
a
nd
var
i
ou
s
aer
odynamic
par
a
mete
rs
bla
des.
It
is
poss
ible
to
c
onsid
er
t
he
pro
po
se
d mo
de
l as o
per
at
io
nal
and ca
n
al
s
o b
e u
se
d
t
o
sim
ulate
u
nst
able ca
ses
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
“
Ene
rgy
outl
ook
2016
,"
BP p.
l
.
c
,
BP St
at
isti
ca
l
,
2
016.
[2]
Hac
hemi,
Glaou
i,
H
arr
ouz
,
Abd
el
kad
er,
Isma
il
,
Mess
aoudi
,
Ha
mi
d,
Saab
,
"
Mo
del
ing
of
W
ind
Ene
rgy
on
Isol
ated
Area
,
"
In
te
rnati
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Dr
ive
Sys
te
m (IJPEDS)
,
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ol.
4
,
no
.
2
,
pp
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2
74
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2014
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[3]
La
nch
este
r
,
F
.
W.
,
"A
cont
r
ibu
ti
on
to
th
e
th
eor
y
of
propulsion
and
th
e
scr
ew
pr
opel
l
er
,
"
Journal
of
the
Ame
rica
n
Soci
e
ty
for Nav
a
l
Eng
ine
ers
,
vol. 27, no. 2,
pp
57
-
98,
1915
.
[4]
Ham
idreza
,
Abe
di,
"D
eve
lop
me
n
t
of
Vorte
x
Fil
a
me
nt
Method
for
Aer
odyna
mi
c
L
oads
on
Rotor
Bl
ade
s,"
The
sis
for
lic
ent
i
at
e
of engi
nee
ring
,
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.
22
,
2013.
[5]
Hansen,
M.
,
Sørensen,
J
.
,
Voutsi
nas.
S
.
,
Sørense
n.
N
.
,
Madsen,
H.
,
"S
tate
of
the
art
in
wind
turb
ine
ae
rodyn
am
i
c
s
and
a
ero
e
la
sti
ci
t
y,
”
Progress
in Ae
r
ospace
S
cien
ce
s
,
vo
l. 42, no.
4,
pp
.
285
-
330
,
2006.
[6]
W.
J.
M.
Rank
in
e,
"O
n
the
Me
ch
ani
c
al
Princ
ipl
e
of
th
e
Act
ion
o
f
Propel1e
rs
,"
Tr
ansacti
ons
o
f
the Insti
tut
e
o
f
Nava
l
Arch
itect
s
,
vol
.
6,
1865
.
[7]
W.
Froude
,
"O
n
the
Eleme
n
ta
ry
Rel
a
ti
on
b
et
we
en
Pitc
h
,
Sl
ip
a
nd
Propulsive
E
ffic
i
enc
y
,
"
Tr
ansacti
ons
of
the
Instit
ute of
Nava
l
Arch
it
e
ct
s
,
v
ol
.
19,
1978.
[8]
Naji
Abdul
la
h
Mez
aal
,
Os
int
se
v
K.
V,
Alyuko
v
S.V.
,
"The
co
mput
ational
flu
i
d
dynam
ic
s
p
erf
orma
nc
e
ana
lysi
s
of
horiz
ont
al
axi
s
wind
turbi
n
e
,
"
I
nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
and
D
rive
S
yste
m
(I
JPE
DS)
,
vol
.
10
,
n
o
.
2,
pp
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1072
-
108
0,
2019
[9]
B.
Sander
se
,
S
.
P.
Van
der
Pij
l,
and
B.
Koren
,
"Revi
ew
of
co
m
puta
ti
on
al
fluid
dynam
i
cs
for
wi
nd
turbi
ne
w
ake
ae
rodyna
mi
cs
,
"
Wind
En
ergy
,
vo
l.
14
,
no
.
7
,
2011
.
[10]
Em
ma
nu
el,
B.
,
"W
ind
Turbine
A
ero
dynami
cs
and
Vor
ti
c
i
ty
-
Based
Meth
ods,
Fundam
en
ta
ls
and
Re
cent
Applic
a
ti
ons,"
S
pringer,
Germ
any
,
2017
.
[11]
Bofeng,
Xu
,
To
ngguang,
Wa
ng
,
Yue,
Yuan
,
Zh
e
nzhou,
Zha
o
and
Haomi
ng
,
Li
u
,
"A
Simpl
ified
Fr
ee
Vort
ex
W
ake
Model
of Wind
Turbi
n
es
for
Axi
al
St
ea
dy
Condit
ions,"
Applied
S
ci
en
ce
s
,
vol.
8
,
n
o.
6
,
p
.
866
,
201
8.
[12]
Yu.
W
,
Ferre
ira.
C.
S,
v
an.
Kuik
,
G.
Ba
ldacc
hino
,
D.
,
"V
eri
fying
t
he
b
la
de
eleme
n
t
mo
me
ntu
m
met
hod
in
unste
ady,
rad
ially
v
aried, a
xisymm
et
r
ic l
oa
ding
using
a
vor
t
ex
ring
mod
el
,
"
Wind
En
ergy
,
vo
l.
20
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
2
69
-
288,
2017
.
[13]
Branl
ard
.
E
,
S.
P,
&
Gauna
a
.
M.
,
"A
nal
ysis
of
wind
turbi
ne
a
ero
dynamics
an
d
ae
roe
la
sti
c
it
y
using
vorte
x
bas
ed
me
thods,"
DT
U
Wind
En
ergy
,
m
o.
0052
,
2015
.
[14]
DeVaa
l. J.
,
"A
er
odynam
i
c
Model
li
ng
of
Floating
Wi
nd
Turbi
nes
,
"
Ph.D.T
h
esis,
N
TNU T
rondhe
i
m
,
Norw
ay, 2015.
[15]
Jing.
Dong,
Axe
ll
e
,
Vir
é,
C
ar
los
Sima
o
,
Ferre
i
ra
,
Zha
ngrui
,
Li
a
nd
Gera
rd
v
an
Buss
el
,
"A
Mod
ified
Fre
e
Wa
k
e
Vorte
x
Ring
Me
thod
for
Hor
iz
on
ta
l
-
Axis
Wi
nd
T
urbine
s,"
Ene
rgi
es
,
vol
.
12
,
no
.
2
0,
p
.
3900
,
2019
.
[16]
J
.
B
.
de
Va
al,
M
.
O
.
L
.
Hans
e
n;
and
T
.
Moan
,
"V
alida
ti
on
of
a
vort
ex
r
ing
wake
mo
del
sui
te
d
for
ae
ro
el
ast
ic
simul
ati
ons of
f
l
oat
ing
wind
turb
ine
s,"
Journal
of
Phy
si
cs:
Conf
ere
nce Se
ri
es
,
vo
l.
555,
n
o.
1
,
pp
.
1
-
10
,
2014
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
41
3
–
4
20
420
[17]
E.
Br
anl
a
rd,
M
.
Gauna
a,
"Cylind
ric
a
l
vort
ex
wak
e
mod
el
:
right
c
yli
nder
,
"
Wind
Ene
rgy
,
vol
.
18
,
no.
11
,
pp
.
973
-
987,
2014
.
[18]
Ian
S.
Sulli
v
an
,
Jos
eph
J.
,
Niemel,
A.
,
Rob
ert
E.
,
Hershberg
er,
D
iogo
Bolst
er
and
Russ
el
J.
,
Ddon
nel
ly
,
"D
ynamic
s
of
thi
n
vort
ex
rin
gs,"
Journal
o
f F
lui
d
M
ec
hani
cs
,
vol.
609
,
no
.
25
,
pp.
319
-
347
,
20
08.
[19]
Jea
n
-
Jac
ques
.
C
hat
tot,
"Wi
nd
tu
rbine
a
ero
dynamics,
an
a
lysis
and
design
,
"
Inte
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
Ae
rodynami
cs
,
v
ol.
l, no. 3
-
4,
p
p.
404
-
444
,
201
1.
[20]
Chat
tot,
Jea
n
-
Ja
cque
s,
"A
ct
u
at
or
Disk
The
ory
-
St
ea
dy
and
Uns
tea
dy
Models,
"
Jou
rnal
of
Solar
En
ergy
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
vol.
136
,
no
.
3
,
p
p.
031012
-
0310
22
,
2014
.
[21]
Van.
He
em
st
,
J
.
W.
,
et
al.
,
"Cou
pli
ng
of
a
fr
ee
w
ake
vorte
x
r
ing
nea
r
-
wake
model
with
th
e
Jense
n
and
L
arse
n
far
-
wake
de
ficit mo
del
s,"
Journa
l
of
Phy
si
cs:
Conf
ere
nce Se
ri
es
,
vo
l.
625,
no
.
1
,
2015
[22]
Le
wis
,
Regi
n
al
d
Iva
n
,
"V
orte
x
e
le
m
ent
methods
for
flui
d
dyn
a
mi
c
a
n
al
ysis
of
engi
ne
eri
ng
sys
te
ms,"
Cambr
idg
e
Unive
rs
it
y
Press
,
2009
.
[23]
Karpa
tne.
Anan
d,
et
al.
,
"V
orte
x
Ring
Model
of
Ti
p
Vort
ex
Aper
iodi
city
in
a
Ho
ver
ing
H
el
i
copt
e
r
Rotor
,
"
Journa
l
of
F
lui
ds
Eng
ineering
,
vo
l. 136,
no.
7
,
pp
.
07110
4.
2014
.
[24]
Iss
am
.
Maghl
a
oui,
Iva
n
,
Dob
rev
,
Fawas,
Mass
ouh,
Ouaha
b
,
Benr
et
e
m,
D
al
ila,
Kh
al
fa
,
"
Comput
ationally
Ine
xpensive
fr
ee
vort
ex
me
thod
to
obt
ai
n
vort
ex
cor
e
positi
on
i
n
th
e
wak
e
of
a
hori
zont
a
l
axi
s
wind
turbi
n
e
,”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Fl
uid
M
ec
hani
cs
R
ese
arch
,
vo
l.
44,
no.
5
,
pp
.
427
-
443
,
2
017
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[25]
V.
L.
Okulov
,
et
al.
,
“
The
ro
t
or
th
eor
ie
s
by
Profess
or
Joukow
sky:
Vorte
x
t
heor
ie
s
,”
Progress
in
Ae
ros
pac
e
Sci
en
ce
s
,
vol. 73
,
pp
.
19
-
46
,
201
5.
[26]
J.
Jonkman
,
S.
Butt
erf
ie
ld
,
W
.
Mus
ia
l,
G.
Sc
ott
,
“
Wi
nd
Tur
bine
for
Offs
ho
re
Sys
te
m
Dev
el
opm
ent
,
5
-
MW
Refe
ren
ce,”
Tec
h.
R
ep. TP
-
500
-
3806
,
NREL
,
20
09.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.