Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
4, N
o
. 3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2014
, pp
. 32
9
~
33
6
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
3
29
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
Simulation An
alysis of
Ac/D
c Ad
apter Under Z
e
ro No-Load
Power Consumption using Simulink Process
Do
na
M
a
ria
Ma
thew
,
K.
V
i
noth
K
u
ma
r
,
Nithin.T
. Abr
a
h
a
m, Vick
y J
o
se
Department o
f
Electrical and
Electr
onics Engin
e
ering, Schoo
l of
Electri
cal
S
c
i
e
nc
es
, Karun
y
a
Uni
v
ers
i
t
y
,
T
a
mi
l
n
a
d
u,
I
n
dia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ja
n 25, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Ap
r 2, 20
14
Accepted Apr 19, 2014
The burst-mode control is gener
a
lly
used
to regu
late th
e output voltag
e
of the
ac/d
c
adapter u
nder light or n
o
-l
oad conditio
n. Although the burst-mode
control
reduces the switching
los
s
, the c
ontro
l-IC
and th
e f
eedb
a
c
k
cir
c
uit
at
the outpu
t side
still
consum
e a
large
am
ount of
power. In ord
e
r to furth
e
r
reduce th
e power consumption at no-lo
ad
condition, a
zero no-load power
(ZNP
) ac/dc ad
apter for e
l
e
c
tro
n
ic equipm
ent
with an em
bedd
ed batt
er
y is
proposed in th
is paper
.
When the pr
oposed
ad
apter
is lo
ad co
nnected,
th
e
operat
i
on is same as that of the
convent
ional ad
apter
.
At no-load condition
,
the adapt
e
r is
to
tall
y turn
ed
off
.
As
a r
e
s
u
lt
the
adap
ter
can
red
u
ce
the
no-
load power consumption to less than 1mW. Si
mu
lation of a 65 W adapter is
presented
in
ord
e
r to
ver
i
f
y
i
t
s v
a
lidi
t
y
Keyword:
AC/DC ad
ap
ter
No
-l
oa
d p
o
we
r
co
ns
um
pt
i
on
Stan
db
y p
o
w
e
r
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
K.
Vin
o
th K
u
m
a
r,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
El
ect
ri
cal
and
El
ect
roni
cs
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
School
of Elec
trical Sciences,
Karun
y
a Un
iv
ersity,
Co
im
b
a
to
r
e
–
6
411
14
, Tam
i
l
n
adu
,
Ind
i
a.
Em
a
il: k
v
i
n
o
t
h_
ku
m
a
r8
4@yah
o
o
.
i
n
1.
INTRODUCTION
As the num
b
er of electronic device inc
r
eas
es such
as not
e
book com
puter, sm
art-phone, and sm
art-
p
a
d, d
e
m
a
n
d
fo
r th
e ac/d
c
ad
ap
ter is also
co
nsisten
tly
increasing [1]. The ada
p
ter is a device that conve
rts
uni
versal
v
o
l
t
a
ge ac
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
wal
l
out
l
e
t
s
i
n
t
o
a
desi
re
d
vol
t
a
ge
dc
p
o
we
r
nee
d
ed
b
y
vari
ous
el
ect
ro
ni
c
devices
. The a
c
/dc ada
p
ter is
ofte
n oper
ate
d
without the attached
l
o
ad
sy
st
em
. It
i
s
gener
a
l
l
y
call
e
d as n
o
-l
oa
d
co
nd
itio
n. Th
e
p
o
wer con
s
u
m
p
tio
n
du
ri
n
g
t
h
e n
o
-lo
a
d
co
nditio
n
is called
as n
o
-lo
a
d
p
o
wer
o
r
stan
db
y
p
o
wer
[2]. T
h
e standby powe
r has
been c
o
nside
r
e
d
as a wa
ste of electric power a
nd it is typically 5%-10% of
resi
de
nt
i
a
l
el
ect
r
i
c
i
t
y
use i
n
m
o
st
devel
ope
d co
unt
ri
es [3]
.
To m
eet
st
andby
po
we
r re
gu
l
a
t
i
on, m
a
ny
stand
b
y
t
echni
q
u
es
hav
e
been
pr
o
pos
ed. Am
on
g se
veral
t
ech
ni
q
u
e
s bu
rst
m
ode cont
rol
i
s
com
m
onl
y
used [6
]
-[1
5]
.
M
o
re
ove
r, t
h
e
C
A
P Zero i
s
ado
p
t
e
d t
o
reduce t
h
e
po
we
r con
s
u
m
pti
on at
di
schar
g
i
n
g resi
s
t
or
for
electro
m
a
g
n
e
tic in
terferen
c
e (EMI) filter [9
]. A no-lo
ad
po
wer con
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
the co
nv
en
tion
a
l
ac/d
c
adapt
e
r wi
t
h
t
h
ese t
echni
q
u
es
i
s
over se
ve
ra
l
hu
nd
red
m
ill
i
w
atts [10
]
-[15
]. Altho
ugh
th
e co
nv
en
tio
n
a
l
ac/d
c
adapt
e
r wi
t
h
t
h
ese t
ech
ni
q
u
e
s
m
eet
s
t
h
e no
-l
oa
d re
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
[4]
,
[5]
wi
t
h
m
a
rgi
n
,
som
e
count
ri
es are
gra
d
ual
l
y
t
i
ght
eni
n
g n
o
-l
oad
req
u
i
r
em
ent
and som
e
co
m
put
er
m
a
nufact
u
r
es are aski
n
g
f
o
r m
o
re st
ri
ng
ent
no
-
load
re
quirem
e
nt, e
v
en as l
o
w as
30 m
W
.
In t
h
i
s
pape
r,
t
o
m
e
et
t
h
e no-l
o
ad
po
we
r req
u
irem
ent, a zero no-loa
d
(ZNP) ac/dc a
d
apte
r wit
h
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
b
a
ttery is p
r
op
osed
.
It req
u
i
res an
em
b
e
d
d
e
d
battery fo
r t
h
e
detectio
n
of lo
ad
and
add
itio
nal wire
b
e
tween
ad
ap
t
e
r and
b
a
ttery. During
lo
ad
co
nd
itio
n, b
y
u
s
ing
th
e signal th
e o
p
e
ration
is sam
e
as
t
h
at of
co
nv
en
tio
n
a
l ad
ap
ter.
Wh
en
lo
ad
is d
i
sc
onnected, there is
no si
gnal for the
pri
m
ary
cont
rol
ci
rcui
t
.
T
h
e
r
ef
ore
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
014
:
32
9 – 336
33
0
o
v
e
rall ad
ap
ter will b
e
tu
rn
ed off. As a
result, th
e ad
ap
ter can
redu
ce no
lo
ad
po
wer
con
s
u
m
p
tio
n
less
th
an
1m
W
.
The
bl
o
c
k di
ag
ram
of new
ada
p
t
e
r
i
s
sho
w
n bel
o
w
F
i
gu
re 1.
Fi
gu
re
1.
B
l
ock
di
ag
ram
of
pr
op
ose
d
a
d
a
p
t
e
r
2.
CO
NVE
NTI
O
N
A
L A
C
/D
C
AD
APTER
Fi
gu
re
2 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e co
n
v
ent
i
onal
ac/
dc ada
p
t
e
r
un
de
r 65W and t
h
e ac/dc adapter is c
o
m
posed
wit
h
th
e fo
ll
o
w
i
n
g
p
a
rts: electro
m
a
g
n
e
tic in
terferen
ce (EM
I)
filter is equ
i
pp
ed
to
m
e
e
t
th
e EMI requ
irem
en
ts.EMI
is disturbance
that affects an elect
rical circuit due to either electro
m
a
gnet
i
c
i
n
d
u
ct
i
on
or
el
ect
rom
a
gnet
i
c
radi
at
i
o
n
em
i
tted
fr
om
an ext
e
rnal
s
o
urce
.
T
h
e
di
st
ur
ba
nce
m
a
y
i
n
t
e
rr
upt
,
o
b
st
r
u
ct
,
or
ot
her
w
i
s
e
deg
r
a
d
e
o
r
li
mit th
e effect
iv
e p
e
rform
a
n
ce of the ci
rcuit
.
The
s
e effects
can
range
fr
o
m
a sim
p
l
e
degra
d
at
i
o
n
of
da
t
a
t
o
a
to
tal lo
ss
of
d
a
ta. Fo
r th
e
safety reason
, th
e
d
i
sch
a
rg
i
n
g resisto
r
dis
R
fo
r th
e
X
-
cap
acito
r
X
C
in EMI
filter
has t
o
be
obt
ai
ned
.
Si
nce t
h
e
r
e i
s
no p
o
we
r-
fact
or
req
u
i
r
e
m
ent
for n
o
n
l
i
ght
i
n
g eq
ui
pm
ent
wi
t
h
i
n
p
u
t
po
we
r
75
W
or l
e
ss,
d
i
ode
bri
d
ge a
n
d l
i
nk ca
paci
t
o
r rect
i
f
i
e
s ac i
n
p
u
t
so
u
r
ce t
o
dc. Fl
y
b
ac
k c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r i
s
em
pl
oy
ed
because
of
simple structure a
n
d low c
o
st.
Co
n
t
ro
l-IC regu
lates
0
V
in accorda
n
ce with the feed
back si
gnal from
the fe
edbac
k
circ
uit. Control-
I
C
ad
op
ts
h
i
gh
-vo
ltag
e
star
t
-
up
ci
r
c
u
it to
r
e
du
ce t
h
e
pow
er con
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n of
conv
en
t
i
o
n
a
l star
tup
cir
c
u
it.
Seco
nda
ry
s
w
i
t
c
h, m
i
croco
n
t
r
ol
l
e
r a
n
d
sen
s
i
n
g
resi
st
or a
r
e
use
d
f
o
r t
h
e
p
r
ot
ect
i
on
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Figure
2.
Struct
ure
of c
o
nve
ntional a
d
a
p
ter
Und
e
r n
o
-lo
a
d co
nd
itio
n
turnin
g-off th
e ac/
d
c
ad
ap
ter is th
e si
m
p
lest
meth
od
for red
u
cin
g
th
e no
-
l
o
ad
p
o
we
r c
o
nsum
pt
i
o
n
.
N
o
-l
oa
d p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e c
o
m
m
o
n
ad
ap
ter is several hu
ndred
mil
l
watts. Since th
e
bu
rst
m
ode cont
r
o
l
red
u
ces t
h
e swi
t
c
hi
ng l
o
ss, i
t
onl
y
capt
u
res 5.
8% o
f
t
h
e
m
easure
d
t
o
t
a
l
i
nput
p
o
we
r
M
easured
P
. On t
h
e
ot
he
r
han
d
, t
h
e c
o
n
t
rol
-
IC
l
o
ss an
d t
h
e fee
dbac
k
ci
rcui
t
l
o
ss
no
w acco
u
n
t
f
o
r
85%
of
M
easured
P
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
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S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n A
n
al
ysi
s
of
Ac/
D
c
Ad
a
p
t
e
r U
n
de
r Zer
o
N
o
-L
o
a
d
P
o
w
e
r C
o
n
s
um
pt
i
o
n…
(
D
o
n
a
M
a
ri
a
Mat
h
ew)
33
1
There
f
ore,
t
h
e
no
-l
oa
d p
o
we
r con
s
um
pt
i
on
c
a
n be red
u
ce
d by
de
creasi
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
nt
rol
-IC
l
o
ss
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
o
ss
of
fee
dbac
k
ci
rc
ui
t
.
No
rm
al
wave
f
o
rm
of
co
nve
nt
i
o
nal
a
d
apt
e
r i
s
s
h
owi
n
g
bel
o
w
i
n
Fi
gu
re
3.
Fi
gure
3.
N
o
rm
al wa
vef
o
rm
of
c
o
nve
n
tional
adapter
3.
PROP
OSE
D
Z
N
P
AC/
DC
AD
APTER
The structure of the ac/dc ada
p
ter is shown i
n
Figu
re
3. T
o
realize the ada
p
ter, a c
ontrol-IC ON/
OFF
bl
oc
k (C
I
O
B
)
and a m
oni
t
o
ri
n
g
o
f
l
o
ad
-c
on
nect
i
o
n bl
oc
k (M
O
L
B
)
ar
e adde
d t
o
t
h
e con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
ac/
dc
adapte
r. T
h
e
operation
of the
ac/dc ada
p
ter is desc
ribe
d
as
fo
llows. Tu
rn
in
g-o
f
f th
e ad
ap
ter
un
d
e
r th
e
n
o
-load
co
nd
itio
n is the si
m
p
le
m
e
th
o
d
t
o
redu
ce th
e no-lo
ad
power con
s
u
m
p
tio
n. Howev
e
r,
sin
ce th
e co
nven
tio
n
a
l
adapte
r m
a
y not recognize the co
n
n
ection
o
f
th
e lo
ad
syste
m
, th
e co
n
v
en
tio
n
a
l adap
t
e
r regu
lates
0
V
even
u
n
d
e
r th
e
n
o
-l
o
a
d
con
d
ition
.
Thu
s
,
n
o
-lo
a
d p
o
wer con
s
um
p
t
io
n
of th
e
co
nv
en
tio
n
a
l ad
ap
ter is ov
er
sev
e
ral
h
und
red
m
i
l
li
watts. In
th
e ZNP ad
ap
ter, an e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
b
a
ttery o
f
th
e l
o
ad
system
BA
T
V
is used as a signal
sou
r
ce f
o
r l
o
a
d
-c
o
nnect
i
o
n s
i
gnal
D
ET
V
t
o
m
oni
t
o
r t
h
e c
o
nnect
i
on
of t
h
e l
o
ad
syste
m
. The operation of the
adapt
e
r de
pe
n
d
s
on
D
ET
V
. The adap
ter is co
m
p
o
s
ed
with
fo
llo
wi
n
g
p
a
rts: a
rectifier
is a
n
electrical devi
ce
t
h
at
co
nve
rt
s
al
t
e
rnat
i
n
g cu
rre
nt
(
A
C
)
, w
h
i
c
h pe
ri
o
d
i
cal
l
y
reve
rses
di
rect
i
on, t
o
di
rect
c
u
r
r
ent
(
D
C
)
,
w
h
i
c
h
fl
o
w
s i
n
onl
y
one
di
rect
i
o
n.
The
pr
ocess i
s
kn
o
w
n as
rect
i
f
i
cat
i
on. R
ect
i
f
i
e
rs h
a
ve m
a
ny
uses,
but
are
oft
e
n
fo
u
n
d
ser
v
i
n
g
as c
o
m
pone
n
t
s of
DC
p
o
w
er s
u
p
p
l
i
e
s
a
n
d
hi
g
h
-
v
ol
t
a
ge
di
rect
c
u
rre
n
t
po
we
r t
r
a
n
s
m
i
ssi
on
syste
m
s. Th
e
flyb
ack
is u
s
ed in
bo
th
AC/DC and
DC
/DC
conv
ersi
o
n
with
g
a
l
v
an
ic iso
l
atio
n b
e
t
w
een
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
and a
n
y
out
put
s
.
M
o
re
preci
sel
y
, t
h
e f
l
y
b
ack co
nve
rt
er is a
buc
k-boost conve
rter
with
th
e in
du
ct
o
r
sp
lit
to
form
a tran
sform
e
r, so
that th
e v
o
ltag
e
ratio
s are
m
u
lt
ip
lied
with
an ad
d
ition
a
l adv
a
n
t
ag
e of isolatio
n
.
Wh
en
d
r
i
v
ing for ex
am
p
l
e a
p
l
asm
a
la
mp
o
r
a
vo
ltag
e
m
u
ltip
lier
th
e rectifyin
g
d
i
od
e
o
f
t
h
e bu
ck
-bo
o
s
t
co
nv
erter is left o
u
t
and
the
dev
i
ce is called
a flybac
k tra
n
s
f
orm
e
r.
Details abo
u
t
t
h
e ad
d
ition
a
l
parts are d
e
scribed
b
e
low:
3.
1.
Monitoring of Load–Conne
ction
Block
Th
e MOLB is u
s
ed
to
m
o
n
itor wh
eth
e
r th
e l
o
ad
system
is
connected
or
disconnected. T
h
e MOLB
can
be realized by usi
n
g com
p
arat
or a
n
d se
veral
re
sistors.
Whe
n
l
o
ad is
c
o
nnected, MOLB ge
nerates
1
CO
N
v
and it sends to
the CIOB. T
h
e
structure of propose
d
ad
ap
ter is sh
own
in
Fi
g
.
4
.
Wh
en
lo
ad is co
n
n
ected
,
D
ET
v
and
1
CO
N
v
are “ON”
. And also
optocoupler1 and
opt
oco
u
p
l
e
r
2
are
t
u
r
n
e
d
O
N
. Whe
n
HV pi
n and
CC
V
pi
n
are c
o
nnected,
then c
o
ntrol
-IC
starts its fun
c
tio
n.
3.
2.
Contro
l-IC ON/OFF
Bl
o
c
k
Und
e
r
n
o
-lo
a
d
co
nd
itio
n, t
h
e
CIOB adj
u
sts t
h
e con
n
ection
o
f
supp
ly vo
ltag
e
cc
v
and
CC
V
p
i
n of
th
e
cont
rol
-
IC
f
o
r
m
a
nagi
n
g
t
h
e
cont
rol
-
IC
O
N
/
OFF o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n.
Whe
n
t
h
e
cont
rol
ICON
v
is “OFF”, th
e C
I
OB cu
ts
cc
v
fr
om
CC
V
pi
n o
f
t
h
e
cont
r
o
l
-
IC
. Th
en o
p
t
o
1 an
d o
p
t
o
2 are t
u
rne
d
off
.
Q
1
an
d
Q3
are t
u
r
n
ed
of
f.
Q2 t
u
rn
e
d
on w
h
en v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
f
1
c
v
reaches
thres
hol
d volta
ge of
Q2. T
h
e
n
the
e
n
tire c
o
ntrol-IC is turned OFF.
The
r
e
b
y
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,
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em
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e
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33
2
el
im
i
n
at
i
ng t
h
e
po
wer c
o
ns
u
m
pti
on o
f
t
h
e
cont
rol
-
IC
.
W
h
en
cont
rol
I
CO
N
v
is “ON”
CIOB rec
o
nne
cts
cc
v
to
CC
V
pi
n o
f
t
h
e co
n
t
rol
-
IC
, co
nt
r
o
l
-IC
st
art
s
i
t
s
operat
i
o
n agai
n.
Opt
o
1 an
d o
p
t
o2 a
r
e t
u
r
n
e
d
on
. Q
1
i
s
t
u
rn
e
d
ON by
1
R
and
z
V
. Based
on
th
e ap
pro
x
i
m
a
ted
ci
rcu
it as shown in
Fig
u
re
4
and
co
m
p
on
en
ts
list in
Tab
l
e I
and Ta
ble 2.
Figure
4. Ze
ro N
o
Loa
d
powe
r a
d
apte
r
Table
1.
Speci
fication of t
h
e a
d
apte
r
Speci
fications
Value
I
nput voltage
90V~264V
Output power
(
Po)
62.
5W
(
V
o=12.
5V,I
o=5A)
Resistance,
1
R
1
Ω
Resistance,
2
R
1
Ω
Capacitance,
1
C
1µF
Capacitance,
2
C
1µF
Output capacitor ,
C
o
1
m
F
Battery Lithiu
m
-Ion
SEN
S
E
R
0.
1
Ω
Table 2
.
Sp
eci
ficatio
n
of EMI filter an
d rectifier
S
p
ecifi
c
a
tio
n
s
Va
lue
Dischar
g
ing r
e
sistor
(
dis
R
)
0.
001
Ω
Link capacitor(
link
C
)
1m
F
X-Capacitor(
X
C
)
X
C
=2.2
m
F
1
Y
C
=
2
Y
C
=1µF
I
nductor
L
1
=L
2=2µH
L
3
=L
4=36µH
Switching Fr
equency
65kHz
Co
n
t
ro
l-IC
NCP1237
T
r
ansform
e
r tur
n
s
r
a
tio
48:8:7(
cor
e
=RM
10)
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6
9
4
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n A
n
al
ysi
s
of
Ac/
D
c
Ad
a
p
t
e
r U
n
de
r Zer
o
N
o
-L
o
a
d
P
o
w
e
r C
o
n
s
um
pt
i
o
n…
(
D
o
n
a
M
a
ri
a
Mat
h
ew)
33
3
3.
3.
Power
c
o
nsu
m
ption of
the
CIOB an
d MOLB
Th
ese are th
e
ad
d
ition
a
l p
a
rt
s o
f
n
e
w ad
ap
ter. So
po
wer co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
ese ad
d
itional p
a
rts can
red
u
ce t
h
e e
ffi
ci
ency
of t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
sed a
d
a
p
t
e
r. T
h
e p
o
w
e
r c
ons
um
pt
i
on o
f
C
I
OB
bl
ock i
s
abo
u
t
2
.
2
5
m
W
t
h
at
can
be e
x
press
e
d as:
2
2
/
CI
OB
CC
PV
R
(1)
The
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
of
t
h
e M
O
LB
bl
oc
k i
s
1
4
.
1
m
W
.
I
t
can
be
ex
press
e
d
as:
22
56
7
8
21
34
DE
T
D
E
T
MO
L
B
D
E
T
D
ET
F
D
ET
D
E
T
F
VV
P
RR
R
R
VV
V
V
V
V
RR
(
2
)
Whe
r
e
1
F
V
an
d
2
F
V
ar
e t
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
dr
o
p
of
opt
o1
a
n
d
o
p
t
o
2.
Whe
n
l
o
a
d
i
s
n
o
t
c
o
n
n
ect
ed
,
t
h
e C
I
OB
an
d MOLB
com
p
le
tely tu
rn
ed
o
f
f.
Thu
s
t
h
e
p
o
wer
c
ons
um
pt
i
o
n
o
f
a
d
di
t
i
onal
bl
oc
ks
i
s
i
d
eal
l
y
zero
.
4.
SIM
U
LATI
O
N
AN
D
E
X
PE
RIME
NTAL
RESULTS
To
v
e
rify th
e
valid
ity o
f
th
e propo
sed
ZNP ac/d
c ad
ap
ter, t
h
e sim
u
latio
n
circu
it is i
m
p
l
emen
ted
.
Th
e
MOCB m
o
n
ito
rs
wh
et
h
e
r th
e
lo
ad
syste
m
is co
nn
ected or
no
t and
m
a
n
a
g
e
s th
e
ou
tpu
t
voltag
e
un
der
no
-lo
a
d
co
nd
itio
n. For th
ese fun
c
tio
ns, th
e MOCB g
e
n
e
rates th
e sig
n
a
l th
at Vcon
tro
l
-IC ON is “ON” and
sen
d
s
it
o
v
e
r to
t
h
e CIOB wh
en
either th
e loa
d
sys
t
e
m
is connect
ed or
0
V
reaches
LNO
L
O
A
D
V
.Th
e
ov
erall
circu
it
di
ag
ram
of ac/
dc a
d
apt
e
r i
s
s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5.
Fi
gu
re
5.
Si
m
u
l
a
ti
on
di
ag
ram
of
ZNP
ada
p
t
e
r
Fi
gu
re 6.
C
u
rre
nt
an
d v
o
l
t
a
ge of
a bat
t
e
ry
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,
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.
3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
014
:
32
9 – 336
33
4
Th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
curren
t an
d vo
ltag
e
are shown
in
Figu
re
6. It
con
s
id
ers th
e
ch
ang
e
s i
n
lo
ad
co
nd
itio
n
(i
.e.)
ful
l
l
o
ad
t
o
no l
o
ad c
o
n
d
i
t
i
on. T
h
e ra
p
i
d chan
ges i
n
t
h
e cu
rre
nt
an
d vol
t
a
ge
val
u
es
are pl
ot
t
e
d
her
e
. T
o
realize th
e ZNP ad
ap
ter we can
sim
u
late th
e circu
it
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
l
o
gi
cal
o
p
e
r
at
or
s. T
h
e
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on
di
agr
a
m
an
d
cor
r
es
po
n
d
i
n
g
wave
f
o
rm
s are gi
ve
n
bel
o
w i
n
Fi
gu
re
7.
Fi
gu
re
7.
Z
N
P
ada
p
t
e
r
usi
n
g l
ogi
c
o
p
erat
ors
Fi
gu
re
8.
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
of
ZN
P ada
p
t
e
r
(a)
(b
)
(c)
Figu
re
9.
(a
)
V
o
ltage ac
ros
s
t
h
e ca
pacitor
(
b
) G
a
te p
u
lse
of
Qs
(c)
Gate
p
u
l
se of
Qm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
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S
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8-8
6
9
4
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n A
n
al
ysi
s
of
Ac/
D
c
Ad
a
p
t
e
r U
n
de
r Zer
o
N
o
-L
o
a
d
P
o
w
e
r C
o
n
s
um
pt
i
o
n…
(
D
o
n
a
M
a
ri
a
Mat
h
ew)
33
5
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
A Ze
r
o
No
-L
o
a
d
p
o
we
r c
o
ns
um
pt
i
on t
ech
ni
que
f
o
r ac/
dc
a
d
apt
e
r
was
p
r
e
s
ent
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
pape
r.
He
re,
th
e d
e
tection
of th
e l
o
ad connectio
n
was carried
ou
t
u
s
in
g a
n
em
bedde
d
ba
t
t
e
ry
, whi
c
h ac
t
s
as a si
g
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce.
Fro
m
th
e sim
u
latio
n
resu
lts, i
t
is clear th
at t
h
is tech
n
i
qu
e can
easily b
e
app
lied
to an
y commercial co
n
t
ro
l-IC
u
s
ing
sim
p
le au
x
iliary circuits su
ch as CIOB an
d
M
O
C
B
.
Th
erefore, th
e
redu
ctio
n o
f
No
-Lo
a
d
po
wer
con
s
um
pt
i
on c
a
n
be ac
hi
eve
d
wi
del
y
.
REFERE
NC
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e
t
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.,
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a
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as
p
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D
8461-D.PD
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF AUT
HORS
Dona M
a
ria Mathew
re
ce
ived
his
B.Te
ch. d
e
g
r
ee in
El
ect
ric
a
l
and El
ec
tronics
Engine
ering
from
Kerela Univers
i
t
y
, Ker
e
la
, I
ndia. P
r
es
ent
l
y
h
e
is
purs
u
ing M
.
Tech in P
o
wer E
l
ec
tronics
and
Drives
from
Karun
y
a Univ
ers
i
t
y
,
Coim
batore, Ta
m
il Nadu, India.
His
pres
ent res
earch int
e
res
t
s
are Neural Networks and Fuz
z
y
Logic, Specia
l m
achin
es,
Applica
tion of
Soft Com
puting
Techn
i
que.
K. Vin
o
th
Ku
mar
rece
ived his
B.E. deg
r
ee in
E
l
ec
tric
al
and Electronics Engineering from Anna
University
, Chennai, Tamil Nad
u
, India. He obt
ained M
.
Tech
in
P
o
wer Electron
i
cs
and Drives
from
VIT Univers
i
t
y
, V
e
llor
e
,
Tam
il Nadu
, In
dia. P
r
es
entl
y h
e
is
working as
an As
s
i
s
t
ant
Professor in the School of
Elect
rical Science,
Karun
y
a Institut
e of Techno
log
y
and Sciences
(Karun
y
a
University
)
,
Co
imbato
re,
Tamil Nadu,
India. He is pu
rsuing PhD degr
ee
in Karun
y
a
Universit
y
,
Coi
m
batore, Ind
i
a
.
His present r
e
search
inter
e
sts are Cond
ition
Monitoring of
Industrial Drives, Neural Netw
orks and Fuzzy
L
ogic, Special machines,
Application of Soft
Computing Tech
nique. He has pu
blished various
pape
rs in
international journ
a
ls and confer
ences
and also published four tex
t
bo
oks. He is a
member of IEEE (USA), MIST
E and also in
Interna
tiona
l
associa
tion of
E
l
ec
t
r
ica
l
Eng
i
ne
ers (
I
AENG).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
4
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
t
em
b
e
r
2
014
:
32
9 – 336
33
6
Nithin T.
Abraham
re
ce
i
v
e
d
hi
s
B.
T
e
c
h
.
de
gree
in E
l
ec
tr
ical and
Electronics Engineering
from
Karun
y
a Unive
r
sit
y
, Co
im
bator
e
,
Tam
i
l
Nadu,
India
.
Presen
tl
y h
e
is pursuin
g M.Te
ch
in
Renewable Ener
g
y
Technologies
from Karun
y
a
University
, Coimbat
ore, Tamil
Nadu, India. His
pres
ent res
ear
ch
interes
t
s
are Ne
ural Networks
and F
u
zz
y
Logi
c,
S
p
ecial m
achin
es
, Applica
tion
of Soft Computing Technique.
Vicky
Jose
received his B.Tech. degree
in E
l
ec
t
r
ica
l
and El
ectro
ni
cs Engineerin
g from Kerela
Univers
i
t
y
, Ker
e
la, Indi
a. P
r
es
en
t
l
y
h
e
is
purs
u
ing M.Tech in Power Ele
c
tron
ics an
d Drives from
Karun
y
a Univer
s
i
t
y
, Coim
batore
, Tam
il Nadu, I
ndia. His
pres
ent res
earch int
e
re
s
t
s
are Neural
Networks and F
u
zzy
Logic, Sp
ecial mach
ines
, Application
of Sof
t
Computing
Technique.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.