Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
2
,
Jun
202
1
,
pp.
637
~
649
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
2
.
pp
637
-
649
637
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
D
rivin
g cycl
e based batte
ry rati
ng se
l
ection
and ra
nge anal
ysis
in EV
applicati
ons
Jyothi P
.
Ph
atak
1
, L
.
Venka
tesh
a
2
, C.
S
.
R
av
ipr
asad
3
1,3
Depa
rtment
of
Elec
tr
ical and E
le
c
troni
cs
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
BMS
Col
le
ge
of Engineer
ing
,
B
enga
lu
ru
,
I
ndia
2
Ta
run Te
chnologies,
B
angalore,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
8, 20
20
Re
vised Ma
r 3,
2021
Accepte
d
Apr
17
, 202
1
The
ene
rgy
co
nsumpti
on
of
e
le
c
tri
c
veh
ic
l
es
(EVs)
dep
end
s
on
tr
aff
ic
envi
ronm
ent
,
t
err
ai
n
,
r
esisti
v
e
forc
es
a
ct
i
ng
on
veh
ic
l
e,
v
ehicle
cha
ra
cteri
sti
cs
a
nd
drivi
ng
habit
s
of
drive
r.
Th
e
bat
t
ery
pac
k
in
EV
is
the
ma
in
en
erg
y
stor
age
e
le
m
ent
and
the
en
erg
y
ca
p
acity
determ
ine
s
th
e
r
ange
of
vehi
c
le
.
Thi
s
p
a
per
discusses
the
beha
vior
of
ba
ttery
when
EV
is
subjec
t
ed
to
diffe
ren
t
driv
ing
envi
ron
me
nts
s
uch
as
urb
an
and
highway.
Th
e
b
at
t
ery
ra
ti
ng
is
sele
c
te
d
b
ase
d
on
req
uir
em
en
t
of
drivi
ng
cycl
e.
Th
e
MA
TL
A
B
/
Simul
ink
mode
l
of
batte
ry
ene
rgy
stora
ge
sys
te
m
(B
E
SS
)
consisti
ng
of
bat
t
ery
,
bidi
re
ct
ion
al
DC
/
DC
conve
r
te
r
and
el
e
ct
r
ic
pr
opulsion
sys
te
m
is
built.
The
simul
ation
is
ca
r
rie
d
out
and
the
per
forma
n
ce
of
BESS
is
te
sted
f
or
standa
rd
drivi
ng
cycle
s
which
em
ul
at
e
ac
tu
al
drivi
ng
si
tua
ti
ons
.
I
t
h
as
bee
n
show
n
tha
t
,
the
am
oun
t
of
the
ene
rg
y
rec
over
ed
by
bat
t
ery
during
dec
e
le
r
at
ion
depe
nds
on
th
e
am
ount
of
reg
en
era
t
ive
en
erg
y
a
vai
l
abl
e
in
the
d
rivi
ng
cycle
.
If
th
e
batter
y
re
c
over
s
mor
e
ener
gy
during
d
ec
e
lerati
on
,
the
eff
ect
ive
energy
consume
d
by
it r
educ
es
and the r
ange
of
th
e
v
ehicle i
ncr
ea
ses
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Ba
tt
ery
Dr
i
ving c
ycle
Ele
ct
ric v
e
hicle
Ra
ng
e
Re
gen
e
rati
ve
e
nerg
y
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Jy
ot
hi P
P
hatak
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nics
E
nginee
rin
g
BMS
C
ollege
of Enginee
rin
g
Bull
Temp
le
Road, Basa
van
a
gudi,
Be
ngal
uru
–
560019,
In
dia
Emai
l
:
jyo
thi
p.pej1
5@bmsce
.
ac.in
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
aut
omob
il
es
us
ed
a
rou
nd
the
world
has
aff
ect
ed
a
nd
c
onti
nu
e
s
t
o
af
fe
ct
en
vir
onment
an
d
human
li
fe
adv
e
rsely
.
The
pr
ob
le
m
s
su
c
h
as
ai
r
po
ll
utio
n,
glob
al
war
mi
ng,
and
rap
i
d
ex
ha
us
ti
on
of
petr
oleum
resou
rces
are
of
pri
mar
y
co
nc
ern
[1].
S
om
e
of
the
c
onditi
ons
su
c
h
as
cl
imat
e
change,
a
dv
a
nces
in
renewabl
e
energ
y,
qu
ic
k
urba
nizat
ion
,
data
capt
ur
e
a
nd
a
nal
ys
is,
ba
tt
ery
che
mist
ry
ha
ve
le
d
t
o
the
sta
rt
of
e
le
ct
ric
veh
ic
le
te
ch
no
logy
in
t
he
ma
rk
et
[
2].
T
he
I
nd
ia
n
go
vernm
ent
unde
r
national
el
ect
ric
m
ob
il
it
y
missi
on
pla
n
(N
E
MMP
),
ha
s take
n
init
ia
ti
ves
t
o prom
ote ele
ct
r
ic
and
hybr
i
d
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
s in
t
he
c
ount
ry [3]
.
Energ
y
sto
rage
sy
ste
m
(ESS)
is
co
ns
ide
re
d
as
the
hear
t
of
E
V.
The
e
nerg
y
sto
rag
e
te
chnolo
gie
s
decide
the
f
ut
ur
e
dev
el
opme
nt
a
nd
c
omme
rcial
iz
at
ion
of
EVs.
T
hese
te
chnolo
gies
are
assesse
d
in
te
rms
of
par
a
me
te
rs
a
nd
factor
s
of
batte
ry
s
uc
h
as,
vo
lt
age,
ene
rgy
c
apacit
y,
sta
te
of
cha
rg
e
(SOC),
wei
gh
t/
siz
e,
cost
,
li
feti
me,
charg
e
and
disc
harg
e
current
ca
pa
ci
ty,
et
c.
The
batte
ry
operati
ng
c
onditi
ons
are
cha
racteri
z
ed
with
the
hel
p
of
the
se
pa
rameter
s
and
fact
or
s
.
T
hese
desc
ribe
t
he
ma
nufact
urer
s
pecifica
ti
ons.
The
ra
nge
of
the
veh
ic
le
is
deter
mined
by
the
wh
/
km
c
on
s
ume
d
by
t
he
ve
hicle
and
t
he
e
nerg
y
capaci
ty
of
batte
ry
pac
k.
Sizi
ng
the
e
nerg
y
sou
rce
of
hybri
d
ve
hicle
dep
e
nding
on
sta
ti
sti
cal
ex
planati
on
of
dr
i
ving
cycle
s
is
disc
us
se
d
i
n
[
4]
.
The
batte
r
y
ca
pacit
y
is
c
omp
uted
by
c
onsid
erin
g
t
he
ave
ra
ge
pow
er
of
dr
iving
c
ycle.
A
conve
x
opti
miza
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
637
–
649
638
te
chn
iq
ue
is
use
d
for
powe
r
s
plit
opti
miza
ti
on
a
nd
the
n
opti
mal
siz
in
g
of
batte
ry
a
nd
ul
tracapaci
tor
(
UC
)
is
carried
out i
n
[
5].
The
performa
nc
e
of
bi
directi
on
al
DC/DC
c
onve
rter
is
a
na
lyzed
with
pi
a
nd
sli
ding
m
od
e
co
ntro
ll
er
in
the
pa
per
[
6].
T
he
pro
pose
d
s
ys
te
m
c
an
be
util
iz
ed
in
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
l
es
an
d
s
mall
gri
ds
.
T
he
T
HD
of
E
V
mo
to
r
dr
i
ve
ca
n
be
minimi
ze
d
with
dig
it
al
sign
al
c
ontr
ollers
as
co
mp
a
r
ed
to
c
onve
ntion
al
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
te
ms.
This
is
well
ex
plained
in
[7].
The
reg
e
nerat
ive
br
a
king
c
oncept
is
de
velo
pe
d
e
xp
e
rime
ntall
y
for
E
V
by
us
in
g
enh
a
nce
d
bid
ir
ect
ion
al
DC/D
C
conver
te
r
in
[8].
T
his
f
unda
mental
ex
per
i
mentat
io
n
hel
ps
to
un
der
sta
nd
th
e
beh
a
vior
of
ba
tt
ery
durin
g
veh
ic
le
decele
rati
on.
T
he
c
ommu
nicat
io
n
and
car
le
a
rin
g
based
no
vel
powe
r
mana
geme
nt
a
rch
it
ect
ure
is
i
ntr
oduce
d
i
n
[
9].
T
his
arc
hitec
ture
is
base
d
on
s
mart
data
base
co
nce
pt.
The
flu
x
switc
hing
m
ac
hin
e
(F
S
M)
c
oncept
is
ve
ry
well
ex
plained
in
[
10]
a
s
a
hi
gh
t
orque
E
V
dr
i
ve.
It
is
ha
ving
a
double
r
otati
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
a
nd
is
a
n
a
dvan
c
ed
form
of
s
yn
chro
nous
mac
hin
e.
T
his
stu
dy
helps
in
t
he
desig
n
on
tract
io
n
dr
i
ve
for
E
Vs
.
T
he
fr
e
quenc
y
r
esp
on
se
met
hod
base
d
sli
di
ng
m
ode
c
ontr
ol
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
app
li
ed
for
DC/DC
bu
ck
c
onve
rter
in
[
11].
B
y
i
nteg
rati
ng
the
basi
c
co
nverte
rs,
non
is
olate
d
t
rip
or
t
co
nverter
i
s
bu
il
t
for
ren
e
wa
ble
energ
y
a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
s
[12
].
T
he
powe
r
flo
w
betwee
n
s
ourc
e
an
d
lo
ad
wit
h
diff
e
re
nt
swi
tc
hin
g
patte
rn
s
ca
n
be
achie
ved
with
the
help
of
t
his
co
nverter
.
T
he
batte
r
y
mana
geme
nt
s
ys
te
m
ad
op
te
d
for
el
ect
ric
bik
e
monit
ors
i
nd
i
vidual
cel
l
vo
lt
age
with
a
minimu
m
a
verage
e
rror
of
0.824%
[
13].
Th
is
te
chn
i
qu
e
he
lps
in
dev
el
op
i
ng
en
ergy
ma
na
ge
ment
stra
te
gy
for
batte
ry
e
nerg
y
sto
rag
e
sy
ste
m
.
A
fi
ve
-
le
vel
ne
utr
al
po
i
nt
cl
amped
i
nv
e
rt
er
w
hich
feed
s
the
inducti
on
mo
to
r
(
I
M
)
dr
i
ve
is
buil
t.
Th
e
FO
C
is
inco
rpor
at
e
d
by
sli
ding
mode
sp
ee
d
r
egu
la
to
r.
T
his
is
ve
ry
well
exp
la
ine
d
in
[
14].
T
he
siz
in
g
of
batte
r
y
ba
s
ed
on
the
e
nerg
y
requireme
nt
f
or
one
cha
rge
is
exp
la
ine
d
in
[15].
Fil
te
r
ba
sed
an
d
op
ti
miza
ti
on
-
base
d
siz
ing
of
batt
ery
a
nd
ultracapaci
to
r
i
s
disc
us
se
d
in
[16].
T
he
proc
edure
t
o
c
omp
ute
the
t
racti
on
mo
t
or
rati
ngs
for
E
V
a
ppli
cat
ion
is
well
ex
plained
in
[
18
]
-
[
20].
T
his
f
orms
a
f
ound
at
io
n
t
o
c
ompu
te
t
he
rati
ng
s
of
tract
io
n
m
otor
f
or
EV
.
H
ybrid
energ
y
st
or
a
ge
s
ys
te
m
(
HESS)
siz
ing
method
ologies
c
onsist
ing
of
ba
tt
ery
a
nd
sup
ercapacit
or
ar
e
well
do
c
um
e
nted
in
[21
].
F
or
de
m
and
res
pons
e
ba
sed
on
inter
ne
t
of
el
ect
r
ic
ve
hicle
s,
ef
fici
en
t
and
secu
re
d
e
nerg
y
tradin
g
fr
a
me
work
has
bee
n
pro
pose
d
by
c
ombinin
g
co
nt
ract
the
or
et
ic
al
m
od
el
li
ng,
co
ns
ort
ium
blo
c
kc
hain
and co
mputat
ion
al
i
ntell
igen
ce [
22].
The
pa
per
is
orga
nized
into
8
sect
ion
s
.
T
he
seco
nd
sect
ion
ex
plains
a
bou
t
the
dri
vi
ng
c
ycles
w
hic
h
are
re
quire
d
to
te
st
the
s
ys
te
m
to
as
sess
it
s
perf
ormance
.
The
t
hird
sect
ion
ex
plains
t
he
sel
ect
ion
of
tract
ion
mo
to
r
w
hic
h
s
at
isfie
s
the
dr
i
ving
cycle
re
quireme
nts
an
d
performa
nce
s
pecifica
ti
ons
of
ve
hicle
.
The
EV
loa
d
emulat
io
n
is
e
xp
la
ine
d
in
the
f
ourth
sect
io
n.
Sele
ct
ion
of
ba
tt
ery
rati
ng
is
exp
la
ine
d
in
se
ct
ion
five
.
T
he
sixt
h
sect
ion
discusse
s
about
sim
ulati
on
of
batte
r
y
ene
rgy
st
or
a
ge
syst
em
(BE
SS)
us
in
g
M
A
TLAB
/
Sim
ulin
k.
T
he
resu
lt
s
a
nd
dis
cussions
are
e
xp
la
ine
d
in
se
ct
ion
se
ve
n
.
T
he
c
oncl
us
io
n
and
f
uture
sco
pe
a
re
discu
ss
ed
i
n
sect
ion
ei
gh
t
.
2.
DR
I
VI
NG C
Y
CLE
Dr
i
ving
c
ycles
are
re
quire
d
t
o
e
valuate
the
performa
nce
of
E
V
in
va
rio
us
wa
ys.
In
t
his
w
ork
these
cycles
a
re
us
e
d
as
te
st
si
gn
a
ls
to
e
val
uate
the
performa
nc
e
of
B
ESS.
T
he
dr
i
ving
cyc
le
s
de
pe
nd
on
traff
i
c
env
i
ronme
nt,
t
err
ai
n
an
d
dr
i
vi
ng
ha
bits
of
dri
ver.
Howe
ve
r
certai
n
set
of
sta
nd
a
r
d
c
ycles
are
c
onside
red
i
n
this
w
ork
w
hic
h
e
mu
la
te
act
ua
l
dr
i
ving
e
nviro
nm
e
nts.
The
detai
ls
ab
ou
t
f
ew
sa
mp
le
cyc
le
s
amo
ng
t
he
set
are
giv
e
n
in
Ta
ble
1.
Table
1
.
Dr
i
ving c
ycle d
et
ai
ls
Drivin
g
cy
cle
Distan
ce
(km)
Tim
e
(sec)
+v
e peak
cu
rr
en
t (
A)
-
v
e peak
cu
rr
en
t (
A)
Av
erage
cu
rr
en
t (
A)
Wh/
km
Reg
en
erative ener
g
y
av
ailab
le in th
e cy
cle (
wh
)
Tata
1
1
.85
260
65
-
81
9
137
83
Tata
2
1
.8
200
121
-
102
12
145
150
UDDS
4
.24
300
93
-
63
23
172
80
EU
DC
4
.41
195
185
-
59
47
218
9
5
.3
The
“
ta
ta
1
”
an
d
“
ta
ta
2
”
are
pract
ic
al
dr
i
ving
cycles
obta
ine
d
in
Ba
ngal
ore
urba
n
a
rea.
Th
is
is
one
of
the
sam
ples
w
hich
em
ulate
s
the
real
-
w
orl
d
dr
i
ving
patte
rn
in
t
he
ci
ty
.
Da
ta
colle
ct
ion
is
a
si
gn
ific
a
nt
s
te
p
in
getti
ng
this
c
yc
le
[
17].
M
ost
of
the
ca
rs
ha
ve
a
n
on
-
boar
d
diag
no
sti
c
(
OB
D)
,
a
c
ompu
te
r
-
base
d
s
ys
te
m
wh
ic
h
con
ta
in
s
el
ect
r
on
ic
c
ontrol
un
it
(ECU)
w
hich
recei
ves
in
pu
ts
from
var
i
ous
sens
or
s
to
c
on
trol
the
act
uato
rs
to
get
the
de
sired
inf
or
mati
on.
To
ob
ta
in
t
he
data
f
or
the
dri
ving
cycle,
t
he
OBD
-
I
I
ada
pt
er
is
co
nn
ect
e
d
t
o
the
OBD
-
I
I
port
i
n
the
ca
r.
T
he
OBD
s
of
t
war
e
commu
nicat
ed
with
the
car
vi
a
US
B
an
d
pr
e
sented
t
he
dia
gnos
ti
c
inf
or
mati
on
.
T
he
data
obta
in
ed
from
t
he
O
BD
is
sto
red
i
n
a
read
a
ble
f
ormat
s
uch
as
in
M
S
E
XCE
L.
T
he
dr
i
ving
cycle
ob
ta
ine
d
is
show
n
in
Fi
gure
1.
I
n
order
to
make
the
sim
ul
at
ion
faster
a
nd
easi
er,
t
his
dri
ving
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
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ys
t
IS
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Riv
ing
cycl
e
base
d ba
tt
ery r
at
ing
selec
ti
on
and ra
nge
analy
sis i
n
EV
ap
plicati
ons (
Jy
ot
hi P
P
ha
t
ak)
639
cycle
is
s
plit
in
to
tw
o
par
ts
.
“T
at
a1
”
a
nd
“
ta
ta
2
”
dri
vi
ng
cy
cl
es.
Th
e
detai
ls
are
sho
wn
in
Table
1.
O
ne
of
the
samples
of
dr
i
ving c
ycles
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
2
.
Figure
1
.
Pr
act
ic
al
d
rivi
ng cyc
le
(
ta
ta
1
a
nd tat
a2)
(ur
ban dr
iving)
Figure
2
.
U
DDS drivi
ng cy
cl
e
(urban
drivi
ng)
3.
SEL
ECTION
OF TR
A
CTI
ON MOT
OR
The
wor
k
has
bee
n
car
ried
ou
t
on
sel
ect
ion
of
tract
io
n
mo
t
or
for
E
V
an
d
detai
ls
about
this
i
s
exp
la
ine
d
i
n pa
per [
23]
.
R
at
in
gs
of the
mo
t
or comp
uted
i
n [
23]
a
re m
e
ntio
ned in
Table
2.
Table
2
.
Sp
eci
f
ic
at
ion
s
of
m
oto
r
Moto
r
Typ
e
Three
p
h
ase Sq
u
irr
el Cag
e I
M
Sp
ecifica
tio
n
s
1
5
KW, 20
0
V,
4 p
o
le,
2
5
0
0
RPM
Torq
u
e (
N
m
)
3
9
0
Nm
@ 2
5
0
0
RPM
Po
wer
(
KW
)
1
0
0
@ 2
5
0
0
-
8
0
0
0
RPM
Moment o
f
I
n
ertia
0
.10
7
Kgm
2
4.
EV LO
AD EMUL
ATIO
N
Ele
ct
ric
pro
pu
l
sion
sy
ste
m
of
BESS
c
onsist
s
of
w
heels,
m
echan
ic
al
tra
nsmi
ssion,
tract
i
on
dri
ve
a
nd
inv
e
rter.
It
is
a
co
mp
le
x
s
ys
te
m
c
on
sist
in
g
of
bo
t
h
el
ect
rica
l
an
d
m
echa
ni
cal
com
pone
nt
s.
It
is
a
ppr
ox
i
mate
d
by
an
e
quivale
nt
cu
rr
e
nt
loa
d.
This
act
s
a
s
a
load
t
o
BES
S
giv
in
g
feel
of
virtu
al
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
.
The
c
urren
t
load
is
obtai
ne
d
as
foll
ows.
The
dyna
mic
model
of
3
phase
I
nductio
n
mo
to
r
(IM
)
is
co
ns
tr
ucted
w
it
h
the
hel
p
of
MATL
AB
S
imuli
nk
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gur
e
3
[
24]
.
This
model
co
ns
id
ers
the
s
pecifi
cat
ion
s
of
I
M
mentio
ned
in
Table
2
wh
ic
h
is
c
omp
uted
i
n
pa
pe
r
[
23].
S
am
ple
dr
iving
cycles
di
scusse
d
in
sect
ion
2
a
re
gi
ven
as
sp
ee
d
ref
e
r
ences
to
in
pu
t
.
T
he
V/F
te
ch
ni
qu
e
is
ap
plied
to
ge
ner
at
e
sin
usoidal
t
hr
ee
phase
s
uppl
y
of
prop
e
r
volt
age
a
nd
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
SPE
ED
IN KM/HR
TIME IN SEC
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
0.0
15.0
30.0
45.0
60.0
75.0
90.0
105.0
120.0
135.0
150.0
165.0
180.0
195.0
210.0
225
.0
240.0
255.0
270.0
285.0
300.0
spe
ed
in
Km
/h
r
tim
e in
second
s
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:
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
637
–
649
640
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
to
e
xcite
the
m
otor.
T
he
l
oad
tor
qu
e
ap
plied
t
o
the
m
otor
in
c
lud
es
t
he
ro
ll
ing
f
rict
ion
f
orce
an
d
aerod
yn
a
mic
drag
f
orce
of
E
V
a
ssumi
ng
a
le
vel
g
r
ound.
The
pro
duct
J
*dw/dt
(
J
is
th
e
ef
fecti
ve
m
ome
nt
of
inerti
a
of
t
he
veh
ic
le
an
d
m
achine
to
gethe
r
)
prov
i
des
the
acce
le
rati
ng
f
or
ce
.
The
ope
n
lo
op
sim
ulati
on
i
s
done
.
The
in
put
pow
er
a
nd
e
nerg
y
of
in
duc
ti
on
m
otor
are
ob
ta
ine
d
by
ca
pturin
g
the
i
nst
antaneo
us
val
ues
of
ph
a
se
vo
lt
age
and
phase
cu
rrents.
Since
t
he
act
ual
in
ver
te
r
model
is
no
t
c
on
si
der
e
d
he
re,
the
DC
c
urrent
from
the
in
ver
te
r
c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
each
dri
ving
c
ycle
is
ob
ta
ine
d
us
in
g
t
he
(1)
.
T
his
re
presen
ts
the
e
ntire
ve
hicle
load.
The
grap
hs
re
pre
senti
ng
the
s
pee
d,
lo
ad
to
rque
a
nd
Direct
Cu
rr
e
nt
(D
C
)
cu
rr
e
nt
for
one
of
t
he
sample
dr
i
ving
cycles
is
show
n
in
Figure
4,
Fi
gure
5
a
nd
Fi
gur
e
6
re
sp
ect
ivel
y.
T
he
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
th
e
in
ve
rter
is
assume
d
a
s
0.9
.
I
DC
=
(
√
3
V
L
I
L
c
os
(
ph
i
)
V
DC
0
.
9
)
(1)
wh
e
re
V
L
=
RMS
li
ne
to
li
ne
voltag
e
of
mo
t
o
r
I
L
=
RMS
li
ne
to
li
ne
curre
nt
of
mo
tor
.
V
DC
=
DC
bus
voltag
e
,
phi
=
co
sine
of
an
g
le
be
t
we
en
V
L
an
d
I
L
.
Figure
3. D
yna
mic mo
del
of 3 p
hase i
nductio
n
m
otor
(S
im
ulink
model)
Figure
4. S
pee
d v/s ti
me
gr
a
ph
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
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88
-
8
694
Riv
ing
cycl
e
base
d ba
tt
ery r
at
ing
selec
ti
on
and ra
nge
analy
sis i
n
EV
ap
plicati
ons (
Jy
ot
hi P
P
ha
t
ak)
641
Figure
5.
To
r
que
v/s time
gr
a
ph
Figure
6. DC c
urren
t
of the
in
ver
te
r
v
/s
ti
me
gr
a
ph
5.
SEL
ECTION
OF BATTE
R
Y RA
TI
NG F
OR
BE
S
S
The
batte
ry
is
connecte
d
t
o
ve
hicle
via
bi
dir
ect
ion
al
DC
DC
conver
te
r.
T
he
bus
volt
age
is
sel
ect
ed
as 400V
[
23
].
The
c
onve
rter
act
s in
a
boos
t
mode
durin
g
a
ccel
erati
on
of
veh
ic
le
a
nd ste
ps
up the
volt
age fr
om
250V to
40
0V.
I
t act
s in
a
buc
k
m
ode
durin
g decel
erati
on a
nd ste
ps
dow
n
t
he vo
lt
age
from 4
00V
to 2
50V
.
The
sel
ect
io
n
of
batte
r
y
a
mp
e
re
-
hour
f
or
BESS
de
pe
nd
s
on
the
a
ver
a
ge
a
nd
pe
ak
cu
rr
e
nt
requireme
nts
of
dri
vi
ng
c
ycle
an
d
the
ra
ng
e
the
ve
hicle
it
has
to
co
ver.
The
batte
ry
rat
ing
is
c
omp
uted
wit
h
ei
ther of
t
he m
et
hods
: a)
a
ve
r
age c
urren
t
me
thod
, a
nd
b)
W
h/k
m
m
et
ho
d
.
5.1.
Av
er
age curre
nt
me
thod
The
“
ta
ta
1
”
dri
ving
c
ycle
is
c
on
si
der
e
d
f
or
t
he
cal
culat
io
ns.
T
he
detai
ls
about
this
cycle
are
giv
e
n
i
n
Table
1.
Dista
nce tra
vel
le
d
by
“
ta
ta
1
”
=
1.8
5 km
Cycle
dur
at
i
on
(T
)
=
260 sec
Ra
ng
e
of the
vehicl
e
= 25
0 k
m
Numbe
r of cy
c
le
s r
eq
uire
d
(n)
=
250
1
.
85
=
135
.
14
Av
e
ra
ge batt
er
y
c
urren
t =
In
put cu
rr
e
nt
of boo
st
con
ver
te
r
(Ibat)
=
Io
(
1
−
D
)
=
15
A
Ah of
batte
ry
=
I
bat
∗
T
∗
n
36
0
0
=
146
Ah
KWH
of ba
tt
ery
=
250*
146
=
3
6
.
5
kwh
wh
e
r
e, b
at
te
r
y v
oltage is
250V.
5.2.
Wh/km me
tho
d
The wat
th
our/k
m for
“
ta
ta
1
”
c
al
culat
ed
is s
how
n
i
n
Ta
ble
1.
The wat
th
our/k
m for
“
ta
ta
1
” =
137w
h/k
m
The
t
otal k
wh
of the
batte
r
y
r
equ
i
red to c
ov
er a ran
ge o
f 2
50km
=
250 * 137 =
34.3
kwh
A
h
of t
he batt
ery
= (t
otal w
h of batt
er
y/b
at
te
ry volt
age) =
(
34.3*
1000
)/
250
=
137A
h
The
kilo
watt
-
hour
cal
culat
ed
us
in
g
ab
ove
tw
o
meth
ods
gi
ve
simi
la
r
val
ue
s.
T
he
rati
ng
of
batte
r
y
f
or
remaini
ng
dr
i
vi
ng
c
ycles
are
cal
culat
ed
with
simi
la
r
proc
edure.
T
he
rati
ng
s
a
re
gi
ve
n
in
Table
3.
T
he
“t
rial
cycle”
requires
the
highest
ba
tt
e
ry
ca
pacit
y
amo
ng
al
l
the
values
cal
culat
ed
a
nd
it
is
62
.5kwh.
I
f
t
he
s
ame
batte
ry is util
iz
ed fo
r othe
r dr
i
ving c
ycles, t
he
r
a
ng
e
of the
veh
ic
le
gets in
creased
.
Table
3
.
Ra
ti
ng
of b
at
te
r
y for
d
if
fer
e
nt
dr
ivi
ng cy
cl
es
Typ
e of drivi
n
g
cycle
Battery
r
atin
g
Tata
1
1
4
0
Ah
,
2
5
0
V,
3
5
k
wh
Tata
2
1
5
0
Ah
,
2
5
0
V,
3
7
.
5
kwh
UDDS
1
7
2
Ah, 25
0
V,
4
3
kwh
Variable sp
eed cy
c
le
2
2
4
Ah, 25
0
V,
56
kwh
Tr
ial
cy
cle
2
5
0
Ah
,
2
5
0
V,
6
2
.
5
kwh
EU
DC
2
1
8
Ah
,
2
5
0
V,
5
4
.
5
kwh
Co
n
stan
t sp
eed cy
cle
1
9
2
Ah, 25
0
V,
48
kwh
6.
SIMULATI
O
N
O
F BE
SS
The
batte
r
y
e
ne
rgy
stora
ge
s
ys
te
m
co
ns
ist
s
of
li
thiu
m
i
on
batte
r
y,
bi
dire
ct
ion
al
DC
/
DC
co
nverter
,
con
t
ro
ll
er
an
d cur
ren
t
loa
d.
T
he
batte
r
y
is
in
te
rf
aced
w
it
h
DC
bus v
ia
c
onve
rter.
T
he
in
ver
te
r
, IM,
me
chan
ic
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
637
–
649
642
transmissi
on
a
nd
ve
hicle
are
eff
ect
ivel
y
re
pr
ese
nted
by
a
equ
i
valent
c
urre
nt
loa
d.
T
he
blo
c
k
diagr
a
m
an
d
simulat
ion
m
odel
are
dep
ic
te
d
i
n
Fi
gure
7
a
nd
Fi
gure
8
res
pecti
vely
.
Generic
m
od
el
of
batte
ry
f
rom
si
mu
li
nk
li
br
ar
y
is
c
ons
idere
d
f
or
sim
ulati
on
.
T
his
model
co
ns
i
de
rs
the
batte
r
y
rati
ng
s
co
mput
ed
in
sect
io
n
5.
T
he
simulat
ion
m
odel
has
tw
o
subsyst
ems,
“
bidi
recti
on
al
DC
/
DC
c
onve
rter
”
bl
ock
a
nd
“
c
ontr
oller
”
blo
c
k.
T
he
first
blo
c
k
op
erates
as
a
boos
t
c
onver
te
r
du
rin
g
acce
l
erati
on
m
ode
an
d
as
a
bu
ck
c
onve
rter
durin
g
decele
rati
on
mode.
T
he
c
ontr
oller
c
onsist
s
of
t
wo
P
I
D
c
ontrolle
r
s
each
f
or
bo
ost
operati
on
an
d
buck
op
e
rati
on
of
c
onve
rter
res
pe
ct
ively.
The
P
I
D
c
ontr
oller
c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
boos
t
op
e
rati
on
is
sho
wn
in
Fig
ure
9
.
Figure
7. Bl
oc
k
diag
ram of
B
ESS
Figure
8. Sim
ul
ink
m
odel
of
BESS
Variable
cu
rr
en
t load
Bat
tery
Bidirect
io
n
al
DC/DC
co
nverter
V
bus
Vbu
s
Contr
oller
V
ref
Puls
es
to
IGBT
switc
hes
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Riv
ing
cycl
e
base
d ba
tt
ery r
at
ing
selec
ti
on
and ra
nge
analy
sis i
n
EV
ap
plicati
ons (
Jy
ot
hi P
P
ha
t
ak)
643
Figure
9. PID
con
t
ro
ll
er
an
d cur
ren
t c
ontr
ol
6.1.
C
on
tr
ol s
t
rat
e
gy
The
co
ntr
oller
identifie
s
the
modes
of
ope
r
at
ion
of
ve
hicle
su
ch
as
acce
le
rati
on
,
decel
erati
on,
rest
and
c
onsta
nt
s
peed
by
detect
i
ng
the
loa
d
c
urren
t
an
d
spe
ed
of
th
e
ve
hicle
.
T
he
c
ontr
olli
ng
pa
ramet
ers
of
BESS
are
,
S
O
C
of
batte
ry,
ba
tt
ery
cu
rr
e
nt
a
nd
DC
bu
s
volt
age.
W
hen
t
he
veh
ic
le
is
at
re
st,
the
batte
r
y
s
hould
be
c
harge
d
to
it
s max
im
um S
OC.
T
he
c
ontr
oller ma
kes su
r
e that t
he
SO
C
is eq
ual to its
maxim
um
val
ue
.
Durin
g
acce
le
r
at
ion
m
od
e
,
ba
tt
ery
sup
plies
e
nergy
t
o
t
he
loa
d
th
rou
gh
boos
t
ope
rati
on.
T
he
PID
con
t
ro
ll
er
ge
ne
rates
pulse
s
t
o
I
GBT
by
r
egu
la
ti
ng
DC
bu
s
volt
age
a
nd
batte
r
y
dis
charge
c
urre
nt.
The
“
con
t
ro
ll
er
”
se
nd
s
thes
e
I
GB
T
pulse
s
t
o
bo
os
t
c
onve
rter
by
mainta
inin
g
the
S
OC
of
batte
ry
in
the
safe
li
mit
s.
The
maxim
um
an
d
mi
nimum
li
mit
s
of
SOC
mainta
ine
d
by
co
ntr
oller
a
re
95%
an
d
25%
respec
ti
vely.
T
he
schemati
c
of
BESS
co
nnect
ed
to
var
ia
ble
cu
r
ren
t
loa
d
du
rin
g
acce
le
rati
on
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
10.
D
ur
i
ng
t
he
ti
me
Ton,
the
I
GBT
s
witc
h
S
W1
is
O
N
a
nd
diode
is
O
FF.
The
batte
ry
c
urre
nt
flo
ws
t
hroug
h
the
i
nduc
tor
a
nd
switc
h
S
W
1.
The
in
duct
or
c
urren
t
rises
li
ne
arly
a
nd
ene
r
gy
gets
st
or
e
d
in
the
i
nducto
r
.
The
loa
d
c
urren
t
is
su
ppli
ed
b
y
filt
er
ca
pacit
or.
The
ci
rc
uit
co
r
respo
nd
i
ng
t
o
this
m
ode
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
11
(a
)
.
Durin
g
To
ff
,
diode
gets
for
ward
biase
d
a
nd
st
or
e
d
e
ne
rgy
i
n
the
in
duct
or
gets
tra
ns
fe
r
red
to
filt
er
ca
pacit
or
an
d
loa
d.
The
load
c
urre
nt is
su
ppli
ed
by bat
te
ry
.
Th
e
circ
u
it
co
r
res
pondin
g
to
this
mode
is sh
own
i
n
Fi
gure
11
(b).
Applyi
ng KVL
and
KCL to
th
e circuit
of
Fig
ur
e
11
(a),
(
S
W1 is
ON)
[25
].
V
L
=
V
b
−
I
b
×
(
R
b
+
R
L
+
R
sw1
)
(2)
I
L
=
I
b
(3)
I
c
=
I
L
oad
(4)
V
c
=
V
bus
(5)
Applyi
ng KVL
to
the
circ
uit o
f
Fi
gure
11(
b)
,
(SW1
is OFF)
.
V
L
=
V
b
−
V
bus
−
I
b
×
(
R
b
+
R
L
+
R
D
)
(6)
I
L
=
I
b
(7)
I
c
=
I
b
−
I
L
oad
(8)
V
c
=
V
bus
(9)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
637
–
649
644
Figure
10.
Ba
tt
ery Ene
r
gy Sto
rag
e
S
ys
te
m
to
curre
nt L
oad duri
ng accel
erat
ion
mode
(a)
(b)
Figure
11.
C
onver
te
r
in b
oost
op
e
rati
on
, (a)
wh
e
n SW
1
is
OF
F
& dio
de
i
s forwar
d biase
d
, (
b)
wh
e
n SW
1
is
ON &
diode is
rev
e
rse
d biased)
Durin
g
dec
el
er
at
ion
m
od
e
,
ba
tt
ery
abs
orbs
t
he
re
generati
ve
energy
from
the
ve
hicle
throu
gh
bu
c
k
op
e
rati
on
ti
ll
the
batte
ry
re
aches
it
s
ma
xi
mu
m
S
OC.
T
he
PID
c
ontro
ll
er
ge
ner
at
es
pu
lse
s
to
I
GB
T
b
y
regulat
ing
DC
bu
s
volt
age.
T
he
“
c
ontr
oller
”
se
nd
s
the
se
I
GBT
pulse
s
t
o
buc
k
c
onve
rte
r
by
mainta
ini
ng
the
SO
C
of
batte
ry
in
the
sa
fe
l
imi
ts.
The
sc
he
mati
c
of
BES
S
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
va
riable
c
urr
ent
load
is
s
ho
wn
i
n
Figure
12
.
D
uri
ng
T
on
pe
rio
d,
SW1
is
ON,
diode
is
O
FF,
the
batte
r
y
ab
s
orbs
the
ene
rgy
f
rom
the
l
oa
d.
T
he
ci
rcu
it
relat
ed
to
this
pe
rio
d
i
s
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
13
(a
)
.
Dur
ing
T
off
per
i
od,
S
W
1
is
O
F
F,
di
od
e
gets
f
orward
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Riv
ing
cycl
e
base
d ba
tt
ery r
at
ing
selec
ti
on
and ra
nge
analy
sis i
n
EV
ap
plicati
ons (
Jy
ot
hi P
P
ha
t
ak)
645
biased
a
nd
st
ored
ene
rgy
in
t
he
inductor
fr
ee
wh
eel
s
th
r
ough
loa
d
an
d
di
ode
ti
ll
the
ind
uc
tor
cu
rr
e
nt
be
comes
zero. T
he
ci
rc
ui
t i
s sh
ow
n
in
Figure
13 (b
)
.
Applyi
ng KVL
and
KCL to
circuit
of
Fig
ur
e
13 (
a
),
(SW
1
is
ON, dio
de
is
OF
F
).
V
L
=
V
bus
−
V
b
−
I
L
oad
(
R
sw1
+
R
L
+
R
b
)
(10)
I
L
=
I
L
oad
(11)
V
c
=
V
b
+
I
b
R
b
(12)
I
c
=
I
L
oad
−
I
b
(13)
Figure
12.
Ba
tt
ery ene
rgy st
orage s
ys
te
m
c
on
nected t
o
c
urre
nt loa
d durin
g
decele
rati
on
m
od
e
(a)
(b)
Figure
13.
B
uc
k op
e
rati
on
, (a)
SW1 is
ON, di
od
e
is
OF
F
)
, (b
)
S
W
1
is
OF
F
, dio
de
is
O
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
637
–
649
646
Applyi
ng KVL
and
KCL to
circuit
of
Fig
ur
e
13 (b),
(SW1
is O
F
F, dio
de
is
ON).
V
L
=
−
V
b
−
I
L
oad
(
R
sw
1
+
R
L
+
R
b
)
(14)
I
L
=
I
L
oad
(15)
V
c
=
V
b
+
I
b
R
b
(16)
I
c
=
I
L
oad
−
I
b
(17)
V
b
=batt
er
y
volt
age;
Rb=i
nte
rn
al
r
esi
sta
nce
of
b
at
te
r
y
;
L
=fil
te
r
inducto
r;
R
L
=fil
te
r
re
sist
ance
;
R
D
=dio
de
forw
a
r
d
resist
ance;
C=
filt
er
c
apacit
ance
;
R
s
w1
=on
sta
te
res
ist
ance
of
swit
ch
SW1;
R
sw2
=on
sta
te
resist
ance
of
switc
h
S
W2
;
V
d
=di
od
e
f
or
ward
volt
age
;
V
L
=
vo
lt
a
ge
acro
s
s
t
h
e
i
nducto
r
;
I
b
=
batte
ry
c
urren
t;
I
lo
ad
=l
oad
current
;
I
c
=cu
r
ren
t t
hroug
h fil
te
r
capaci
to
r
;
Vc=filt
er ca
pa
ci
tor vo
lt
age
.
7.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
sim
ulati
on
is
carrie
d
out
for
diff
e
ren
t
dri
vin
g
m
od
es
of
ve
hicle
by
co
ns
ide
rin
g
diff
e
ren
t
dr
i
vin
g
cycles. Th
e
re
s
ults
are
ta
bula
te
d
i
n
Ta
ble
4
.
The
bus volt
ag
e
is
re
gula
te
d
a
rou
nd
40
0V
a
nd
t
he
S
OC of bat
te
ry
is
well
w
it
hi
n
t
he
li
mit
s.
T
he
simulat
ion gr
a
ph
s
a
re
sho
wn in
Fi
gure
14
a
nd Fig
ur
e
15.
T
he
sel
ect
ion of b
at
te
ry
rati
ng
de
pends
on
the
t
yp
e
of
dri
vi
ng
c
ycl
e
.
I
f
the
batte
r
y
rec
overs
m
ore
ene
r
gy
duri
ng
decele
r
at
io
n
,
t
he
eff
ect
ive
e
nerg
y
c
ons
um
e
d
by
it
re
du
ce
s.
Con
s
eq
ue
ntly,
the
ra
ng
e
of
th
e
ve
hicle
i
ncr
e
ases.
This
is
s
how
n
i
n
the
Fig
ure
16
.
The
C
rati
ng
of the
batte
ry is
mainta
ine
d 2C
durin
g discha
r
ge of
b
at
te
r
y.
Table
4
.
Simul
at
ion
resu
lt
s
of BESS
Typ
e
Ran
g
e (
k
m
)
C rate
d
u
ring
d
isch
arge
C rate
d
u
ring
ch
arge
Energy
r
ecov
ered
(wh)
v
ariable
sp
eed cy
cle
363
1
.4
2
.2
252
co
n
stan
t
sp
eed cy
cle
239
1
.35
0
0
Tata1
255
1
0
.7
92
Tata2
262
1
.9
1
.3
128
UDDS
240
1
.1
0
.4
87
EU
DC
237
1
.98
0
.46
92
Tr
ial
cy
cle
278
1
.14
0
.88
140
Figure
1
4.
(a)
Dr
i
ving c
ycle;
(
b) B
us
vo
lt
ag
e;
(
c) Batt
er
y
c
urren
t
:
(
d) S
O
C of batte
r
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.