Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r 2020
, pp.
1660
~
1674
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
3
.
pp
1660
-
1674
1660
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Reducti
on of si
ng
le DC
bus capacit
ance i
n photo
volt
aic
casca
ded
multile
vel
converter
Turki
K
ahaw
i
sh
H
as
s
an
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng, Co
ll
e
ge of
Enginee
r
ing
,
Unive
rsity
of
M
us
ta
ns
iri
ya
h,
Ir
a
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
1
4
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
A
pr
3
,
20
20
Accepte
d
M
a
y
4
, 2
0
20
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
ese
nte
d
sing
le
DC
bus
single
pha
se
seve
n
le
v
el
c
asc
ade
d
H
-
bridge
(CHB)
inverter
for
multi
-
p
ane
l
photovol
taic
gr
id
-
connect
ed
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
A
single
DC
bus
s
upplyi
ng
f
lybac
k
conv
ert
ers
to
produc
e
DC
li
nk
voltages
fo
r
CHB
ce
ll
s
is
suggested.
A
ba
la
n
ce
d
op
era
t
i
on
of
CHB
inve
rt
er
ce
l
ls
i
s
obta
in
ed
irres
pec
ti
v
e
to
po
wer
unba
la
nc
e
occ
urre
d
b
y
indi
vidual
ma
x
i
mum
pow
er
po
i
nt
tr
ac
k
ing
boos
t
conve
rt
er
of
p
hotovol
taic
(PV
)
pane
ls
du
e
to
th
e
non
-
un
ifor
m
irr
adiati
on
an
d
par
t
ial
shad
ing
.
A
DC
bus
volt
ag
e
cont
rol
sys
te
m
with
add
it
ion
of
esti
m
ate
d
DC
bus
r
ippl
e
voltage
to
the
re
fer
en
ce i
s
proposed
to
e
li
m
ina
t
e
th
e
sec
ond
orde
r
har
moni
c
cont
a
ine
d
in
the
fe
edba
ck
vo
lt
ag
e
of
DC
bus
en
abl
ing
to
d
es
ign
h
igh
b
andwi
dth
of
DC
volt
ag
e
con
trol
loop.
Thi
s
pr
oduce
s
fast
dy
n
am
i
c
response
,
low
to
ta
l
har
monic
distortion
(
THD)
of
gr
id
cur
ren
t
and
smal
l
er
DC
bus
c
apa
c
it
an
ce
.
Mathe
m
at
i
ca
l
m
odel
ing
of
bus
volt
ag
e
cont
ro
l
sys
te
m
is
pre
se
nte
d.
PS
IM
simul
ation
progr
am
is
used
and
t
he
si
mul
a
ti
on
re
sults
ar
e
ob
taine
d
to
va
li
da
te
the
pro
posed
co
ntrol
sys
tem.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ca
scaded m
ulti
le
vel conv
e
rter
rip
ple volt
age
est
imat
ion
Sing
le
DC
bus
Small
D
C
bus
capaci
ta
nce
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Turki
K.
Hassa
n,
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng
, Co
ll
e
ge of
Enginee
r
ing
M
ust
ansiri
yah
Un
i
ver
sit
y,
Ir
a
q
Emai
l:
thassan
2013@
ya
hoo.
c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
casca
ded
H
-
br
i
dg
e
m
ul
ti
le
vel
inv
erter
topolo
gy
is
on
e
of
c
ommo
nly
us
ed
c
onve
rters
i
n
photov
oltai
c
(P
V)
sy
ste
m
s
be
cause
of
it
s
modu
la
rity,
si
mp
le
r
la
yout,
higher
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
an
d
powe
r
qu
al
it
y
with
no
cl
am
pi
ng
di
od
es
or
vo
lt
age
balanc
ing
capaci
to
rs
[
1]
.
A
maj
or
draw
bac
k
of
CHB
in
ver
te
r
is
the
inh
e
ren
t
unbal
anced
po
wer
amo
ng
each
c
el
l
causin
g
un
balance
d
ou
t
put
po
wer
fro
m
dif
fere
nt
phases
of
inv
e
rter
wh
e
n
the
PV
pa
nels
or
st
rin
gs
that
are
co
nnect
ed
to
CHB
cel
ls
s
uffer
from
non
-
unif
orm
irra
di
at
ion
and
pa
rtia
l
sh
a
ding.
M
a
ny
a
ut
hors
st
ud
ie
d
t
he
c
on
t
ro
l
of
t
his
ty
pe
of
P
V
sy
ste
m
s
in
the
cases
of
sin
gl
e
-
phase
conve
rters
w
he
n
unbala
nced
powe
r
from
cel
ls
su
ppli
ed
by
P
V
pan
el
s
are
t
o
be
c
onside
red
[
2],
[
3]
an
d
unbalance
d p
ha
ses po
wer f
or
three
-
phase s
yst
ems [4
-
12].
A
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
e
xch
a
nge
of
rea
ct
ive
powe
r
is
pro
po
se
d
i
n
[13]
to
i
nject
bal
anced
po
wer
to
the
gri
d
so
that t
he
co
nv
e
r
te
r
can wo
rk
w
it
h
unbalance
d powe
r
ge
ner
at
i
on
within t
he
c
lusters of eac
h ph
a
se. T
he
pro
blem
of
po
wer
bala
ncin
g
is
not
c
omplet
el
y
s
olve
d
es
pe
ci
al
ly
unde
r
operati
on
at
rated
co
ndit
ion
s
si
nce
bal
ancin
g
mecha
nisms
ar
e intr
oduce
d
in
the mo
du
la
ti
on sta
ge wh
ic
h cou
l
d
ca
us
e
ov
er mo
du
la
ti
on
[10].
The
pe
r
-
ph
a
se
and
pe
r
-
cel
l
unbala
nced
pow
ers
a
re
el
imi
na
te
d
by
colle
ct
ing
the
total
ge
ner
at
e
d
P
V
powe
r
in
a
sin
gl
e D
C
bu
s
[1
4
-
16].
In
sin
gle
ph
ase
ap
plica
ti
on
s
a
la
rg
e
ca
pacit
or
is
co
nnect
ed
a
cro
ss
the
DC
bus
t
o
mi
nimize
the
double
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
ri
pp
le
and
fluct
uations
in
DC
bu
s
vo
lt
age
[
15].
T
he
double
f
requen
c
y
rip
ple
is
natu
rall
y
pro
duced
in
the
sin
gle
phase
gr
i
d
-
c
onne
ct
ed
co
nverte
rs,
s
uc
h
rip
ple
distor
ts
the
refe
ren
ce
f
or
out
pu
t
c
urre
nt
in
con
t
ro
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Red
uction of
sing
le
DC
bus c
apacita
nce i
n
photo
v
oltaic c
as
c
ad
e
d m
ulti
l
evel
co
nv
ert
er
(T
urk
i K
. H
as
s
an)
1661
loop.
T
he
DC
bu
s
volt
age
flu
ct
uations
a
re
due
t
o
ra
ndom
c
hanges
in
the
i
nput
powe
r
of
PV
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
li
fe
ti
me
of
la
r
ge
DC
bus
el
ect
ro
lyti
c
capaci
tor
is
ty
pical
ly
bet
w
een
10
00
-
7000
hours
at
105℃
op
erati
ng
te
mp
erat
ur
e
,
t
her
e
fore
the
li
fe
s
pa
n
of
PV
co
nverte
rs
is
li
mit
ed.
M
an
y
resea
rc
her
s
ha
ve
pro
posed
var
i
ou
s
methods
to
re
duce
t
he
siz
e
of
the
re
quire
d
D
C
bus
ca
pacit
or
of
sin
gle
pha
se
in
ver
te
rs.
I
n
[
17],
ba
nd
sto
p
filt
er
is
us
e
d
in
DC
bus
volt
age
c
on
t
ro
l
lo
op
to
reduce
ha
rm
onic
s
of
i
nv
e
rter
cu
rr
e
nt
s
uppli
ed
t
o
gr
i
d
res
ulti
ng
small
er
re
quire
d
DC
bus
ca
pa
ci
tor.
I
n
[18],
bi
-
directi
onal
conve
rter
with
loa
d
of
small
capaci
tor
is
use
d
t
o
con
t
ro
l
rip
ple
powe
r.
An
au
xi
li
ary
ci
rcu
i
t
is
us
e
d
in
[
19,
20]
f
or
rip
ple
e
nerg
y
c
on
tr
ol
i
n
order
to
redu
ce
the
energ
y
sto
ra
ge
capaci
ta
nce
.
T
he
relat
ion
s
hips
bet
ween
the
os
ci
ll
at
ion
s
du
e
to
si
ng
le
-
pha
se
switc
hi
ng
a
nd
the
DC
li
nk
e
ne
r
gy
sto
ra
ge
ca
pacit
or
f
or
P
V
gr
i
d
-
c
onnec
te
d
in
ve
rter
a
r
e
in
vestig
at
ed
in
[
21]
with
ou
t
an
y
su
ggest
io
n
to
re
du
ce
it
.
A
d
ig
it
al
FI
R fil
te
r
t
hat g
ives
a
n
ot
ch
t
o
re
move
s
econd
o
r
der ha
rm
on
ic
is p
rop
os
e
d
i
n
[22]
res
ulti
ng
a
desig
n
of
in
ve
rters
with
s
m
al
l
DC
bus
ca
pa
ci
ta
nce.
All
a
bove
met
hods
al
low
f
or
lo
ng
er
li
fe
sp
a
n
capaci
to
r
s,
su
c
h
as
film
capaci
tors,
to
be
us
e
d,
bu
t
with
extra
act
i
ve
de
vices,
pa
ssive
co
mpo
ne
nts
or
band st
op f
il
te
r
s.
T
his inc
reas
es the s
ys
te
m
c
omplexit
y an
d cost.
The
ai
m
of
thi
s
pa
per
is
to
present
si
ng
le
DC
bus
sin
gle
phase
se
ve
n
l
evel
in
ver
te
r
with
th
ree
P
V
pan
el
s
a
nd
s
m
al
l
DC
bus
cap
aci
ta
nce.
A
n
i
ndivid
ual
P&
O
maxim
um
pow
er
point
t
rack
i
ng
boos
t
co
nve
rter
is
app
li
ed
for
ea
ch
PV
pan
el
.
An
inte
rme
diate
isolat
ed
fl
yback
DC
-
DC
conve
rter
sta
ge
s
are
a
pp
li
e
d
betwee
n
sing
le
DC
bu
s
and
CHB
i
nv
e
rter
cel
ls
to
pr
oduc
e
DC
li
nk
volt
age
f
or
ea
ch
cel
l
an
d
dec
ouple
the
P
V
s
ys
te
m
from
gr
id
-
ti
e
inv
e
rter.
T
his
a
rr
a
ng
e
ment
produces
balanc
ed
operati
on
of
CHB
cel
ls.
T
o
re
du
ce
t
he
DC
bus
capaci
ta
nce
wi
thout
e
xtra
c
omp
on
e
nts
or
fi
lt
ers,
t
he
rip
pl
e
volt
age
of
D
C
bus
is
est
i
mate
d
a
nd
ad
de
d
t
o
ref
e
ren
ce
volt
age
to
el
imi
nat
e
the
sec
ond
orde
r
harmo
nic
from
e
rro
r
si
gnal
that
is
ap
pl
ie
d
to
pro
port
ion
al
-
integral
DC
bus
volt
age
c
on
trolle
r.
This
gi
ves
gri
d
c
urre
nt
am
plit
ud
e
with
very
sma
ll
ripp
le
an
d
s
mall
er
require
d
DC
bus
ca
pacit
ance.
Usi
ng
s
mall
DC
bus
c
apaci
ta
nce
inc
reases
the
li
fe
ti
me
of
co
nverte
r,
re
du
ci
ng
the cost
and
de
sign t
he DC
bus volt
age c
ontr
oller to
prod
uc
e fast
dynamic
respo
ns
e c
ontr
ol s
ys
te
m.
The
pap
e
r
is
orga
nized
as
f
ollows:
the
str
uctu
re
of
se
ve
n
le
vel
casca
de
d
H
-
bri
dge
i
nv
e
rter
with
sing
le
DC
bus
is
pr
e
sente
d
i
n
sect
ion
2.
T
he
c
ontr
ol
sc
he
me
is
de
mon
strat
ed
i
n
sect
ion
3.
A
naly
sis
an
d
modeli
ng
of
th
e
DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
co
ntr
ol
lo
op
is
ex
plaine
d
in
sect
ion
4.
T
he
res
ults
of
propose
d
photov
oltai
c
sy
ste
m is
sho
w
n
in
secti
on
5.
And finall
y, c
oncl
us
i
on is pre
sented
in Sec
ti
on 6.
2.
STRUCT
URE
OF
SE
VEN
LE
VEL C
ASCA
DED
H
-
BRIDGE
I
NV
E
RTER
WITH
SIN
GLE
D
C
BUS
The
P
V
m
ulti
-
pan
el
si
ng
le
DC
bu
s
si
ng
le
phase
casca
ded
H
-
Bri
dge
(CH
B)
seve
n
le
vel
inv
e
rter
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
Eac
h
PV
pan
el
is
co
nne
ct
ed
to
non
-
iso
la
te
d
boost
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rter
in
ord
er
t
o
rais
e
the
PV
vo
lt
age
a
nd
to
perform
maxim
um
pow
er
point
trac
kin
g
(
M
PPT
).
T
he
outp
ut
of
e
ach
bo
os
t
co
nverter
is
connecte
d
to
s
ing
le
DC
bus.
Fo
r
se
ven
le
ve
l
inv
e
rter,
the
r
e
are
t
hr
ee
H
-
br
i
dg
e
cel
ls,
e
ach
one
is
fed
from
isolat
ed
DC
s
ource
.
F
or
this
pur
po
se
a
fl
yback
DC
-
DC
co
nv
e
rters
are
c
onnecte
d
betwe
en
the
sin
gle
DC
bus
and
in
div
i
du
al
DC
li
nks
of
C
HB
cel
ls
of
seve
n
le
vel
i
nverter
.
T
he
a
dvanta
ges
of
th
is
struct
ur
e
is
equ
al
ly
distrib
uted o
ut
pu
t
powe
r bet
ween t
he
cel
ls
of CHB
.
3.
CONTR
OL S
CHE
ME
The
c
on
t
ro
l
of
each
boos
t
c
onver
te
r
to
perfor
m
a
pe
rtu
rb
a
nd
obse
rv
e
(P&
O)
maxim
um
powe
r
point
trackin
g
(MPP
T)
[
23]
is
s
ho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
2.
T
he
P
V
panel
vo
lt
age
(V
pv
k
)
an
d
c
urren
t
(i
pvk
)
are
se
ns
e
d
an
d
us
e
d
to
pe
rform
the
M
P
PT
a
nd
ge
ne
rati
on
the
re
fer
e
nce
vo
lt
age
(
V
pv,ref
)
w
hich
is
c
ompa
red
with
(
V
pvk
).
A
pro
portion
al
-
in
te
gr
al
c
ontroll
er
is
us
e
d
to
gi
ve
t
he
re
qu
ire
d
duty
cycle
f
or
pulse
wi
dth
m
odulati
on
to
obta
i
n
con
t
ro
l
pulse
s
for boost c
onve
rter tra
ns
ist
or.
Fig
ur
e
3
s
how
s the close
d
l
oop co
ntr
ol of
outp
ut
DC
volt
age
of
eac
h on
e
of
t
hr
ee
fly
bac
k
c
onver
te
rs
(V
dck
)
.
T
he
DC
li
nk
volt
age
of
eac
h
H
-
bri
dg
e
cel
l
is
regulat
ed
t
o
fixe
d
val
ue.
The
duty
cycle
of
flyb
ac
k
transisto
r
is
va
ried
th
rou
gh
t
he
pu
lse
widt
h
modu
la
ti
on
de
pendin
g
on
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
of
pro
portio
nal
-
inte
gral
(P
I
)
con
t
ro
ll
er.
In
t
his
pa
pe
r,
t
he
ri
pp
le
volt
age
(v
ripple
)
of
DC
bus
is
e
sti
mate
d
a
nd
ad
de
d
to
the
ref
e
r
ence
vo
lt
age
(V
bus,ref
)
t
o
ca
ncel
the
rip
ple
volt
age
co
nt
ai
ned
in
the
f
eedb
ac
k
volt
age
(V
bus
)
e
nabl
ing
t
o
desig
n
hi
gh
band
width
of
DC
volt
age
c
ontr
ol
lo
op
so
a
faste
r
dyna
mic
re
spo
ns
e
of
DC
bus
volt
age
ca
n
be
ac
hieve
d.
Small
er ca
pacit
or
c
a
n be
us
e
d i
n
the
comm
on
DC
bus
.
The deri
vatio
n t
o
dete
rmin
e
th
e ripple
vo
lt
ag
e of
DC bus
as
fo
ll
ows:
The
i
nput
pow
er th
at
a
ppears
in the c
omm
on bus
is
=
+
(1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1660
–
1674
1662
Wh
e
re
P
pv
,
V
b
us
an
d
C
bus
a
re
total
powe
r
of
al
l
photov
oltai
c
pa
nels,
ste
a
dy
sta
te
ave
ra
ge
volt
age
of
sing
le
DC
bus
and D
C
bus
ca
pacit
ance
res
pe
ct
ively.
The o
utput p
ower
at ac si
de
(a
ssu
mi
ng unit
y p
ow
e
r fact
or) c
an be
wr
it
te
n as
=
⌃
sin
(
t
)
.
I
⌃
sin
(
ω
)
=
⌃
⌃
2
−
⌃
⌃
2
cos
(
2
)
(2)
Wh
e
re
⌃
an
d
I
⌃
are
the am
plit
udes
of
gr
id
volt
age
and c
urren
t
re
sp
ect
ively
.
Fo
r
lossless
c
onve
rter,
the
D
C
com
pone
nts
of
wh
ic
h
ar
e
an
d
⌃
⌃
2
resp
ect
ively
a
re
equ
al
a
nd
=
.Th
e
n
=
−
⌃
⌃
2
cos
(
2
)
(3)
In
te
gr
at
io
n
a
nd
arr
a
ngeme
nt
of e
qu
at
io
n (3)
giv
es
=
−
⌃
⌃
4
sin
(
2
)
=
−
2
,
sin
(
2
)
(4)
Wh
e
re V
bus, ref
and
V
bus
are
eq
ual at st
eady
st
at
e,
is t
he
gr
i
d fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
in ra
d/s and P
pv
is t
he
sum o
f
ind
ivi
du
al
ph
ot
ovoltai
c
powe
r
of
three
P
V
pan
el
s
obta
ine
d
by
P
&O
ma
ximum
powe
r
po
i
nt
trac
ker.
Ph
ase
locke
d
lo
op
(
P
LL)
s
ynch
roni
zed
with
gr
id
is
us
e
d
to
obta
in
unit
y
si
nusoi
dal
s
ig
nal
wit
h
double
f
requ
ency
(
sin
(
2
)
).
As
s
how
n
in
eq
uatio
n
(4)
sin
(
2
)
a
nd
P
pv
are
m
ulti
plied
a
nd
div
i
ded
by
a
c
onsta
nt
(
2
,
)
to esti
mate
t
he rip
ple of
D
C b
us
vo
lt
age
(v
ripple
).
The
a
mp
li
tu
de
of
re
fer
e
nce
c
urre
nt
(
I
g,
ref
)
p
r
oduce
d
by
DC
bu
s
vo
lt
age
PI
con
t
ro
ll
er
is
m
ulti
plied
by
v
PLL
wh
ic
h
is
un
it
y
sin
us
oi
da
l
sign
al
(si
n
(
))
obta
ine
d
f
r
om
P
LL
an
d
sy
nc
hro
nized
with
gri
d
t
o
gi
ve
sinu
s
oid
al
re
fe
ren
ce
of
gri
d
c
urren
t
(i
ref
).
T
he
gri
d
cu
rr
e
nt
(
i
g
)
is
meas
ured
an
d
s
ubtract
ed
f
r
om
ref
e
ren
c
e
the
n
the
e
rror
si
gn
a
l
is
a
pp
li
e
d
t
o
pr
opor
ti
on
al
r
eso
nan
t
co
ntr
ol
le
r
(P
R
)
that
is
us
e
d
instea
d
of
a
pro
port
ion
al
integral
c
ontr
ol
le
r
in
order
to
el
imi
nate
t
he
fr
e
quencies
oth
e
r
tha
n
50
Hz
f
r
om
t
he
c
urren
t
[
24].
A
phase
-
sh
ifte
d
m
odul
at
ion
sc
hem
e
(P
S
-
P
WM)
is
us
e
d
to
get
lo
w
total
har
m
onic
disto
rtio
n
and
bala
nced
powe
r
distrib
ution
a
mong
CHB
c
el
ls
[25].
T
he
co
ntr
ol
sc
he
me
of
ca
scad
ed
H
-
br
i
dg
e
mu
lt
il
evel
in
ve
rter
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 3
.
Figure
1
.
P
V mult
-
pan
el
sin
gle D
C
bus si
ngle
phase
sev
e
n
l
evel C
HB in
ver
te
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Red
uction of
sing
le
DC
bus c
apacita
nce i
n
photo
v
oltaic c
as
c
ad
e
d m
ulti
l
evel
co
nv
ert
er
(T
urk
i K
. H
as
s
an)
1663
Figure
2
.
Bo
ost
co
nve
rter
with
M
PP
T c
on
t
r
ol sc
heme
Figure
3
.
Fly
ba
ck
c
onve
rter a
nd casca
ded H
-
bri
dge in
ve
rter c
on
tr
ol sc
he
me
4.
ANALY
SIS
A
ND M
ODELI
NG OF THE
DC BUS
VOL
TAGE
CONT
ROL LO
OP
The
anal
ys
is
of
c
on
t
ro
l
lo
op
of
sin
gle
DC
bus
volt
age
bas
ed
on
as
sumpti
on
that
the
cu
r
ren
t
l
oop
is
fast
a
nd
it
s
tra
ns
ie
nt
is
neg
le
ct
ed
c
ompare
d
to
the
sin
gle
DC
bus
volt
ag
e
co
ntr
ol.
Fig
ure
4
sho
ws
t
he
bl
ock
diag
ram
of
the
sing
le
DC
bus
vo
lt
age
c
ontrol.
T
he
sim
plifie
d
model
ca
n
be
ob
ta
i
ned
us
in
g
the
f
ollo
win
g
assumpti
ons:
−
The
ef
fect
of
s
ing
le
DC
bu
s
vo
lt
age
rip
ple
on
volt
age
co
nt
ro
ll
er
is
igno
r
ed
by
ad
diti
on
of
the
est
imat
ed
rip
ple volt
age
(
)
to
r
e
fer
e
nce
volt
age
(the rip
pl
e v
oltag
e is el
imi
nat
ed fr
om i
nput
of co
ntr
oller).
−
The
outp
ut
of
vo
lt
age
co
ntr
ol
le
r
(I
g,ref
)
is
m
ul
ti
plied
by
v
pLL
wh
ic
h
is
sin
t
to
ob
ta
in
i
ref
=I
g,ref
sin
t
.
The
current l
oop
is
assume
d
i
deal
and fast,
the
refor
e
i
g
=i
ref
, whe
re i
g
is t
he
grid
current.
−
The
co
nverte
r
ou
t
pu
t
power
i
s
v
g
i
g
=
⌃
⌃
2
(
1
−
2
(
)
)
.
By
as
s
um
in
g
the
double
fr
e
quenc
y
com
pone
nt
of
powe
r
has n
o
ef
fect o
n
dy
na
mic of
si
ng
le
bu
s
volt
age c
ontr
ol in
te
rms of
a
ver
a
ge
si
gnal
s [
22]
, th
e
n
the
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
i
s appro
ximate
d t
o
act
ive
t
erm whic
h
is
⌃
,
2
.
−
Any
im
balanc
e
betwee
n
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
po
wer
P
pv
an
d
outp
ut
po
wer
is
sup
plied
f
r
om
sin
gle
DC
bu
s
capaci
tor
C
bus
and g
i
ven by t
he
foll
ow
i
ng equati
on
:
,
=
−
⌃
,
2
(5)
Applyi
n
g La
place t
ran
s
f
or
m
, V
bus
can
be o
btained
a
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1660
–
1674
1664
=
1
,
(
−
⌃
,
2
)
(6)
Fr
om
the
sim
plifie
d
m
od
el
of
bu
s
volt
age
co
ntr
ol
sy
ste
m
s
how
n
in
F
igure
5,
th
e
c
har
act
erist
ic
equ
at
io
n o
f
the
contr
ol syst
em
is
1
+
1
(
+
)(
⌃
2
,
)
=
0
(7)
In (7)
can
b
e
writ
te
n
as
2
+
⌃
2
,
+
⌃
2
,
(8)
Af
te
r
compa
ris
on w
it
h st
an
da
rd seco
nd
-
orde
r
c
har
act
erist
ic
equati
on whic
h
is
2
+
2Ϛ
+
2
=
0
(9)
The follo
wing
relat
ion
s a
re
obta
ined
,
2Ϛ
=
⌃
2
,
(10)
2
=
⌃
2
,
(11)
Wh
e
re
Ϛ
are
the
da
m
ping
facto
r
a
nd
un
dam
pe
d
nat
ur
al
f
requ
ency
res
pecti
ve
ly.
The
sta
bili
ty
conditi
on
re
qui
res
that
k
p
>0
and
k
i
>
0.
T
he
pro
portion
al
ga
in
(
k
p
)
a
nd
i
nt
egr
al
gai
n
(
k
i
)
of
P
I
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
can
be
tu
ne
d
to
mi
nimize
bus
vol
ta
ge
fl
uctuati
on a
nd grid
curr
ent h
a
rm
onic
s.
The
t
otal p
ho
t
ovoltai
c po
wer (
P
pv
)
to
the c
ommo
n bus
vo
lt
a
ge
is
giv
e
n b
y
G(
s
)=
(
)
(
)
=
,
2
+
2Ϛ
+
2
(12)
The
ti
me
res
pons
e
of bus
volt
age to a st
e
p
c
hange
of
photovo
lt
ai
c po
wer (
P
pv
)
is
(
)
=
,
√
1
−
Ϛ
2
−
Ϛ
sin
{
(
√
1
−
Ϛ
2
)
}
(13)
The
bus
vo
lt
age
pea
k
fl
uc
tuati
on
(overshoot)
ca
n
be
ob
ta
ine
d
by
so
l
ving
▪
(
)
=
0
.
The n
or
mali
ze
d peak
f
l
uctuat
ion
is
[17]
=
,
−
,
,
=
(
,
)
2
−
Ϛ
−
1
Ϛ
√
1
−
Ϛ
2
≅
(
,
)
2
−
Ϛ
(14)
Accor
ding
to
(
14),
t
he
bus
c
ontr
ol
ba
ndwidt
h
(c
harac
te
rize
d
by
)
mu
st
be
higher
value
in
order
to
achieve
l
ow
e
r
volt
age
fl
uctu
at
ion
s.
The
vo
lt
age
fluct
uations
bec
ome
la
rg
e
r
with
smal
le
r
capaci
to
r
(
)
un
le
ss
the
ba
ndwi
dth
i
ncr
eas
ed
acc
ordin
gly.
The
double
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
rip
ple
that
is
existe
d
in
the
sin
gle
DC
bus
volt
ag
e
is
a
res
ult
of
os
ci
ll
at
ing
com
pone
nt
of
the
ou
t
pu
t
ac
powe
r
wh
ic
h
has
a
ma
gn
it
ude
of
⌃
⌃
2
.
The
ac
pulsa
ti
ng
pow
er
passes
thr
ough
the
1
bl
ock, t
hen thro
ugh
1
,
unit
to
c
reate t
he b
us v
oltage
rip
pl
e whic
h
it
s
ma
gn
it
ude is
g
i
ve
n by
,
=
2
,
(15)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Red
uction of
sing
le
DC
bus c
apacita
nce i
n
photo
v
oltaic c
as
c
ad
e
d m
ulti
l
evel
co
nv
ert
er
(T
urk
i K
. H
as
s
an)
1665
Fig
ure
4
DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
c
on
t
ro
l
model
Figure
5
.
DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
sim
plifie
d
c
ontr
ol
model
5.
RESU
LT
S
The pr
opos
e
d
s
ing
le
-
phase sin
gle
-
bu
s
m
ulti
-
pa
nel ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
conversi
on
sy
ste
m is sim
ul
at
ed
us
in
g
PSIM
pr
ogram
.
T
he
s
ys
te
m
is
c
on
sist
e
d
of
t
hr
ee
photov
oltai
c
pa
nels,
eac
h
one
gi
ves
ma
ximum
po
wer
of
120
W
with
c
urren
t
an
d
vo
lt
age
of
7.5 A
a
nd 1
6 V
re
sp
ect
ivel
y
at
maxim
um
pow
e
r
po
i
nt
f
or r
adiat
io
n
inte
nsi
ty
of
1000
W/
m
2
and
te
mp
e
ratu
r
e
of
25
℃
.
The
boos
t
c
onve
rter
for
ea
ch
P
V
pan
el
is
su
ggest
e
d
t
o
ob
ta
in
maxim
um
pow
er
point
us
in
g
P&O
meth
od.
The
ou
t
pu
t
of
each
boos
t
c
onver
te
r
is
co
nne
ct
ed
to
si
ng
le
DC
bus
with
regulat
ed
volt
age
of
10
0V.
T
hr
ee
fl
yback
co
nverte
r
s
with
is
olati
on
tra
nsfo
rme
rs
of
1:1
tu
r
ns
ra
ti
o
are
us
e
d
to
obta
in
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
a
ge
of
120
V
f
or
each
casca
ded
H
-
br
i
dg
e
cel
l
of
se
ve
n
le
vel
inv
e
rter.
T
he
outp
ut
of in
ver
te
r
is c
onnected
to g
rid of 2
20 V,
50
Hz
th
r
ough sm
oo
t
hing
reacto
r
(
L
g
)
of
3mH.
The
co
mp
le
te
sy
s
te
m
dy
nami
c
pe
rfo
rma
nce
is
s
how
n
i
n
F
igure
6
f
or
ch
ang
e
of
total
phot
ovoltai
c
powe
r
f
rom
ze
ro
t
o
184
W
f
or
ti
me
pe
rio
d
betwee
n
ze
ro
and
0.4
s,
t
hen
a
ste
p
c
ha
ng
e
of
total
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
powe
r
f
rom
184
W
to
352
W
f
or
ti
me
pe
rio
d
bet
ween
0.4
s
an
d
0.8
s
as
sho
w
n
in
Figure
6
(a
)
w
hen
su
n
rad
ia
ti
on
i
nten
sit
y
is
cha
nge
d
from
500
W/m
2
t
o
1000
W/
m
2
at
t=
0.4
s,
w
here
t
is
the
ti
me.
F
or
t
his
simulat
ion,
the
values
of
par
a
mete
rs
of
DC
bu
s
volt
age
co
ntr
oller
an
d
bu
s
capaci
ta
nce
a
re
k
p
=.
02,
k
i
=
2.0,
a
nd
C
bus
=50
0
µ
F r
e
sp
ec
ti
vely
. F
ig
ur
e
6
(
b)
s
how
s the r
ip
ple volt
age th
at
is cal
culat
ed
usi
ng
‘
(4).
T
he
f
reque
ncy
of
rip
ple
vo
lt
a
ge
equ
al
s
to
100
Hz
an
d
it
s
amplit
ud
e
e
qu
al
s
to
5
V
a
nd
inc
reased
t
o
10
V
at
t=
0.
4
s
w
he
n
th
e
photov
oltai
c pow
e
r
i
ncr
ease
d from
18
4
W
t
o 352
W.
Figure
6
(c
)
s
hows
the
DC
bus
volt
age
re
fe
r
ence
plu
s
rip
pl
e
volt
age
a
nd
DC
bus
volt
ag
e
w
hich
a
re
appr
ox
imat
el
y
eq
ual
at
ste
a
dy
sta
te
t
her
e
f
or
e
the
double
f
reque
ncy
rip
ple
vo
lt
a
ge
is
cancel
le
d
f
rom
er
ror
sign
al
that
is
a
pp
li
ed
t
o
t
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
of
D
C
bus
vo
lt
age
resu
lt
in
g
no
se
cond
or
der
harmo
nic
fou
nd
i
n
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
of
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
I
g,ref
.
Eli
minati
on
of
se
cond
orde
r
ha
rm
on
ic
le
a
ding
to
the
ref
e
re
nce
c
urren
t
of
inn
e
r
current
l
oop
to
be
si
nu
s
oid
al
with
f
unda
men
ta
l
fr
eq
ue
ncy.
A
rise
i
n
DC
bus
vo
lt
age
w
hi
ch
is
a
pproxim
at
el
y
of
25
V
is
no
ti
ced
at
t=
0.4
s
wh
e
n
the
phot
ovoltai
c
po
wer
is
inc
rease
d
from
18
4
W
t
o
352
W.
This
inc
reme
nt
in
DC
bu
s
volt
age
is
ap
pro
xi
mate
ly
matc
he
d
with
previ
ous
analysis
(14
).
The
DC
bus
volt
age
is
ret
urn
ed
to
it
s
or
i
gin
al
a
ve
rag
e
val
ue
of
100
V
a
fter
a
t
ime
of
0.0
4
s
f
rom
the
insta
nt
of
i
nput
powe
r
ju
mp.
In
it
ia
ll
y
t
he
bu
s
volt
age
is
sta
rted
from
zero
an
d
i
ncr
e
ased
t
o
value
higher
tha
n
re
fer
e
nce
with
a
n
ov
e
rs
hoot
sl
igh
tl
y
higher
tha
n
ov
ersho
ot
that
ha
pp
e
ns
w
he
n
th
e
powe
r
is
inc
r
eased
t
o
352
W
at
0.
4
s,
t
his
is
du
e
to
cha
rg
i
ng
of
stora
ge
ca
pacit
or
s
of c
onve
rsi
on syst
em
resul
ti
ng
d
el
a
y
i
n v
oltage c
on
t
ro
l l
oop res
pons
e
.
Fig
ur
e
6
(
d)
sh
ows
t
he
DC
li
nk
volt
ages
(V
dc1
,V
dc2
,V
d
c3
)
for
CHB
c
el
ls.
These
volt
ages
ha
ve
aver
a
ge
value
of
120
V
wi
th
small
rip
ple
and
fast
res
pons
e
.
The
si
ng
le
DC
bus
vo
lt
age
s
well
is
no
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1660
–
1674
1666
pro
pag
at
e
d
t
o
any
of
th
ese
vo
lt
ages.
This
is
du
e
t
o
va
riat
ion
of
duty
rati
o
of
fl
yback
c
onver
te
r
s
t
o
re
gu
l
at
e
the
DC
li
n
k
volt
ag
es
to
a
c
on
sta
nt
ref
ere
nce
val
ue
of
120
V
by
act
ion
of
pro
portio
nal
-
inte
gral
con
tr
oller
for
each
fly
back co
nver
te
r.
The
in
ve
rter
outp
ut
volt
age
i
s
sho
wn
i
n
Fi
gure
6
(e)
.
Th
e
seve
n
vo
lt
ag
e
le
vels
can
be
obser
ve
d
ver
if
ying
the
us
e
d
PS
-
P
WM
te
chn
iq
ue.
Figure
6
(f)
s
hows
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
DC
bus
volt
age
co
ntr
oller
tha
t
represe
nts
t
he
amplit
ude
of
r
efere
nce
cu
rr
e
nt
with
small
rip
ple
du
e
t
o
t
he
pro
posed
method
of
est
imat
e
d
rip
ple
volt
age
add
it
io
n
t
o
DC
bus
volt
age
re
fer
e
nce.
Fig
ur
e
6
(
g)
s
hows
t
he
gri
d
volt
age
and
gr
id
c
urrent
with
very
l
ow
total
harmo
nic
disto
rtion
(
TH
D
of
gr
i
d
c
urre
nt=3.9%
at
P
PV
=3
52
W).
The
gr
i
d
c
urre
nt
is
i
n
ph
a
se
with
gr
i
d vo
lt
a
ge (p
ower
fact
or
=
0.9
98).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Red
uction of
sing
le
DC
bus c
apacita
nce i
n
photo
v
oltaic c
as
c
ad
e
d m
ulti
l
evel
co
nv
ert
er
(T
urk
i K
. H
as
s
an)
1667
(e)
(f)
(g)
Figure
6
.
Step
change i
n phot
ovoltai
c
pow
er
r
es
ults with
Cbu
s=
50
0
µF,
Kp=0
.02 ,ki=
2.0
,
(a)
Photo
volt
ai
c pow
e
r
at
i
nput,
(b)
Esti
mat
ed rip
ple volt
age,
(c)
DC
bus vo
lt
age
and
re
f
eren
ce
p
l
us
rip
ple
vo
lt
age
,
(d)
D
C l
ink
volt
age
for
eac
h
cel
l
of CHB,
(e)
I
nve
rter
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age, (f
) Sca
le
d ampli
tud
e
of
ref
e
ren
ce
curre
nt (mult
ipli
ed by 2
), (
g) Scal
ed gri
d vo
lt
age
(d
i
vid
e
d by 33
)
a
nd scale
d g
rid
c
urren
t
(m
ulti
plied by 2
).
Figure
7
sho
w
s
the
dyna
mic
performa
nce
of
com
plete
sy
s
te
m
with
same
conditi
ons
an
d
pa
rameter
s
app
li
ed
i
n
Fig
ur
e
6
but
with
ou
t
a
dd
it
io
n
of
rip
ple
volt
ag
e
to
the
DC
bus
volt
age
re
f
eren
ce
.
The
D
C
bus
vo
lt
age
a
nd
re
fer
e
nce
a
re
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
7
(a).
A
n
over
sh
o
ot
of
26
V
is
noti
ced
in
t
he
DC
bus
vol
ta
ge
at
t=
0.
4
s
w
hen
the
in
pu
t
PV
powe
r
is
inc
re
ased
from
18
4
W
to
35
2
W,
a
nd
peak
-
to
-
pea
k
sec
ond
orde
r
harmo
nic
ri
pp
l
e
eq
uals
to
20
V
at
P
pv
=
35
2
W
.
T
he
a
ve
rag
e
value
of
DC
bus
volt
ag
e
at
ste
ady
sta
te
is
matc
hed
the
r
e
fer
e
nce
of
100
V.
N
o
sig
nificant
diff
e
re
nce
with
Fig
ur
e
6
(
c)
is
noti
ced.
F
igure
7
(b)
sho
ws
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
c
urr
ent
amplit
ude
(Ig,
ref)
co
nta
minate
d
with
seco
nd
orde
r
harmo
nic
that
is
no
t
ca
ncell
ed
f
rom
error si
gnal
(
t
he
input
of D
C
bu
s
volt
age
contr
oller)
.
Figure
7
(c)
s
hows
the
gri
d
current
with
higher
T
H
D
(
6.7%
at
Ppv=
352
W)
,
i
n
ph
ase
with
gri
d
vo
lt
age
.
C
omp
arin
g
with
Fig
ur
e
6
(g),
a
hi
gh
e
r
TH
D
f
or
gri
d
cu
rr
e
nt
i
s
due
to
prese
nce
of
sec
ond
orde
r
harmo
nic in
DC
bus vo
lt
age
con
t
ro
l l
oop.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1660
–
1674
1668
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
7
.
Step
change i
n phot
ovoltai
c powe
r
r
es
ults with
Cbu
s=
50
0
µF,
Kp=0
.02, ki=
2.0
and
no r
i
pp
le
vo
lt
age
esti
mati
on
,
(
a
) DC
bus volt
age a
nd re
fer
e
nce
vo
lt
a
ge
, (b) Scal
ed
a
mp
li
tud
e
of
refe
ren
ce
curre
nt
(m
ulti
plied by 2)
, (
c
) Sca
le
d g
rid v
oltage (
di
vid
e
d by 33
)
a
nd scale
d g
rid cur
ren
t
(m
ulti
pl
ie
d
by
2)
The
main
goal
of
t
his
pap
e
r
is
to
i
nject
cu
r
ren
t
i
nto
the
gri
d
with
lo
w
THD
us
in
g
s
mall
DC
bus
capaci
ta
nce.
F
r
om
co
mp
a
rison
betwee
n
Ta
bl
e
1
an
d
2,
a
lo
wer
DC
bu
s
ca
pacit
ance
c
an
be
us
e
d
t
o
giv
e
TH
D
f
or
gr
i
d
c
urrent
le
ss
tha
n
5%
with
t
he
a
dd
it
ion
of
e
sti
mate
d
rip
ple
volt
ag
e
to
ref
e
re
nce
vo
lt
age
a
nd
P
pv=3
5
2
W,
k
p=
.
02
a
nd
ki=2
.0.
F
or
e
xa
mp
le
, w
it
h
C
bu
s=
25
0
µF, T
HD
of
gri
d
c
ur
ren
t
e
qu
al
s
t
o
4.67%
co
mp
a
r
ed
wit
h
12.09%
for t
he
same
DC
bus
capaci
ta
nce a
nd P
p
v wh
e
n n
o ad
diti
on
of r
i
pple
volt
age
to
t
he refe
ren
ce
volt
age.
Table
3
s
how
s
the
valu
es
of
un
dam
ped
na
tural
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
(ωn)
in
ra
d/s,
dam
ping
fa
ct
or
(η)
an
d
ov
e
rs
hoot
pe
rc
entage
(Vp)
obta
ined
us
i
ng
equ
at
io
ns
11,
10,
an
d
14
res
pecti
vely
.
The
natu
ral
fr
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
dam
ping f
act
or
are
inc
rease
d
with
r
ed
uce
d
DC
bus capacit
ance r
esulti
ng f
ast
er dyn
a
mic
res
pons
e f
or
st
ep
rise
in
photov
oltai
c
po
wer
.
T
he
va
lues
of
ov
e
rs
hoot
pe
rcen
ta
ge
in
the
ta
ble
for
ste
p
rise
of
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
powe
r
from
184W
to
352W
are
inc
r
eased
wh
e
n
t
he
DC
bu
s
capaci
ta
nce
val
ue
is
r
edu
ce
d
but
this
overs
hoot
do
e
s
not
app
ea
r
in
t
he
DC
li
nk
volt
ag
e
for
eac
h
cel
l
of
C
HB
in
ver
t
er
the
refor
e
t
he
desig
n
of
t
he
conve
rter
s
ys
t
em
with
small
D
C
bus c
apacit
ance
give
s accepta
ble re
su
lt
s.
Figure
8
s
how
s
the
DC
bu
s
volt
age,
gri
d
c
urren
t
an
d
DC
li
nk
vo
lt
age
s
res
pons
es
with
C
bu
s=
25
0
µF
and
ste
p
rise
of
P
pv
f
rom
184
W
to
352
W
at
t=
0.4
s.
The
a
verage
bus
volt
age
pea
k
fluctuati
on
a
rou
nd
aver
a
ge
re
fer
e
nce
e
qual
s
to
32
V
w
hich
is
a
ppr
ox
imat
el
y
a
gr
ee
wit
h
a
nal
ytica
l
value
in
ta
ble
3.
Gr
i
d
c
urren
t
THD
value
wa
s
4.6
7%
as
me
ntion
e
d
in
ta
bl
e
1.
T
he
ave
ra
ge
value
of
D
C
li
nk
volt
age
for
eac
h
CHB
cel
l
was
120 V
with
ve
r
y
s
mall
r
ip
ple
and no t
ran
s
missi
on of
DC
bus volt
age j
ump
or r
ip
ple to
the
se volt
ages.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Red
uction of
sing
le
DC
bus c
apacita
nce i
n
photo
v
oltaic c
as
c
ad
e
d m
ulti
l
evel
co
nv
ert
er
(T
urk
i K
. H
as
s
an)
1669
Table
1.
T
H
D for
gr
i
d
c
urren
t
w
it
h rip
ple
vo
l
ta
ge
est
imat
ion
us
in
g diff
e
re
nt v
al
ues of DC
bus
capaci
ta
nce
C
b
u
s
(µF)
THD% of
grid
cur
rent (i
g
)
100
1
3
.77
150
8
.56
200
5
.59
250
4
.67
300
4
.32
350
3
.98
500
3
.9
1000
3
.72
Table
2.
T
H
D for
gr
i
d
c
urren
t
w
it
hout
rip
ple
vo
lt
age
est
imat
ion
us
in
g diff
e
re
nt v
al
ues of DC
bus
capaci
ta
nce
C
b
u
s
(µF)
THD% of
grid
cur
rent (i
g
)
100
2
8
.99
150
2
0
.86
200
1
5
.16
250
1
2
.09
300
1
0
.25
350
8
.93
500
6
.7
1000
4
.58
Table
3.
A
naly
ti
cal
r
esults f
or ω
n
, η a
nd
V
p
f
or d
if
fer
e
nt
val
ues of DC
bus
capaci
ta
nce
C
bus
(µF)
ω
n
(r
ad
/s)
η
V
p
%
100
1
7
6
.35
0
.88
1
7
3
7
.91
150
1
4
3
.99
0
.71
9
9
3
4
.99
200
1
2
4
.69
0
.62
3
4
3
2
.83
250
1
1
1
.53
0
.55
7
6
3
1
.11
300
1
0
1
.81
0
.50
9
2
9
.7
350
9
4
.26
0
.47
1
3
2
8
.5
500
7
8
.86
0
.39
4
3
2
5
.76
1000
5
5
.76
7
0
.27
8
8
2
0
.66
Figure
8
.
DC
bus
vo
lt
a
ge,
scal
ed gri
d
c
urren
t
(m
ulti
plied by 2)
and
DC li
nk
volt
ages
with
C
bus
=25
0 µF a
nd
P
pv
ste
p rise f
r
om
184 W
to 3
52 W
Figure
9
s
how
s
the
DC
bu
s
volt
age
a
nd
gri
d
cu
rr
e
nt
res
ponse
s
with
bus
c
apacit
ance
of
300
µ
F
a
nd
ste
p
rise
of
P
pv
from
18
4
W
to
352
W.
T
he
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
fluctuati
on
a
ppr
oximat
el
y
m
at
ched
t
he
a
na
lyti
cal
value w
hich w
as 31
V.
G
rid
c
urren
t
TH
D va
lue w
a
s
4.32
%
as
me
ntion
e
d
i
n
Ta
ble
1.
Figure
10
sho
ws
the
DC
bus
volt
age
a
nd
gr
id
cu
rr
e
nt
re
spon
s
es
with
bus
capaci
ta
nce
of
350
µ
F
a
nd
ste
p
rise
of
P
pv
from
18
4
W
to
352
W.
T
he
bus
vo
lt
a
ge
fluctuati
on
a
ppr
oximat
el
y
m
at
ched
t
he
a
na
lyti
cal
value w
hich w
as 28
V.
G
rid
c
urren
t
TH
D va
lue w
a
s
3.98
%
as me
ntion
e
d
i
n
Ta
ble
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.