In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
2037~
20
45
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp2037-2045
2037
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Heat transfer and efficiency of
dual
channel PVT air collector:
a review
Ah
ma
d Fudh
o
l
i
1
,
Muha
mma
d
Z
o
h
ri
2
,
Ivan
Taslim
3
,
Fi
t
r
otu
n
A
l
i
yah
4
,
Art
hur Ga
n
i
K
o
to
5
1
Sol
a
r
Energy R
esearch
I
nst
i
t
u
t
e
,
Univers
iti Keba
ngsaan Mal
aysi
a
,
M
al
a
y
s
i
a
2
Un
iv
ersit
a
s
Muham
m
a
di
yah
Goron
t
al
o,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
3
De
p
a
rtme
nt
of
Nuc
l
e
a
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
E
ng
in
e
e
ring
P
hy
sic
s
, U
niv
ersitas Gadj
ah
M
ad
a, In
don
es
i
a
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Dec
8
, 2
0
18
Re
vise
d Mar
1,
201
9
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Ap
r
1
6
,
2
019
S
o
l
a
r
en
ergy
i
s
f
r
ee,
r
enewab
le
a
nd
e
n
v
i
r
on
men
t
f
rien
dl
y
and
h
a
s
been
wi
del
y
u
s
e
d
in
e
l
ectricity
g
en
e
r
at
io
n
an
d
th
erm
a
l
energ
y
t
hrou
g
h
ph
ot
ov
olt
a
ic
t
herm
al
(
PVT
)
s
y
s
t
e
m.
A
P
VT
c
oll
ecto
r
i
s
a
co
m
b
in
a
ti
on
of
a
P
V
pan
el
a
n
d
a
th
e
rm
al
c
ollect
o
r
i
n a
si
ngle
u
n
it
to si
m
ult
a
n
eo
us
ly gen
erat
e
elect
ricit
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
rm
al
e
nerg
y.
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
evi
e
w
,
m
ath
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
s
f
o
r
d
u
a
l
chan
nel
P
V
T
ai
r
co
ll
ectors
is
p
res
e
nt
ed.
Th
is
r
ev
iew
pres
e
n
t
s
v
ario
us
research
a
n
d
d
e
v
elop
m
e
nt,
as
w
el
l
as
h
eat
t
ransfer
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d
th
erm
a
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m
o
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e
lli
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of
du
al
ch
a
nn
el
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V
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ai
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col
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ect
o
r
s.
M
oreov
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ario
us mat
hem
a
t
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cal
m
odel
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eval
uat
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p
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o
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e
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e
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d
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ergy
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ly
si
s
of
d
u
a
l
chan
nel
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V
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air coll
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s
are
p
r
esen
ted
.
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n
e
rgy
bal
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nce
i
s
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bas
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c
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n
cept
in
d
evel
opin
g
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h
e
m
a
t
hem
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tical
m
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s.
G
e
n
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s
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eady
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st
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on
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l
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ear
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equ
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ti
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f
or
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luti
on
of
m
ath
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
mo
del
.
E
nerg
y
and
ex
ergy
ef
f
i
c
i
encies
of
d
ual
chan
nel
P
V
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air co
ll
e
c
t
o
rs were
22
.5%-67
% a
n
d
3
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9%-58
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,
re
s
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ively.
K
eyw
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:
Ma
them
at
ica
l
m
odel
Phot
o
v
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lta
ic
Re
new
a
b
l
e
ene
r
gy
Therm
a
l
Therm
a
l
mode
lli
n
g
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Ivan
T
asl
i
m,
U
n
i
v
ersi
tas M
uham
m
a
di
ya
h G
o
r
o
n
t
a
l
o,
J
l
.
P
r
o
f
.
D
r
.
H
.
M
an
so
e
r
P
a
t
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a
,
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en
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d
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i
m
.
,
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e
l
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g
a
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i
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o
ta
G
oron
t
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lo,
G
o
ron
t
a
l
o
96
1
81,
Ind
one
sia.
Em
ail:
i
v
a
n
t
a
s
lim
@umg
o.
ac.
id
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Cur
r
ent
l
y,
f
oss
il
fue
l
s
are
sc
a
r
c
e
a
nd
e
x
pe
n
s
i
v
e,
a
nd
i
ts
f
utur
e
c
o
st
a
n
d
a
va
il
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
r
e
u
n
ce
rta
i
n.
H
e
nc
e,
t
he
u
sa
ge of
so
la
r
e
n
e
r
gy in
d
ry
i
n
g
o
f
a
gr
icu
l
t
u
r
a
l
p
r
od
uc
t
s
w
i
l
l pr
oba
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l
y
i
n
cr
eas
e
a
n
d
fur
t
he
r
be
com
e
ec
onom
ica
lly
f
ea
sib
l
e
in
t
h
e
n
ea
r
f
u
tur
e
.
S
o
la
r
energ
y
is
a
m
aj
or
r
ene
w
ab
le
e
ne
rgy
so
urc
e
t
ha
t
h
a
s
the
p
o
t
en
t
i
al
t
o
s
u
p
p
l
y
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ily
e
ner
g
y
co
ns
u
m
pti
o
n
w
i
t
hou
t
p
o
l
l
u
t
in
g
the
env
i
ro
nm
en
t.
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olar
r
adia
t
i
o
n
ca
n
be
con
v
er
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
e
lec
t
rica
l
a
n
d
t
h
erm
a
l
e
n
er
g
i
e
s
b
y
usin
g
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
(PV)
p
a
n
el
a
nd
sol
a
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
.
Th
e
conc
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p
t
o
f
c
o
m
bin
i
ng
a
P
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w
i
t
h
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lar
t
h
erm
a
l
c
o
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c
t
or
t
o
o
b
t
ai
n
e
l
e
c
tr
ical
a
n
d
h
ea
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
no
t
n
e
w
bu
t
has g
a
i
n
ed limi
t
ed rea
sear
ch a
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e
n
t
i
o
n
. Cons
i
d
er
ing
t
h
e
de
cl
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n
i
ng s
u
p
p
l
y of ene
rgy s
ourc
e
s
a
nd t
h
e inc
r
e
a
s
e in
the
i
r
usa
g
e,
pho
tov
o
lta
ic
t
he
rm
al
(
PV
T)
t
ec
h
nol
o
gy
is
e
li
c
iti
ng
g
ai
ni
ng
c
on
si
dera
b
l
e
i
n
t
e
re
st
.
A
P
V
T
col
l
ec
t
o
r
i
s
a
c
om
bina
tio
n
of
a
P
V
pane
l
a
n
d
a
the
r
ma
l
c
o
llec
t
o
r
in
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
u
n
it
t
o
si
mu
lt
an
e
o
u
s
ly
g
en
e
r
a
t
e
elec
tr
ici
t
y
a
n
d
th
e
r
m
a
l
e
n
erg
y
.
The
m
a
i
n
c
om
pone
nts
o
f
a
P
V
T
c
o
llec
t
or
a
r
e
P
V
pane
l
,
a
bsor
ber,
w
or
k
i
n
g
f
l
u
i
d
,
a
n
d
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
o
r
.
P
V
T
s
o
l
a
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
c
o
n
v
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t
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
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o
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ect
l
y
i
nt
o
e
l
ec
tr
i
c
al
a
nd
t
h
erm
a
l
ene
r
gies.
A
PVT
air
co
ll
ector
c
o
n
s
i
sts
of
a
P
V
pa
ne
l
and
a
t
h
erm
a
l
col
l
e
c
to
r
sy
st
e
m
.
Th
e
sy
st
e
m
c
a
n
p
rodu
c
e
elec
t
r
i
c
al
e
n
ergy
d
i
r
ec
tly
c
o
n
v
e
rt
ed
f
ro
m
s
u
nli
ght
,
ex
t
r
a
c
t
h
e
a
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
PV
p
ane
l
a
n
d
w
ar
m
the
air
fl
o
w
i
ns
ide
t
h
e
col
l
ect
o
r
[1]-[
1
3
]
.
To
nu
i
a
n
d
Tri
p
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g
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o
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o
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o
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l
o
s
[
1
4
]
de
ve
l
ope
d
a
sim
p
le
a
na
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l
mode
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us
i
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h
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F
o
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t
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a
.
T
hi
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mod
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se
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the
pro
g
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m
w
h
ic
h
use
s
i
t
e
rati
ve
proce
s
s
t
o
f
i
x
t
he
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
l
y
gue
sse
d
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
p
ar
am
eters
ac
cura
t
e
l
y
a
nd
to
c
on
verge
after
a
few
itera
t
i
o
n
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dri
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
3
7
– 2
045
2
038
Th
is m
ode
l
pro
v
ed
t
o in
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
e
d
i
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p
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val
u
es a
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T
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p
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s
[
15]
p
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t
t
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p
e
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ase
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a
t
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s
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rmo
r
e,
the
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fi
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d
t
ha
t
t
h
e ther
m
a
l and
e
l
ec
tri
c
a
l
e
f
f
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nc
y
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e
duce w
ith inc
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asin
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l
de
pth.
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h
e
t
h
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rm
al
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hile
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le
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s
t
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t
w
a
s
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l
so
f
ou
nd
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t
he
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in
s
ys
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perfor
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b
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o
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bot
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l
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n
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,
tha
n
t
he
o
ther
t
w
o
s
ystem
s
.
The
th
in
m
e
ta
l
she
e
t
s
ys
tem
gave
b
etter
t
h
erm
a
l
e
n
erg
y
bu
t m
a
rgina
l
ly
b
et
ter
ele
c
tr
ica
l
e
ff
i
c
ie
nc
y t
h
a
n
c
on
ve
nt
i
o
n
a
l
a
i
r
collec
t
or
sys
t
e
m.
T
h
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
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o
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h
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v
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w
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o
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e
s
o
f
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
ll
e
c
t
o
rs.
I
n
a
dd
iti
o
n
,
t
o
p
rese
n
t
s
om
e
of
t
h
e
p
ub
l
i
sh
e
d
r
e
s
ear
ch
p
a
p
ers
of
P
V
T
a
ir
c
o
llec
t
ors
duri
ng
t
he
y
e
a
r
20
10-2
0
1
9
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
r
evi
e
w
,
a
l
s
o
prese
n
t
e
d hea
t
t
rans
fe
r
and e
n
er
gy
mode
ll
i
n
g
of
dua
l c
h
a
nne
l P
V
T ai
r co
l
l
ect
o
r
s.
2.
STUDIE
S
CO
NDUCTED ON P
V
T
AI
R COLLECTO
RS
I
N
2010-
2019
O
v
er
vi
e
w
o
f
st
ud
ies
o
n
P
V
T
s
o
l
ar
a
ir
c
ol
le
c
t
ors
ar
e
r
e
view
e
d
.
V
a
r
ious
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
P
V
T
air
col
l
ect
ors
have
b
e
e
n
d
es
i
gne
d
a
nd
e
v
al
uate
d
e
xpe
rime
nta
l
l
y
a
n
d
t
he
oret
ical
l
y
.
The
s
e
co
l
l
ect
ors
a
r
e
ge
nera
lly
c
la
ssifi
e
d
ac
cord
in
g
to
t
h
e
a
ir
f
low
pa
t
t
e
r
n,
t
ha
t
is,
be
l
o
w
t
h
e
abs
o
rb
e
r
,
w
het
h
er
a
ir
f
l
o
w
s
a
bo
ve
t
he
a
bs
orbe
r,
o
n
b
o
th
side
s
of
t
he
a
b
s
orber,
i
n
s
i
ng
l
e
a
nd
i
n
dou
bl
e
pa
ss.
The
per
f
or
ma
n
c
es
o
f
PVT
a
i
r
col
l
ectors
ca
n
b
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
t
h
ro
ugh
eco
nomi
c
a
nd
e
nv
i
r
o
n
m
ent
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
a
n
a
l
y
ses.
E
n
v
i
r
o
-
e
c
o
n
om
ic
a
n
d
e
xer
go-
econ
o
m
i
c
ana
l
yses
o
f
PVT
ai
r
c
o
l
l
e
ct
o
r
s
were
a
l
s
o
st
udi
ed
.
In
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
,
r
ese
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
ha
ve
a
ls
o
st
u
d
i
ed
e
nv
i
r
onme
n
ta
l
-
eco
n
o
m
i
c
-
exe
r
g
y–e
ner
g
y-
anal
yses
o
f
P
V
T
air
col
l
e
c
tors.
Som
e
o
f
the
p
u
b
l
i
she
d
s
tu
d
i
e
s
c
o
n
duc
te
d
on
P
V
T
a
ir
col
l
ec
t
o
rs
duri
n
g
t
h
e ye
ar
2
0
10-
20
1
9
ar
e
re
por
te
d
i
n
Tab
le
1
[1
6-55].
Ta
b
l
e
1.
S
u
mmar
y
o
f
st
ud
y a
v
aila
b
l
e o
n
P
V
T
a
ir
c
ollec
t
ors
in
2
0
10-
2
0
1
9
[
16-
55]
Y
e
a
r
C
onte
n
ts
o
f
Study
A
u
thor
(
s
)
a
nd R
e
fe
r
e
n
c
e
2010
E
ne
rgy
–
ec
ono
m
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
of
the
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
a
nd e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tudy
A
gra
w
a
l
a
nd T
i
wari
[
16,
1
7]
2010
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
s
tudy
Sa
rh
a
ddi
e
t
a
l
.
[18]
2010
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
a
n
a
l
y
sis
of
t
he
or
e
t
i
c
al a
nd
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tu
dy
S
a
r
h
a
ddi
e
t
a
l
.
[19]
2010
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
s
tudy
Sha
h
sa
v
a
r
a
nd
Ame
r
i
[20]
2011
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
a
n
a
l
y
sis
of
t
he
or
e
t
i
c
al
s
tudy
A
gra
w
a
l
a
nd T
i
wari
[
21]
2012
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l
study
A
m
ori a
nd
Al-N
ajja
r
[
22]
2012
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
a
n
a
l
y
sis
of
t
he
or
e
t
i
c
al a
nd
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tu
dy
A
gra
w
a
l
et a
l
.
[23]
2013
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
–e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
nt
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
of e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
al
study
A
gra
w
a
l
a
nd T
i
wari
[
24]
2013
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
–e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
nt
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
of e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
al
study
R
oj
a
r
ia
e
t a
l
.
[
25]
2014
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
s
tudy
Ya
ng
a
nd
A
t
hi
e
n
i
t
i
s
[
26]
2014
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tudy
Kim
et a
l.
[
27
]
2014
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tudy
A
m
ori a
nd
Al R
a
h
e
e
m
[28]
2015
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
s
tudy
Li
e
t
al. [2
9
]
2015
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tudy
Good
e
t
a
l
.
[
30]
2015
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tudy
Ahn
e
t
al
.
[
31]
2015
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
–ec
onom
i
c
a
n
a
ly
sis
of t
he
ore
t
ica
l
s
tudy
Ja
hro
mi
e
t
a
l
. [3
2
]
2015
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l
study
Ka
m
e
l a
nd
Fung
[
33]
2015
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
–e
n
v
i
r
o
-
ec
onom
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
of
t
he
ore
t
i
c
al
stud
y
R
a
jo
r
i
a
et
a
l
. [
3
4
]
2016
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
a
n
a
l
y
sis
of e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nta
l
s
tudy
Ghola
m
pour a
n
d Am
e
r
i
[35]
2016
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l
study
R
ounis
e
t
a
l.
[
36]
2016
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
s
tudy
M
o
ju
m
d
er
e
t
al
.
[
3
7
]
2016
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
a
n
a
l
y
sis
of
t
he
or
e
t
i
c
al a
nd
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tu
dy
H
a
zam
i e
t
al.
[
38]
2016
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
go-e
c
onom
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
of
e
xpe
ri
m
e
nta
l
s
t
udy
T
i
w
a
r
i
a
nd
T
i
wa
ri [39]
2016
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
s
tudy
Sli
m
a
n
i e
t
a
l. [40]
2016
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l a
nd e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
nta
l
s
tudy
Ta
be
t
,
e
t a
l
.
[41]
2017
E
ne
rgy
a
nd e
x
e
r
gy a
n
a
l
ysi
s
o
f
the
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
s
tudy
Oosha
k
sa
r
a
e
i
e
t a
l
.
[42,
43]
2017
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l
study
Zohri
e
t
a
l
.
[
44]
2017
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tudy
Zohri
e
t
a
l
.
[
45]
2018
E
ne
rgy
a
nd e
x
e
r
gy a
n
a
l
ysi
s
o
f
the
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
s
tudy
Zohri
e
t
a
l
. [4
6
]
2018
E
xe
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l
study
Zohri
e
t
a
l
.
[
47]
2018
E
ne
rgy
a
nd e
x
e
r
gy a
n
a
l
ysi
s
o
f
e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tudy
Da
s
e
t
a
l
. [4
8
]
2018
E
ne
rgy
–
e
x
e
r
gy
a
n
a
l
y
sis
of
t
he
or
e
t
i
c
al a
nd
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tu
dy
F
udholi
e
t
a
l.
[
49]
2018
E
ne
rgy
-
e
c
onom
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
sis
of
t
he
ore
t
i
c
a
l
s
tudy
Na
z
r
i e
t
a
l
.
[
50]
2018
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l
study
Na
z
r
i a
e
l a
l
.
[
51
]
2018
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
a
l
s
tudy
Na
z
r
i e
t
a
l
.
[
52]
2018
E
ne
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
s
tudy
Na
z
r
i
et
a
l
. [5
3
]
2019
E
ne
rgy
a
nd e
x
e
r
gy a
n
a
l
ysi
s
o
f
the
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
s
tudy
Abdull
a
h e
t
al
. [5
4
]
2019
E
xe
rgy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f t
h
e
o
re
t
i
ca
l a
nd e
x
pe
ri
m
e
nta
l
s
tudy
Fudh
oli e
t
a
l. [55]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
H
e
at tr
a
n
sfe
r
a
nd ef
f
i
c
i
ency
o
f
dua
l c
h
an
n
e
l PVT
air col
l
ec
tor:
a rev
i
ew (Ahm
a
d
Fu
dho
li)
2
039
Re
ce
ntl
y
,
F
udho
li
e
t
a
l.
[
5
5
]
st
u
d
ie
d
t
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
n
d
e
x
p
erim
en
ta
l
o
n
e
ne
rgy
an
d
e
x
erg
y
a
n
a
l
ysi
s
o
f
P
V
T
air
c
o
lle
c
t
or
w
i
t
h
d
i
ffe
r
e
nt
m
ass
flow
r
ate
a
n
d
in
t
e
nsit
y.
Fu
dho
l
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
56
],
[
57
]
re
v
i
e
w
e
d
e
n
e
rgy
an
d
exergy an
a
lysis for PV
T a
i
r collec
t
ors.
I
n 20
18,
P
V
T
a
ir
c
ollec
t
o
rs
w
ere re
view
e
d
i
n de
t
a
il [
58]
,
[59].
3.
T
Y
PES
O
F
P
VT AIR COL
LE
CTORS
P
V
T
i
s
t
he
p
o
pula
r
s
ys
t
e
m
o
f
a
s
ola
r
e
ne
rg
y
sys
t
em
.
P
V
T
air
col
l
e
ct
or
i
s
de
si
g
n
ed
t
o
r
ece
i
v
e
s
o
lar
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
i
t
i
n
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
h
o
t
a
i
r
(
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
)
;
i
n
t
his
de
vi
c
e
,
therm
a
l
is
t
ra
nsferre
d
i
n
t
o
a
ir
t
ha
t
fl
ow
s
int
o
t
he
c
ol
l
e
c
t
or.
A
P
V
T
air
col
l
ect
o
r
c
onsi
s
ts
o
f
a
P
V
panel,
a
n
i
n
su
la
t
i
on
a
nd
a
fram
e
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
one
or
m
ore
gla
ss
c
over
(F
ig
ure
1A
)
or
a
t
ra
n
s
pa
ren
t
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l
p
l
ac
e
d
o
v
e
r
t
he
a
bsor
bi
n
g
p
late
w
i
t
h
air
flow
ing
arou
nd
i
t.
T
he
e
ff
icie
nc
y
of
P
V
T
a
ir
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
can
b
e
e
nha
nced
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
e
x
t
e
nd
ed
h
eat
t
ran
s
f
e
r
are
a
t
h
r
o
ugh
the
ab
sorbe
r
w
it
h
fin
n
e
d
a
bso
r
bers
(
F
i
gure
1
B
),
c
or
ruga
ted
surf
ace
s
(F
ig
u
r
e
1C),
p
oro
u
s
m
e
dia
(F
i
gure
1D
)
and
h
o
n
eyc
o
m
b
a
bsor
ber
(F
i
gur
e
1
I
).
P
V
T
a
ir
c
o
l
le
c
t
ors
c
a
n
b
e
c
ateg
orise
d
i
nto
fo
ur
t
ype
s
a
r
e:
(
i)
con
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
P
V
T
air
c
o
lle
c
t
or,
w
h
i
c
h
s
i
n
g
l
e-
pass
w
i
t
h
a
c
han
n
e
l
be
l
o
w
a
P
V
p
anel
o
r
kn
ow
n
as
b
a
c
k
-pass
PV
T
air
col
l
e
c
t
or
(
Fig
u
re
1
A
)
,
(ii)
P
V
T
a
ir
c
ollec
t
or
w
it
h
exte
nd
ed
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
sf
er
a
re
a
(
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
A
,
B
,
C
,
I),
(ii
i
)
w
i
th
t
he
rma
l
s
ora
g
e
(F
igure
1E,
J)
,
an
d
(i
v
)
h
y
b
ri
d
P
V
T
a
ir
c
ol
lec
t
o
r
(
F
i
gure
1F
,
G
,
H
).
F
i
gur
e
1
F
s
h
o
w
s
the
c
o
mb
i
n
at
i
on
o
f
t
he
rm
oelectr
i
c
m
odu
l
e
s
w
ith
P
V
T
a
ir
c
o
l
le
c
t
o
r.
F
igure
1G
a
n
d
F
ig
ure
1H
s
how
s
the c
o
mb
i
n
a
t
i
o
n a
i
r
-
w
a
ter
/
na
n
o
fl
uids-ba
s
e
d
P
V
T
c
olle
ct
or.
F
i
gure
1. V
arious t
ypes
of fla
t-
pl
a
t
e
P
V
T a
i
r
c
o
llec
t
or
s
4.
STUDIE
S
CO
NDUCTED ON DUAL
C
H
ANNEL
PVT
AIR
C
O
LLECTO
R
S
S
e
vera
l
st
ud
ies
con
d
u
cte
d
on
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
a
nd
e
xe
rgy
a
n
a
l
ys
es
o
f
d
u
a
l
c
ha
nne
l
P
V
T
air
col
l
e
c
t
ors
a
s
show
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
H
e
ga
zy
[
6
0
]
com
p
rehe
n
s
ive
l
y
in
ve
sti
g
a
t
ed
t
he
o
v
era
ll
performa
n
ce
s
of
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
ors.
Th
is
i
nves
t
iga
tio
n
w
a
s
based
on
sin
g
le
g
la
z
i
n
g
c
o
l
lect
ors
,
w
he
r
e
ai
r
f
l
ow
s
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
ab
s
o
rb
er
(
M
o
d
e
l
I
)
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dri
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
3
7
– 2
045
2
040
bel
o
w
it
(
M
o
d
e
l
I
I)
and
o
n
b
o
t
h
s
i
de
s
o
f
t
he
a
bs
orbe
r
i
n
a
s
ing
le
p
as
s
(Model
I
II)
or
i
n
a
double
pass
(
M
o
d
e
l
I
V
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
t
h
a
t
f
o
r
a
g
i
v
e
n
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
t
h
e
t
e
m
p
er
ature
o
f
t
he
P
V
de
cre
a
s
e
s
d
u
e
to
a
n
i
n
c
r
ea
se
i
n
f
l
ow
r
ate,
t
h
e
r
e
by
impr
ov
i
n
g
t
h
e
elec
t
r
i
c
al
e
ff
i
c
ienc
y
o
f
t
he
c
o
llec
t
or
.
A
m
ong
t
he
f
ou
r
P
V
T
mode
l
s
,
Mo
de
l
1
d
i
sp
laye
d
the
low
e
s
t
overa
ll
p
e
rform
anc
e
,
w
h
ere
a
s
M
ode
l
III
e
x
h
i
bi
t
e
d
t
h
e
hi
gh
e
s
t
o
v
e
r
al
l
perform
ance,
followed
by
M
odel
IV
.
F
o
r
Model
I
II
(known
as
s
ing
le
-p
ass
dua
l
c
h
an
n
e
l
PV
T
air
c
o
l
l
ec
tor,
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
igu
r
e
2)
,
the
y
r
e
por
t
e
d
t
h
at
P
V
,
t
herm
al
a
n
d
P
V
T
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
i
e
s
o
f
6.9%
-
8
.1%,
30%-5
6%
a
n
d
34.3
%
-
61.4
%
,
respec
tive
l
y.
S
hah
s
a
v
a
r
e
t
a
l
.
[6
1]
s
tu
die
d
e
nerg
y
a
nd
e
x
er
gy
a
na
lyse
s
of
a
d
ual
cha
nne
l
P
V
T
a
i
r
co
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
wit
hout
g
l
a
ss
c
o
v
e
r.
F
o
r
t
h
e
g
l
a
z
e
d
s
y
st
em
,
it
is
f
ou
nd
t
h
a
t
P
V
,
t
herm
al,
a
nd
P
V
T
ene
r
g
y
e
ffi
c
i
en
cies o
f 8.
1%
–9
.1%,
31.
6–
36.2
%
, and 39.8%
–
44.
9%
, r
espec
t
i
v
e
l
y,
duri
n
g the
da
y w
h
er
e a
s
P
V,
therm
a
l,
P
V
T
E
xer
gy
e
f
fi
c
i
e
ncie
s
o
f
3
.
9
%
–
6.7%,
0.9
%
–
1
.1%
,
a
n
d
4.
8%
–7.7
%
,
r
e
spec
tive
l
y.
F
or
t
he
un
g
l
a
z
e
d
s
ys
te
m
,
i
t
is
e
v
i
de
n
t
t
ha
t
t
h
ere
a
r
e
var
i
a
tio
ns
o
f
P
V
,
t
he
rm
al,
and
P
V
T
e
n
erg
y
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
i
es
o
f
9.6%
–
10.6
%
,
1
2
.
2
%
–
2
4
.8%,
a
nd
22.5
%
–
3
4
.6%
,
r
espe
c
tive
l
y,
dur
ing
t
h
e
d
ay
w
h
e
re
a
s
PV,
t
h
erma
l
and
PVT
Exerg
y
e
ffi
cie
n
cie
s
o
f
5.7%–
8
.
7
%,
0
.
3
%–
0.5%,
and
6%
–
9
%
,
re
spe
c
ti
vel
y
.
S
h
an
e
t
a
l
.
[62]
a
ls
o
in
ve
st
iga
t
e
d
sever
a
l
o
f
P
VT
a
ir
c
ol
leco
t
o
rs.
The
y
e
stab
l
i
s
h
ed
e
nergy
b
a
lanc
e
e
qua
ti
o
n
s
an
d
m
a
the
m
atica
l
m
ode
ls
o
f
P
V
T
air
co
l
l
ec
tors
w
it
h
gla
ss
c
o
ver
f
o
r
five
c
ase
s
.
The
y
r
epor
ted
t
ha
t
fo
r
si
n
g
l
e-
pass
dua
l
c
h
a
nne
l
P
V
T
air
col
l
ec
t
o
r
(
C
a
s
e
4),
P
V
a
nd
th
e
r
m
a
l
e
ffic
i
e
n
cie
s
o
f
4.7%
%–
5.
7%
a
nd
59
%–
6
1
%,
r
e
s
pe
ct
i
v
e
l
y.
A
m
o
ri
a
nd
A
bd-A
l
Rahee
m
[
63]
s
tu
d
i
e
d
v
a
r
io
us
P
V
T
a
ir
c
olle
c
t
ors.
T
hey
re
po
r
t
e
d
t
hat
for
single-p
a
ss
du
a
l
c
ha
n
n
e
l
P
V
T
a
i
r
co
l
l
ect
o
r
,
PV
a
n
d
th
ermal
e
f
fi
c
i
en
ci
e
s
o
f
5
%
–12
%
a
n
d
5
8
%
–77
%,
r
espe
ct
ive
l
y.
S
in
g
et
a
l
[6
4]
p
ro
pos
ed
dua
l
c
h
a
n
ne
l
sem
i
t
r
ans
p
are
n
t
ph
oto
v
o
l
ta
ic
t
her
m
a
l
(
D
C
S
P
V
T).
The
y
p
r
ese
n
t
e
d
t
h
at
P
V
ef
f
i
ci
en
c
y
a
nd
PVT
Exerg
y
e
ffic
i
e
n
cy
o
f
~
1
2%-16
%
a
nd
22%
-58%,
r
e
spec
ti
vel
y
.
O
o
s
h
a
k
s
a
r
aei
e
t
a
l
.
[65
]
d
eve
l
ope
d
fo
ur
n
ew
d
e
si
gn
s
of
P
VT
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
ecto
r
s
wi
th
b
i
f
aci
al
s
o
l
a
r
c
el
l
s
.
In
M
od
el
I
V,
t
h
e
a
i
r
f
l
o
ws
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
g
l
a
zin
g
and
t
h
e
PV
l
amin
at
ion
an
d
ret
u
rn
s
b
ack
t
o
t
h
e
s
e
c
ond
c
h
a
nne
l
.
F
o
r
M
ode
l
IV
,
the
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
at
e
ne
r
g
y
a
n
d
exe
r
g
y
e
fficie
n
c
i
e
s ra
nge fro
m
51%
t
o
6
7
%
a
nd fr
om
3
.9%
t
o
9
.5%
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
tiv
el
y
.
F
i
gure
2.
S
c
h
em
ati
c
of si
ng
le
-
p
ass dua
l
cha
nne
l
P
V
T
air
c
o
l
l
ec
t
or
Tab
l
e
2.
S
tudie
s
c
onduc
te
d on
e
ner
g
y
an
d
ex
er
g
y
a
na
l
y
s
i
s o
f
dua
l
ch
an
n
e
l
PVT
ai
r co
l
l
ecto
r
s
Ref
e
r
e
n
c
e
&
y
e
a
r
S
t
udy
E
ne
rgy
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
y
(%
)
P
VT
e
x
e
r
gy
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
PV
T
he
r
m
al
P
V
T
[60]
,
2
0
0
0
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
6
.
9
-8.
1
30-56
34.
3-
61.
4
-
[61]
,
2
0
1
2
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
8.
1-1
0
.6
12.
2-36.
2
22.
5-
44.
9
4.
8-9
[62]
,
2
0
1
4
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
4
.
7
-5.
7
59-61
-
-
[63]
,
2
0
1
4
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
5-1
2
58-77
-
-
[64]
,
2
0
1
6
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
12-
16
-
-
22-
58
[65]
,
2
0
1
7
T
h
e
o
r
e
tica
l
a
nd
ex
p
e
r
i
men
t
a
l
-
-
51-
67
3
.
9
-9.
5
5.
MATH
EMA
T
ICAL
M
ODEL
O
F
DUAL
C
HANNEL PVT AIR COL
L
E
C
TORS
S
h
a
h
sa
var
et
a
l
.
[
61
]
a
n
a
l
yse
d
t
he
e
nergy
a
n
d
exe
r
g
y
p
erfo
r
m
a
n
c
es
o
f
a
n
a
tura
l
l
y
ve
n
t
il
a
t
e
d
P
V
T
a
ir
col
l
ec
t
o
r
in
K
e
r
m
a
n,
I
r
a
n.
A
t
hi
n
me
ta
l
s
h
ee
t
wa
s
used
a
s
a col
l
e
c
t
or
t
o impr
ove
t
he
h
ea
t
extra
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
pane
l
an
d
i
n
cr
e
a
se
t
he
t
h
e
rm
al
a
n
d
e
lec
t
ric
a
l
o
ut
p
u
ts.
The
ene
r
g
y
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
P
V
T
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in F
ig
ure
3,
is expr
esse
d a
s
fo
l
l
o
w
s
.
F
o
r
the gla
s
s
c
over
:
ℎ
,
ℎ
ℎ
,
ℎ
(
1
)
For
the P
V
p
a
n
el:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
H
e
at tr
a
n
sfe
r
a
nd ef
f
i
c
i
ency
o
f
dua
l c
h
an
n
e
l PVT
air col
l
ec
tor:
a rev
i
ew (Ahm
a
d
Fu
dho
li)
2
041
1
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
,
(
2
)
For
the up
pe
r air c
h
an
nel
:
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
(
3
)
For
the
t
h
in m
eta
l
s
heet
:
ℎ
,
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
,
(
4
)
For
the lowe
r air c
h
an
nel
:
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
(
5
)
For
the ba
ck
i
n
s
u
l
at
i
on:
ℎ
,
ℎ
(
6
)
F
o
r
the un
gla
z
e
d
t
y
pe
:
1
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
,
(
7
)
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Sc
h
emat
i
c
o
f
a
PVT
a
i
r co
l
l
ect
o
r
wi
t
h
t
e
mp
era
t
u
r
e
s
a
n
d
h
e
at
t
ransf
e
r c
o
ef
fi
ci
en
ts
S
i
ngh
e
t
a
l.
[
64]
a
nal
y
se
d
the
t
h
erm
a
l
mode
ll
in
g
a
n
d
pe
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
t
w
o
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
,
s
e
m
i
-
trans
p
ar
en
t
PVT
syste
m
.
The
ove
ral
l
e
ffi
cienc
y
p
erf
o
rma
n
ce
o
f
t
he
t
w
o
-
i
n
l
e
t
,
sem
i
-trans
par
e
n
t
P
V
T
w
as
hi
ghe
r
tha
n
t
h
e
one
-pa
ss
se
m
i
-transpar
e
n
t
P
V
T
s
ystem
.
T
he
e
ne
rg
y
b
a
lanc
e
of
t
his
P
V
T
a
i
r
colle
ctor,
as
show
n in F
igur
e 4,
is e
xpressed
as foll
o
w
s
.
For
the to
p
gl
a
s
s
chan
ne
l:
,
(8)
W
h
ere
ℎ
An
d
.
(9)
For
the P
V
p
a
n
el:
ℎ
ℎ
,
(10)
W
h
ere
.
(11)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dri
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
3
7
– 2
045
2
042
F
o
r
the dow
n a
i
r
chan
ne
l:
ℎ
,
(12)
W
h
ere
.
(13)
Fo
r t
h
e
b
l
ack
en
ed
a
bso
r
bin
g
p
l
at
e:
1
ℎ
,
(14)
Whe
r
e
.
(15)
F
i
gure
4.
S
c
h
em
atic of t
h
e
t
w
o-
in
le
t,
sem
i-trans
p
ar
ent P
V
T syst
em
with te
m
pera
tures
and
he
at
t
r
an
sfe
r
c
o
e
ffi
ci
e
n
t
s
Oosha
k
s
a
raei
e
t al. [65] analyse
d the
e
n
e
r
gy a
nd e
x
erg
y
of dua
l
channe
l
PVT air collectors as
s
hown
in
F
i
gure
5(a
)
.
F
i
gure
5(b)
s
h
o
w
s
t
he
v
ar
iou
s
h
ea
t
tra
n
sfer
c
oe
ffi
c
i
ent
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
u
a
l
ch
anne
l
PVT
ai
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
or
con
s
i
d
ere
d
.
A
n
e
ne
rg
y
ba
la
nc
e
m
ode
l
w
a
s
deve
lope
d
t
o
a
na
lyse
t
h
e
perfo
r
m
a
n
ce.
T
he
e
nerg
y
bala
nc
e
equa
t
i
o
n
s for
dual
cha
n
ne
l
PVT
air
coll
e
c
t
or can
b
e
express
e
d
a
s
f
o
llows.
F
o
r
the gla
s
s
c
over
:
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
(16)
For
the P
V
l
a
m
ina
t
e
:
1
1
1
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
ℎ
(17)
F
o
r
t
h
e
re
f
l
ec
to
r
:
ℎ
1
1
ℎ
(18)
F
o
r
flui
d 1
:
ℎ
ℎ
(19)
F
o
r
flui
d 2
:
ℎ
ℎ
(20)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
H
e
at tr
a
n
sfe
r
a
nd ef
f
i
c
i
ency
o
f
dua
l c
h
an
n
e
l PVT
air col
l
ec
tor:
a rev
i
ew (Ahm
a
d
Fu
dho
li)
2
043
F
i
gure
5. (
a) Sc
h
em
at
ic of a
dual c
h
a
n
ne
l
PVT
air c
o
ll
e
c
t
or,
(b
)
w
ith
t
em
pe
ra
t
u
r
e
s a
nd
heat
t
r
a
nsf
e
r coeffi
c
i
e
n
t
s
6
.
CONCL
U
S
IONS
PVT
ai
r
c
o
ll
ect
o
r
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
re
mo
v
e
h
e
a
t
accu
mu
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
a
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
a
n
d
r
e
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
w
a
s
t
e
h
e
a
t
i
n
a
n
appr
opr
i
a
t
e
w
a
y
.
P
V
T
a
i
r
coll
ec
t
o
r
com
b
ine
s
t
he
P
V
pa
ne
l
and
s
o
lar
c
o
ll
ec
tor
i
n
t
o
a
s
in
gle
m
o
d
u
le,
th
e
r
eby
e
n
ab
li
ng
P
V
-
c
e
l
l
c
oo
ling
a
nd
si
mul
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
ly
u
ti
li
si
n
g
th
e
ex
t
r
a
ct
ed
h
e
a
t
f
o
r
do
mes
t
i
c
u
se
.
He
at
t
ra
n
s
fer
a
n
d
therm
a
l
mo
de
ll
in
g
of
d
ual
c
h
a
nne
l
P
V
T
a
i
r
col
l
ec
tors
a
r
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
e
d.
G
ene
r
all
y
,
stea
d
y
-
s
ta
t
e
one
-d
ime
n
si
on
a
l
linear
first-
order
diff
er
ential
e
qua
t
i
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
r
epor
t
e
d
for
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
of
m
at
hem
a
ti
ca
l
m
o
d
e
l.
E
ner
g
y
a
n
d
e
x
erg
y
efficie
n
c
i
es
o
f dua
l cha
nne
l P
V
T air
collec
t
o
r
s
w
e
r
e
22.
5%–6
7%
a
n
d 3.9
%
-58%,
re
spe
c
ti
ve
ly.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
We
g
ra
t
e
fu
l
l
y
ac
know
le
dge
t
he
f
u
n
d
in
g
from
U
S
A
ID
t
hr
ou
g
h
t
h
e
S
H
ERA
pr
ogr
am
-Ce
n
tre
for
D
e
ve
lopm
ent
of
S
us
t
a
ina
b
l
e
R
e
g
io
n
(
C
D
S
R)
.
In
y
e
a
r
2
0
17-2
0
2
1
C
D
S
R
i
s
l
e
d
b
y
C
e
n
t
e
r
f
o
r
En
e
r
gy
St
u
di
e
s
-UGM
.
REFE
RENCES
[1]
N.F.
M.
R
azali,
et a
l
.
,
"
E
xperiment
s
t
udy
o
f
w
a
ter
b
a
s
e
d
p
h
o
t
ovol
ta
i
c
-th
e
rmal
(
P
V
/T)
co
l
l
ect
or,”
Interna
t
ional
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
ectri
cal
an
d
Comp
u
t
er E
n
g
i
neerin
g (
I
JE
CE)
,
vo
l. 9
,
n
o
. 1,
pp
.
11
8-1
2
5
, 20
1
9
.
[2]
N.F.
M.
R
azali
,
et
a
l
.
,
"
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
w
a
t
e
r
-
n
a
n
o
f
l
u
i
d
b
a
s
ed
p
ho
tovol
t
a
i
c/thermal
(PV/
T)
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
"
International
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
ectri
cal
an
d
Comp
u
t
er E
n
g
i
neerin
g (
I
JE
CE)
,
vo
l. 9
,
n
o
. 1,
pp
.
13
4-1
4
0
, 20
1
9
.
[3]
N.S.
B
.
R
uk
m
a
n,
et
al
.
,
"
E
nerg
y
and
ex
ergy
e
ffi
ciency
o
f
water-b
ased
p
ho
tov
o
l
t
a
i
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
(
P
V
T
)
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
:
an
o
v
e
rvi
e
w,"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
nal Jou
r
n
a
l
of Po
wer Elect
ro
n
i
cs
an
d Dr
ive Systems
(
I
JPEDS)
,
vo
l.
1
0
,
no.
2
,
pp
.
9
87-9
9
4
,
2
0
1
9.
[4]
A.
F
ud
ho
li
,
et
al.
,
"Revi
e
w
on
exerg
y
a
nd
e
n
e
rg
y
anal
ys
is
o
f
solar
air
heat
er,
"
Int
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
ur
nal
of Po
we
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
ems (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
9
, n
o.
1
,
p
p
.
4
2
0
-26,
2
01
8.
[5]
A.
F
ud
ho
li
,
et
al.
,
"Review
o
n
s
olar
c
o
l
l
ector
f
or
a
gri
c
ul
tural
p
r
oduce,
"
In
tern
at
iona
l J
o
ur
nal o
f
Power El
ectro
ni
c
s
an
d D
r
i
ve Sys
t
e
m
s
(
I
JPE
D
S)
, v
o
l
. 9
, n
o.
1
, p
p.
41
4
-1
9
,
2
01
8.
[6]
A.
F
ud
ho
l
i
,
et al.
,
"R&D
o
f
p
hot
ov
oltaic
t
h
e
rm
a
l
(
P
V
T
)
s
yst
e
m
s
:
an
o
v
e
rv
iew
,
"
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urna
l
o
f
Powe
r
El
ectro
n
i
cs
a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
s
t
ems (
I
JPED
S
)
,
vol.
9
(
2),
pp.
8
0
3
-1
0,
2
01
8.
[7]
A.
F
udh
oli,
et a
l
.
,
"P
rim
a
ry
s
tu
d
y
o
f
t
r
acki
n
g
phot
ovo
lt
aic
s
y
stem
f
o
r
m
obile
s
ta
tio
n
in
M
alaysia,"
International
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r Electr
onics
and D
r
i
ve Sys
t
ems
(
I
JPE
D
S)
,
v
o
l
. 9
(1), p
p.
42
7
-3
2
,
2
01
8.
[8]
A.
F
ud
ho
l
i
,
et al.
,
"Des
ign
an
d
t
e
stin
g
o
f
s
o
l
ar dryer fo
r
d
ryin
g kineti
cs o
f
s
e
a
wee
d
in M
a
lays
ia,
"
i
n
Proc
. of th
e
5
t
h
Int
.
Con
f
.
on Energ
y
an
d D
evelop
men
t
-
E
n
vir
onmen
t – Bi
om
edicine (EDEP’1
1
,
Co
rf
u
,
201
1
,
pp.
1
19-1
2
4
.
[9]
C.
N.
A
is
yah
et a
l
.,
"
Kecek
ap
an
p
en
gu
m
pul
P
V/T
men
g
g
u
n
a
kan
pen
g
u
m
p
u
l
term
a
rek
a
b
en
t
u
k
pilin
(
Ef
f
i
c
i
ency
o
f
PV/T
c
olle
c
t
o
r
u
sin
g
sp
ira
l
t
he
rm
a
l
a
bsor
be
r d
e
sig
n
)
,"
Sa
in
s
Ma
la
y
s
ian
a
,
vol.
4
7
,
no.
4
,
p
p
.
853
-859,
201
8.
[10]
A.
F
ud
ho
li,
et
a
l
.
,
"
En
e
r
gy
a
n
a
ly
si
s
a
n
d
im
pr
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
po
te
n
t
i
a
l
of
f
in
ne
d
do
ub
le
-pa
ss
s
o
l
ar
c
ol
lecto
r
,"
En
e
r
g
y
Co
nv
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
Ma
na
ge
me
n
t
, vo
l
.
75
,
pp
. 2
34
-4
0
, 20
1
3
.
[11]
A.
F
ud
ho
li,
et al.,
"
P
e
rf
orm
a
n
c
e
and
cos
t
b
e
n
efit
s
an
aly
s
is
o
f
doubl
e-pas
s
s
o
l
ar
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
f
i
n
s
,
"
En
ergy Conver
sion
an
d
M
a
n
agem
e
nt
,
vo
l
.
7
6
, pp
. 8-1
9,
20
1
3
.
[12]
A.
F
udh
oli,
et a
l
.
,
"
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
p
a
s
s
s
o
l
a
r
a
i
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
wi
th
f
ins,"
P
r
o
c
eed
in
gs
of
th
e 9t
h
WS
EAS In
te
rn
a
t
io
na
l
Co
nfe
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
SY
S
T
E
M
S
C
IENCE
an
d SI
MU
LATION in
ENGIN
E
ERING
(
I
C
O
SS
SE’1
0
)
,
Jap
a
n,
2
01
0,
pp.
42
8
-3
4.
[13]
A.
F
u
dholi
,
et al
.,
"
Ex
perim
e
ntal
S
tud
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
oub
le-p
ass
s
o
l
a
r
ai
r
collecto
r
w
it
h
s
t
agg
e
red
f
i
ns,
"
Pr
oceed
ing
s
o
f
th
e
9t
h W
S
EAS
Int
e
rnati
o
n
a
l Con
f
er
e
n
ce on
S
Y
ST
EM
SCIE
NCE a
nd
SIM
U
L
A
T
I
O
N
in ENG
I
NEER
IN
G
(
I
COSS
S
E
’10)
,
Ja
p
a
n,
2
0
10,
pp.
4
10
-1
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dri
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
2
0
3
7
– 2
045
2
044
[14]
J.
K.
T
o
nui
a
nd
Y
.
T
rip
a
nagn
os
to
po
ulo
s
,
“
P
erf
o
rm
an
ce
i
m
prov
em
ent
o
f
P
V
/
T
s
o
l
a
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
w
i
t
h
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
a
i
r
f
l
o
w
op
eratio
n,
”
Solar E
n
erg
y
, vo
l
.
8
2
, pp
.
1
–1
2
, 2
00
8.
[15]
J.
K.
T
on
u
i
a
nd
Y
.
T
r
ip
anagn
o
s
t
o
poulo
s
,
“Ai
r-c
o
o
l
e
d
PV/T
s
o
l
ar
c
ol
lectors
with
l
ow
c
ost
p
e
rf
orm
a
nce
impro
v
e
me
nts,”
So
la
r E
n
er
gy
,
v
o
l
.
81
,
p
p.
4
98
-51
1
, 2
00
7.
[16]
B.
A
graw
al
a
nd
G
.
N
.
Tiwari,
"
L
i
f
e
c
ycl
e
c
o
s
t
as
sess
m
e
n
t
o
f
bui
l
ding
i
nt
egrat
e
d
ph
ot
ovo
lt
aic
th
ermal
(BIP
VT)
syst
e
m
s,"
En
ergy an
d B
u
ild
ings
,
vo
l.
4
2
,
p
p
.
1
47
2
-
81
,
2
01
0.
[17]
B.
A
g
r
awal
a
nd
G
.N
.
T
i
wari
,
"Op
t
i
m
i
z
in
g
t
h
e
en
ergy
and
e
x
er
gy
o
f
buildi
n
g
integrated
photovolt
a
i
c
thermal
(BIP
VT)
systems
un
der co
ld clim
a
tic
cond
it
io
n
s
,"
A
p
pl
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
gy
,
vol.
8
7
,
pp.
417-2
6
,
201
0.
[18]
F.
S
a
r
ha
d
d
i
,
et al
.
,
"
A
n
i
m
pr
o
v
e
d
th
e
r
ma
l
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
ric
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
for
a
so
la
r
ph
otov
o
ltai
c
t
h
e
rmal
(
PV
/T)
air
col
l
ecto
r
,"
Appli
e
d Energy
,
vol.
87
,
p
p
.
2
32
8-39
,
2
0
1
0
.
[19]
F.
S
a
r
ha
dd
i,
et
al.
, "
E
xerg
etic perf
o
rm
an
ce
ass
e
ss
men
t
o
f
a
s
o
l
a
r
p
hot
ov
oltaic
t
h
e
rmal
(
P
V
/T)
a
ir
c
oll
e
ct
or
,
"
Ener
gy
an
d B
u
i
l
ding
s
,
v
o
l.
42,
p
p
.
2
18
4-99
,
2
01
0.
[20]
A.
S
h
a
hs
avar,
an
d
M
.
A
m
e
ri
,
M
.
,
“E
xperiment
a
l
i
n
v
esti
gation
a
nd
m
o
d
el
in
g
of
a
d
irect
-co
u
p
l
ed
P
V
/
T
air
col
l
ecto
r
,”
So
la
r Ene
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
84(1
1
),
pp.
1
9
3
8
-
1958,
2
0
1
0
.
[21]
S
.
A
graw
al,
and
G
.
N
.
Tiwari
,
“
Energy
a
n
d
ex
erg
y
an
aly
s
is
o
f
h
y
b
rid
m
i
cro
-
chan
nel
ph
ot
ov
olt
a
ic
t
h
e
rmal
m
o
dule,”
So
la
r E
n
erg
y
,
vo
l
.
85
(
2
)
, p
p.
35
6
-
37
0, 20
1
1
.
[22]
K.E.
A
mor
i
,
and
H.
M
.
T.
A
l-
Naj
j
a
r,
"
Analysis
o
f
t
h
ermal
and
el
e
c
trical
p
erf
o
rm
ance
o
f
a
hyb
rid
(P
V/T
)
a
ir
b
as
ed
solar col
l
ec
t
o
r for Iraq,
"
Ap
pl
ie
d
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
8
, p
p.
3
8
4
-95
,
2
012.
[23]
S.
A
g
r
a
w
a
l
,
et
a
l
.
,
"Ind
oo
r
exp
e
rim
e
nt
al
a
naly
s
i
s
of
g
lazed
h
y
b
ri
d
pho
to
vo
lt
a
i
c
t
herm
al
t
iles
air
col
l
ecto
r
c
o
nnect
ed
in
s
eri
e
s,"
E
n
ergy and
Bu
ilding
s
,
v
o
l
. 5
3,
pp
.
14
5
-
5
1, 2
01
2.
[24]
S
.
A
g
r
awal,
and
G.N.
T
i
w
ari,
“
Ov
eral
l
en
ergy
,
exerg
y
a
nd
c
a
r
bon
c
redi
t
an
a
l
ys
is
b
y
d
i
fferen
t
t
ype
o
f
hy
bri
d
ph
ot
ovo
lt
aic t
h
erm
a
l
a
i
r co
ll
ectors
,
”
En
e
r
gy
c
o
nv
ersion
an
d
Man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
6
5
,
pp
.
6
2
8
-6
36,
2013
.
[25]
C.S.
R
a
j
oria,
et al.
,
"
E
xe
rg
e
t
ic
a
n
d
e
nv
iroe
c
o
nomic
a
na
lys
i
s
o
f
n
ov
e
l
h
yb
rid
P
V
T
a
r
ray,"
So
lar
E
n
erg
y
,
v
o
l.
88,
p
p
. 11
0
-
19
, 2
01
3.
[26]
T.
Y
ang
and
A
.
K
.
A
t
h
i
enitis,
“A
s
t
u
dy
o
f
design
opti
ons
f
or
a
building
i
n
tegrate
d
p
hotovoltai
c
/thermal
(BIPV
/
T
)
syst
e
m
w
ith
g
l
a
z
e
d air
col
l
ector a
nd mu
lti
p
l
e
inle
ts,”
So
la
r Ene
r
gy
,
vol.
1
0
4
,
p
p
.
82–9
2,
2
01
4.
[27]
J.H.
K
im,
S
.
H.
P
ark,
a
nd
J
.T.
Kim,
“
Ex
perim
e
ntal
p
erfo
rm
ance
o
f
a
p
ho
to
vo
lta
i
c-th
ermal
ai
r
col
l
ect
or,”
Ener
g
y
Pr
ocedi
a
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
pp
.
8
88-8
9
4
, 2
01
4.
[28]
K.E.
A
m
o
r
i
,
M.A.
A
bd-AlRaheem,
"Fiel
d
s
t
u
dy
o
f
various
a
i
r
b
a
se
d
ph
otov
olta
ic
/th
e
rma
l
h
yb
r
i
d
sola
r
c
o
lle
c
t
or
s,"
Ren
e
wabl
e En
er
g
y
, v
ol
.
6
3
, pp
. 4
0
2
-1
4, 2
01
4.
[29]
Y.
L
i,
et
a
l
.
,
"
P
erf
o
rm
an
ce
stu
d
y
of
a
s
ol
ar
pho
tovo
lt
a
i
c
air
con
d
i
t
i
oner
i
n
t
h
e
hot
s
u
mmer
an
d
co
l
d
w
i
n
t
e
r
zo
ne,
"
So
la
r E
n
erg
y
,
vo
l
.
11
7
, p
p.
16
7
-
7
9
,
2
01
5.
[30]
C.
G
o
od,
et a
l
.
,
"
S
o
l
ar
e
nerg
y
f
o
r
n
e
t
zero
e
n
ergy
b
u
ildin
gs
–
A
c
o
m
pari
son
be
t
w
een
s
o
l
ar
t
h
e
rm
al,
PV
a
nd
ph
ot
ovo
lt
aic–
the
r
m
a
l
(P
V/
T)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
"
So
la
r Ene
r
gy
,
vol.
1
2
2
,
pp
.
98
6-9
6
,
2
0
1
5
.
[31]
J.G.
A
hn,
et
al.
,
"
A
S
tu
dy
o
n
Ex
peri
m
e
ntal
P
erf
o
rm
an
ce
of
A
ir-Typ
e
P
V
/
T
C
ollect
or wit
h HRV,
"
E
n
er
gy P
r
o
cedia
,
vo
l.
78,
p
p
.
3
00
7
-
12
,
2
01
5.
[32]
S
.
N
.
J
ahro
mi,
A.
V
ad
iee,
a
n
d
M
.
Yag
h
o
u
b
i
,
“E
x
e
rgy
and
e
c
ono
m
i
c
eval
uatio
n
of
a
c
o
m
m
e
rci
a
ll
y
avai
lab
l
e
PV/T
c
o
ll
e
c
t
or
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
li
ma
te
s
in
I
r
a
n,
”
En
erg
y
Pr
oced
ia
,
vol.
75,
p
p
.
4
44-4
56,
2
0
1
5.
[33]
R.S.
K
amel
,
and
A.S
.
F
ung,
“
M
odelling
and
Char
acterizat
ion
of
T
ra
nsp
a
re
nt
B
u
i
ld
in
g
Inte
g
r
ated
P
V/T
Collect
or,”
En
ergy Pr
ocedi
a
,
v
o
l
.
78
, p
p.
1
87
1-1
8
7
6
, 2
01
5.
[34]
C.S.
R
ajor
ia,
et
a
l
.
,
"Ex
e
rget
ic
a
nd
e
nv
iro
econo
m
i
c
anal
y
s
is
o
f
s
e
mitran
sp
arent
P
V
T
a
rray
based
on
optim
um
a
ir
flo
w
c
o
n
fi
gurat
io
n
an
d
its
c
om
p
a
rativ
e
stud
y,
"
So
la
r Ene
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
2
,
p
p.
1
1
38-45,
2
0
15.
[35]
M
.
G
h
o
l
a
m
p
o
u
r
a
n
d
M
.
A
m
e
r
i
,
"
E
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
e
x
e
r
g
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
o
f
p
h
o
t
ovol
t
a
ic/t
hermal
f
l
a
t
transpired
c
ol
lect
or
s:
Ex
perim
e
ntal
a
n
d
t
h
e
oretical
s
tudy
,
"
App
l
ied Ener
gy
,
vol.
1
6
4
,
p
p
.
837
-56
,
2
016
.
[36]
E.
D.
R
ounis,
A
.K
.
A
t
hien
itis,
an
d
T.
S
tat
hop
oulos,
“
M
u
lti
p
l
e-i
n
l
e
t
building
integrated
p
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
aic/
th
ermal
s
y
s
t
e
m
model
l
i
ng under varyi
n
g
wi
nd
and temperat
ure conditions
,
”
S
o
l
ar En
e
r
gy
,
v
o
l
.
13
9
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
-1
70
,
2016
.
[37]
J.C.
M
o
j
um
der,
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
ex
perim
e
ntal
i
n
v
es
tigati
on
o
n
p
e
rf
orm
a
n
c
e
anal
ys
is
o
f
air
t
yp
e
p
hotov
ol
ta
i
c
t
h
e
rm
a
l
col
l
ecto
r
s
ys
t
e
m
in
teg
r
ated with
c
ool
in
g
fi
n
s
design,”
Ener
gy a
nd
Bu
il
d
i
ng
s
, vo
l
.
1
3
0
, p
p.
27
2
-2
8
5
,
20
16
.
[38]
M
.
H
azam
i,
et al.
,
"E
nerget
ic
a
n
d
exerg
e
tic
p
erf
o
rm
ances
a
n
a
ly
si
s
of
a
P
V/T
(pho
t
ovo
lt
aic
t
h
ermal)
s
ol
a
r
s
ys
te
m
tes
t
ed
a
nd
sim
u
l
a
t
ed
und
er
t
o
T
uni
s
i
an (N
o
rt
h Africa) clim
ati
c
conditions,"
Energy
, v
ol
.
1
0
7
, pp
.
7
8-9
4
,
2
01
6.
[39]
S
.
Tiw
ari
and
G.
N
.
Tiw
ari,
“
Ex
ergoeco
no
m
i
c
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
p
hoto
v
o
lt
a
i
c-th
erm
a
l
(P
VT)
mixed
m
o
de
g
reen
hou
se
solar dryer,”
En
e
r
g
y
, vo
l
.
11
4,
p
p
. 15
5
–
1
6
4
, 2
01
6.
[40]
M
.
E.
A.
S
li
m
a
ni
,
et
al.
,
"
S
t
udy
and
m
o
d
e
li
ng
o
f
en
ergy
p
erform
ance
of
a
h
yb
rid
p
h
o
t
ov
o
ltaic/t
hermal
s
olar
col
l
ecto
r
:
Configu
r
ati
on
suit
able
f
or
a
n
i
n
d
i
rect
s
o
l
ar
d
ryer,"
Ene
r
gy
Co
nv
e
r
sio
n
an
d
Man
ag
e
m
e
n
t
,
vo
l.
125,
p
p
. 20
9
-
21
, 2
01
6.
[41]
I.
T
ab
et,
et
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
ex
peri
men
t
al
i
nv
estig
ati
on
o
n
p
e
r
f
o
rm
ance
anal
ysi
s
o
f
ai
r
t
y
p
e
ph
ot
ov
olt
a
ic
t
herm
al
c
ol
lector
sy
st
e
m
i
ntegrat
e
d
w
i
t
h
c
o
o
lin
g fins
d
es
ign,
”
T
h
e
Eu
ro
pean
P
h
ysisi
c
al
Jou
r
n
a
l
Pl
u
s
,
vol.
13
1(41
), p
p.
1
-15
,
2
01
6.
[42]
P
.
O
o
s
hak
s
araei,
et
a
l
.
,
“P
erf
o
rman
ce
o
f
f
ou
r
ai
r-bas
ed
pho
to
vo
lta
i
c
t
herm
al
c
o
l
lect
or
s
co
nfig
uratio
ns
w
ith
b
i
f
aci
a
l
solar cells,”
Renewab
l
e E
n
erg
y
,
vo
l. 1
02
,
p
p
.
2
7
9
-
29
3, 2
01
7.
[43]
P
.
O
o
s
h
a
ksaraei
,
et a
l
.
,
“
C
haracteri
zatio
n
o
f
a
b
i
f
aci
al
p
ho
tovol
ta
i
c
p
anel
i
n
t
eg
rated
w
i
t
h
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
d
i
f
f
u
s
e
a
n
d
sem
i
mirror
t
y
pe
r
ef
lect
ors”.
Int
e
rn
ati
o
n
a
l Jou
r
n
a
l of Ph
o
t
oener
g
y,
v
ol
. 7
, 20
1
3
.
[44]
M.
Z
o
hri
et
a
l
.
,
“
P
h
o
t
ovo
lt
aic
therm
a
l
(PV
T
)
s
y
stem
w
it
h
and
with
out
f
in
s
coll
ecto
r
:
theo
reti
cal
a
ppro
ach,
”
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve System (
I
JPED
S
)
,
v
o
l
. 8(4
)
,
p
p
. 1
75
6-6
3
, 2
01
7.
[45]
M.
Z
o
hri
et
al
.,
“
Perf
orm
a
n
ce
anal
ysi
s
o
f
ph
ot
ov
o
l
ta
ic
t
herm
al
(
PVT)
w
it
h
an
d
w
it
ho
ut
V
-g
ro
o
v
e
col
l
ect
or,”
J
o
urna
l
o
f
Eng
i
n
e
e
r
in
g
a
n
d
Ap
pl
ie
d
Sc
ie
n
c
e
s
,
v
ol.
12
(22
)
,
p
p
.
6
029-6
032
,
2
01
7.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
H
e
at tr
a
n
sfe
r
a
nd ef
f
i
c
i
ency
o
f
dua
l c
h
an
n
e
l PVT
air col
l
ec
tor:
a rev
i
ew (Ahm
a
d
Fu
dho
li)
2
045
[46]
M.
Z
o
hri
et al
.
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
e
x
e
r
g
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
(
P
V
T
)
w
i
th
a
nd
w
it
ho
u
t
f
i
n
s
c
o
ll
e
c
t
o
r
,
”
ARPN Journa
l of
E
ngi
neering an
d App
l
ied
Sciences,
vol.
1
3
(3
),
pp.
8
03
-,
2
0
1
8
.
[47]
M.
Z
oh
r
i
,
et al.
,
"Ex
e
rgy
as
ses
s
m
e
nt
o
f
ph
ot
o
v
olt
a
ic
t
herm
al
w
ith
v
-g
roov
e
c
o
ll
ecto
r
u
si
ng
t
h
e
oreti
cal
s
t
u
d
y
,"
T
E
LKO
M
NIKA
(T
el
ec
o
m
m
u
n
i
catio
n,
Comp
u
t
in
g
,
Elect
ro
n
i
cs a
nd Cont
rol)
,
v
o
l
. 16
(
2), p
p.
55
0
-5
7,
2
01
8.
[48]
B
.
D
as,
et
a
l
.
,
“Perf
o
rm
ance an
aly
s
is o
f s
i
ng
le
glazed
so
l
ar P
V
T
a
ir col
lecto
r
i
n
t
he cl
i
m
a
t
i
c
co
n
d
i
ti
on
o
f
NE
I
ndi
a,
”
P
r
oceedi
n
g
s
:
4
th
In
tern
atio
nal
E
l
ectr
o
n
i
c Co
n
f
rence
on
En
tro
p
y and
Its
A
pplica
t
i
o
n
(
E
CEA 2
017)
,
2
0
1
8
, pp
. 1
-14
.
[49]
A.
F
ud
ho
li,
et
a
l
.,
"
En
ergy
a
nd
e
xergy
an
al
ys
e
s
o
f
p
hoto
voltai
c
t
h
e
rm
al
c
ol
lect
or
wi
th
▽
-groove,
"
So
la
r E
n
erg
y
,
vo
l.
159
,
p
p
.
74
2
-
50
,
2
01
8.
[50]
N.S.
N
azri,
et a
l
.,
“
En
ergy
eco
n
o
m
i
c
an
alysis
o
f
pho
to
volt
a
ic–therm
al
-t
herm
o
e
lectr
i
c
(
P
V
T-TE
)
ai
r
c
o
ll
ecto
r
s,”
Ren
e
wabl
e an
d Sus
tain
abl
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
Revi
ew
,
v
o
l.
92
,
p
p.
1
87
-
9
7
, 2
018
.
[51]
N.S.
N
azri,
et
a
l
.,
"
M
a
th
em
atical
m
od
elin
g
of
p
h
o
to
volt
a
ic
t
herm
al-t
herm
oelectric
(PVT-
T
E)
a
ir
c
oll
e
ct
or,"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of Po
wer
E
l
ectr
onics an
d
D
r
i
ve Systems
(
I
JPE
D
S)
, v
o
l
. 9
,
n
o
. 2
, p
p.
79
5
-
8
0
2
, 20
1
8
.
[52]
N.S.
Nazri,
et a
l
.,
"
Experi
m
e
ntal
s
tudy o
f
photovo
l
ta
i
c
t
hermal-the
rm
oelect
ric
(
P
V
T-TE)
a
i
r
co
l
lect
or.
Interna
tional
Jou
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r Electr
onics
and D
r
i
ve Sys
t
ems
(
I
JPE
D
S)
,
vol.
9
,
no
.
3,
p
p
.
1
406-14
12
,
2
0
1
8
.
[53]
N.S.
N
azri,
et
a
l
.,
"
An
alisis
t
en
aga
si
st
em
h
ib
rid
pen
gum
p
u
l
udara
f
o
t
ov
oltan
term
a-term
oe
l
e
kt
rik
(PV
T
-
TE),”
Jou
r
n
a
l Ke
j
u
r
u
tera
an SI
, vo
l
. 1
,
no
. 3,
pp
.
4
7
-
5
6
, 2
01
8.
[54]
A.L.
A
bdullah,
et a
l
.
,
“
N
u
m
e
r
ical
a
n
a
ly
sis
of
s
olar
h
y
b
ri
d
ph
ot
ov
oltaic
t
he
rm
al
a
ir
co
llector
s
im
ul
ati
on
by
ANSY
S,” C
F
D
Letter, vo
l
.
11
(2
)
,
p
p.
1-1
1
, 2
01
9
.
[55]
A.
F
ud
ho
li
,
et
a
l
.
,
“Exergy
and
susta
i
nability
i
ndex
of
p
hot
o
vol
t
aic
t
h
ermal
(PVT
)
air
co
ll
ector:
a
th
eoreti
cal
a
n
d
exp
e
rim
e
nt
al s
tudy
,
”
Ren
e
wab
l
e a
nd
Su
sta
i
n
able E
n
er
gy
R
e
vi
ews
,
v
o
l
. 10
0
, pp
. 44
-
51
,
2
0
1
9
.
[56]
A.
F
u
dho
li
,
et a
l
.
,
“
R
evi
e
w
o
f
s
olar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
aic/th
ermal
(PV/T
)
a
i
r
c
oll
ecto
r
,“
Inter
n
a
t
i
onal
Jo
urn
a
l
of E
l
ectr
i
ca
l
an
d
Co
mp
u
t
er
Engi
neer
ing
(
I
JECE)
,
vo
l. 9
(1)
, p
p
. 12
6
-1
33
,
20
1
9
.
[57]
A.
F
ud
ho
li,
et
al
.,
"
E
nerg
y
and
exergy
a
nal
y
si
s
of
a
i
r
b
as
ed
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
aic
t
h
erm
a
l
(PVT
)
collect
or:
a
revi
ew,"
Int
e
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l of El
ectrical
an
d
Co
mp
u
t
er
E
ngineer
in
g
(
I
J
E
CE),
vo
l
.
9 (1
)
,
1
09
-1
17
,
2
0
1
9
.
[58]
S
.
S.
J
os
h
i
a
n
d
A
.
S
.
Dh
oble,
“
P
h
o
t
ov
oltaic-t
h
e
rm
al
s
y
s
t
e
ms
(
P
V
T)
:
tech
no
log
y
r
evi
e
w
an
d
f
u
tu
re
t
rends
,”
Ren
e
wabl
e an
d Sus
tain
abl
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
Revi
ews
,
v
o
l. 92
,
p
p.
8
48
-88
2
, 2
01
8.
[59]
S.
Tiwari
et
al.
,
“
P
VT
a
i
r
c
ol
le
ct
or
i
nt
egrat
e
d
g
r
eenh
ous
e
d
r
y
e
r
s
,
”
Ren
e
wabl
e a
n
d
Su
st
ai
nable
En
ergy
Revi
ews
,
vo
l.
90,
p
p
.
1
42
-159
,
2
01
8.
[60]
A.A.
H
egazy
,
“Co
m
p
a
rati
ve
s
tudy
o
f
th
e
p
e
rf
orm
a
nce
of
f
o
u
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
ic
/t
herm
al
s
olar
a
ir
c
o
l
l
ectors,”
Energy
Con
v
ersi
on
M
an
ag
emen
t,
vol.
4
1
,
pp
.
8
61-8
8
1
,
200
0.
[61]
A.
S
hah
s
avar,
et al.,
"
En
ergy and
exerg
y
a
n
a
ly
si
s
o
f
a
p
hoto
v
o
l
ta
i
c
-th
e
rm
al
c
o
l
lect
o
r
w
i
t
h
n
at
u
r
a
l
a
i
r
f
l
o
w,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
S
olar
E
nerg
y E
n
g
g
in
eerin
g
,
vol
.
3
4
(1),
p
p
.
1
1
0
-14,
2
0
1
2
.
[62]
F.
S
ha
n
,
et
a
l
.,
“
Co
m
p
arat
iv
e
sim
u
l
a
tio
n
analy
s
es
o
n
dy
na
m
i
c
perf
o
r
man
ces
o
f
p
h
o
t
ov
o
l
tai
c
-therm
al
s
ola
r
c
o
lle
c
t
ors
w
i
th
d
i
f
fe
re
nt c
on
fig
u
r
a
t
ion
s
,”
Ene
rg
y
Co
nv
e
r
sio
n
a
n
d
M
a
nag
e
men
t
,
vol.
8
7
,
p
p
.
7
78–
786,
201
4.
[63]
K
.
E
.
A
m
o
r
i
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
A
b
d
-
A
l
R
a
h
e
e
m
,
“
F
i
e
l
d
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
a
i
r
b
a
s
e
d
p
ho
to
vo
lta
ic
/the
r
m
a
l
h
yb
r
i
d
so
l
a
r
col
l
ecto
r
s
,
”
Renewa
bl
e En
erg
y
,
v
o
l. 6
3,
p
p.
40
2
-
4
14
, 20
1
4
.
[64]
S.
S
in
gh
,
et a
l
.,
"
Desi
gn
,
m
o
del
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
erf
o
rma
n
ce
an
alys
is
o
f
dual
ch
annel
s
e
m
i
t
r
a
nspa
re
n
t
p
ho
to
vo
lta
i
c
the
r
ma
l
hy
bri
d
m
o
dul
e
in
t
he
c
o
l
d
env
i
ro
n
m
ent
,
"
Ener
gy Co
nver
si
on
and
M
ana
gem
e
nt
, v
o
l
. 1
14
,
pp
. 2
41
–2
5
0
, 20
1
6
.
[65]
P
.
O
os
hak
s
araei,
et a
l
., “
P
e
rf
ormance
of
f
our
a
ir-b
ased
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
aic
th
erm
a
l
c
o
ll
e
c
to
rs
c
onf
i
g
u
r
a
t
io
ns
w
it
h
bifaci
al
solar cells,”
Renewab
l
e E
n
erg
y
,
vo
l. 1
02
,
p
p
.
2
7
9
-
29
3, 2
01
7.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.