Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1220
~
1229
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
1220
-
1229
1220
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Senso
r/actuato
r fau
lt
tole
rant slid
ing mo
de cont
rol for a
nti
-
lock
braking
in a qua
rter el
ectric ve
hicle
Bamb
ang L. Wi
dj
ia
ntoro
, Ka
th
eri
n I
ndr
iawati
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
ngine
er
ing
Phys
i
cs,
Insti
tut Te
kn
ologi
Sepu
luh
N
ovem
ber
,
Indon
e
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
4
, 2
019
Re
vised
M
a
r
17
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
Apr
2
3,
20
20
Thi
s
pap
er
prop
oses
a
sche
m
e
t
o
im
prov
e
reg
en
era
t
ive
ABS
tec
hnology
th
at
al
re
ady
ex
ists
to
day
by
addi
ng
a
cc
om
moda
t
ion
f
aul
ts
to
the
control
sys
te
m.
The
no
mi
na
l
co
ntrol
al
gori
thm
used
is
a
slidi
ng
mode
cont
ro
l
s
o
tha
t
sys
te
m
nonli
ne
ari
t
ie
s
c
a
n
be
hand
le
d
pr
oper
ly.
The
pro
posed
me
thod
th
en
is
c
al
l
ed
sensor/a
ct
u
at
or
f
aul
t
tol
e
ran
t
slid
ing
mode
contro
l
sys
te
m.
I
n
d
esigni
ng
th
e
proposed
con
trol,
the
r
e
are
two
st
age
s,
na
me
ly
est
im
ation
of
fau
l
ts,
as
w
el
l
as
the
a
ctive
me
ch
a
nism
for
re
conf
i
guring
cont
ro
ls.
Esti
mation
of
fa
ult
s
is
done
by
using
propor
ti
onal
-
integra
l
(
PI)
observe
rs
b
a
sed
on
ext
end
ed
state
spa
ce
equa
t
i
on.
Wh
er
ea
s
the
control
signal
r
ec
onfi
g
ura
ti
on
is
done
a
ct
iv
el
y
by
rep
lacing
m
ea
su
red
ou
tput
with
t
hei
r
estimates
an
d
co
mpe
nsat
ing
for
con
trol
signal
using
th
e
ac
tu
at
or
f
aul
t
est
im
ate.
The
simul
at
ion
show
s
tha
t
the
con
trol
sys
te
m
base
d
on
the
propos
ed
al
go
r
it
hm
produc
es
better
dynam
i
c
per
forma
n
ce
than
the
slidi
ng
m
ode
con
trol
(S
MC)
without
f
a
ult
to
le
r
ant
fea
tur
e.
Furth
er
more
,
the
sys
tem
provide
s
inh
e
ren
t
ch
aracteristic
for
de
al
ing
with
a
mi
nor
fau
lt
in
th
e
hydr
aul
i
c
a
ct
u
at
or
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Brakin
g syste
m
Fault
tolera
nt c
on
t
ro
l
Ob
se
r
ver
Re
gen
e
rati
ve
Sli
din
g m
od
e
c
on
t
ro
l
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Kathe
rin Ind
riawati
,
Dep
a
rteme
nt of E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
Physics,
In
sti
tut Te
knol
og
i
Sepulu
h N
ov
e
mb
e
r,
Kam
pus ITS,
S
ukolil
o,
Sura
ba
ya 601
11, In
do
nesia.
Emai
l:
kathe
rin@
e
p.
it
s.ac.i
d
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
On
e
im
porta
nt
com
pone
nt
in
the
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
(EV)
is
the
braki
ng
s
yst
em.
The
moder
n
bra
king
sy
ste
m
us
ed
t
o
current
passe
ng
e
r
ve
hicle
s
is
the
anti
-
loc
k
br
a
king
s
ys
te
m
(A
B
S)
,
bec
ause
this
s
ys
te
m
can
pr
e
ve
nt
the
w
he
el
s
on
the
car
from
bein
g
l
oc
ked
w
he
n
the
r
e
is
eme
rg
e
nc
y
braki
ng
or
s
ud
den
bra
king,
s
o
that
the
car
sto
pp
i
ng
distanc
e
w
il
l
decr
ease
a
nd
ma
neuve
ra
bili
ty
will
inc
rease
[
1].
T
hi
s
sy
ste
m
can
gr
eat
ly
impro
ve
veh
ic
l
e
safety
in
e
xtr
eme
co
ndit
ion
s
beca
us
e
ABS
can
ma
ximize
ro
a
d
ti
re
fr
ic
ti
on
wh
il
e
mai
ntai
nin
g
a
la
rge
la
te
ral
(
directi
onal
)
f
orce
that
e
nsures
ve
hicle
c
on
tr
ol
[2].
F
or
a
va
r
ie
ty
of
r
oad
co
nd
it
io
ns
,
the
re
is
a
n
op
ti
m
um
sli
p
rati
o
that
ma
ximize
s
the
f
rict
ion
c
oeffici
ent
on
al
l
r
oad
c
onditi
ons
[
3].
Ther
e
f
or
e,
a
s
uitable
con
t
ro
l
strat
e
gy
is
to
mai
ntain
the
sli
p
rati
o
value
t
o
re
ma
in
in
the
opti
mal
an
d
safe
work
i
ng
ra
ng
e
of
t
he
br
a
king
s
ys
te
m.
I
n
ge
ner
al
,
the
c
on
tr
ol
pur
pose
of
t
he
ABS
is
t
o
set
the
wh
eel
sli
p
rati
o
to
it
s
op
ti
m
um
range
[4
-
6].
In
EV
,
s
om
e
ABS
s
ys
te
ms
us
in
g
mecha
ni
cal
br
a
king
(fr
ic
t
ion
),
al
so
use
re
generati
ve
braki
ng
in
order
t
o
save
el
ect
rici
ty
as
de
scribe
d
in
[
7].
T
his
s
ys
te
m
known
as
reg
e
ner
at
ive
ABS
can
incre
ase
ve
hicle
eff
ic
ie
nc
y.
T
he
stu
dy
resu
lt
s
s
howe
d
t
hat
the
ene
r
gy
sto
ra
ge
achie
ved
by
this
s
ys
te
m
ra
nged
f
r
om
8%
-
25%
of
th
e
t
otal
en
ergy
us
e
d
by
ve
hicle
s,
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
re
gu
la
to
r
y
c
ycle
and
c
on
tr
ol
st
r
at
egy
[
8].
Hence
this
te
chnolo
gy
ha
s
bee
n
ap
plied
to
ma
ny
kind
s
of
EV
.
Tu
r
et
al
.
[7]
a
nd
M
iz
arei
et
al
.
[
9
]
hav
e
pro
po
s
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Sensor/
actu
ator f
ault
tolera
nt
sli
din
g m
ode c
on
tr
ol for
anti
-
lock braki
ng
…
(
B
amban
g
L
. Widjia
nto
r
o
)
1221
reg
e
ner
at
i
ve
braki
ng
strat
e
gies
an
d
co
ntr
ol
meth
ods
duri
ng
normal
a
nd
s
udde
n
brak
ing
eve
nts,
wi
thout
discuss
i
ng the
ABS sc
heme
in
thei
r
re
searc
h.
Re
gen
e
rati
ve
br
a
king
s
ys
te
m
is
superi
or
to
hy
dr
a
ulic
br
a
king
in
te
rms
of
acc
ur
acy,
s
pee
d
of
respo
ns
e
an
d
ease
of
meas
ureme
nt.
H
owe
ver,
since
r
eg
ener
at
ive
br
a
ki
ng
s
ys
te
m
is
const
raine
d
by
man
y
factors
s
uch
as
mo
t
or
sp
ee
d,
sta
te
of
c
ha
rg
e
an
d
batte
ry
te
mp
e
ratur
e
[
10
]
,
w
hile
f
rict
ion
br
a
ki
ng
sy
ste
m
is
sti
ll
us
ed
as
a
com
pleme
nt.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
it
is
necessa
r
y
to
de
velo
p
a
brakin
g
strat
e
gy
that
co
ordinat
es
the
reg
e
ner
at
i
v
e to
rque
of the
mo
t
or
a
nd the
fric
ti
on
t
orque o
f
t
he hydra
ulic u
nit, as
pro
po
se
d
in
[7]. F
ur
t
he
rm
or
e,
in
rece
nt
yea
rs,
adv
a
nces
i
n
ac
tuator
te
c
hnology
ha
ve
le
d
to
el
ect
ro
-
hydraul
ic
and
el
ect
r
o
-
mecha
nical
br
a
kin
g
sy
ste
ms
that
ar
e
capab
le
of
c
onti
nuous
m
odul
at
ion
of
braki
ng
t
orqu
e
[2].
Ther
e
f
or
e,
rese
arch
on
ABS
c
on
t
ro
l
sy
ste
ms
equip
pe
d wit
h rege
ne
rati
ve bra
king i
s a
very
releva
nt s
ys
te
m to
b
e
d
e
velo
ped.
ABS
c
ontr
ol
is
fairl
y
c
ompli
cat
ed.
The
mai
n
obsta
cl
e
t
hat
a
rises
wh
e
n
de
s
ign
in
g
ABS
c
ontr
ol
is
t
he
natu
re
of
no
nl
inearit
ie
s
and
la
rg
e
unce
rtai
nties.
A
num
ber
of
a
dvanc
ed
co
ntr
ol
ap
proac
hes
ha
ve
been
pro
po
se
d
for
A
BS,
su
c
h
as
f
uz
zy
lo
gic
co
ntr
ol
[
10],
ne
ur
al
netw
ork
[
11]
,
adap
ti
ve
co
ntr
ol
[
12],
sli
di
ng
mode
con
t
ro
l
[
13]
a
nd
oth
e
r
intel
li
gen
t
co
ntr
ols
.
Alon
g
wit
h
the
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
ABS
te
chnolo
gy
that
us
es
el
ect
rical
com
pone
nts,
the
c
han
ce
of
e
rrors
al
so
i
ncr
ease
s.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
f
or
ABS
te
ch
no
l
ogy
that
sti
ll
us
e
s
fr
ic
ti
on
braki
ng
(
hydrauli
c)
s
ys
te
ms
oth
e
r
than
re
gen
e
rati
ve
bra
king,
me
chan
ic
al
c
omp
on
e
nts
s
uch
a
s
va
lves
,
pumps
a
nd
el
ect
ric
mo
t
or
s
in
fact
hav
e
a
fa
il
ur
e
inte
ns
it
y
that
excee
ds
el
ect
ronic
co
mpon
e
nts
[14
].
I
n
thi
s
case,
no
matt
e
r
how
go
od
th
e
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m
is,
the
nom
inal
co
ntr
ol
s
yst
em
does
no
t
ha
ve
the
abili
ty
to
gu
a
ra
ntee
the
con
ti
nuit
y
of
t
he
whole
s
ys
t
em
du
rin
g
a
f
ault
eve
nt
in
it
s
com
pone
nts,
su
c
h
a
s
se
nso
rs
a
nd
act
uator
s
.
Th
ough
the
dema
nd
f
or
s
ys
te
m
re
li
abili
ty
is
very
hi
gh
on
ABS
r
el
at
ed
to
sec
uri
ty
iss
ues,
passe
ng
e
r
safety
remains
to
be
a
ma
nd
at
ory
featu
re
t
hat
must
be
f
ul
fill
ed,
an
d
the
reli
ab
il
it
y
of
t
he
re
ge
ner
at
iv
e
ABS
sy
ste
m
m
us
t
al
so
be
high.
Fa
ults
that
occ
ur
,
su
c
h
a
s
in
the
ABS
c
ontrol
s
ys
te
m,
na
mely
fau
lt
s
i
n
the
s
ol
eno
id
valve
a
nd
s
pee
d
sens
or mu
st
b
e
ac
co
mm
od
a
te
d
s
o
that
t
he
sy
ste
m
co
ntin
ue
s
to
w
ork
i
n
a
safe
a
rea.
T
he
refor
e
,
it
is
ne
ce
ssar
y
to
bu
il
d
a
c
on
t
ro
l
syst
em
t
hat
is
a
ble
t
o
acc
om
m
odat
e
t
he
occurre
nce
of
fau
lt
s
(
with
a
certai
n
le
vel of err
or) kno
wn as
fau
lt
tolerant c
ontr
ol (
FTC
).
The
a
dv
a
nta
ge
offer
e
d
by
FT
C
te
chnolo
gy
on
re
gen
e
rati
ve
ABS
is
a
n
in
crease
in
sy
ste
m
reli
abili
ty
at
an
eco
nomic
al
cost
beca
us
e
it
does
not
a
dd
an
y
ha
rdwa
re co
m
pone
nts o
t
her
tha
n
softw
are r
epai
r.
H
oweve
r,
the
stu
dy
res
ults
of
F
TC
f
or
br
a
king
sy
ste
ms
in
par
ti
cula
r
a
re
very
fe
w.
O
ne
of
the
fin
dings
of
the
li
te
ratur
e
study
is
re
port
ed
by
Sw
a
roo
p
et
al
.
[1
5]
w
ho
s
uggeste
d
t
hat
the
im
pact
of
t
he
fail
ure
of
the
bra
king
sy
ste
m
(sen
s
ors a
nd
ac
tuators
) on
el
ect
rical
ly control
le
d
ve
hicle
s is to inhibit
the
ve
hicle
's ab
il
it
y t
o
slo
w
do
wn.
The
y
us
e
d
tw
o
set
s
of
fail
ure
dete
ct
ion
filt
ers
(e
ach
f
or
se
nsors
an
d
act
uat
or
s
)
to
de
te
ct
a
fai
lure,
a
nd
obser
ver
s
to
reconfi
gure
c
ontr
ol
sig
nals.
Althou
gh
im
pa
ct
of
m
odel
inaccu
racies,
de
te
ct
ion
e
rror
and
pr
ese
nce
of
noise
hav
e
not
been
discusse
d,
this
scheme
is
f
or
sp
ee
d
c
on
t
ro
l
sy
ste
m,
rat
her
than
sli
p
co
ntr
ol
syst
em
(
AB
S)
.
I
n
add
it
io
n,
t
he
use
of
filt
er
s
et
s
ma
kes
c
omp
utati
on
al
l
oad
la
rg
e
e
ve
n
th
ough
t
he
s
ys
te
m
m
us
t
be
rea
li
zed
in
real
-
ti
me,
so
t
he
ti
me
inter
val
betwee
n
t
he
i
nput
a
nd
ou
t
pu
t
sig
nals
of
t
he
sy
ste
m
m
us
t
be
re
du
ce
d
as m
uch as
pos
sible.
This
paper
di
scusses
the
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
a
re
gen
e
rati
ve
ABS
-
a
c
ombinati
on
of
reg
e
ner
at
i
ve
br
a
king
a
nd
m
echan
ic
al
br
a
ki
ng
-
w
hich
is
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
with
t
he
FTC
sche
m
e.
He
re
th
e
sli
p
c
on
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
was
stud
ie
d
to
pro
du
ce
t
he
ri
gh
t
br
a
king
re
spo
ns
e
desp
it
e
fa
ults
in
the
se
nsor
a
nd
act
uat
or
c
omp
on
e
nts
.
The
pro
po
se
d
sc
he
me
is
on
l
y
bas
ed
on
obse
rv
e
r
s
so
re
duces
lo
ad
co
mputat
io
n.
It w
as
ap
plied
to
sim
ulati
ons
us
in
g
a quarter
car
m
od
el
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
A
quarter
ca
r
model
is
the
one
of
ve
hicle
modeli
ng
meth
od
by
c
onside
r
ing
only
one
w
heel
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
1.
I
t
has
th
ree
f
orces
i
nf
l
uen
ci
ng
it
s
m
ovem
ent
wh
e
n
bra
king
occ
ur
s
,
namely
ae
rod
yn
a
mic
resist
ance
f
or
c
e
(F
a
)
a
nd
t
he
br
a
king
f
or
ce
(
Fx
)
.
The
eq
uat
ion
of
t
he
hori
zon
ta
l
mo
ti
on
of
the
car
due
to
the
two f
or
ces
is:
−
(
+
)
=
̇
(1)
=
2
(2)
=
(3)
with:
= aer
odynamic
constant
g
= gravit
at
ion
al
acce
le
rati
on
(
m/s
2
)
V
= v
e
hicle
sp
ee
d (m/s)
m
= one
-
w
heel m
ass (kg)
= coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
of roa
d
s
urface
f
rict
ion
R
= w
heel ra
diu
s
(
m
)
The w
heel r
ota
ti
on
m
otio
n m
od
el
is
g
i
ven by the
equati
on:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
12
20
–
12
29
1222
−
=
̇
(4)
with:
= braki
ng torq
ue (N
.m)
J
= m
om
e
nt in
erti
a o
f
one
w
he
el
(
kg.
m
2
)
=
an
gula
r
sp
e
ed
of
w
heel
(r
a
d/s)
Road
surface
f
rict
ion
c
oeffici
ent
(
)
c
ou
l
d
be
modell
ed
by
t
he
ma
gic
e
qu
at
ion
giv
e
n
by
P
acej
ka
an
d
Ba
kk
e
r [16]:
(
,
)
=
[
1
(
1
−
−
2
λ
)
−
3
]
−
4
λ
(5)
with
1
= the ma
xim
um val
ue of
fric
ti
on
c
urve
4
= wetne
ss c
harac
te
risti
c v
al
ue
2
= the
fr
ic
ti
on c
urve sha
pe
= sli
p
rati
o
3
= the
fr
ic
ti
on c
urve
dif
fer
e
nce
b
et
wee
n
t
he m
aximum
value
and the
valu
e a
t λ =
1
The
sli
p
rati
o
represe
nts
th
e
diff
e
re
nce
be
tween
th
e
ve
locit
y
of
the
t
ire
ci
rcumfe
re
nce
an
d
th
e
relat
ive spee
d
of the
ve
hicle
ag
ai
ns
t t
he
r
oa
d surface,
which
can
be
e
xpress
e
d
in
terms
of
(
6)
:
=
−
(6)
Wh
e
n
the
re
is
a
ve
r
y
st
ron
g
br
a
king,
it
ca
n
ge
ne
rall
y
ca
use
w
heel
loc
kup
wh
ic
h
mea
ns
ω
=
0,
s
o
λ
=
1.
T
he
co
ndit
ion
of
wh
ee
l
lockup
ca
n
e
xten
d
the
sto
ppin
g
dista
nce
a
nd
ca
us
e
lo
ss
of
c
on
t
ro
l
to
w
ard
s
t
he
directi
on
of
m
otion.
I
ncr
ease
d
w
heel
sli
p
c
auses
a
re
du
ct
i
on
in
ti
re
f
rict
ion
c
oeffici
ent,
.
T
her
e
fore
ABS
is
need
e
d
t
o
li
mit
sli
ps
to
pre
vent
lock
in
g o
n
t
he
wheel
s.
Th
us
,
the
co
nt
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
us
e
d
on
ABS
m
ust
adjust
the
a
m
ount
of
br
a
king
to
rque
pro
duced
by
both
br
a
king
sy
ste
m
s.
T
he
al
gorith
m
f
or
determi
ni
ng
the
distri
buti
on
of
bo
t
h
s
yst
ems
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2,
w
hic
h
is
a
modific
at
ion
of
that
by
G
uo
et
al
.
[17
].
Wh
e
n
th
e
br
a
ki
ng
pe
dal
is
ste
pp
e
d
on,
t
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
produ
ces
the
require
d
br
a
kin
g
t
orq
ue
val
ue,
T
br
T
he
c
onditi
on
of
th
e
veh
ic
le
,
w
he
n
bra
king
sta
rts
to
be
act
iv
e,
will
determi
ne
th
e
avail
able
br
a
ki
ng
to
rque
of
th
e
m
oto
r
,
T
mavail
.
I
f
t
he
require
d
br
a
king
t
orq
ue
is
small
er
t
han
the
avail
able
br
a
ki
ng
to
rque
of
t
he
mo
t
or
,
the
n
on
l
y
reg
e
ne
rati
ve
br
a
king
is
act
ivate
d,
i
e
the
mo
t
or
braki
ng
sy
ste
m is ru
n
to prod
uce th
e s
ame braki
ng
t
orq
ue
as
T
mf
= T
br
If
the brak
i
ng torq
ue
re
quir
ed
is g
reater th
an
the
avail
able
bra
kin
g
tor
que
of
t
he
mo
t
or
,
the
n
t
he
m
otor
br
a
kin
g
sy
ste
m
is
r
un
to
pro
du
ce
it
s
fu
ll
capa
bili
ty
T
mf
=
T
mavail
;
an
d
t
he
hydra
ulic
braki
ng
s
ys
te
m
is
al
so
act
ivate
d
t
o
pro
duce
t
he
de
man
d
hy
dr
a
ulic
br
a
king
to
rque
T
hf
= T
breq
−
T
mf
.
Figure
1.
F
or
ce
s on
a
quarte
r
c
ar
wh
eel
[7]
The
reg
e
nerat
ive
ABS
s
ys
te
m
w
orks
by
a
dj
us
ti
ng
t
he
br
a
king
to
rque
t
o
keep
the
sli
p
r
at
io
value
in
accor
da
nce
with
t
he
set
point.
Brakin
g
to
rque
that
w
orks
on
re
ge
ner
at
ive
ABS
sy
ste
ms
i
s
ob
ta
ine
d
f
rom
the
br
a
king t
orqu
e
of the
mo
t
or
an
d hyd
ra
ulic
br
a
king to
r
qu
e
as
giv
e
n (7):
T
b
= T
m
+
T
h
(7)
Av
ai
la
ble
m
oto
r
braki
ng to
rque,
T
mavail
, can
be
cal
culat
e
d b
y (8):
=
⍵
(8)
wh
e
re
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Sensor/
actu
ator f
ault
tolera
nt
sli
din
g m
ode c
on
tr
ol for
anti
-
lock braki
ng
…
(
B
amban
g
L
. Widjia
nto
r
o
)
1223
T
mmax
= maxim
um
mo
t
or torq
ue;
i
= tra
nsmi
ssion rati
o;
η
t
= trans
missi
on
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
k
SOC
= weig
hting fact
or
i
n
t
he
stat
e o
f
ch
a
r
ge
of
batte
ry
,
the
amo
un
t
of
wh
i
ch
is
determi
ne
d by
:
k
soc
=
{
1
10
(
0
.
9
−
SOC
)
0
SOC
≤
0
.
8
0
.
8
<
SOC
≤
0
.
9
0
.
9
<
SOC
≤
1
(9)
⍵
=
the
weig
htin
g
facto
r
du
e
to
the
lo
w
el
ect
ri
cal
force
(
vo
lt
a
ge)
ge
ne
rated
wh
e
n
t
he
r
otati
on
s
peed
is
lo
w,
can
be
e
xpress
ed
as
[17]:
⍵
=
{
0
(
⍵
−
50
)
/
50
0
⍵
≤
50
rad
/
s
50
<
⍵
≤
100
rad
/
s
⍵
>
100
rad
/
s
(10)
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
the
dynamics
of
the moto
r bra
ki
ng
sy
ste
m
can
b
e
modele
d as
a f
ir
st
-
or
der
syst
em [18]:
(
)
(
)
=
1
+
1
(11)
with
m
bein
g
t
he
m
otor t
orque ti
me consta
nt
.
Hydrauli
c
brak
ing
to
r
qu
e
is
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
fluid
pr
es
sure
w
hich
has
fi
rst
-
order
dyna
mic
s
sy
ste
m
.
S
o
that
the
dyna
mic
equ
at
io
n
of
the
hydr
aulic
br
a
king
sy
ste
m
ca
n
be
w
ritt
en
as
(12)
a
s
g
iven
by
Paulin
us
et al
.
[19]
:
ℎ
(
)
ℎ
(
)
=
1
ℎ
+
1
(12)
wh
e
re
h
= t
he
hydra
ulic t
orq
ue
ti
me c
onsta
nt.
The
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
pro
du
ces a
con
trol sig
nal in the
f
orm
of
t
he
r
equ
i
red
braki
ng to
rque
value,
T
br
A
blo
c
k
diag
ram
of
thi
s
co
ntr
ol
syst
em
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
3.
T
he
co
ntr
ol
al
gori
thm
us
e
d
is
sl
iding
m
od
e
co
ntr
ol
(SMC).
S
M
C
has
bee
n
ch
ose
n
as
it
is
known
for
it
s
r
ob
us
tness
a
gain
st
unm
odel
le
d
dyna
mics,
pa
ra
metri
c
un
ce
rtai
nties a
nd ex
te
rn
al
dis
tur
ban
ces
[
20]. The
equati
on
of the slidi
ng s
urface is t
he
se
tpo
int e
rro
r,
i.e
.
(
)
=
(
)
−
(
)
(13)
Figure
2. Distri
bu
ti
on al
gorith
m of
br
a
king t
orq
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
12
20
–
12
29
1224
Figure
3. The
blo
c
k diag
ram of
contr
ol s
ys
te
m for re
ge
nerat
ive A
BS
p
la
nt
In
order
t
o
ge
ne
rate
a
con
t
ro
l
sign
al
,
this
st
udy
us
es
c
onsta
nt
rate
reac
hing
la
w
de
scri
be
d
by
Liu
a
nd
Wang
[
21],
w
hi
ch
is
wr
it
te
n
a
s foll
ow
s:
̇
=
−
(
)
−
>
0
,
>
0
(14)
with
a
nd
k
be
ing
call
e
d
sli
di
ng g
ai
n
a
nd er
r
or g
ai
n
re
sp
ect
ively; w
hile si
gnum f
unct
ion
(
sgn
)
is
def
i
ne
d
as:
(
)
=
{
1
0
−
1
>
0
=
0
<
0
(15)
Nex
t,
the e
quat
ion
of the
contr
ol sig
nal in
the
f
r
om
of
requir
ed bra
king t
orq
ue
is
giv
e
n b
y:
T
breq
=
T
beq
+
T
bhit
(16)
T
beq
is t
he
est
i
mate
of the
equivale
nt
co
ntr
ol
input which
c
an be
ob
ta
in
ed
from (
17)
=
̂
−
̂
̂
̂
(
̂
+
̂
)
(17)
with
̂
da
n
̂
bein
g
est
imat
io
n
va
lues
of
f
rict
io
n
a
nd
ae
rod
ynamic
f
or
ce
re
s
pecti
vely
,
from
eq
uatio
n
(2)
a
nd
(3).
Bot
h
t
hese
est
imat
es
c
on
t
ai
n
the
un
ce
rta
inti
es
ha
ppene
d
i
n
t
he
mass
of
ve
hicle
,
m
,
wh
ic
h
c
ha
ng
e
s
with
the
num
be
r
of
passe
ng
e
rs
a
nd
the
lu
ggage
w
ei
gh
t;
as
we
ll
a
s
in
the
f
rict
io
n
c
oeffici
ent,
,
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
r
oa
d
su
r
face c
onditi
on.
The
ra
nges
of
var
ia
ti
on
of
m
and
are
set
a
s
≤
≤
an
d
≤
≤
.
T
his
st
udy
consi
ders the
e
sti
mate
d
val
ue
s of the
se
par
a
mete
rs respecti
vely
a
s the
me
an va
lue
give
n
as
̂
=
+
2
̂
=
+
2
(18)
T
bhit
is
the
hitt
i
ng
c
ontr
ol
sig
nal
to
sat
isf
y
s
li
din
g
c
onditi
on
de
sp
it
e
unce
rtai
nty
on
t
he
dynamics
of
T
beq
, s
o t
he
c
on
trolle
r wil
l perf
orm m
uc
h
r
ob
us
tl
y. The
h
it
ti
ng contr
ol sig
na
l i
s d
efi
ned
:
ℎ
=
̂
[
(
)
+
(
)
]
(19)
wh
e
re
(
)
is de
fin
ed
in
(1
5)
.
In
the
ABS
s
ys
te
m,
the
re
a
re
tw
o
sen
sors
us
e
d,
namely
w
heel
s
pee
d
sens
or
an
d
ve
hicle
sp
ee
d
sens
or
.
B
oth
m
easur
e
ments
de
te
rmin
e
the
ca
lc
ulati
on
of
the
sli
p
rati
o
of
th
e
ve
hicle
.
T
hus
,
fa
ults
i
n
the
se
tw
o
sens
or
s
ca
n
ca
us
e
a
deterio
ra
ti
on
in
t
he
res
ponse
of
the
c
ontr
ol
sy
ste
m
.
Althou
gh
S
MC
is
a
rob
us
t
c
on
t
ro
ll
er,
sens
or
f
aults
th
at
can
be
acco
mmodate
d
by
this
co
ntr
oller
are
of
li
mit
ed
va
lue
acco
rd
i
ng
to
the
sp
eci
fied
le
vel
of
uncertai
nt
y.
This
stu
dy
pr
opos
es
a
n
obs
erv
e
r
ap
proac
h
to
pro
vid
e
e
sti
mate
s
of
t
he
true
outp
ut
val
ue
f
or
SM
C.
H
e
re t
he
re ar
e
th
ree P
I ob
s
er
ver
s
whic
h
a
re c
onnecte
d
as
sho
wn in Fi
gure
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Sensor/
actu
ator f
ault
tolera
nt
sli
din
g m
ode c
on
tr
ol for
anti
-
lock braki
ng
…
(
B
amban
g
L
. Widjia
nto
r
o
)
1225
The
pr
opos
e
d
ob
s
er
ver
is
bui
lt
based
on
the
plant
model.
Fo
r
w
heel
sp
e
ed
est
imat
ion,
(4)
is
us
e
d
in
the
m
odel
.
T
he
de
man
d
bra
king
t
orqu
e
ca
n
be
obta
ine
d
by
knowin
g
th
e
co
ntr
ol
si
gnal
,
w
hile
the
f
rict
io
n
force
F
x
is
no
t
known
.
T
her
e
fore,
F
x
is
c
on
sidere
d
a
distu
rb
a
nce
a
nd
m
ust
be
est
imat
ed
be
sides
t
he
wh
eel
sp
ee
d
s
ens
or
fa
ult.
T
hus,
ob
s
e
rv
a
bili
ty
c
ondi
ti
on
can
not
be
fu
lfil
le
d
if
bo
t
h
dist
urba
nces
a
re
est
imat
e
d.
I
n
t
his
study,
F
x
is
c
hose
n
as
an
est
i
mate
d
va
riable
,
for
tw
o
reas
ons.
Fi
rst,
F
x
is
need
e
d
to
est
i
mate
veh
ic
le
s
peed
as
will
be
ex
plai
ned
in
the
ne
xt
pa
ragra
ph.
Seco
nd,
the
sens
or
fau
lt
i
n
a
wh
eel
ca
n
be
co
ns
i
dered
as
per
t
urbati
ons
of
wh
eel
ine
rtia
,
J
,
i
n
w
hich
J
i
s
small
er
tha
n
the
veh
ic
le
ma
ss,
m
,
[
22],
th
us
the
impact
of
this
un
ce
rtai
nty
is
no
t
la
r
ge.
The
ob
s
er
ver
al
gori
thm
f
or
est
ima
ti
ng
F
x
is
buil
t
us
i
ng
pro
porti
on
al
–
inte
gr
al
(PI)
structu
re
as
ex
plained
in
t
he
work
by
Tsai
et
al
.
[23
],
t
ha
t
is
PI
c
ompe
nsa
tor
e
mp
l
oy
e
d
in
the
cl
os
e
d
-
l
oop
ob
s
er
ver
sta
ge.
Hen
ce
,
the
PI
ob
s
er
ver
ca
n
be
us
e
d
to
est
im
at
e
bo
t
h
the
tr
ue
value
of
sy
st
em
sta
te
s
(by
means
of
pro
portio
nal
ga
in,
K
p
)
a
nd
disturba
nces
(
us
in
g
inte
gr
al
gain,
K
i
)
.
T
he
ob
se
r
ver
for
e
sti
mati
on
F
x
is
us
in
g
the obse
rv
e
r
e
quat
ion gi
ve
n b
el
ow
:
̂
̇
=
1
(
−
+
̂
+
(
−
̂
)
)
(21)
̂
̇
=
(
−
̂
)
(22)
Figure
4. The
s
tructu
re
of the
pro
po
se
d o
bs
er
ver
s
The
ob
se
r
ver
f
or
ve
hicle
sp
e
ed
est
imat
ion
i
s
bu
il
t
by
re
fe
rr
in
g
to
(
1)
.
I
n
order
f
or
se
nsor
fau
lt
of
veh
ic
le
s
pee
d
f
sv
app
ea
rs
i
n
th
e
sta
te
eq
uatio
n,
t
hen
an
au
gme
nted
sta
te
pro
vid
e
d
by
I
nd
riawati
et
al
.
[
24]
is
us
e
d:
̇
=
[
−
]
.
Nex
t
t
he
pro
pose
d
ob
se
r
ver
is
the
n
de
velop
e
d
base
d
on
a
ugme
nted
sta
te
sp
ace
m
od
el
with
PI
structu
re.
Th
e
pr
e
vaili
ng obse
rv
e
r
e
qu
at
io
n
i
s:
̂
̇
=
1
(
−
̂
2
−
̂
+
(
−
̂
)
)
(23)
̂
̇
=
(
−
̂
)
(24)
̂
̇
=
(
̂
+
̂
−
)
+
̂
̇
(25)
The
reg
e
ne
rati
ve
ABS
br
a
ki
ng
syst
em
in
volves
tw
o
act
ua
tors,
na
mely
a
hydra
ulic
act
uator
an
d
a
mo
to
r
act
uato
r
[
25]
.
Howe
ve
r,
beca
us
e
the
br
a
king
tor
que
of
t
he
mo
t
or
i
s
m
uch
s
mall
er
th
an
the
hy
drauli
c
br
a
king
to
r
qu
e
,
the
im
pact
of
the
mo
t
or
brakin
g
act
uat
or
fau
lt
is
no
t
a
s
sign
i
ficant
a
s
the
im
pact
of
t
he
hydrauli
c
brak
ing
act
uat
or
fa
ult.
T
he
refor
e
,
in
this
stu
dy,
on
l
y
t
he
fa
ult
of
hydr
a
ulic
a
ct
uator
is
co
nsi
der
e
d.
Actuato
r
fa
ult
can
be
c
onsid
ered
as
a
n
i
nte
rf
e
ren
ce
that
a
pp
ea
rs
in
the
s
ta
te
eq
uation.
Th
us
,
est
ima
ti
on
of
hydrauli
c
act
ua
tor
fau
lt
f
ah
is
done
i
n
the
same
wa
y
as
the
est
imat
io
n
of
fr
ic
ti
on
f
or
ce
F
x
,
bu
t
usi
ng
a
hydrauli
c s
ys
te
m dy
namic
model o
r
(11
).
T
he
observe
r
e
quat
ion
s a
re:
̂
ℎ
̇
=
ℎ
+
̂
ℎ
+
ℎ
(
ℎ
−
̂
ℎ
)
(26)
̂
ℎ
̇
=
ℎ
(
ℎ
−
̂
ℎ
)
(27)
The
fa
ult
t
oler
ant
sc
heme
propose
d
in
this
study
co
ns
ist
s
of
tw
o
w
ays
,
e
ach
to
ove
rcome
a
se
nsor
fau
lt
an
d
a
n
ac
tuator
fa
ult.
To
ov
e
rc
om
e
a
se
ns
or
fau
lt
,
the
sta
te
est
imat
ion
res
ults
of
the
obser
ver
a
re
use
d
to
rep
la
ce
the
me
asur
e
d
res
ults.
Th
us
,
S
M
C
rec
ei
ves
i
nfor
mati
on
a
bout
t
he
tr
ue
sta
te
that
oc
cur
s
in
the
ve
hi
cl
e
-
no
t
the
w
ron
g
measu
reme
nt
r
esults.
W
he
rea
s
to
co
mp
e
ns
at
e
for
act
uat
or
f
ault,
the
est
ima
ti
on
of
act
uat
or
fau
lt
is
us
e
d
to
co
r
rect
the
c
ontr
ol
sign
al
T
hf
th
rou
gh
a
s
ub
t
ra
ct
ion
op
e
rati
on.
O
ver
al
l,
a
f
au
lt
tolera
nt
s
cheme
changes
the st
r
uctu
re
of
t
he
S
M
C s
ys
te
m
(se
e Fig
ur
e
3) to
the
on
e
as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
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-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
12
20
–
12
29
1226
Figure
5. The
blo
c
k diag
ram of
acti
ve
f
ault t
olera
nt S
M
C f
or r
e
gen
e
rati
ve
A
BS
pla
nt
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
To
dem
on
st
ra
te
the
eff
ect
i
ven
e
ss
of
the
pro
po
se
d
de
sign
of
act
iv
e
fau
lt
tolera
nt
S
M
C
f
or
reg
e
ner
at
i
ve
A
BS, the c
omp
ut
er s
imulat
io
n
i
s d
e
velo
pe
d.
In this sim
ulati
on
, t
he
ty
pe of
fa
ults is bias
fa
ult an
d
the
assu
med
r
oad
c
onditi
on
is
a
hig
h
fr
ic
ti
on
ro
a
d
(dr
y
a
sp
ha
lt
).
T
he
pa
rameters
of
t
he
re
ge
ner
at
iv
e
ABS
sy
ste
m u
nder st
udy
are g
ive
n
in
Table
1.
T
he
desire
d
sli
p
ra
ti
o
is
0.
2.
The
i
niti
al
veh
ic
le
ve
locit
y
was
set
16.7
m/s
(60
km
/h
),
thu
s
th
e
init
ia
l
wh
eel
s
pee
d
ve
locit
y
was
50.
6
ra
d/s.
T
he
pa
rameter v
al
ues
o
f
t
he
co
ntr
oller
are
= 0.1
and
k
=
20.
The
S
M
C
ca
n
pr
e
ve
nt
ve
hicle
sk
id
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
6
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
7.
T
hese
fig
ur
es
ar
e
evaluate
d
unde
r
the
no
minal
co
ndit
io
ns
(no
fa
ult)
at
ti
mes
be
for
e
0.3
s,
a
nd
after
that
,
fa
ul
ty
co
ndit
ion,
namely
hydrauli
c
act
ua
tor
fau
lt
of
-
200
N
.m
f
or
Fig
ur
e
6
an
d
ve
hi
cl
e
sp
ee
d
se
nsor
fa
ult
of
2
m/s
f
or
Fig
ure
7
.
As
ca
n
be
see
n
in
thes
e
fig
ure
s
,
the
a
ct
ive
fa
ult
tole
ran
t
S
M
C
(
AFTSMC
)
yield
mar
ked
a
nti
-
sli
p
perf
or
ma
nce
s
un
der
nominal
a
nd
fa
ulty
c
onditi
on
,
wh
il
e
the
S
M
C
can
no
t
fo
ll
ow
the
set
point
a
nym
or
e
unde
r
fa
ulty
c
onditi
on.
The
AF
TS
M
C
kee
p
s
the
sli
p
rat
io
at
the
set
point
val
ue
the
reby
im
prov
i
ng
bra
king
sta
bili
ty
and
pas
sen
ger
com
fort
,
eve
n
for
the
sim
ultaneo
us
l
y
occ
urr
ed
fa
ults
as
de
scribe
d
in
Fi
gure
8:
the
hy
drauli
c
act
uato
r
fau
lt
sta
rts
at
ti
me
of
0.3
s
,
a
nd
co
ntinu
i
ng
the
ve
hicle
sp
ee
d
s
ens
or
fau
lt
occ
urred
at
ti
me
of
0.4
s.
F
ut
hermo
re,
there
is
no
t
ra
ns
it
ion
ti
me
f
or
AF
TS
M
C
t
o
acco
mm
od
at
e
the
se
nsor
fa
ult
an
d
le
ss
0.
1
s
f
or
A
FTS
M
C
to
return
the
res
ponse
back
to
the
set
po
i
nt
.
T
his
in
dicat
es
t
hat
the
pr
opose
d
sc
heme
does
not
require
la
rg
e
com
pu
ta
ti
onal
ti
me.
Figure
9
s
how
s
the
w
heel
spe
ed
a
nd
ve
hicle
vel
ocity
with
the
A
FTS
M
C
-
base
d
ABS
a
nd
t
he
SM
C
-
base
d
ABS
f
or
the
same
ca
se
of
Fig
ur
e
8.
A
s
can
be
see
n,
the
pro
pose
d
S
M
C
tr
y
to
st
op
the
car
quic
kl
y
a
nd
the
var
ia
ti
on
of
the
ve
hicle
ve
locit
y
with
th
e
AF
TS
M
C
is
simi
la
r
to
the
nominal
co
ntr
oller
(
without
fau
lt
s)
.
The
pe
rforman
ce
of
t
he
ABS
with
t
he
AF
T
S
M
C
is
fa
r
bette
r
tha
n
the
one
s
with
the
S
MC
.
Co
mp
a
rin
g
to
the
SM
C
c
ontrolle
r,
the
A
FTS
MC
on
e
pro
duc
es
faster
sto
ppin
g.
T
his
is
because
the
braki
ng
t
orq
ue
of
t
he
AF
TS
M
C
c
on
t
inu
es
to
gro
w
un
ti
l
the
ve
hicle
stop
s
,
w
hile
the
br
a
king
to
r
qu
e
of
t
he
S
MC
decr
eases
,
a
s
seen
in
Fig
ur
e
10.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
the
br
a
king
to
r
qu
e
of
the
S
MC
is
more
se
nsi
ti
ve
to
the
fa
ults
(at
0.3
s
f
or
t
he
act
uator
fa
ult
and
0.4
s
f
or
t
he
ve
hicle
sp
e
ed
se
nsor
fa
ult)
tha
n
one
of
t
he
AF
T
SM
C
.
This
pro
ves
t
ha
t
the
AF
TS
M
C i
s
m
or
e
robust a
gai
ns
t act
uat
or
an
d
se
nsor fa
ults.
Table
1.
Para
m
et
ers
use
d i
n
t
he
simulat
io
ns
Sy
m
b
o
l
Desc
riptio
n
Valu
e
m
ass
of the
qu
arter v
eh
icle (
k
g
)
3
4
2
.5
J
wh
eel r
o
tatio
n
al in
ertia
(kg
.m
2
)
3
.5
wh
eel r
ad
iu
s (
m
)
0
.33
c
a
aerod
y
n
am
ic con
stan
t
0
.29
2
1
/
4
T
mma
x
m
ax
im
u
m
m
o
to
r
t
o
rqu
e (
Nm
)
150
i
trans
m
iss
io
n
r
atio
n
4
.1
η
t
trans
m
iss
io
n
eff
i
ci
en
cy
0
.95
h
th
e hy
d
raulic to
rque
tim
e
con
stan
t (
s)
0
.01
m
th
e m
o
to
r
to
rqu
e ti
m
e con
stan
t (
s
)
0
.00
5
C
1
th
e m
ax
i
m
u
m
valu
e of frictio
n
curv
e
1
.02
9
C
2
th
e f
riction
curv
e s
h
ap
e
1
7
.16
C
3
th
e f
riction
curv
e d
iff
er
en
ce between
t
h
e m
ax
im
u
m
valu
e
and
th
e valu
e at
λ
= 1
0
.52
3
C
4
wetn
ess
characte
ri
stic v
alu
e
0
.03
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Sensor/
actu
ator f
ault
tolera
nt
sli
din
g m
ode c
on
tr
ol for
anti
-
lock braki
ng
…
(
B
amban
g
L
. Widjia
nto
r
o
)
1227
Figure
6. Com
par
is
on of t
he
s
li
p
rati
o
res
ponse
s for si
ngle
a
ct
uator fa
ult ca
se
Figure
7. Com
par
is
on of t
he
s
li
p
rati
o
res
ponse
s for si
ngle
ve
hicle
sp
ee
d
s
e
ns
or
fa
ult case
Figure
8. Com
par
is
on of t
he
s
li
p
rati
o
res
ponse
s for si
m
ultaneo
us
l
y
act
uat
or an
d
se
nsor
fa
ult case
Figure
9. Com
par
is
on of t
he
s
peed res
ponse
s
for
si
mu
lt
ane
ously
actuat
or a
nd se
ns
or
fau
lt
case
Figure
10. C
ompa
rison
of th
e braki
ng torq
ue
for
simult
ane
ou
sl
y
act
uato
r a
nd se
ns
or
fau
l
t case
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
12
20
–
12
29
1228
This
pa
per
dea
ls
with
ap
plica
ti
on
of
fau
lt
t
ol
eran
t
c
ontrol
scheme
in
S
MC
sy
ste
m
for
r
egen
e
rati
ve
ABS
te
ch
nolo
gy.
T
his
sch
e
me
imp
roves
t
he
c
onve
ntional
SM
C
a
pproach
with
fa
ult
-
tolerant
ca
pa
bili
ti
es
to
pr
e
ve
nt
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
s
f
r
om
sli
ppin
g
i
n
man
y
ge
ner
al
ste
ering
sit
uati
on
s
.
B
rak
i
ng
is
simulat
e
d
to
occ
ur
reg
e
ner
at
i
vely
an
d
al
so
mec
han
ic
al
ly
,
if
ne
eded.
In
t
his
case,
the
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
var
ia
bl
e
is
the
sli
p
r
at
io
by
manipula
ti
ng
t
he
braki
ng
to
r
qu
e
.
Th
ree
PI
ob
s
er
ver
s
wh
i
ch
e
sti
mate
th
e
f
rict
ion
to
r
que,
the
veh
ic
le
s
peed
sens
or
fa
ult,
a
nd
the
hydraul
ic
act
uato
r
fa
ult
ha
ve
bee
n
e
mp
lo
ye
d
in
thi
s
propose
d
sch
eme.
As
s
how
n
i
n
the
simulat
ion
res
ults,
the
pro
po
sed
a
nti
-
sli
p
s
ys
te
m
offers
a
n
ef
fecti
ve
pe
r
forma
nce
in
m
ai
ntainin
g
the
dr
i
ving
sta
bili
ty
un
der
pro
bab
le
fa
ult
conditi
on.
The
refor
e
,
t
he
ste
e
rin
g
sa
fety
of
the
el
ect
ric
ve
hi
cl
es
will
be
f
urt
her
impro
ved in t
he
n
ea
r
f
uture.
REFERE
NCE
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aled
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il
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at
iv
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ock
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aki
n
g
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te
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le
c
tric
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c
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ti
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aki
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EE
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ansacti
ons
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n
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A
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e
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e
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ler
for
Anti
l
ock
-
Brake
-
Sys
tem
,"
Proceedi
ngs
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th
e
36
th
I
E
EE
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renc
e
on
Dec
ision
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l,
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e
gra
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o
f
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le
c
tromecha
n
ic
a
l
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aki
ng
and
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ene
r
at
iv
e
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ng
in
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-
i
n
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tr
ic
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l
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gr
at
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l
of
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-
loc
k
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e
Sys
te
m
and
Co
ll
ision
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c
e
Sys
te
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using C
AN
for
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tr
ic
Vehic
l
es
,"
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EE
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renc
e
on
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ndustrial
Techno
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pp.
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-
5
,
20
09
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Sensor/
actu
ator f
ault
tolera
nt
sli
din
g m
ode c
on
tr
ol for
anti
-
lock braki
ng
…
(
B
amban
g
L
. Widjia
nto
r
o
)
1229
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Bam
bang
L
.
W
i
dji
ant
oro
was
bo
rn
in
Je
mbe
r
,
In
donesia
,
in
1969
.
He
awa
rd
ed
a
Doctor
ate
and
a
Master
in
Instru
me
nt
at
ion
and
C
ontrol
Study
Pro
gra
m
fro
m
Insti
t
ut
T
eknol
ogi
Ba
ndung
(IT
B),
Indone
sia
in
20
05
and
1999
r
espe
ctivel
y
,
as
we
ll
as
a
Ba
che
lor
degr
ee
in
Enginee
ring
Phys
ic
s
from
ITS
in
199
3.
His
rese
ar
ch
i
nte
rests
in
cl
ude
industri
al
cont
ro
l
sys
te
m
and
pr
oce
ss
cont
rol
.
He
is
cur
ren
tl
y
a
senior
le
c
ture
r
of
cont
ro
l
and
instrum
entat
ion
divi
sion,
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Phys
ic
s
Depa
rtment, IT
S
.
Kathe
rin
Indri
a
wati
was
born
i
n
Jembe
r
,
Indon
esia
,
in
1976.
Sh
e
re
ceive
d
the
B.
Sc.
d
egr
e
e
in
engi
ne
eri
ng
phy
sics
and
the
M
.
Sc
degr
ee
in
inst
rume
nt
at
ion
&
c
ontrol
,
fro
m
Inst
it
ut
T
eknol
og
i
Bandung
(I
TB),
Bandung
,
Indo
nesia
,
in
1998
a
nd
2005,
r
espe
ctivel
y
.
She
h
as
t
ake
n
the
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
2016
a
t
Inst
it
ut
Te
k
nologi
Se
puluh
Novemb
er
(IT
S),
Suraba
y
a,
I
ndonesia
.
Aft
er
rec
e
ivi
ng
the
B
.
Sc.
d
egr
e
e,
sh
e
joi
ned
Engi
n
eering
Phys
ic
s
Depa
rt
me
nt
,
I
TS.
Her
rese
arc
h
int
er
ests
in
cl
ud
e
superv
isory
c
ontrol
,
f
aul
t
to
l
era
nt
cont
rol
,
f
aul
t
de
tecti
on
,
dia
gnosis
and
dec
ision
-
ma
king
sche
m
e.
Dr. Ind
ria
wat
i
is
a mem
ber
of
the IEEE
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.