In
te
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ive S
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S
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V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
330~
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4
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S
N
: 2088-
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94,
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O
I
:
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1
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ped
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.
i
1.pp
3
30-
34
1
330
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Power quality enhancement by u
sing D-FAC
TS systems applied
to distributed
generation
S
.
A
. Z
e
gn
oun
1
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M. N
. Tand
j
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, M
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e
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B
ou
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a
f
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nivers
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o
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c
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and
Tech
nol
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g
eri
a
2,
4
,
5
S
m
art
Gri
d
&
R
enewab
le
E
nerg
y
L
a
borat
ory
,
U
niv
e
rsi
t
y
Ta
h
r
i
M
o
h
a
m
e
d of
Bechar,
Alg
e
ria
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
Re
ce
i
v
e
d
Ju
l
1
7,
201
8
Re
vise
d N
ov
4
, 2018
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
No
v
1
8
,
2
018
In
t
he
m
ajo
r
it
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o
f
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he
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i
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ato
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i
s
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h
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in
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so
urce
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h
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pri
ce
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x
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ensi
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s
up
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l
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k
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ro
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a
r
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Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Si A
hmed Zegnoun,
D
e
pa
rtem
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f
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lec
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l,
Mo
ham
m
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BP
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ran,
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lgeria
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am
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y
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nee
d
t
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pur
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h
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ome
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igur
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suc
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as b
i
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ass, so
l
ar,
w
i
n
d
, hy
dro
,
and
tida
l
pow
er
[1]
.
D
u
e
t
o
t
he
d
eple
tio
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of
f
ossi
l
e
n
er
gy
a
n
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e
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v
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r
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t
a
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nat
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ch
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s
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s
y
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tem
ha
s
be
e
n
w
i
d
e
l
y
use
d
f
or
a
f
e
w
de
ca
de
s
to
s
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p
p
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y
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nerg
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ener
atio
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of
elec
tr
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t
y
us
i
n
g
d
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ese
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i
s
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l
l
r
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ote
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s
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o
m
m
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t
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s.
A
t
r
e
m
o
te
l
oc
at
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tric
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t
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
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S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
w
e
r q
u
a
lity
enh
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
b
y
using d-f
a
c
t
s
system
s ap
pl
ie
d t
o
d
i
str
i
b
u
te
d
gene
rat
i
on
(
S
.
A.
Z
e
gnou
n)
33
1
gene
ra
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
rene
w
a
ble
e
n
erg
y
s
uc
h
as
w
in
d
can
h
e
l
p
r
e
duce
t
he
ove
ra
ll
o
pe
rat
i
ng
cos
t
s
by
redu
ci
ng
th
e
f
u
el
c
o
s
t
s
.
A
w
i
n
d
-die
se
l
hy
bri
d
s
ys
t
e
m
is
a
ny
a
u
t
on
o
m
ous
e
lec
t
rici
ty
g
e
n
er
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
stem
u
s
i
ng
w
i
n
d
t
urbine
(s)
w
ith
d
ie
se
l
ge
ner
a
t
o
r(s)
to
o
bta
i
n
a
ma
xim
u
m
co
ntri
b
u
ti
o
n
by
t
h
e
in
ter
m
it
te
n
t
w
i
n
d
re
sour
ce
to
t
he
t
ota
l
p
o
w
e
r
p
ro
du
c
e
d
,
wh
i
l
e
p
rovi
di
ng
c
on
ti
n
uou
s h
i
gh
-qu
a
l
i
ty
el
e
c
t
ri
c
p
o
wer.
F
i
gure
1.
M
ost
sour
ces
o
f r
e
n
e
wa
ble e
n
erg
y
The
e
x
i
s
te
nc
e
of
t
he
W
i
nd-D
i
e
s
e
l
g
e
n
e
r
at
i
o
n
sy
stem
s
t
a
r
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
l
at
e
r
p
art
o
f
2
0th
cen
tu
ry
.
Th
e
in
t
e
grat
io
n
o
f
t
w
o
g
e
n
era
tin
g
sys
t
e
m
r
elies
ma
i
n
l
y
o
n
com
p
le
x
c
on
t
r
ol
s
to
m
a
k
e
ce
rt
a
i
n
o
f
p
ro
p
e
r
sha
r
i
n
g
of
di
sc
o
n
t
i
n
uo
us
w
i
n
d
ene
r
g
y
a
nd
han
d
y
d
ie
se
l
ge
nera
tio
n
to
m
ee
t
u
p
t
h
e
dem
a
nd
w
h
ic
h
usua
l
l
y
var
i
a
b
l
e
i
n
nat
u
re
.
It
i
s
a
l
s
o
a
m
ajor
c
o
n
c
e
rn
t
o
r
e
duce
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
ro
nm
en
tal
i
m
pac
t
o
f
d
i
ese
l
g
ener
a
t
i
on
w
h
ic
h
is
a
dv
a
n
ta
ge
of
t
he
H
ybri
d
W
i
n
d
D
i
ese
l
p
ow
er
g
en
e
r
at
ion
.
H
o
w
ev
e
r
,
t
h
e
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
int
o
s
ma
ll
die
s
el-
base
d
gri
d
s
is
lim
ite
d
bec
a
u
s
e
o
f
its
e
ffect
on
pow
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
el
iab
i
lit
y.
F
igure
2
p
r
ese
n
ts
a
s
che
m
atic
dia
g
ra
m
of a
gene
r
al
ize
d
wi
n
d-d
i
esel
s
yste
m
[3].
F
i
gure
2.
S
che
m
a
t
i
c
of
ge
ner
a
lize
d
w
ind-
d
i
e
s
el sys
t
e
m
O
u
r
pr
ob
l
e
ma
tic
i
s
o
n
e
of
t
h
e
m
ajor
c
ha
lle
nge
s
i
n
i
nd
us
t
r
y
toda
y,
i
s
p
o
w
er
qua
li
ty
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
an
d
sens
iti
ve
o
f
lo
ads.
P
re
sent
l
y
,
the
ma
j
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
thes
e
pr
oble
m
s
a
re
d
u
e
t
o
d
i
ff
e
r
en
t
f
a
ul
t
c
o
ndi
t
i
o
n
s.
T
he
se
l
a
t
er
ca
use
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
i
s
t
urba
nc
e
like
the
a
p
par
a
tu
s
tri
ppi
ng,
s
h
u
t
d
o
w
n
c
o
m
m
e
rcial,
d
o
m
estic
a
n
d
i
ndus
tria
l
equ
i
pme
n
t a
n
d
miss proc
ess of
d
rive
s
ystem
[4].
V
o
l
t
age
sa
gs
a
nd
o
ve
r-vo
l
tag
e
s
are
pri
n
c
i
pa
l
of
t
he
m
os
t
occ
u
rr
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
qua
lit
y
pro
b
l
em
s.
T
he
y
occ
u
r
m
o
re
o
f
t
e
n
a
n
d
c
au
se
s
ever
e
pro
b
lem
s
a
nd
ec
o
nomi
c
a
l
l
osse
s.
T
h
e
re
a
re
m
a
n
y
di
ff
e
r
e
n
t
me
th
ods
t
o
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
e
t
h
e
s
e
f
a
u
l
t
s
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
c
u
s
t
o
m
P
o
w
e
r
d
e
v
i
c
e
i
s
co
ns
i
d
e
r
ed
t
o
b
e
t
he
m
os
t
e
f
fic
i
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
.
Fo
r
e
x
amp
l
e,
D
i
s
t
r
ibu
t
i
o
n
Fle
x
ib
le
A
C
Transm
ission
S
y
stems
(D-F
A
C
TS
),
b
a
s
ed o
n u
s
e of
p
ow
e
r
e
le
ctro
nic
s
con
t
ro
l
l
ers
in
a
d
is
tri
b
u
tio
n
sys
t
em
,
spe
c
ia
ll
y
t
o
d
e
a
l
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
pow
er
qual
ity
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
[5],
[
6]
.
A
m
ong
t
h
ese
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
mi
c
v
o
l
t
ag
e
rest
o
r
e
r
(
DVR
)
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
fe
ct
i
v
e
d
e
vi
ce
s
b
o
th
o
f
t
h
e
m
b
as
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
vo
lt
ag
e
source
co
nve
r
t
er (VS
C)
p
rinc
ip
le.
Th
is
p
a
p
er
f
oc
uses
on
t
h
e
a
i
m
t
o
a
n
s
w
e
r
a
pro
b
lem
o
n
t
he
s
ta
bi
l
it
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
qua
l
i
t
y
a
t
the
le
ve
l
o
f
com
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
W
in
d
T
u
rbi
n
e
a
nd
D
i
ese
l
G
e
n
era
t
or
s
yst
e
ms
e
mbe
d
d
e
d
D
-
F
A
C
T
S
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
s
u
c
h
a
D
V
R
f
o
r
susta
i
ne
d
p
o
w
e
r
ge
nera
t
i
o
n
.
D
yna
mic
v
o
l
tage
r
e
s
tore
r
(D
V
R
)
can
pro
v
i
d
e
the
c
o
s
t
-effec
ti
ve
s
ol
ut
io
n
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
33
0 –
34
1
33
2
mi
t
i
g
a
t
e
vol
t
a
ge
s
ag
a
nd
s
we
ll
b
y
e
s
t
a
bli
s
h
i
ng
t
h
e
a
pp
rop
r
i
a
t
e
vo
lt
ag
e
qu
ali
t
y
l
ev
el
,
req
u
i
re
d
b
y
t
h
e
cu
st
o
m
e
r
.
It is r
ece
nt
l
y
b
ein
g
use
d
as th
e
activ
e
solu
ti
o
n
for
v
o
l
t
a
ge d
i
st
urbanc
e m
i
tiga
t
i
on.
2.
P
R
I
N
C
I
P
A
L
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
O
F
H
E
D
S
The
e
ffe
c
t
ive
a
nd
h
ybr
id
u
se
o
f
t
h
ese
s
o
urc
e
s
are
ve
ry
e
sse
nt
ia
l
f
o
r
the
op
tim
i
z
ed
p
ow
er
g
ene
r
a
t
i
o
n.
The
m
a
in
goa
l
w
i
t
h
t
hese
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
s
t
o
r
e
d
uc
e
fue
l
c
onsum
pti
on
a
nd,
i
n
th
is
w
ay,
to
r
ed
u
c
e
syste
m
o
pera
tin
g
c
o
st
s
a
n
d
en
viro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
m
pa
ct
s.
T
hese
f
ue
l
c
o
ns
u
m
pti
o
n
savi
ng
s
a
r
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
w
i
t
h
w
i
n
d
-
d
i
e
s
e
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
ith
h
ig
h
w
i
nd
pe
ne
trat
i
o
n,
i
n
w
h
ich
the
d
i
ese
l
(s)
gene
rat
o
rs
m
a
y
b
e
sh
ut
dow
n
dur
in
g
h
i
g
h
w
i
n
d
ava
ila
bil
i
t
y.
The
tra
n
spor
t
a
tio
n
cos
t
o
f
t
h
e
fue
l
t
o
t
h
e
re
mote
l
oca
t
i
o
n
s
c
an
b
e
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
b
y
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
hy
bri
d
sys
t
e
m
by t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
ope
ra
ti
o
n
of
th
e
gene
rat
i
o
n
s t
oge
t
her.
The
m
a
j
o
r
a
dva
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
W
D
H
S
i
s
that
i
t
can
b
e
oper
a
ted
base
d
on
t
he
r
eq
u
i
rem
e
nt
w
hic
h
i
s
con
s
trai
ne
d
w
i
t
h
w
i
n
d
s
ourc
e
.
T
he
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
no
us
m
achi
n
e of
D
iese
l
G
e
n
e
r
ation
se
t
ca
n b
e
u
se
d
a
s
ync
h
r
on
ous
con
d
e
n
se
r
i
n
Wi
n
d
m
ode to ena
b
l
e
t
he
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e pow
er
c
o
m
pensa
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
s
yste
m
w
itho
u
t
i
ns
ta
lla
t
i
o
n
o
f
an
y
anc
i
l
l
ary
e
q
u
i
pm
ent
w
h
ic
h
i
s
e
con
o
m
i
c
bene
fi
t
in
t
h
i
s
ty
pe
o
f
s
ys
tem
.
T
he
W
D
H
S
is
b
ei
ng
c
l
a
ssifie
d
b
ased
on t
h
e
Win
d
en
e
rgy pe
netra
t
i
o
n leve
l
w
h
ic
h i
s
de
f
i
n
e
d
a
s (1):
(1
)
Ep:
En
ergy
P
e
n
e
t
rat
i
on
WTAE:
Wind
Tu
r
bi
n
e
Ann
u
a
l
En
ergy
A
P
ED
: A
nnu
al
P
rim
a
ry
E
nergy
D
e
m
a
nd
The
WD
H
S
i
s
c
l
a
ssifie
d
a
s
l
o
w
pe
ne
trat
io
n
w
h
en
E
P
<
20
%
an
d
a
s
me
diu
m
p
en
e
t
ra
t
i
on
wh
e
n
20%
<
EP
5
0%.
I
f
t
he
w
i
n
d
ge
ne
ra
t
i
on
i
s
ca
pa
b
l
e
of
s
h
u
tti
n
g
d
o
w
n
th
e
di
ese
l
g
en
e
r
a
t
ion
th
en
i
t
i
s
c
a
l
l
e
d
Hi
gh
Pe
netrat
io
n
[
7
].
H
ybrid
w
ind
-
di
e
s
e
l
s
ys
tem
s
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
p
e
n
etra
ti
o
n
o
f
w
i
nd
p
o
w
e
r
ha
ve
t
hree
p
la
nt
m
ode
s:
die
s
el o
n
l
y (
D
O
)
,
w
i
nd-
die
s
e
l
(
WD
)
and
w
i
nd
o
n
l
y
(WO
)
.
3.
ELECTRIC
POWER QU
A
LI
TY
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
ut
i
l
i
t
i
es
k
e
e
p
o
n
tryin
g
t
o
impr
o
v
e
t
h
e
re
lia
bil
ity
o
f
t
h
e
g
rid,
s
e
n
siti
v
ity
o
f
ind
u
st
ri
al
equ
i
pme
n
t
to
p
ow
er
qua
l
ity
d
i
s
turba
n
ces
i
ncre
ases
a
s
au
toma
t
i
on
a
nd
e
lec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
b
e
c
o
me
m
ore
ubi
qu
i
t
ou
s
i
n
ind
us
t
r
y
.
Ty
pica
lly,
i
n
d
u
s
t
rial
e
q
u
i
pm
ent
c
o
m
p
lie
s
w
i
t
h
s
e
n
sit
i
v
it
y
cur
v
e
s
a
s
t
h
e
o
n
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
b
y
I
E
E
E
4
4
6
st
a
ndard
F
i
g
ure
3
or
o
t
h
e
r
s
s
i
milar
[8].
U
nfort
una
te
ly,
it
i
s
k
no
wn
t
ha
t
el
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
n
et
work
s
ca
nn
ot
g
u
a
ran
t
e
e
the
s
e
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
s
i
n
a c
o
n
tin
uo
us w
a
y
.
F
i
gur
e 3.
IEEE
466 s
t
an
dar
d
for
equ
ipm
e
n
t
sens
i
t
i
vi
t
y
3.1.
V
ol
t
a
ge S
ag
A
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
a
g
i
s
a
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
r
o
p
f
r
o
m
1
0
%
t
o
9
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
c
e
v
a
l
ue
f
or
o
ne
durat
i
on
o
f
1
0
m
s
to
1
m
n
[
I
EEE
S
t
d
.1159
],
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
ho
rt
c
u
t
r
ep
res
e
nt
s
a
v
o
lt
ag
e
d
r
o
p
h
i
g
h
er
t
ha
n
9
0
%
o
f
t
he
f
ace
v
a
l
ue
a
nd
a
dura
t
i
o
n of
1
0
m
s
t
o
1
mn
a
s show
n
i
n
F
ig
ure
4 [9].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
w
e
r q
u
a
lity
enh
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
b
y
using d-f
a
c
t
s
system
s ap
pl
ie
d t
o
d
i
str
i
b
u
te
d
gene
rat
i
on
(
S
.
A.
Z
e
gnou
n)
33
3
F
i
gure
4. V
ol
ta
ge
sag
3.2.
Ove
r
V
oltage
O
v
e
r
v
o
l
ta
ges
are
ac
ci
den
t
a
l
r
ises
i
n
vol
t
a
ge
F
i
gure
5
tha
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
a
u
se
d
b
y
p
he
nom
ena
o
f
atm
o
sphe
ric
or
ig
in
(
Li
g
h
tn
in
g
)
,
by
sig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
l
o
a
d
r
elea
se
s,
f
a
u
l
t
y
o
p
e
r
at
io
ns
o
f v
o
l
t
a
g
e
regu
la
tors,
b
y
F
er
ro-
resona
nce
or ope
rat
i
o
n
s o
n
th
e
n
etw
o
rk
[
9].
Fi
g
u
re
5
.
O
v
er
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
4.
OPE
R
A
T
ING PRINCIPLE
O
F
DVR
A
Dy
n
a
mi
c
Vo
lt
ag
e
Resto
r
er
(
DVR)
i
s
a
r
ecen
t
ly
p
ropo
sed
ser
i
es
co
nn
ec
ted
s
o
li
d
sta
t
e
de
v
i
c
e
.
In
th
i
s
c
ase,
i
t
is
norm
a
l
l
y
ins
t
a
lle
d
i
n
a
d
istrib
ute
d
g
e
n
era
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
en
t
he
s
up
p
l
y
and
the
c
r
iti
c
a
l
l
oa
d
fe
eder
.
Its
pr
im
ar
y
fun
c
t
i
o
n
i
s to
r
a
p
idl
y
b
oo
st
u
p
t
h
e
loa
d
-
s
ide
vo
l
t
a
ge
in
t
h
e eve
n
t
o
f
a
d
is
t
u
rba
n
ce
i
n order
t
o
a
voi
d
any p
o
w
e
r disr
upt
io
n to t
ha
t
l
o
ad. It in
j
ec
ts a vo
ltage
in
t
o
t
h
e syste
m
in
ser
i
e
s
w
i
t
h t
h
e d
i
s
t
ri
bu
tio
n fee
d
e
r
and
in
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
i
ci
ty
w
it
h
t
h
e
vo
l
t
a
ges
of
t
he
d
is
t
r
ibu
t
io
n
syste
m
t
o
re
gu
l
a
te
t
he
l
o
a
d
si
de
vol
ta
ge
.
The
i
n
j
e
c
tin
g
vo
lta
ge
s
of
c
o
n
tr
ol
l
a
bl
e
am
p
l
i
t
ude,
p
h
a
s
e
a
n
g
l
e,
a
nd
f
re
que
nc
y
(
h
a
r
monic
)
i
n
to
t
he
d
istri
b
ut
ion
fe
eder
i
n
in
sta
n
ta
ne
o
u
s
rea
l
tim
e
via
a
series-
i
n
j
ec
tio
n
tra
n
sf
orme
r
a
s
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
6.
T
he
‘
m
i
ssi
ng
vo
l
t
a
g
e’
i
s
t
h
e
di
ffe
re
nce
b
e
t
w
ee
n
the
nom
ina
l
v
olta
ge
a
nd
t
he
a
c
t
ua
l,
it’s
ca
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
b
y
a
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
n
d
i
t
s
e
n
d
t
o
sw
it
c
h
ers
of c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
s
ource
con
ve
rter
(
V
S
C)
to i
n
jec
t
i
n
se
ri
es
i
n
low
v
o
l
t
a
g
e di
str
i
b
u
tio
n sys
t
em
s [9]
.
The
ba
sic
i
d
ea
of a D
V
R
i
s
to
i
n
j
e
c
t
t
he m
i
s
s
i
ng v
o
l
t
a
g
e cyc
l
es
vin
j (t) i
n
to the s
ystem
thr
oug
h serie
s
in
j
e
c
t
ion
t
r
ans
f
orm
e
r
w
h
eneve
r
v
o
l
tage
s
a
g
s/sw
e
lls
a
r
e
p
re
sent
in
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
su
pp
l
y
v
ol
t
a
ge.
A
s
a
con
s
eq
ue
n
c
e,
s
a
g
a
n
d
s
w
e
ll
a
r
e
unseen
by
t
h
e
l
o
ads.
D
ur
ing
norm
al
o
pe
r
a
ti
on
,
t
h
e
ca
p
acit
o
r
re
ceive
s
e
n
ergy
from
t
he
e
ner
g
y
st
orage
sy
ste
m
s.
W
he
n
vo
l
t
a
ge
s
ags
or
s
well
s
ar
e
de
t
e
cte
d
s
uc
h
as
i
n
F
i
gure
6,
t
he
c
a
p
acit
o
r
del
i
v
ers
D
C
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
t
he
c
on
ve
rter
(
V
S
C).
The
V
S
C
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
tha
t
o
n
l
y
th
e
missi
ng
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
is
i
njec
te
d
to
t
h
e
trans
f
or
me
r to im
p
ro
vem
e
nt
t
he
vo
l
t
a
ge
o
f sens
it
ive
loa
d
[
9].
F
i
gure
6.
T
yp
ic
al sc
h
em
at
ic of a
pow
er
syste
m
com
p
ensat
e
d
by D
V
R
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
33
0 –
34
1
33
4
A
re
l
a
t
i
ve
ly
s
m
a
ll
c
a
pa
c
i
t
o
r
is
p
re
se
n
t
o
n
dc
s
i
d
e
of
t
he
P
WM
s
o
l
id
s
t
a
te
i
nve
r
t
er
a
nd
the
vo
l
t
a
g
e
over
t
h
i
s
capa
c
itor
is ke
p
t
co
n
s
t
a
nt b
y e
x
c
h
a
n
g
i
ng e
n
er
gy
w
i
t
h
t
h
e e
n
ergy
sto
ra
g
e
rese
r
v
o
i
r
.
Th
e
re
qu
i
r
ed
o
u
t
pu
t
vo
lt
ag
e
is
o
bt
ai
n
e
d
by
u
si
ng
pul
se-wid
t
h
m
o
du
la
tio
n
sw
i
t
ch
i
ng
pa
tter
n
.
A
s
t
he
con
t
ro
l
l
er
w
il
l
have
t
o
s
u
pp
ly
a
c
tive
a
s
w
e
ll
as
r
e
acti
v
e
po
wer
,
some
k
in
d
o
f
e
ner
g
y
s
t
o
r
age
i
s
n
ee
ded.
I
n
t
h
e
DVR
s
t
h
a
t
a
re
c
o
m
merc
i
a
l
l
y
a
v
ail
a
bl
e
no
w,
l
arg
e
cap
a
c
i
t
o
rs
a
re
u
s
ed
a
s
a
sou
r
ce
o
f
ene
r
g
y
.
O
t
h
e
r
p
ot
ent
i
a
l
source
s
ar
e be
ing
co
ns
i
d
ere
d
ar
e
: bat
t
er
y ba
nks,
su
perc
o
nduc
t
i
n
g
c
o
il
s, an
d
f
ly
wh
e
e
l
s
.
F
i
gure
7
show
a
s
im
plifie
d
s
i
ng
le
-l
i
n
e
dia
g
ram
o
f
c
om
pe
nsa
t
i
o
n
strate
gy
of
m
ed
ium
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
D
V
R
for
vo
l
t
a
g
e
sa
g
.
D
urin
g
the
fa
ul
t
c
o
n
d
it
io
n,
m
edium
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
D
V
R
w
il
l
i
n
j
e
ct
b
oth
a
c
t
ive
an
d
r
eac
ti
ve
pow
e
r
and
ma
ke a
ppr
opr
iate
v
o
l
ta
ge
a
nd cur
r
ent c
o
mpe
n
sa
tio
n
[9]
,
[
10]
.
F
i
gur
e 7.
Compe
n
s
a
t
ion
st
r
a
t
e
gy o
f
D
V
R
for
vol
tage
s
ag
s
Thi
s
w
i
l
l
t
h
u
s
r
e
s
to
re
b
ot
h
ma
g
n
it
ud
e
and
phas
e
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
v
ol
tage
.
A
s
su
m
i
ng
tha
t
l
oa
d
vo
l
t
age
a
n
d
c
u
rre
n
t
in
p
re
-fa
ult
co
ndi
tions
a
re
bot
h
equa
l
t
o
1
p
.u
.,
t
he
p
ow
er
i
n
j
ec
te
d
b
y
D
V
R
d
ur
i
n
g
vo
l
t
age
sa
g/sw
e
l
l
miti
ga
t
i
on
is
e
qua
l
to:
(2)
Wh
e
r
e
ψ i
s
pha
se
shi
ft
an
g
l
e
a
n
d
θ i
s
po
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
an
gl
e.
O
b
s
er
ve
t
h
a
t p
o
w
er
absor
be
d b
y
the
l
oad
is
gi
ve
n by
(3
)
Where
V
l
oa
d
i
s
1
∟
0
°
a
n
d
I
*
l
o
ad
i
s
e
j
θ,
t
her
e
fore
,
t
h
e
ac
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
rea
c
t
i
ve
p
ow
er
i
nje
c
t
ed
b
y
D
V
R
i
s
gi
ve
n by
(3) a
nd (4)
,
r
espec
tiv
e
l
y
(4)
5.
WIND M
O
D
E
L
Win
d
e
ner
gy
i
s
t
r
a
nsform
ed
i
n
t
o
m
e
c
h
an
ic
al
e
ner
gy
b
y
m
eans
of
a
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
ine
w
h
ose
rota
t
i
o
n
i
s
transm
itt
ed
t
o
t
h
e ge
nera
t
o
r
b
y
m
ea
ns of
a me
chan
ica
l
d
ri
ve
t
r
a
in [1
2
]
.
The
p
o
w
e
r
prod
uce
d
by
a
w
i
n
d
t
urb
i
ne
i
s
a
func
t
i
o
n
o
f
the
w
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
i
n
p
u
t
t
o
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
I
n
gene
ra
l,
t
he
m
inim
um
w
in
d
spe
e
d
f
or
g
ener
at
i
o
n
of
p
ow
er
i
s
4m/s
a
nd
a
m
a
xi
mum
of
18
m/s.
T
he
me
cha
n
ic
al p
o
w
e
r
produc
ed
by
a
w
i
n
d
t
ur
bine
is g
i
ve
n
b
y
t
he fo
l
l
o
w
i
ng
eq
u
a
ti
on
.
(
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
w
e
r q
u
a
lity
enh
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
b
y
using d-f
a
c
t
s
system
s ap
pl
ie
d t
o
d
i
str
i
b
u
te
d
gene
rat
i
on
(
S
.
A.
Z
e
gnou
n)
33
5
(6
)
(7
)
(8
)
W
h
e
r
e
,
P
t
i
s
t
h
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
,
ρ
i
s
t
h
e
a
i
r
d
e
ns
ity
[kg/m3]
,
r
i
s
the
turbine
radius
[
m
]
,
ν
i
s
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
[
m
/
s
]
,
β
i
s
b
l
a
d
e
p
i
t
c
h
a
n
g
l
e
[
d
e
g
]
,
w
i
s
t
h
e
r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
p
e
e
d
[
r
a
d
/
s
]
a
n
d
C
p
i
s
t
h
e
t
u
rb
i
n
e
p
o
w
er
c
o
e
ff
i
c
i
e
nt
w
hi
ch
r
e
p
res
e
nt
s
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
onve
rs
i
o
n
e
ff
i
c
ie
n
c
y
a
n
d
it
is
a
f
unc
tio
n
of
t
he
r
a
tio
o
f
the r
o
t
o
r
tip-
s
pe
ed
t
o
t
h
e
w
i
nd
spe
ed.
The
t
o
rque
c
o
e
fficie
n
t a
n
d the
t
u
r
b
ine
t
o
rq
ue
a
re
expr
essed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
(9
)
(
10)
Where
,
λ
i
s
tip
s
pee
d
r
at
io,
T
M
i
s
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
t
ur
bi
ne
o
u
t
pu
t
tor
q
ue
[
N
m
].
F
ig
ure
8
de
pic
t
s
a
va
ria
b
l
e
spee
d
w
i
nd
e
n
ergy
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
o
n
s
ystem
.
T
he
e
l
e
ctr
i
ca
l
ge
n
e
ra
t
o
r
p
op
ula
r
l
y
e
m
p
lo
ye
d
fo
r
pa
rti
a
l
l
y
va
ri
able
spee
d
w
i
n
d
en
e
rgy c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
sys
t
e
ms
a
re dou
b
l
y fe
d i
n
d
u
c
tio
n
g
ener
a
t
or
s [13],
[
14].
F
i
gure
8.
V
ariabl
e
s
p
ee
d o
f
w
in
d
ene
r
gy c
o
n
v
e
r
si
on s
y
st
e
m
Ma
ny
s
t
u
die
s
h
ave
be
en
m
ad
e
o
n
t
he
s
pee
d
c
o
n
tr
ol
p
ar
t
a
n
d
o
n
w
a
ys
t
o
reduc
e
t
h
e
c
o
st
o
f
the
u
n
i
t.
There
ar
e
se
v
e
ral
t
y
pes
of
i
n
v
erte
rs
w
hic
h
a
r
e
u
se
d
on
w
in
d
t
u
r
b
i
ne
i
nsta
lla
ti
o
n
s,
s
uc
h
a
s
P
WM
-VS
I
con
v
er
t
e
rs a
n
d
m
atrix c
o
nvert
er
s.
H
o
w
ev
e
r
,
t
h
e
PWM
-
VSI
co
nv
ert
e
r
is w
i
d
el
y use
d
.
The
bac
k
t
o ba
c
k
P
WM-
VS
I
i
s
a
b
i
-
di
re
c
t
ion
a
l
po
we
r
c
o
nv
e
r
t
e
r
co
nsi
s
t
i
ng
o
f
t
w
o
PWM
-
V
S
I
i
nv
e
r
ters.
The
t
o
p
o
lo
gy
o
f
t
h
i
s
i
nve
r
t
er
i
s
sho
wn
in
F
i
gu
re
9
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
. Top
o
l
o
g
y
of
w
i
nd p
o
w
e
r
gene
rati
o
n
sys
tem
usi
ng
Thre
e-
P
h
ase Boos
t Rec
t
ifier
To
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
f
ul
l
c
ont
rol
of
t
he
g
rid
c
u
rre
n
t
,
t
h
e
D
C
lin
k
vo
lt
a
g
e
mus
t
b
e
bo
os
t
e
d
t
o
a
l
eve
l
h
ig
her
tha
n
t
he
a
mp
li
tude
o
f the gri
d
l
i
n
e
vo
lta
ge
.
The
p
o
w
e
r
fl
ow
o
f
the
gri
d
s
i
d
e
con
v
e
r
ter
is
c
on
tro
l
led i
n
orde
r
t
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
33
0 –
34
1
33
6
kee
p
t
he
D
C-l
i
nk
v
o
lta
ge
c
on
sta
n
t,
w
h
i
le
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
ol
o
f
t
h
e
ge
n
er
at
or
i
s
s
e
t
to
s
u
i
t
th
e
m
a
gne
tiza
tio
n
de
m
a
nd
and
t
h
e
r
e
fe
ren
c
e
spee
d.
[
15].
The
v
o
lta
ge
a
nd
t
or
q
u
e
e
q
ua
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
a
no
s
a
l
ie
n
t
p
e
r
ma
nent
m
agne
t
ge
n
e
rator
in t
he
r
otor
re
f
er
ence
fram
e
c
an
b
e
writt
e
n
as
fol
l
ow
s:
(
11)
W
h
ere:
(
12)
(
13)
(
14)
A
d
d
i
n
g
w
i
nd
pow
e
r
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
system
s
w
ill
ha
ve
b
e
n
efic
ial
impa
c
t
s
b
y
re
duci
n
g
t
h
e
e
m
ission
s
o
f
elec
tr
ici
t
y
pro
duc
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
educ
ing
t
h
e
op
era
tiona
l
c
o
sts
of
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
as
l
es
s
f
u
e
l
i
s
co
nsumed
i
n
con
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l p
o
w
e
r plan
ts.
Win
d
p
ow
e
r
w
ill a
l
s
o
h
a
v
e
a c
a
p
a
city
v
a
l
ue
t
o
a
pow
er
s
ystem
.
H
o
w
e
ver,
poss
i
b
l
e
ne
gat
i
v
e
i
m
pacts
w
i
l
l
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
assess
ed
t
o
m
a
ke
s
ure
t
h
at
t
he
y
w
i
l
l
n
o
t
o
ffs
e
t
to
o
l
a
rge
a
pa
rt
o
f
t
h
e
be
nefi
ts
a
n
d
a
lso
t
o
e
ns
ure
the
sec
u
r
i
t
y
o
f
t
he
p
o
w
er
s
ystem
op
er
ation.
T
he
l
i
m
it
e
d
pred
ic
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
nd
hi
g
h
i
n
t
er-
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
va
r
i
at
i
o
ns
o
f
w
i
nd
p
o
w
e
r
c
ause
a
f
ull
s
p
e
c
trum
o
f
pro
b
l
e
ms,
ra
ng
in
g
from
s
h
o
rter
t
erm
fr
equenc
y
de
via
t
io
ns
t
o
lon
g
er
t
erm
ba
l
a
nc
in
g
p
ro
blem
s
a
n
d
in
v
o
l
v
es
a
s
e
r
ies
of
n
ew
cha
lle
ng
e
s
a
nd
a
ddi
tio
na
l
co
n
s
t
r
ai
nts
for
t
h
e
oper
a
ti
on
on t
h
e
elec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
gri
d
. [16].
F
i
gure
1
0
.
Circui
t d
i
agr
a
m
of
w
in
d
die
s
el h
y
b
ri
d
sys
t
em
in
ma
t
l
ab
/s
imu
l
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
w
e
r q
u
a
lity
enh
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
b
y
using d-f
a
c
t
s
system
s ap
pl
ie
d t
o
d
i
str
i
b
u
te
d
gene
rat
i
on
(
S
.
A.
Z
e
gnou
n)
33
7
6.
SIMU
L
A
TION
R
ESULT
S
The
circu
i
t
d
i
a
g
ram
em
ploye
d
for
m
ode
l
i
n
g
me
di
um
p
ene
t
r
a
tion
WD
H
S
i
s
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
g
ur
e
1
0
a
n
d
it
has
be
e
n
s
i
m
ulate
d
u
s
i
ng
M
a
t
la
b/S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k
.
T
he
p
er
form
ance
o
f
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
has
be
e
n
c
on
si
der
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
para
me
ters
o
f de
fer
e
n
t
pri
nc
i
p
al
c
om
po
ne
nt
o
f th
is m
ode
l i
n
pr
e
sen
t
ed
i
n
t
h
e fo
llow
i
n
g
ta
b
le.
The
w
i
n
d
g
ene
r
ati
o
n
sys
t
em
i
s
m
ode
led
as
a
n
as
ync
hr
o
nou
s
ge
nera
t
o
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
ed
t
o
a
w
i
nd
t
u
r
bine
bl
oc
k,
c
ust
o
m
i
z
e
d
from
M
a
t
l
a
b
/
S
i
mu
l
i
n
k
l
ibra
ry.
The
ge
ne
rat
o
r
m
odel
of
w
ind
tur
b
ine
is
a
n
I
n
d
u
c
tio
n
gene
ra
tor
(IG) w
h
en
w
e
i
n
te
gr
ated
a
six (
06)
of 1.5M
W
i
n
t
ransm
issi
o
n
ne
t
w
o
r
k
o
f
30K
v.
The
performa
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
D
V
R
f
or
d
i
ffe
ren
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
dis
t
urbanc
e
s
i
s
t
e
s
te
d
u
n
d
e
r
v
ari
o
us
opera
tin
g
con
d
i
t
i
on
s.
S
e
v
e
r
al
s
i
m
u
l
at
i
ons
o
f
t
h
e
D
V
R
w
i
t
h
pr
opos
e
d
c
on
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
c
h
em
e
a
nd
ne
w
con
f
i
g
urat
io
n
o
f
i
t
have
bee
n m
a
d
e
.
The
pro
b
l
em
s
due
to t
h
e
lar
g
e
-
sca
l
e
in
te
gra
t
i
o
n o
f
w
i
n
d p
o
w
er p
lan
t
s
i
n
t
o
power
s
ystem
incr
ease
t
h
e
di
ffic
ul
t
y
t
o
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
t
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
ys
tem
ser
v
ic
es
a
n
d
t
o
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
ze
the
e
l
ect
rica
l
gri
d
s
tro
n
g
l
y
d
e
p
en
de
nt
o
f
t
h
e
sup
p
l
y
-de
m
a
n
d bala
nce.
Tabl
e 1
.
p
ri
n
c
ip
a
l
p
ara
m
et
ers o
f
DVR
para
m
e
t
e
rs
Det
a
ils
DVR
V=
380V
/
f
= 5
0
H
z
system
s
P
=
8
k
w /
Q
= 7
0
0
VAR
Vdc
=
735.
603
V
R
s
/
L
s
/
C
s =
0.
002
Ω,
14.
81
m
H
,
0
.
52773
µ
F
Ki
=
0.
1
462
an
d
Kp
=
52.3734
Win
d
V
out
=
575V
/
f
=
50H
z
tu
rb
i
n
e
P
= 3
M
w
R
s
(p.u)
L
s
(
p.u)
0
.004
8
43/0.1
278 , 0.0043
77/0.1
791
Г
L
=
6
.7
7
, /
C
i
=
5.
04
/ F
F
=
0
.0
1
i
n
(p
.u
)
N
p
=
3
D
i
esel
V
ou
t
=
5
kV, /
f
= 5
0
H
z
ge
ner
a
t
o
r
P =
2
M
W a
nd Q
=
500V
A
R
Vdc
=
45V,
/
R
s
t =
0.
0036
(p.
u
)
N
p
=
2
Whe
n
d
iese
l
s
y
ste
m
s
ar
e
used
a
s
d
i
s
t
ri
bute
d
g
e
n
era
t
or
s
r
unn
ing
i
n
p
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
pow
er
qua
l
ity i
ssue
s ar
e be
l
i
e
v
ed
to
be
ins
ig
nif
i
c
a
n
t
t
o ca
us
e
an
y pro
b
lem
s
.
The
un
der
s
t
a
nd
t
he
p
ow
er q
ual
i
t
y
iss
u
e
s
due
t
o
inter
a
c
t
i
o
n
of
d
ie
se
l
s
y
stem
s
w
i
t
h
o
the
r
s
our
ce
o
f
re
newa
b
l
e
e
n
erg
y
a
s
a
win
d
;
i
t
i
s
ob
je
cti
v
e
of
th
i
s
p
aper
,
w
h
en
w
e
in
t
e
rest
ed
i
n
t
h
is
t
rav
e
l
o
n
o
nly
tw
o
ty
pe
o
f
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
d
i
st
urba
nc
e
s
a
s
a
sag
an
d
o
v
er
vo
lta
ge.
In or
d
er
t
o
sup
p
lie
d
pow
er
t
o rur
a
l or
r
e
m
ote
are
a
s.
I
n
t
his
ca
se
t
he
purp
o
se
o
f
t
h
e
die
s
el
u
ni
t
is
not
o
n
l
y
t
o
s
u
p
p
ly
pow
er
,
bu
t
to
a
ls
o
b
e
r
espo
ns
i
b
l
e
f
or
ma
int
a
in
in
g
t
h
e
ne
tw
ork
freq
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
v
o
l
ta
ge
w
i
t
hin
a
p
pr
opria
t
e
lev
e
l
s
.
If
t
he
r
e
s
po
n
s
i
b
i
lit
ies
o
f
t
h
e
d
ie
sel
gene
ra
tor
ar
e
di
srup
te
d
d
u
e
to
u
n
p
red
i
c
t
ab
le
w
in
d
an
d
l
o
ad
c
on
d
i
tio
ns,
t
h
en
f
requ
enc
y
a
n
d
vo
lt
ag
e-b
a
se
d
pro
b
lem
s
m
a
y
o
c
c
ur
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
tw
ork.
T
he
v
o
lta
ge
s
a
g
s
pr
esen
t
ed
i
n
hy
bri
d
s
ystem
s
d
i
e
se
l-w
i
nd
i
s
due
t
o
w
i
n
d
t
ur
b
i
ne
s
ta
rtu
p
can
b
e
a
ppr
ox
im
ate
l
y
15
%
a
t
t
he
d
i
e
sel
gen
e
r
a
t
or
t
er
minal
w
i
t
h
a
freque
nc
y
di
p
of
5
%
befor
e
r
ec
o
v
eri
n
g
t
o
n
omi
n
a
l
v
al
ues.
O
ne
o
f
the
prob
lem
s
a
ssoc
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
t
h
e
s
l
o
w
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
of
t
he
pow
e
r
d
ispa
t
c
h
i
ng.
A
s
a
re
sul
t
,
a
sta
b
l
e
f
re
que
nc
y
ma
y
n
o
t
b
e
ma
in
tai
n
e
d
a
nd
v
o
lta
ge
r
eg
ula
t
i
on
of
t
he
netw
ork
m
a
y
d
e
gr
ade.
H
ence
,
the
D
V
R
i
n
o
ne
s
olu
t
i
o
n
ma
y
be
i
n
t
he
a
re
a
of
p
ow
er
d
is
patc
hin
g
c
o
n
tr
ol
a
n
d
vo
lta
ge r
eg
ula
t
i
o
n.
The
hi
g
h
s
e
n
sit
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
e
ne
rgy
t
o
t
he
g
ri
d
dis
t
ur
banc
e
s,
s
uc
h
as
v
ol
ta
ge
d
i
p
s
or
o
ver
vo
lta
ge,
ofte
n
ca
use
s
a
d
isc
o
nnec
tio
n
or
c
o
nnec
t
io
n
of
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
d
uri
n
g
i
n
c
i
de
n
t
s
o
n
t
he
g
ri
d.
T
h
e
se
f
a
u
lts
ca
n
a
ggra
v
a
t
e
an
i
m
b
ala
n
ce
b
e
t
w
e
en
t
he
p
ro
duc
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
he
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
on.
I
n
t
h
is
S
e
c
tio
n
repr
es
enta
t
i
v
e
si
m
u
lat
i
on
res
u
l
t
s
a
r
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
to
i
ll
ustra
t
e
and
u
n
d
er
st
a
n
d
th
e
perf
orma
nce
o
f
D
V
R
u
nder
si
n
g
le-
p
h
a
se
a
nd
three
-
p
h
ase
sa
gs
a
n
d
ove
r
v
o
lta
ge
c
on
d
iti
on
s.
T
he
v
o
l
tage
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
sys
t
e
m
w
as
unsta
b
l
e,
i
.e
.
it
d
i
ps
w
he
re
the
w
i
n
d
pow
e
r
i
s
i
n
te
gra
t
e
d
a
nd
w
i
t
h
i
t
s
p
ene
t
r
a
ti
on
i
n
p
ow
e
r
gr
il
l,
o
r
the
d
i
ese
l
g
ene
r
ator
w
as
s
ta
rt
ed
t
o
pro
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
po
we
r
e
l
ectrica
l
in
p
ower
s
ys
te
m
s
c
ons
i
d
ere
d
.
The
s
ec
on
d
fau
l
t,
s
w
e
ll
vo
lta
ge
i
s
cre
a
te
d
b
y
di
sc
o
n
n
ect
i
on
t
h
e
win
d
o
f
t
h
e
sys
t
em
s
WDHS
i
n
ca
se
w
hen
the
s
p
e
ed
o
f
win
d
i
s
e
x
c
eed
in
g
the
ran
g
e
o
f
s
afe
opera
tio
n,
or, in c
a
se
w
hen
t
h
e
diese
l
g
e
n
era
t
or is st
o
ppe
d.
A
D
V
R
w
as
u
se
d
t
o
s
tab
i
liz
ed
t
he
v
o
lta
ge
e
lec
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
h
ar
g
e
d
by
l
o
ad
s
con
n
ec
t
i
o
n
i
n
P
o
i
n
t
o
f
Com
m
on
C
o
u
p
li
ng
(P
CC)
o
f
t
h
e
sup
p
l
y
s
yste
ms
c
on
ta
in
s
the
I
G
w
i
n
d
and
dies
el
g
e
n
e
r
at
or
i
n
t
e
g
rati
n
g
i
n
in
fini
te
b
u
s
w
i
t
h
cl
a
s
s
i
ca
l
so
urc
e
.
A
D
V
R
i
s
c
o
nnec
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
s
ys
tem
thr
o
ugh
a
se
rie
s
t
r
a
n
s
form
er
w
i
t
h
a
rapp
or
t
t
r
ansfo
r
m
a
tio
n
e
qua
l
to
1
:
1
.
A
D
V
R
i
s
base
d
on
t
hr
ee
ph
a
s
e
vol
ta
g
e
P
WM
i
nve
rt
er
w
i
t
h
LC
o
utp
u
t
fi
l
t
e
r
to
rem
ove
h
i
g
h
fre
q
uen
c
y
vol
tage
c
om
po
ne
nt
s.
A
n R-L loa
d
(R=10
Ω,
L
=10
-6
H) is co
n
s
i
d
ered
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
33
0 –
34
1
33
8
Th
e
resu
l
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
mo
st
i
mpo
r
t
a
nt
s
i
m
ul
a
t
ion
s
a
re
r
ep
res
e
n
t
ed
i
n
Figu
re
s
1
1
-
15
.
A
c
a
se
o
f
vo
lt
ag
e
sag
an
d
over
vo
l
t
a
g
e
i
n
s
i
n
gle
p
h
ase,
a
re
s
im
ula
t
e
d
a
nd
the
r
e
s
ults
a
r
e
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
11.
F
igur
e
11(a),
show
s
a
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
o
f
3
5
%
o
f
vol
tage
a
t
0.0
5
s
a
n
d
it
is
k
e
p
t
un
t
il
0.
2s,
w
i
t
h
t
o
t
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
ag
d
urat
i
on
of
0
.15s
a
n
d
a
n
o
ve
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
a
0
.
2
5
s
a
n
d
0
.
4
s
,
w
i
t
h
a
per
i
o
d
a
t
t
i
m
e
is
0
.1
5s.
O
b
serve
t
h
at
t
he
D
V
R
qu
ic
kl
y
i
n
j
e
c
t
s the
nec
e
s
s
ary v
o
lta
ge
c
ompo
n
e
nt
s
t
o
ma
i
n
t
ai
n t
h
e
l
o
ad
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
. F
i
g
u
re
1
1 (
b
) and
(
c
) sh
ow
t
h
e
vo
lta
ge
i
n
j
ec
t
e
d
by
t
he
D
V
R
a
n
d
t
he
c
o
m
p
e
nsa
t
e
d
l
oa
d
v
o
lta
ge
,
r
espe
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
A
c
ase
of
v
olta
ge
s
ag
i
n
b
i
-
pha
ses
and t
h
r
e
e pha
ses a
r
e
si
m
u
la
te
d
an
d t
h
e
resul
t
s ar
e show
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
s
12 a
nd
13.
F
i
gures
1
2
(
a
)
and
1
3
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
a
r
e
duc
t
i
o
n
of
3
5%
o
f
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
0.0
5
s
a
n
d
i
t
i
s
ke
pt
u
n
t
i
l
0
.
2
s,
w
it
h
to
t
a
l
v
o
lta
ge
s
a
g
d
urat
io
n
o
f
0
.15s.
Bu
t
t
h
e
F
i
gur
es
(
b)
a
nd
(c
)
of
d
i
f
fe
rent
F
i
g
ur
es
12
a
nd
1
3
s
h
o
w
t
he
vo
lta
ge
i
n
j
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
D
V
R
a
nd
t
he
c
ompe
nsa
t
ed
l
oa
d
vo
lt
a
g
e,
r
espec
t
i
v
e
l
y.
I
t
ca
n
be
obs
erve
d
tha
t
dur
in
g
the fau
l
t
t
h
e A
-
pha
se
v
ol
ta
ge at
t
h
e P
CC dro
p
s d
o
w
n
to 20
% of i
t
s
nomi
n
al va
l
u
e
, w
h
ile pha
se
t
o gro
u
n
d
l
oa
d
vo
lta
ge
s
rem
a
i
n
a
lm
ost
c
ons
t
a
nt
d
uri
n
g
the
w
h
o
l
e
e
v
en
t,
d
ue
t
o
t
h
e
co
mpe
n
sat
i
n
g
act
io
ns
o
f
t
h
e
(DVR
).
T
h
e
perform
ance
o
f D
V
R
for
a
vo
l
t
a
ge sw
e
ll
c
on
di
t
i
o
n
is inve
s
tiga
t
e
d.
H
e
r
e, the
su
p
p
ly v
o
l
ta
ge sw
e
ll is ge
n
er
ated
as show
n
in
F
igure
s
1
4(a)
a
nd
15(a)
.
F
i
gure
1
1
.
S
a
g
s
/
sw
ells
v
o
lta
ge
c
ompe
nsa
t
i
on
in
s
i
n
gle
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
sys
tem
W
D
HS
F
i
gure
1
2
.
S
a
g
s
vo
lta
ge
c
om
p
e
nsa
t
i
on
in b
i
p
hase
s
ys
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Po
w
e
r q
u
a
lity
enh
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
b
y
using d-f
a
c
t
s
system
s ap
pl
ie
d t
o
d
i
str
i
b
u
te
d
gene
rat
i
on
(
S
.
A.
Z
e
gnou
n)
33
9
F
i
gur
e 1
3
.
S
a
g
s
vo
lta
ge
c
om
p
e
nsa
t
i
o
n in t
hr
ee
pha
se
sys
te
m
F
i
gur
e 1
4
.
Co
mpe
n
sa
tio
n
of tw
o
-p
ha
se
o
ve
rvo
lta
g
e
F
i
gur
e 1
5
.
Co
mpe
n
sa
tio
n
of thre
e
p
ha
se ov
e
rvo
l
t
a
ge
Th
e
su
ppl
y
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
m
pli
t
ud
e
i
s
i
n
c
rea
s
e
d
a
b
out
120
%
of
n
o
m
in
al
v
o
l
ta
ge
.
The
in
j
e
c
t
ed
v
o
ltage
t
h
a
t
is pro
d
u
ce
d b
y
D
V
R
in
ord
e
r t
o
c
orr
ect the
l
oad vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
oa
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge ar
e
show
n in
F
igur
es
(
b)
a
nd
(
c
)
of
d
iffere
nt
F
i
gures
1
4
a
nd
1
5
,
re
spec
ti
ve
ly
.
A
s
c
an
b
e
se
en
f
r
om
t
he
r
e
s
ults,
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
v
o
ltage
i
s
ke
pt
a
t
t
h
e
nomi
n
a
l
v
a
l
ue
w
it
h
t
h
e
he
lp
o
f
t
h
e
D
V
R
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
to
t
h
e
c
ase
of
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
ag,
the
DVR
r
ea
cts
q
u
i
ck
l
y
t
o
i
n
je
c
t
the a
p
pro
p
ria
t
e
volta
ge
c
omp
one
n
t
(
nega
ti
v
e
volta
ge
m
agn
i
t
ude
)
t
o
c
orr
ect
t
he
s
up
p
l
y
v
o
l
ta
g
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.