Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
57
6
~
58
4
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp57
6
-
58
4
576
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Powe
r qualit
y im
provem
ent usi
ng fu
zzy logic
-
bas
ed
co
m
pensation i
n a hyb
rid power s
ystem
So
umy
a Ranj
an
D
as
1
,
Deb
ani
Pra
s
ad Mis
hra
2
,
Pra
kash
Kum
ar Ra
y
3
, Surender
Re
d
dy Sa
lk
ut
i
4
,
Arun Kum
ar
Sa
h
oo
5
1,2,5
Depa
rtment
o
f
Elec
tr
ical
Enginee
ring
,
In
te
rn
ational Insti
tu
te of
Inform
a
ti
on
Tec
hnology
,
Bhub
a
neswar,
Ind
ia
3
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Co
ll
eg
e of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
a
nd
Technol
ogy
(
CET
)
,
Bhuban
eswar,
Ind
ia
4
Depa
rtment of
Rai
lro
ad
and
E
lectr
i
ca
l
Eng
ine
er
i
ng,
Woosong
Univer
sity
,
Da
ej
eo
n,
Repub
li
c
of
Korea
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
24
, 202
0
Re
vised
Jan
19
, 2021
Accepte
d
Fe
b
9,
2021
Thi
s
pape
r
is
base
d
on
the
im
pro
vem
en
t
of
power
qual
it
y
(PQ
)
using
fue
l
c
el
l
and
fu
zz
y
b
ase
d
con
trol
l
er.
By
using
th
e
proposed
cont
rol
le
r
,
th
e
qu
al
i
ty
of
power
in
th
e
gr
i
d
sys
te
m
espe
ci
a
ll
y
in
micro
gr
id
conn
ec
t
ed
wi
th
non
-
li
n
ea
r
and
unba
la
n
ce
d
loa
d
is
enha
n
ce
d.
Th
e
conf
i
gura
ti
on
of
th
e
sys
te
m
is
com
bin
ed
with
hybrid
arr
angem
ent
of
photovolt
ai
c
([PV
)
with
wind
ene
rgy
conve
rsion
sys
te
m
(W
ECS)
,
fu
el
cell
(FC)
including
the
compress
ed
a
i
r
ene
rgy
storag
e
sys
te
m
(CAES)
where
the
powe
r
m
ana
g
em
en
t
i
s
cont
ro
ll
ed
by
using
th
e
dist
ribut
ed
power
sh
ari
ng
te
ch
n
ique.
In
thi
s
proposed
sys
te
m
th
e
distort
ions
in
vo
lt
ag
e
a
t
poin
t
of
com
mon
coup
ling
(PCC
)
is
de
c
rea
sed
by
using
th
e
FC
wh
ic
h
acts
as
com
p
ensa
tor
in
hybri
d
sys
te
m
.
Refere
nce
cur
r
ent
is
dev
el
oped
w
hic
h
depe
nds
o
n
re
al
and
r
eact
iv
e
power
of
th
e
sourc
e
conne
c
te
d
to
the c
ompe
nsa
tor.
Ba
sed
on
d
em
and
o
f
power
for
nonl
i
nea
r
loa
d
,
without
using
a
ny
externa
l
co
m
muni
c
at
ion
inter
fac
es,
th
e
propo
sed
cont
ro
l
the
ory
ca
n
cha
n
ge
th
e
mod
es
of
oper
ation
and
c
a
n
com
p
ensa
te
th
e
unba
la
n
c
e
in
th
e
sys
te
m
w
hic
h
is
c
ause
d
d
ue
to
s
ingl
e
-
ph
a
se
micro
sourc
e
s
and
lo
ad
cha
nges.
The
c
ompl
ete
produc
t
ive
design
of
th
e
mi
cro
-
sour
ce
s
and
power
el
e
ct
roni
c
conv
ert
ers
are
pre
s
ent
ed
in
the
pape
r.
Th
e
op
era
t
ion
and
per
forma
n
ce
of
the
proposed
cont
roller
used
in
microgrid
is
validated
through
simu
la
t
i
on
in
MA
TL
AB/
Simul
ink
envi
ro
nme
nt
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Fu
el
cell
Fu
zz
y
lo
gic c
ontr
ol
M
ic
r
ogrid
Power q
ualit
y
Total
h
a
rm
onic
d
ist
ort
ion
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Su
r
en
der Re
dd
y
Sal
ku
ti
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ra
il
ro
ad
a
nd E
le
ct
rical
En
gi
ne
erin
g
Woos
ong U
nive
rsity
17
-
2,
Ja
ya
ng
-
Don
g,
D
ong
-
G
u,
Daejeo
n
-
3460
6,
Re
public
of Ko
rea
Emai
l:
su
re
nde
r@wsu.ac
.
kr
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
rece
nt
sce
na
rio
mode
rn
po
wer
syst
ems
[1]
fa
ces
differe
nt
chall
en
ges
li
ke
re
du
ct
io
n
in
cost,
l
os
se
s
in
tra
nsmi
ssio
n
s
ys
te
m,
heavy
de
ma
nd
of
power
at
l
oa
d
e
nd
a
nd
besi
des
t
hese
chall
en
ge
s
reli
a
bili
ty
c
onditi
on
is
al
so
an
es
s
entia
l
factor.
To
ov
e
rcome
these
issues
,
presentl
y
t
he
sc
ie
ntist
and
res
earche
rs
a
re
movin
g
towa
rd
s
an
al
te
rn
at
ive
so
l
ution
us
i
ng
the
di
stribu
te
d
gen
e
r
at
ion
(
D
G).
T
hi
s
us
e
of
D
G
i
mp
act
s
a
n
al
te
rn
at
ive
to
the
d
evel
opment
of
th
e
e
xisti
ng
distrib
ution
net
works
[2
]
,
[
3].
N
owadays
le
ss
or
medium
DG
s
ys
te
ms,
normall
y
in
cl
udin
g
po
wer
rat
ing
s
f
r
om
1
K
w
t
o
10
M
W
connecte
d
at
t
he
loa
d
side
a
re
widel
y
acce
ptable
because
of
the
ir
bette
r
ope
ra
ti
ng
pe
rfo
rma
nc
e
with
hi
gh
e
ff
i
ci
enc
y.
At
the
prese
nt
ti
me
sever
al
ren
e
wab
le
so
urce
eq
uipment
li
ke
the
PVs,
FCs,
al
ong
with
mic
ro
-
tu
rb
i
nes
a
r
e
the
best
s
ui
ta
ble
D
Gs
f
or
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on
duri
ng
peak
hours
in
inte
rio
r
reg
i
on
s
[4].
F
rom
a
re
port
it
has
been
fou
nd
dur
ing
la
st
f
ew
ye
ars,
a
s
ign
ific
a
nt
de
ve
lop
me
nt
[5]
i
n
util
iz
ing
this
ren
e
wa
ble
sou
r
ce
eq
uip
me
nt
wh
ic
h
is
recog
nized,
an
ap
propriat
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Power
qualit
y
improve
men
t
usi
ng fuzzy
lo
gic
-
base
d
c
ompe
ns
ati
on in a
hy
br
id
… (
Soumy
a
R
anja
n Da
s
)
577
resu
lt
fo
r dist
ribu
te
d gen
e
rati
on. Mic
r
ogrids systems
[6]
-
[
8] co
ns
ti
tute c
ollec
ti
on
s
of
l
oa
ds
a
nd micr
o
-
s
ources.
The
micro
gri
d
mu
st
act
si
ng
le
co
ntr
olli
ng
un
it
to
pro
vid
e
e
xcell
ent
va
lue
and
co
ns
ist
ent
powe
r
that
c
ou
nters
to
s
ys
te
m
de
vi
at
ion
s.
T
her
e
e
xist
a
co
nce
rn
i
ng
iss
ue
on
t
he
s
yn
c
hro
nisin
g
[
9,
10]
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
t
he
powe
r
qu
al
it
y
dist
urb
ances
beca
us
e
of
la
r
ge
dif
fusion
of
D
Gs
,
to
ge
ther
al
ong
li
n
ear
a
nd
non
-
li
ne
ar
l
oad
s
.
To
s
upply
the p
r
efe
rr
e
d
r
eal
an
d
re
act
iv
e p
ower t
o
the
sy
ste
m c
onnect
ed
in micr
ogri
d,
the
D
Gs
are
connecte
d
i
n
pa
rall
el
,
besides
th
e
l
oc
al
sig
nals
a
re
a
lso
util
ise
d
as
f
eedb
ac
k
in
c
ontrolli
ng
the
c
onve
rters
.
The
di
stribu
ti
on
of
po
we
r
betwee
n
the
D
Gs
can
be
r
eal
iz
ed
by
m
on
it
ori
ng
two
pa
ra
mete
rs;
one
is
the
fr
e
quenc
y
wh
il
e
the
oth
e
r
is
the
mag
nitud
e
of
the
es
sentia
l
vo
lt
age.
I
ntr
oduc
ti
on
on
fun
da
mental
s
of
mic
rogr
i
d
fo
ll
owe
d
by
it
s
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n,
protect
ion
sc
he
me
a
nd
ma
na
geme
nt
of
p
ower
is
pr
e
sent
ed
i
n
[11
]
-
[13
]
.
I
n
[
14]
anal
ysi
s
of
dif
fer
e
nt
cu
rr
e
nt
works
on
micr
ogrid
is
disc
usse
d.
Se
ve
ral
poli
ci
es
of
ma
na
geme
nt
of
po
wer
with
co
rr
e
sp
on
ding
co
ntr
olli
ng
te
chn
iq
ues
f
or
a
micro
gri
d
is
project
ed
i
n
[
15,
16].
The
pe
rformance
of
t
he
micr
og
ri
d
duri
ng
isl
a
nd
i
ng
an
d
sy
nc
hro
nisati
on
is
disc
us
se
d
in
[
17
]
,
[
18
].
The
nonlinea
r
loads
(NL)
c
onnecte
d
in
t
he
micro
gri
d
ge
ner
at
es
harmo
nics
[19
]
,
[
20]
w
hich
in
tur
n
pro
duces
losses
i
n
the
s
yst
em
as
well
as
re
du
ce
the
e
ff
i
ci
ency
le
vel
of
the
sy
ste
m.
E
xiste
nce
of
ma
ny
powe
r
filt
ers
and
FA
CT
S
con
t
ro
ll
er,
le
a
ds
to
com
pe
ns
a
te
the
har
m
on
ic
s
and
reduce
t
he
pro
blems
relat
ed
t
o
unbalance
in
three
phase
s
ource
an
d
l
oad
conditi
ons.
T
o
mainta
in
a
n
e
ffec
ti
ve
powe
r
ma
na
ge
ment
betwee
n
the
util
it
y
gri
d
an
d
micr
ogrid,
a
se
ries
-
s
hunt
c
ompen
s
at
or
is
us
e
d
a
nd
is
discusse
d
in
[
21]
.
Using
this
com
pensat
or,
t
he
powe
r
qual
it
y
is
e
nha
nced
betwee
n
t
he
t
w
o
gr
i
d
sy
ste
ms.
T
he
pro
po
se
d met
hod p
rese
nted
i
n t
his
pap
e
r
is
va
li
dated usin
g com
pensat
ing
dev
ic
e.
2.
SY
STE
M CO
NFIGU
RA
TI
ON
Figure
1
re
pre
sents
the
blo
c
k
co
nf
ig
urat
ion
of
t
he
micr
ogr
id
net
work.
T
he
micro
gri
d
c
onsist
ing
of
diff
e
re
nt
D
G
s
ys
te
ms
su
c
h
a
s
wi
nd.
FC,
P
V
with
e
nerg
y
stora
ge
syst
em
s
uch
as
ultr
acapaci
tor
(
U
C)
an
d
var
i
ou
s
li
near
and
no
n
-
li
nea
r
loa
ds
at
ta
che
d
at
point
of
c
om
m
on
c
oupli
ng.
T
he
disto
rt
ion
i
n
t
he
volt
age
at
PCC
is
comp
e
ns
at
ed
us
in
g
t
hr
ee
c
ontrol
st
rategies
na
mel
y
dro
op
co
ntr
ol,
ST
ATCO
M
ba
sed
c
ontr
ol
an
d
fu
zz
y
lo
gic
-
ba
sed
f
uel
cel
l
c
ompen
sat
ion
[
22].
Fi
gure
2
i
ll
us
trat
es
c
onfi
gurati
on
st
ru
ct
ur
e
of
hy
br
i
d
FC
-
D
G
sy
ste
m.
T
he pa
rameter
of the
diff
e
re
nt eleme
nts
of
t
he hyb
rid
s
ys
te
m is
r
e
presente
d
in
Ap
pendix
[2
3]
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
a
c
b
u
s
S
t
a
t
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
s
w
i
t
c
h
P
o
i
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
W
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
F
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
l
o
a
d
s
M
i
c
r
o
-
g
r
i
d
Figure
1. Bl
oc
k
c
onfig
ur
at
i
on of the
micr
ogr
id n
et
wor
k
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
G
r
i
d
L
o
c
a
l
L
o
a
d
V
s
F
u
e
l
C
e
l
l
D
C
D
C
R
L
D
C
D
C
P
C
C
D
C
t
o
A
C
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
Figure
2.
Co
nf
i
gurati
on str
uct
ur
e
of
hybri
d F
C
-
D
G
s
ys
te
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
57
6
–
58
4
578
3.
SY
STE
M MO
DELING
AN
D CO
NTRO
L
STR
ATEGIE
S
3.1.
S
olid
oxi
de f
u
el
cell
model
Re
fer
e
nce
[24]
pro
poses
a
de
velo
ped
a
nd
va
li
dated
m
odel
base
d
on
the
dyna
mic
S
OF
C
sta
ck
m
odel
.
The (1
)
represe
nts the
volt
age
of the
FC sta
ck
.
=
0
(
0
+
2
(
(
2
2
2
)
0
.
5
)
)
−
0
(1)
2
,
2
,
2
are
re
pr
ese
nt
ed
by t
he follo
wing
(2),
(
3)
,
a
nd (4)
,
2
=
−
1
2
(
2
+
1
2
(
2
−
2
)
)
(2)
2
=
−
1
2
(
2
+
2
2
)
(3)
2
=
−
1
2
(
2
+
1
2
(
2
−
2
)
)
(4)
0
is
the
numb
e
r
of
FCs
j
oin
e
d
in
series
in
the
pac
k;
0
,
nor
mal
no
-
loa
d
volt
age;
,
ge
ner
a
l
ga
s
const
ant
(×
101.325
kP
a/
(
kmol·
K));
T
is
the
abso
l
ute
te
mp
erat
ur
e
(
K
);
0
,
current
in
FC
sta
ck
(A);
i
s
Fara
day’s
c
onsta
nt
(C/
kmol)
;
K
H
2
,K
H
2
O
an
d
K
O
2
are
the
m
olar
const
ants
(
kmol/
(10
1.325
kPa·s)
)
of
th
e
hydro
ge
n,
wat
er,
an
d
ox
yg
e
n
val
ves,
resp
ec
ti
vely;
K
r
,
m
odel
ing
co
ns
ta
nt
(kmol/(s
·A))
;
2
,
2
an
d
2
are
the
par
ti
al
pr
es
su
re
(×10
1.325
kP
a
)
of
hydr
og
e
n,
water
an
d
oxyg
e
n,
res
pe
ct
ively;
2
is
t
he
hy
dro
gen
in
put
flo
w
(
kmol/
s)
2
is
the
oxyge
n
i
nput
flo
w
(km
ol/s);
r
is
the
F
C
inter
nal
resis
ta
nce
(
Ω);
2
,
2
an
d
2
are
the
hydr
og
e
n,
oxygen
a
nd
wa
te
r
ti
me
co
ns
ta
nts
(s
),
res
pecti
vely
[25].
T
he
is
evaluated
f
r
om
th
e
be
ha
vio
ur
amo
ng
the
rate
of r
eact
a
nt
hydro
gen an
d
t
he
FC c
urren
t,
which is
a c
on
sta
nt v
al
ue:
2
=
0
2
=
2
(5)
Wh
e
re
2
re
pr
es
ents
t
he
flo
w
of
hydro
gen
(
kmol/
s).
T
he
f
un
ct
io
nal
va
ria
ble
,
def
i
ne
d
a
s
the
div
isi
on
of the
total
f
uel a
nd i
s prese
nted
as
(
6)
[
26],
=
2
−
2
2
=
2
2
(6)
Wh
e
re,
2
is
the
hydro
ge
n
outp
ut
flo
w
(kmol/
s).
A
huge
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
is
re
quired
as
it
re
duces
the
necessa
ry
fu
el
and
flo
w
of
ox
i
dan
t
for
a
le
ast
fu
el
pri
ce
.
Furthe
rm
or
e
,
a
basic
prot
oty
pe
of
re
form
er
that
pro
du
ces
hydr
og
e
n
th
rou
gh
methane
is
pr
esented
.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
m
odel
is
hav
i
ng
tr
ansf
e
r
f
un
ct
io
n
with
seco
nd
-
or
der
.
The
(7) rep
rese
nts the
mathe
m
at
ic
al
ex
pr
e
ssion o
f
t
he
m
ode
l [27].
2
ℎ
=
1
2
2
+
(
1
+
2
)
+
1
(7)
3.2.
D
C/D
C
c
onver
ter desi
gn
It
is
highly
re
qu
i
red
to
raise
the
FC
volt
age
and
t
o
raise
quantit
y
of
cel
ls
for
li
nk
i
ng
th
e
FC
with
an
exter
nal
netw
ork
.
F
un
ct
io
n
of
this
co
nverter
is
to
up
gr
a
de
FC
volt
age,
po
wer
c
ontr
ol
of
FC
an
d
to
mainta
in
the
volt
age
re
gu
la
ti
on.
Fi
gur
e
3
il
lustrate
s
the
model
of
DC/DC
co
nve
rter.
T
he
(
8)
a
nd
(
9)
represe
nts
tw
o
nonlinea
r
sta
te
sp
ace a
ver
a
ge
d eq
uations
of
t
he
e
nh
a
nce
d
c
onve
rter
[28].
1
=
1
−
2
+
(8)
2
=
−
(
1
−
)
1
−
2
(9)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Power
qualit
y
improve
men
t
usi
ng fuzzy
lo
gic
-
base
d
c
ompe
ns
ati
on in a
hy
br
id
… (
Soumy
a
R
anja
n Da
s
)
579
Wh
e
re
d
de
no
t
es
duty
cycle
of
the
c
onve
rt
er;
U,
in
put
v
ol
ta
ge;
X
1
,
c
urre
nt
in
i
nduct
or
;
X
2
,
vo
lt
a
ge
acro
s
s ca
pacit
or.
Figure
3. Bo
ost
d
c/
dc
c
onve
rt
er mo
del
3.3.
D
C/A
C
c
onver
ter m
od
el
ing
A
VS
I
is
use
d
in
orde
r
t
o
inte
gr
at
e
var
i
ous
r
enew
a
ble
e
nergy
sou
rces
between
sup
ply
of
the
gr
id
an
d
the
loa
ds
.
P
uls
e
width
m
odul
at
ion
(
PWM
)
is
extensi
vely
i
mp
le
me
nted
i
n
integrati
ng
a F
C
betwee
n
the su
ppl
y
and
l
oa
d.
F
or
harmo
nic
re
du
ct
ion
,
filt
ers
ar
e
al
li
ed
in
-
between
t
h
e
c
onve
rter
a
nd
t
he
powe
r
s
ys
te
m,
denoted
by
L
s
an
d
R
s
,
r
especti
vely
[29].
I
n
Fig
ur
e
4,
,
,
a
nd
,
,
a
re
res
pecti
vely
AC
t
hr
ee
ph
a
se
outpu
t
vo
lt
age
and
ou
tpu
t c
urren
ts
of
V
S
I.
W
hile,
,
,
r
epr
ese
nts t
he g
rid
bus
vo
lt
age
.
Figure
4. Th
re
e
-
phase
DC/A
C v
oltage s
our
ce inv
e
rter
3.4.
Appl
ic
at
i
on
of
f
uzzy
lo
gic contr
ol for
f
uel cel
l b
as
e
d copmens
at
i
on
Fu
zz
y
l
og
ic
c
ontr
ol
(
FLC
)
is
treat
ed
a
s
one
of
the
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
ap
proac
hes
[
23
]
-
[
25]
in
s
of
t
com
pu
ti
ng
methods
.
F
LC
is
de
rive
d
fro
m
f
uzz
y
set
t
he
ory.
FLC
is
very
dyna
mic
in
de
al
ing
wit
h
c
ompli
cat
ions
li
ke
par
a
mete
r
va
riat
ion
,
am
bigui
ty
a
nd
c
omplexit
y
i
n
sy
ste
m
desi
gn.
For
a
co
nventio
nal
con
t
ro
l
syst
em
,
the
structu
re
is
ba
sed
on
mathe
mati
cal
desig
n
of
the
plant.
To
a
nalyze
a
ny
m
odel
,
the
s
ys
te
m
desig
n
or
model
with
kn
own
pa
rameters
is
nee
ded.
But
in
FL
C
the
mathe
ma
ti
cal
mo
del
is
no
t
require
d
a
nd
can
pro
vid
e
r
obus
t
performa
nce
of
t
he
li
nea
r
an
d
non
-
li
near
c
on
t
ro
l
syst
em
with
pa
rameter
va
riat
ion.
A
f
uzzy
lo
gic
co
nt
ro
ll
e
r
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
as
f
uzzifica
t
ion
,
kn
ow
le
dge
base
an
d
de
f
uzzifica
ti
on.
F
uzzifica
ti
on
is
process
of
c
on
ver
ti
ng
to
li
nguisti
c
var
ia
ble
fro
m
cri
sp
val
ue
bas
ed
on
ce
rtai
n
me
mb
e
rsh
i
p
f
un
ct
ion
.
FC
is
util
i
sed
as
an
al
te
r
nativ
e
for
the
t
ypic
al
PI
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
.
Bl
ock
c
onfig
ur
at
ion
of
t
he
F
LC
is
eq
uiv
al
e
nt
to
t
he
sc
he
me
sho
wn
in
F
igure
5
wh
e
re
FLC are
emp
l
oy
e
d
al
te
rn
at
ive
to PI
[
30]
.
In
this
m
odel
t
he
in
put
to
the
FLC
a
re
the
c
risp
value
s
whic
h
are
ta
ke
n
a
s
er
ror
in
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
it
s
der
i
vatives.
A
nd
t
he
outp
uts
from
the
FLC
are
the
cris
p
va
lue
w
hich
is
consi
der
e
d
as
t
he
re
fer
e
nce
volt
ages
for
t
he
P
W
M
ge
ner
at
or
.
T
racki
ng
er
ror
a
nd
tr
ansient
overs
hoots
of
PWM
can
be
sig
nific
antly
dec
re
ase
d
with
the
us
e
of
FL
C.
The
c
on
t
ro
l
su
r
face
of
the
FLC
can
be
buil
t
to
represe
nt
su
it
able
re
a
ct
ivit
y
for
in
di
vidual
op
e
rati
ng point
co
m
par
e
d
to t
he
ty
pical
PI
c
on
t
ro
ll
er. The
FLC is execute
d
easi
ly as a
n
off
-
li
ne
pre
-
cal
c
ulate
d
with
c
ontrol
su
r
face
of
th
r
ee
-
dime
ns
io
nal
look
up
ta
ble.
Ge
ner
al
ly
,
t
he
co
ntr
olli
ng
par
a
mete
r
of
a
PI
Con
tr
oller is
fi
xed.
It h
as
to b
e re
desig
ned if
there is
va
riat
ion i
n o
per
at
io
n p
oin
t
of VSI
[
31].
D
U
+
-
C
V
c
R
L
I
L
Q
I
o
C
R
s
L
s
V
i
a
V
i
b
V
i
c
V
s
c
V
s
b
V
s
a
i
a
i
b
i
c
V
d
c
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
57
6
–
58
4
580
Figure
5. Bl
oc
k diag
ram fo
r f
uzzy co
ntr
oller
(vo
lt
age
r
e
gu
l
at
or
)
First
F
LC
rece
ives
i
nput
c
ris
p
value
s
a
s
a
nd
∆
.
W
her
e,
and
∆
ΔV
d
a
re
re
sp
ect
ively
the
vo
lt
age
er
ror
a
nd
it
s
de
rivati
ve
s.
Simi
la
rly
,
f
or
t
he
sec
ond
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
V
q
a
nd
ΔV
q
are
co
nsi
der
e
d
as
t
he
outp
ut
crisp
values.
Wh
e
re,
V
q
a
nd
ΔV
q
ar
e
res
pe
ct
ively
t
he
volt
age
er
ror
an
d
it
s
de
rivati
ves
V
dref
a
nd
V
qref
are
ta
ken
as
volt
ag
e
re
fe
ren
ce
[
32].
Fi
gure
6
il
lustrate
s
the
tria
ng
ular
mem
be
rsh
i
p
functi
ons
w
hic
h
be
ha
ve
tria
ngula
r
sh
a
ped
by 50%
-
f
old
over
f
or
a
n
eas
y
a
nd
a
dvanced
co
ntr
ol
t
un
i
ng. N
ine m
embe
rsh
i
p
fun
ct
ion
s
a
re
i
nduc
ed
in
each
va
riable.
Wh
e
re
NL,
N,
NM,
Z,
PS,
P
M
,
P
,
PL
a
r
e
de
fine
d
as
me
m
ber
s
hip
f
un
ct
io
ns
.
Fi
gure
il
lus
trat
es
an
inte
gr
at
e
d
c
oor
din
at
e
s
ys
te
m
an
d
can
imp
rove
d
by
mea
ns
of
normal
bo
os
t
f
or
eac
h
va
riable,
G
evd
for
ΔV
d
,
G
rvd
f
or
Δ
V
d
,
G
evq
f
or
Δ
V
d
,
and
G
evq
f
or
Δ
V
q
.
The
FLC
with
81
ru
le
s
i
s
sel
ect
ed.
T
he
switc
hi
ng
fun
ct
ion
is
performe
d
by
FLC u
sin
g
the
M
a
nd
a
ni's
im
pl
ic
at
ion
a
nd
ce
ntr
oid
meth
od f
or d
e
-
f
uzzific
at
ion
.
T
he
a
ppr
opriat
e
switc
hing
patt
ern
f
or
t
he
co
nv
e
rter
is
co
nt
ro
ll
ed
by
t
he
t
rian
gu
la
r
ca
rr
i
er
mod
ulati
on
method.
Finall
y,
the
gating patt
er
ns ca
n be
pe
rfor
med
acc
urat
el
y [
33],
Fu
zz
y
R
ule s
how
n
in
T
able 1.
Figure
6. Tria
ngula
r
me
mb
e
rs
hip
f
un
ct
io
ns
Table
1
.
Fu
zz
y r
ule
e
Δe
L
N
NM
NS
Z
PS
PM
P
PL
NL
NL
NL
NL
NL
NL
NL
N
N
NM
N
NL
NL
NL
NL
N
N
NM
NS
NS
NM
NL
NL
NL
N
N
N
NM
NS
NS
NS
NL
N
NM
NM
NM
NM
NS
NS
NS
Z
N
NM
NS
NS
Z
PS
PS
PM
P
PS
PS
PS
PS
PM
PM
PM
PM
P
PL
PM
PS
PS
PM
P
P
P
PL
PL
PL
P
PS
PS
PM
P
P
PL
PL
PL
PL
PL
PM
P
P
PL
PL
PL
PL
PL
PL
C
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
P
W
M
+
-
+
-
V
r
e
f
V
r
e
f
d
/
d
t
F
U
Z
Z
Y
F
U
Z
Z
Y
d
/
d
t
a
b
c
d
q
0
P
L
L
d
q
0
a
b
c
V
a
b
c
G
a
i
n
θ
θ
G
a
i
n
G
a
i
n
G
a
i
n
P
u
l
s
e
s
-
1
-
0
.
8
-
0
.
6
-
0
.
4
-
0
.
2
0
0
.
4
0
.
6
1
0
0
.
5
1
N
N
M
N
L
N
S
Z
P
S
P
M
P
P
L
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Power
qualit
y
improve
men
t
usi
ng fuzzy
lo
gic
-
base
d
c
ompe
ns
ati
on in a
hy
br
id
… (
Soumy
a
R
anja
n Da
s
)
581
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
AND A
NA
L
Y
SIS
To
a
uth
e
ntica
te
the
pro
posed
co
ntr
ol
strat
e
gy,
a
mic
rogr
i
d
is
simulat
ed
in
MATL
AB
/Si
mu
li
nk.
This
micro
gr
i
d
is
ra
te
d
at
38
0V
(rms
of
ph
a
se
-
to
-
phase
)
an
d
50
Hz
c
onnecte
d
to
no
n
-
li
nea
r
load.
Tw
o
D
G
s
(PV
and
wi
nd
tu
rbi
ne)
with
FC
and
s
up
e
rca
pa
ci
tors
a
re
c
on
nec
te
d
in
t
his
hybri
d
s
ys
te
m
[
34].
T
he
carrier
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
the
inter
face
in
ver
te
r
s
is
2
kHz.
Har
m
onic
com
pen
s
at
ion
for
the
hy
br
i
d
D
G
s
ys
te
m
unde
r
diff
e
re
nt
scena
rios
of
loa
d
is
te
ste
d.
T
he
c
urren
t
prof
il
e
of
the
hy
br
id
s
ys
te
m
in
t
he
a
bs
e
nce
of
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
unde
r
bala
nced
nonl
inear loa
d
is f
ound to be 7.2
5%
an
d 28.15
% f
or s
ource c
urren
t a
nd
l
oad current
resp
ect
ivel
y.
S
imult
ane
ou
sl
y,
the
same
s
ys
t
em
is
te
ste
d
unde
r
un
balanc
ed
nonli
near
l
oad,
a
nd
the
s
ource
current
a
nd
l
oa
d
cu
rr
e
nt
pro
file
sh
ows
a
roun
d
10.15%
a
nd
35.
16%
res
pecti
vely
.
The
values
a
re
s
how
n
in
Table
2.
B
ut
after
a
pp
li
cat
ion
of
fu
zz
y
c
on
t
ro
ll
er,
the
current
pro
file
is
obse
rv
e
d
t
o
be
im
pro
ve
d.
The
pr
i
nciple
be
hi
nd
t
he
im
pro
ve
ment
is
t
hat
FC
power
ge
ne
rati
on
wh
e
n
s
urplus
is
bein
g
sto
red
in
t
he
su
pe
r
capaci
tors.
T
he
n
the
sto
re
d
po
wer
in super
ca
pacit
or
o
f
fers
the
re
qu
i
red
r
ea
ct
ive
powe
r
by
the
load
i
n
ord
er
to
keep
the
vo
lt
a
ge
at
PCC
at
c
on
sta
nt
value
.
Sy
ste
m
pe
rfo
r
mance
is
op
e
ra
te
d
f
or
balance
d
a
nd
nonlinea
r
loa
d
conditi
ons
a
nd
the
co
rr
e
spo
nd
in
g
source
volt
age
(
)
,
s
ource
c
urren
t
(
)
,
loa
d
c
urre
nt
(
)
an
d
co
m
pensat
ing
current
(ic
)
a
re
prese
nted
in
Figure
7.
Thei
r
res
pecti
ve
T
HD
values
a
re
1.8
0%
a
nd
19
.18%.
It
s
hows
un
der
balance
d
loa
d
t
he
cu
rrent
is
i
mpro
ve
d
as
c
ompa
red
t
o
the
sy
ste
m
with
ou
t
con
t
ro
ll
er
.
Fig
ur
es
8a
a
nd
8b
sh
ows
the
TH
D
valu
es
of
sour
ce
and
l
oa
d
cu
rrents.
Now
the
performa
nce
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m
is
analyse
d
unde
r
unbalance
d
no
nlinear
loa
d
c
onditi
ons.
T
he
corres
pondin
g
s
ource
volt
age
(
)
,
source
c
urren
t
(
)
,
loa
d
current
(
)
and
c
ompen
sat
ing
c
urren
t
(
)
wav
e
forms
are
sho
wn
in
Fig
ure
9.
Thei
r
resp
e
ct
ive
TH
D
val
ues
are
3.9
0%
an
d
19.
84%.
T
he
sy
ste
m
perfor
mance
is
f
ound
sat
isfact
ory
as
c
ompare
d
to
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
te
m
without c
on
t
ro
l
le
r.
T
he
T
H
D values
are re
presented
in F
ig
ures
10
(
a
)
an
d 1
0
(
b
)
.
Figure
7. Per
f
orma
nce
of
sy
st
em b
al
a
nce
d
a
nd no
nlinear
lo
ad
(a)
(b)
Figure
8
.
(
a)
.
Harmo
nic s
pec
trum o
f
s
ource
current,
(
b)
.
H
arm
on
ic
s
pectr
um
of loa
d
c
urren
t
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
2
-
5
0
0
0
500
V
s
(
V
)
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
2
-5
0
5
i
l
(
A
)
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
2
-5
0
5
i
s
(
A
)
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
2
-2
0
2
i
c
(
A
)
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
)
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
10
15
20
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
o
r
d
e
r
T
H
D
=
1
.
8
0
%
Ma
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
0
5
10
15
20
0
2
4
6
8
10
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
o
r
d
e
r
T
H
D
=
1
9
.
1
8
%
Ma
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
57
6
–
58
4
582
Figure
9. Per
f
orma
nce
of
sy
st
em un
der
un
ba
la
nced
a
nd
nonl
inear loa
d
(a)
(b)
Figure
10
. (
a)
.
Harmo
nic s
pec
trum o
f
s
ource
current,
(
b)
.
H
arm
on
ic
s
pectr
um
of loa
d
c
urren
t
Table
2
.
T
H
D anal
ys
is
Co
n
troller
Balan
ced n
o
n
-
lin
ear
lo
ad
con
d
itio
n
s
%
THD
an
aly
sis
Un
b
alan
ced n
o
n
-
lin
ear
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s % THD
an
aly
sis
i
s
i
l
i
s
i
l
W
ith
o
u
t con
troller
7
.25
2
8
.15
1
0
.15
3
5
.16
W
ith
con
troller us
in
g
FL
C
1
.80
1
9
.18
3
.90
1
9
.84
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pap
e
r,
a
hybri
d
powe
r
s
ys
te
m
base
d
with
P
V,
wi
nd
an
d
FC
ha
s
bee
n
pro
po
s
ed
wh
ic
h
i
s
furthe
r
i
ntegrat
ed
with
in
ver
t
er
t
o
el
imi
nate
the
cu
rr
e
nt
ha
rm
on
ic
s
in
the
sou
rce
c
urre
nt.
T
he
co
mp
e
nsa
ti
ng
current
is
injec
te
d
at
PCC
to
red
uce
t
he
le
vel
of
har
m
onic
con
te
nt
in
the
ut
il
it
y
sy
ste
m.
T
he
pro
pose
d
syst
em
employs
FLC
te
chn
iq
ue
t
o
pe
rform
fast
with
lo
w
c
omplex
it
y
bur
den.
FL
C
is
op
e
rated
unde
r
both
bal
anced
and
unbalan
ce
d
non
-
li
near
l
oa
d.
T
he
res
ults
outc
ome
re
ve
al
s
that
t
he
FL
C
is
pro
vid
in
g
bette
r
perfor
mance
unde
r bo
t
h
the
loads
w
it
h mi
ni
mu
m
TH
D.
APPE
ND
I
X
The para
mete
r of t
he dif
fer
e
nt
eleme
nts
of th
e hybrid
syst
em is re
presente
d
in
Ta
ble 3.
Table
3
.
Sy
ste
m
pa
ramete
rs
Para
m
eters
Valu
e
Para
m
eters
Valu
e
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
2
-
5
0
0
0
500
V
s
(
V
)
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
2
-
5
0
0
50
T
i
m
e
(
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
)
i
c
(
A
)
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
2
-
5
0
0
50
i
s
(
A
)
0
.
1
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
2
-5
0
5
i
l
(
A
)
0
5
10
15
20
0
5
10
15
20
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
o
r
d
e
r
T
H
D
=
3
.
9
0
%
Ma
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
0
5
10
15
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
o
r
d
e
r
T
H
D
=
1
9
.
8
4
%
Ma
g
(
%
o
f
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Power
qualit
y
improve
men
t
usi
ng fuzzy
lo
gic
-
base
d
c
ompe
ns
ati
on in a
hy
br
id
… (
Soumy
a
R
anja
n Da
s
)
583
Line v
o
ltag
e and
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
2
3
0
V,
5
0
Hz
Hy
steresis
ban
d
lim
it
0
.5 A
Line an
d
load
ind
u
ctan
ce
1
m
H,
(30
,
2
0
,
1
0
)
m
H
Sam
p
lin
g
tim
e
2e
-
5
seco
n
d
s
Load
resistan
ce
(20
,
1
5
and
10
)
Ω
Switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
of bo
o
st
co
n
v
erter
2
kHz
Ind
u
ctan
ce of bo
o
s
t con
v
erter
(pv
sid
e)
3
.5 m
H
Balan
ced activ
e an
d
r
eactive lo
ad
1
0
kW
,
6
k
VAR,
Filter
co
u
p
lin
g
inductan
ce
2
.25
m
H
Un
b
alan
ced activ
e
an
d
r
eactive
lo
ad
1
0
kW
,
9
kW
,
a
n
d
11
kW
;
6
kVAR
,
5
.5 k
VA
R, and
6
.6 k
VAR.
Co
n
troller gain
KP=2
4
,
KI=1.2
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
resea
rch
work
was
sup
porte
d
by
“
Woo
so
ng
U
niv
e
rsity's
Aca
demic
Re
search
F
undi
ng
-
(
2020
-
2021)
”
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
S
.
M.
Ismael,
S.
Alee
m
,
A
.
Y
.
Abdelazi
z
,
A
.
F.
Zo
baa
,
“
Sta
te
-
of
-
th
e
-
art
of
hosting
ca
pa
ci
ty
in
mod
ern
power
sys
tems
with
distributed
gene
ra
ti
on
,
”
Re
n
ewabl
e
ene
rg
y
,
v
ol.
130
,
pp
.
1002
-
1020,
2019
.
[2]
A
.
Ehsan
,
Q
.
Ya
ng,
“
Opt
im
a
l
integra
t
ion
and
pl
a
nning
of
r
ene
wa
ble
d
istri
but
ed
g
ene
ra
ti
on
in
the
power
distri
bu
tion
net
works
:
A r
eview of ana
ly
ti
c
al
te
chn
ique
s,
”
Ap
pli
ed
Ene
rgy
,
vo
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[3]
S.E
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Ra
za
vi
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Rahi
mi,
M.S.
Ja
vadi
,
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Ne
zh
ad,
M.
Lo
tfi,
M
.
S.
khah,
J
.
P.S.
Cat
alão,
“Im
p
act
of
d
istri
but
ed
gene
ra
ti
on
on
p
rote
c
ti
on
and
vo
lt
ag
e
reg
u
lation
of
distri
bu
ti
on
s
ystem
s:
A
r
evie
w
,”
R
ene
wab
le
and
Sustainable
Ene
rgy
Revie
ws
,
vol.
105,
pp.
15
7
-
167,
2019
.
[4]
K.H.
Ch
ao,
S.H.
Ho,
M.H.
W
ang
,
“Mode
li
ng
and
fau
lt
di
agnosis
o
f
a
photovo
ltaic sys
te
m,
”
E
lectri
c
Powe
r
S
yste
ms
Re
se
arch
,
vol
.
7
8,
pp
.
97
-
105
.
2
008.
[5]
T.
Güney
,
“
Ren
ewa
ble
en
erg
y,
non
-
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rgy
and
sus
t
ai
nab
le
d
evelop
me
nt
,”
Inte
rnat
i
onal
Journal
of
Sustainabl
e
Dev
el
opment
&
World
E
col
ogy
,
vo
l.
26,
no
.
5
,
pp
.
38
9
-
397,
2019
.
[6]
M.
R
am
li,
H.
Bo
uche
kar
a
,
A
.
S.
Algham
di
,
“
O
ptimal
siz
ing
of
PV
/wind/
die
se
l
hyb
rid
mi
c
rogrid
sy
stem
using
multi
-
obje
c
ti
ve
self
-
ad
apt
iv
e
diff
ere
n
tial evol
ut
ion al
go
rit
hm
,”
Re
n
ewab
le
ene
rgy
,
vol
.
1
21,
pp
.
400
-
411
,
2018.
[7]
S.
Hajiagha
si
,
A
.
Sal
em
n
ia
,
M.
Hamz
eh
,
“
Hybri
d
energy
stor
ag
e
sys
te
m
for
microgrids
appl
i
ca
t
ions:
A
r
evi
ew
,
”
Journal
of
En
ergy
Storage
,
vo
l.
21,
pp
.
543
-
570
,
2019.
[8]
H.
T
ia
n,
L
.
Yunw
ei
,
“
Virtu
al
Re
sistor
Based
Sec
ond
-
Order
Ripp
l
e
Sharing
Contr
ol
for
Distribute
d
Bidi
r
ec
t
ional
DC
-
DC Conve
rt
ers
in
Hybri
d
A
C
-
DC Mic
rogrid
,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ans
act
ions o
n
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
,
pp.
1
-
1,
2020
.
[9]
S.
Shrivasta
va
,
B.
Subudhi,
S.
D
as,
“
Distribu
te
d
volt
ag
e
and
fr
eq
uenc
y
synchroni
sati
on
con
trol
sc
hem
e
for
isla
nd
e
d
inve
rt
er
-
base
d
m
ic
rogrid
,
”
IET
S
mar
t
Gr
id
,
vol
.
1
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
48
-
5
6,
2018
.
[10]
S.
T
iwar
i
,
B
.
Si
ngh
,
P
.
K
.
Goe
l,
“
Control
of
win
d
–
die
sel
hybrid
sys
te
m
with
BE
SS
for
optimal
oper
ation,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Indus
try
Applica
ti
ons
,
vo
l. 55, no
.
2
,
pp
.
1863
-
18
72,
2018
.
[11]
M.
Has
san,
M.
Chen,
Q.
L
i,
M.
Mehmood,
T
.
Cheng,
B.
Li,
“
Microgr
id
con
tr
ol
and
prot
ec
t
io
n
stat
e
of
the
a
rt
:
a
com
pre
h
ensive o
ver
vie
w
,
”
Journal
of
Elec
tric
al
S
yste
ms
,
vol
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G
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-
bat
t
ery
ene
rgy
s
tora
ge
sys
tem
supplie
d
byPV
-
wind
hybr
idusingf
uzz
y
log
ic
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tr
oll
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,
”
Int
ernational
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El
e
ct
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l
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nte
g
ration
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te
m
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ad
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eve
l
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ert
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”
Int
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a
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Pow
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Qua
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ay
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l
-
cell
an
d
ult
ra
-
ca
pa
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Mi
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ene
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s
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li
nk
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TATCO
M,”
Int
ernati
on
al
Journal
of
Elec
tri
cal
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Co
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