Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
2
,
Jun
202
1
,
pp.
128
3
~
129
2
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI:
10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
2
.
pp
128
3
-
129
2
1283
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Energy,
economi
c and e
nviro
nmental an
alysis
of fuzzy l
ogic
contr
ollers us
ed i
n s
m
art buil
dings
Ali M B
an
iy
ounes
1
, Y
azeed
Ya
sin
Gh
ad
i
2
,
Mary
am
Ma
hmo
u
d
Ak
h
o Z
ah
ia
3
,
Ey
ad
Adwan
4
,
Ka
li
d Olie
m
at
5
1,3,4
Depa
rtment
o
f
Elec
tr
ical
Enginee
ring
,
Appl
ie
d
Scie
n
ce Priva
t
e Universit
y,
Jordan
2
Software
Eng
in
ee
ring
and
Com
pute
r
Sc
ie
nc
e, A
l
E
in
Unive
rsity, UAE
5
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
and
Com
pute
r
Sc
ie
nc
e, O
hio
North
Univ
e
rsity,
US
A
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
hist
or
y:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
28
, 20
20
Re
vised
M
a
r
2
1
, 2
0
21
Accepte
d
M
a
y
5
, 2
0
21
Thi
s
ar
ti
c
le
is
di
vide
d
int
o
three
par
ts:
the
first
p
r
ese
nts
a
simu
la
t
i
on
study
of
the
eff
e
ct
of
oc
c
upanc
y
le
v
el
on
ene
rgy
usage
pa
t
te
rn
of
engi
n
ee
ri
ng
buil
d
ing
of
applied
sci
en
ce
pr
ivate
univers
it
y
,
Am
ma
n
,
J
orda
n.
The
sim
ula
ti
on
was
cre
a
te
d
on
sim
ula
ti
on
mecha
n
i
sm
by
means
o
f
Ene
rgyPlus
s
oftwa
re
and
im
prove
d
by
us
ing
the
bu
il
din
g’s
dat
a
such
a
s
buil
ding’s
as
buil
t
p
la
n,
occ
upan
t’s
dens
it
y
l
eve
l
base
d
on
data
abou
t
who
uti
lize
th
e
buil
d
ing
throughout
oper
at
ion
al
hours,
en
erg
y
us
age
l
eve
l
,
heating
ven
ti
l
atin
g
and
a
i
r
condi
ti
on
ing
(
HV
AC)
sys
te
m,
li
ght
ing
and
i
ts
cont
rol
s
ystem
s.
Dat
a
reg
ard
ing
oc
cup
anc
y
d
ensit
y
le
v
el
esti
m
at
ion
is
used
to
p
rovide
t
he
proposed
cont
roller
wi
th
r
andom
nu
mbe
r
o
f
users
grounde
d
on
r
epor
t
w
ere
a
rra
nged
by
the
unive
rsi
ty’s
fac
i
li
t
ie
s
op
erati
onal
team
.
The
othe
r
divi
sion
o
f
th
is
pap
er
show
s
the
esti
m
at
ed
sav
ed
e
ner
g
y
by
the
means
of
suggested
ad
vanc
ed
add
-
on,
FU
ZZ
Y
-
PID
con
trol
l
ing
sys
te
m.
The
en
erg
y
savings
wer
e
d
ivi
ded
in
to
summe
r
savings
and
wint
er
sav
ings.
The
th
ird
divi
sion
p
rese
nt
s
ec
ono
mi
c
and
envi
ronm
ental
analysis
of
th
e
proposed
adv
a
nce
d
fuz
zy
logi
c
con
trol
l
ers
of
smar
t
buil
d
in
gs
in
Subtropi
cal
Jordan
.
Th
e
economic
pa
ramet
ers
th
at
wer
e
used
to
eva
lu
ate
th
e
sys
te
m
e
co
nomy
p
erf
orm
a
nce
ar
e
li
f
e
-
cy
cle
analysis,
pre
sent
worth
f
ac
tor
and
sys
tem
payb
ac
k
p
eriod.
Th
e
sys
te
m
ec
ono
mi
c
ana
lysis wa
s
don
e
using MATL
A
B
software
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Energ
y
sa
vings
Energ
yP
lu
s
Fu
zz
y
lo
gic
Life cycle
Smart
buil
ding
s
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ali M
Baniy
ou
nes
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng
Applie
d Sci
enc
e Pr
i
vate U
nive
rsity
Amm
a
n, J
orda
n
Emai
l:
al_youn
es@as
u.
e
du.jo
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
mai
n
ob
je
ct
ive
be
hind
th
e
smart
buil
dings
ec
onom
ic
a
nalysis
is
t
o
de
te
rmin
e
t
he
mi
nimum
c
os
t
of
es
sentia
l
en
ergy
f
or
delive
rin
g
re
qu
i
red
t
hermal
com
f
ort
conditi
on
s
.
I
n
ot
her
w
ords,
the
ai
m
of
the
fu
z
z
y
con
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
is
to
est
ablish
a
sel
f
-
le
anin
g
con
tr
ol
syst
em
that
are
abl
e
to
deliver
a
nd
ass
ur
e
the
le
ast
cost
arr
a
ng
e
ment
of
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
c
on
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
a
nd
f
uzz
y
c
on
tr
ol
syst
em
in
or
der
to
at
ta
in
st
r
ong
a
nd
c
onve
nient
work
i
ng
place.
Buil
dings’
us
e
rs’
num
ber
a
nd
occ
upanc
y
de
ns
it
y
le
vel
inf
lue
nces
usa
ge
of
el
ect
ri
cal
li
gh
ti
ng
sy
ste
ms
a
nd
he
at
ing
ven
ti
la
ti
ng
a
nd
ai
r
co
ndi
ti
on
in
g
(
H
VAC
)
sy
ste
m.
T
he
curre
nt
pa
rt
of
this
arti
cl
e
pre
sents
the eff
ect
of
oc
cup
a
nts’
c
once
ntrati
on on e
ne
rgy
co
nsum
ption
of
H
VA
C a
nd
li
ghti
ng s
yst
ems in
an
i
ntell
igent
b
uildi
ng.
T
he
con
t
ro
ll
er
’s
in
pu
t
is
pr
ov
i
de
d
by
a
ra
ndom
numb
e
r
ge
ne
r
at
or
based
on
the
nat
ur
e
,
deta
il
s
and
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
128
2
–
129
2
1284
op
e
rati
onal
pat
te
rn
of
the
buil
ding.
Re
s
ults
a
re
car
ried
out
durin
g
buil
ding’s
no
rmal
work
i
ng
ho
ur
s
w
hich
i
s
from 8
A
M
t
o 8 PM
The
opti
mu
m
op
ti
on
is
t
o
in
s
ta
ll
a
su
b
-
main
mete
r
t
o
e
valu
at
e
the
use
d
en
ergy
by
el
ect
rical
-
li
gh
ti
ng
sy
ste
ms
at
eac
h
le
vel
of
t
he
bu
il
di
ng
.
P
racti
cal
ly,
this
me
ans
is
no
t
a
vaila
ble
an
d
m
os
t
of
buil
dings
util
iz
es
a
forecast
ed
m
odel
to
cal
culat
e
energ
y
use
d b
y
li
gh
ti
ng
s
ys
te
ms
in
t
he non
-
app
ea
ra
nce
of
real data
-
l
ogge
rs.
T
he
bu
il
di
ng’s
cl
assifi
ed
i
nto
dif
f
eren
t
z
ones.
It
is
to
be
note
d
that
the
des
ign
e
d
li
ghti
ng
f
or
these
zo
ne
s
is
diff
e
re
nt
from
li
gh
ti
ngs
fixt
ur
e
powe
r
rati
ng
of
pri
mar
y
desig
n,
i
n
w
at
ts/
m
2
.
Total
e
nerg
y
us
e
d
by
the
el
ect
rical
li
gh
ti
ng syst
em
is
e
va
luate
d
by
usi
ng
(
1
)
[1]
.
(
1
)
her
e
N
is
bu
il
din
g’
s
z
on
es
num
ber,
U:
is
e
le
ct
rical
-
li
gh
ti
ng
usa
ge
fact
or,
W
i
is
plan
ne
d
watt
/m
2
of
zon
e
s
e
nerg
y
,
A
is
over
-
al
l
fl
oor
a
rea
an
d
h
is
operati
onal
hours.
I
n
t
his
a
rtic
le
exam
ples
we
re
ac
quire
d
base
d
on the
pe
rio
d
of
us
age
w
hich
is esti
mate
d
t
o be
3
-
5
hours
.
The
buil
ding
’s
sp
ace
s
a
re
ai
r
-
co
ndit
ion
e
d
c
entrall
y
by
me
ans
of
a
chill
er
tra
nsporti
ng
water
t
o
ai
r
-
handlin
g
un
it
s
(AH
U)
t
hat
f
it
te
d
in
va
rio
us
zo
nes.
I
n
ge
ner
al
,
t
he
op
ti
mal
of
meas
uri
ng
e
nerg
y
usa
ge
by
instal
li
ng
l
ogg
ers
that
a
ble
t
o
deter
mine
t
he
H
VA
C
e
ne
rgy
dema
nd.
Ac
cordin
gly
,
f
ore
cast
ed
protot
ypes
a
re
importa
nt
t
o
cal
culat
e
quan
ti
ty
the
qu
a
ntit
y
of
c
onsum
ed
e
nerg
y
gro
unde
d
on
he
a
t
-
gain
mathe
m
at
ic
al
form
ulas
[
1].
The
ov
e
r
-
al
l
c
oo
li
ng
l
oad
(Q
t
ot
)
is
the
total
of
i
nn
e
r
c
oo
li
ng
-
l
oad
a
nd
out
door
co
olin
g
-
l
oad
[
2]
-
[4]
.
I
nter
nal
c
oo
li
ng
-
loa
d
is
the
outc
ome
of
te
na
nts
’
ca
pacit
y
,
el
ect
rical
-
li
gh
ti
ng
s
yst
em
an
d
ot
her
gea
r
s
com
pu
te
rs.
T
he
ke
y
sup
plier
s
of
out
-
of
-
doors
c
oo
li
ng
-
load
are
ve
ntil
at
ion
,
i
nf
il
trat
ion,
co
nduc
ti
on
a
nd
rad
ia
ti
on.
T
he
internal
co
oling
-
loa
d
is
cal
culat
ed
f
rom
Eq
uation
2
w
h
ere
the
out
-
of
-
doors
co
olin
g
-
l
oad
is
cal
culat
ed
from
(
2
)
.
(
2
)
her
e
Ha
is
te
na
nts
num
be
r
,
1.2
is
a
mu
lt
ipli
cat
ion
fact
or
f
or
balla
st
losse
s
[2]
,
D
:
e
qu
i
pme
nt
e.
g.
PC’s
,
U
dn
:
us
a
ge
of
gea
r
of
te
st
d
al
s
o
per
i
od
n,
P
d
:
consu
med
e
ne
rgy
by
e
quipm
ent’s
a
nd
C
d
:
te
nan
ts
are
ut
il
iz
ing
el
ect
ro
nics
an
d H
a
is
num
ber
of tena
nts
.
(
3
)
her
e
Q
i
;
outd
oor
heat
loa
d
Q
v
is
en
er
gy
use
d
by
ve
ntil
at
ion
,
Q
i
:
i
nf
il
trat
ion
heat
-
l
oad
Q
c
:
cond
uctive
hea
t
load
al
so
Q
r
;
ra
diant
h
eat
-
tra
nsfer
.
The
co
ntr
ol
te
chn
i
qu
e
be
ga
n
with
e
valua
ti
ng
sen
sible
sp
a
ns
of
occ
upanc
y
le
vel
e
ff
ect
on
the
bu
il
di
ng
’
s
e
ne
rgy
util
isa
ti
on
[3
],
[
4
]
.
T
he
sy
ste
m
’s
pro
cedu
re
of
exa
minati
on
w
as
exec
uted
by
us
i
ng
Energ
yP
lu
s
si
mu
la
ti
on
e
ngine.
Ra
nd
om
ly
create
d
patte
rn
s
of
occupa
nts’
act
io
n
i
nputs
wer
e
ge
ner
at
e
d
com
pr
isi
ng
a
t
hor
ough
rec
ord
of
e
qu
i
pm
e
nt
’s
com
pute
rs
in
same
ti
me
kep
t
te
m
per
at
ur
e
s
a
nd
humi
dity
’s
us
ers
-
set
point.
The
ordina
ry
rates
of
resi
de
nt
pro
file
were
gen
e
rated
t
hro
ugho
ut
a
re
view
of
buil
din
g
e
ne
rgy
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
c
od
e
(Titl
e
24
)
w
hich
is
issue
d
by
De
par
tme
nt
of
Ene
rgy
for
li
sts
of
oc
cup
a
nts’
act
ivi
ty
an
d
beh
a
viou
r
[3]
.
M
ore
ov
e
r
,
t
he
sy
ste
m
-
in
pu
t
ha
s
bee
n
cl
assif
ie
d
to
l
ow
-
va
lues
(
20
-
25%
of
resi
de
nts
),
m
edium
(50
-
60
%
of
re
s
idents
)
in
ad
diti
on
t
o
el
e
vated
sp
a
ns
(
90
-
100%
of
reside
nts).
T
he
pr
e
viousl
y
me
ntio
ne
d
li
sts
of
head
c
ounts
ar
e
matc
he
d
to
a
ny
oth
e
r
offici
al
buil
ding
s
’
oc
cup
a
nc
y
patte
rn
.
P
r
ocess
ti
meta
ble
we
re
ou
tl
ined
to
the
m
odel
ba
sed
t
o
nor
mal
proc
ess
c
ha
nges
in
insti
tuti
onal
bu
il
di
ng
’s
normal
busine
ss
hours
w
hich
a
r
e
expresse
d
i
n
T
able
1.
It
highl
igh
ts
t
he
sche
dule
s
wh
ic
h
a
re
ex
plo
it
ed
to
mathemat
ic
al
ly
-
model
le
d
oc
cup
a
nt
functi
ons
.
Tab
le
2
,
al
so
outl
ines
l
oad
s
w
hic
h
a
re
distresse
d
by
oc
cu
pa
nts
-
act
ivit
y
sta
ndar
ds
i
niti
at
ed
by
the
existe
nce
of
re
sidents
know
i
ng
th
at
a
ll
el
e
ct
rical
-
recepta
cl
e,
ou
tl
et
s
as
well
as
el
ect
rical
-
plug
ged
lo
ad
s
ar
e
neg
le
ct
e
d
.
=
=
=
N
n
I
i
n
i
i
in
l
i
g
h
t
h
A
W
U
E
1
1
+
+
=
=
=
=
=
n
a
n
d
N
n
D
d
d
dn
N
n
I
i
n
i
i
in
i
h
H
h
C
P
U
h
A
W
U
Q
*
15
.
0
2
.
1
*
1
1
1
1
(
)
+
+
+
=
N
r
c
i
v
n
e
Q
Q
Q
Q
h
Q
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ener
gy,
ec
onomic
an
d
e
nviro
nm
e
nta
l
analys
is of fuz
zy lo
gi
c co
ntro
ll
ers
use
d
i
n
…
(
Ali
M Baniyo
unes
)
1285
Table
1
.
Occ
upants a
nd o
cc
up
ants’
act
ivit
y
s
chedule
Energy
Plu
s
Facto
r
s
d
etails
d
o
m
ain
s
Ligh
tin
g
s’
tim
etab
le
W
o
rkin
g
hours
Low: less
than
,
4
h
r/d
,
1
0
m
o
n
th
s/y
ear
Mediu
m
:
rang
in
g
between
4 an
d
7
h
r
/d
,
1
0
m
o
n
th
s
/y
ear
Hig
h
:
a day
,
1
2
h
r
/d
10
m
o
n
th
s/
y
ear.
Equ
ip
m
en
t
’s’
ti
m
e
tab
le
W
o
rkin
g
hours
(plu
g
-
in
lo
ad
)
Low: less
than
,
4
h
r/d
,
1
0
m
o
n
th
s/y
ear
Mediu
m
:
4
-
7
h
r/d
,
1
0
m
o
n
th
s/y
ear
Hig
h
:
a
d
ay
,
1
2
h
r/d
1
0
m
o
n
th
s/y
ear
Peo
p
le
s’
tim
e
tab
le
Occup
an
ts
’
p
attern
(r
atio
of
p
eo
p
le
in
to
m
ax
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esid
en
ts
)
Low: less
than
,
5
0
% o
f
to
tal occu
p
an
ts, 10
tim
etab
le
Mediu
m
: 50
% o
f
t
o
tal occu
p
an
ts, 10
tim
etab
le
Hig
h
: less th
an
10
0
%
to
5
0
%
o
f
to
tal r
esid
en
ts
1
0
m
o
n
th
s/y
ear
The
meth
ods
wh
ic
h
are
sta
te
d
in
the
pr
e
vi
ou
s
ta
ble
(
Ta
ble
2
)
cl
assifi
e
s
the
var
ie
ti
es
of
da
ta
that
represe
nt
s
correct
and
sensi
ble
project
io
n
s
of
sta
nd
a
rd
occupa
nt
s’
be
hav
i
or
s
a
nd
act
ivit
y
te
mp
e
ratur
e
var
ia
ti
on als
o
r
el
at
ive
-
humidit
y
set
points
, wi
ndow
s’
sta
tus
,
cl
ass rooms
’
occ
up
at
io
n
.
Table
2
.
B
uildi
ng
’s
Ene
rgyP
l
us
prof
il
e
Energy
Plu
s
factors
Details
d
o
m
ain
s
Prog
ram
ed
t
em
p
e
r
atu
re
Prog
ra
m
ed
Te
m
p
e
rature
2
0
-
2
3
C°
d
u
ring
win
ter
an
d
2
4
-
2
6
C°
d
u
ring
su
m
m
e
r
L
o
w: 20
-
2
3
C°
Mediu
m
: 22
-
2
6
C°
Hig
h
: 2
5
-
2
7
C°
Prog
ram
ed
Rel
ativ
e
Hu
m
id
ity
Prog
ram
ed
Rel
ativ
e Humidity
40
-
70%
Low: 4
0
-
50%
Mediu
m
: 50
-
60%
Hig
h
:
70
-
8
0%
Occup
a
n
cy
p
attern
Occup
an
t
p
attern i
n
p
erso
n
s
/m
2
Low: 2
0
p
eo
p
le/
1
0
0
m
2
Mediu
m
: 40
p
eo
p
le/
100m
2
Hig
h
: 80
p
eo
p
le/
1
0
0
m
2
Res
id
en
ts’
h
eat
lo
ad
Sen
sib
le
/
Latent h
e
at
lo
ad
-
v
ariation
du
e to
in
d
iv
id
u
als
Low: 3
5
k
W
h
/
p
ers
o
n
/h
r
Mediu
m
: 7
5
k
W
h
/p
erso
n
/h
r
Hig
h
: 17
0
k
W
h
/
p
er
so
n
/h
r
Infiltration
/
v
en
tilatio
n
Ven
tilatio
n
v
alu
e
an
d
infiltration
’s
o
p
en
in
g
s
Low: 0
.
20
CFM/h
e
ad
Mediu
m
: 0.
40
CF
M/head
Hig
h
:
0
.75
CFM/h
ead
Ligh
tin
g
/
so
lar
radiatio
n
h
eat gain
h
eat
-
g
ain
-
ch
an
g
e
d
u
e to lig
h
tin
g
s
an
d
su
n
radiatio
n
s
m
easu
re
d
class
/
hour
Low:
1
0
0
k
W
h
/clas
s/h
r
Mediu
m
: 15
0
k
W
h
/
class
/h
r
Hig
h
: 20
0
k
W
h
/class
/h
r
The
pro
posed
fu
zz
y
ad
d
O
n
-
PI
D
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
s
is
rese
nted
t
o
e
xec
ute
this
com
pu
ta
ti
on
.
The
pro
pose
d
fu
zz
y
ad
d
On
-
PI
D
c
ontr
oller
s’
in
pu
ts
a
re
er
ror
eR
an
d
its
var
ia
ti
on
Δe
R
that
sign
ifie
s
t
he
al
te
rati
on
a
mongst
bu
il
di
ng
’
s
pr
e
vious
re
side
nts
an
d
buil
ding’s
present
r
esi
den
ts
.
Furt
hermo
re
,
the
fu
zz
y
a
dd
On
-
P
ID
con
t
ro
ll
er
s’
m
embe
rsh
i
p
s
f
unct
ion
s’
in
pu
t
and
ou
t
pu
t
a
re
sho
wed
in
Fi
gure
1.
T
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
’s
i
nputs
a
nd
ou
t
pu
ts
co
mpri
se
this
no
te
d
s
ign
ific
a
nces,
hi
gh
ne
gative
(
HN
),
me
diu
m
neg
at
ive
(
MN
)
,
lo
w
neg
at
i
ve
(
LN
),
zero
(Z),
lo
w
po
sit
ive
(
LP
),
medium
po
sit
ive
(
MP
)
a
nd
hi
gh
posit
ive
(
HP
)
is
present
ed
in
Ta
ble
3
[5].
the
fu
zz
y
a
dd
On
-
PI
D
c
on
tr
oller
s’
ou
t
pu
t
is
th
e
imp
or
ta
nt
power
va
riat
ion
dep
e
n
ds
on
re
sidenc
y
de
ns
it
y
le
ve
l
wh
ic
h
necessit
at
es
to
keep
in
door the
rmal a
nd v
is
ual c
om
f
or
t
within
stan
dards
.
Figure
1
.
M
e
m
ber
s
hip f
unct
io
ns
of v
a
rio
us
occupa
ncy lev
el
s
Table
3
. Fuzz
y
co
ntr
ol rules f
or local
var
i
ous
occupa
ncy lev
el
s
Req
u
ired
ch
an
g
e in
en
ergy
eR
HN
MN
LM
Z
LP
MP
LP
Δ
eR
HN
HN
HN
HP
HP
HP
HP
HP
MN
HN
MN
Z
MP
MP
HP
HP
LN
HN
MN
HN
HP
MP
HP
HP
Z
HN
NM
HN
Z
PL
PM
HP
PL
NH
NH
NM
NH
PL
PM
HP
HN
HN
HN
HP
HP
HP
HP
HP
MN
HN
MN
Z
MP
MP
HP
HP
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
128
2
–
129
2
1286
2.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
cu
rr
e
nt
pa
rt
of
the
a
rtic
le
,
pr
ese
nts
the
stu
dy’s
out
come
mea
n
w
hile
it
pro
vid
e
s
a
detai
le
d
discuss
i
on
a
nd
res
ults
a
nalys
is.
All
stu
dy
outc
om
e
s
a
nd
r
esults
a
re
s
ho
wn
in
fig
ur
es
and
ta
bles
to
al
low
read
e
rs
t
o
c
ompre
he
nd the st
udy ea
sil
y. Th
e
resu
lt
s’
d
isc
us
s
ion
s
are deta
il
ed belo
w
in
se
ve
ral sub
sect
io
ns
.
2.1.
Ener
gy s
av
in
gs an
d ene
rgy i
ndex
Figure
2
displ
ays
bu
il
di
ng
’s
gros
s
el
ect
r
ic
al
load
in
t
he
year
20
16
w
hich
was
64357
5
kWh.
Thro
ughout
th
e
hot
-
s
easo
n
s
and
t
hu
s
,
e
xce
ssive
re
qu
est
f
or
ai
r
c
onditi
onin
g
w
hich
normal
occ
ur
s
i
n
M
ay
to
mid
-
N
ov
e
mb
e
r
.
Als
o
de
man
ds
on
heati
ng
is
occurre
d
i
n
D
ecembe
r
to
Ma
rch.
T
he
buil
ding
’s
pea
k
e
ne
rgy
dema
nd
was
r
ecorde
d
th
rou
gh
the
month
of
Ja
nu
a
ry
at
6835
0kW
h
f
ollow
e
d
by
the
months
of
Fe
brua
ry
at
651
40
kWh
,
t
he
n
t
he
month
of
A
pri
l
at
6192
5
kW
h.
D
ur
ing
col
d
seaso
n
s
w
hen
heati
ng
a
nd
c
oo
li
ng
ene
r
gy
dema
nd
wa
s
low
,
t
he
minim
um
ene
r
gy
loa
d
was
i
n
the
m
onth
of
A
ugus
t
at
426
90
kW
h
ta
i
le
d
by
the
mon
th
of
Ju
ne
at
4501
5
kWh
al
s
o
in
A
ugus
t at
480
1
0kW
h
c
orres
pondin
gly
.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
Figure
2
dis
plays
buil
ding
’s
gros
s
el
ect
ric
ity
de
man
d
w
hen
the
occ
up
ancy
le
vel
is
100%
,
50
%
a
nd
25%.
At
50%
occ
upanc
y
l
evel,
t
he
gross
el
ect
ric
al
load
thr
oughout
the
yea
r
decr
eas
e
d
from
643
.
5
75
kWh
t
o
550
.
3
20
kWh
wh
ic
h
s
hows
el
ect
rical
-
energy
savi
ng
s
of
about
15%
.
A
s
al
ready
note
d
f
rom
Figure
2
t
he
m
os
t
ene
rgy
sa
vin
g
of
20
.
4
80
kWh
was
in
t
he
month o
f
April
wh
ic
h
is
eq
ual
to
ab
ou
t
40%
,
ta
il
ed
by
M
a
rc
h,
N
ovem
ber
at
pro
portio
n
of
2
5
%,
2
1
%
,
20
%
corres
pondin
g
ly
.
T
he
ca
us
e
of
A
pr
il
has
t
he
m
os
t
save
d
ene
r
gy
i
s
beca
us
e
of
holi
day
seas
on
s
.
Eid,
C
hr
i
stma
s
an
d
the
Ne
w
Year
.
T
he
lo
west
save
d
e
ne
rgy
is
occurre
d
i
n
th
e
Septem
be
r whe
re th
e
start
of
the acad
emic
c
al
end
a
r.
A
li
ke
sit
uatio
n
wa
s
achie
ve
d
at
2
4
%
resid
ency
rate.
F
or
2
4
%
occ
upanc
y
le
vel,
t
he
tot
al
annual
loa
d
was
f
ound
t
o
be
46
8
.
43
5
kW
h
w
hich
acco
unts
f
or
a
bout
26
%
el
ect
ric
de
man
d
sa
ving
com
par
e
d
to
100%
reside
ncy
rate.
D
ur
in
g
Dece
mb
e
r
outc
om
e
s
we
re
yet
the
mo
st
save
d
e
nerg
y
w
hic
h
is
arou
nd
30%
du
e
f
or
ho
li
da
y
’
s
seas
on
s
a
nd
t
he
l
owers
e
nerg
y
sa
vings
we
re
occ
urred
in
t
he
m
on
t
h
of
M
a
rch
wh
ic
h
was
a
bout
2
0
%
energ
y
sa
vings
co
m
pa
red to t
he full
re
side
nc
y
rate.
The
ove
rall
quantit
y
of
us
e
d
ene
rgy
c
oncentrati
on
is
measu
red
as
an
in
dicat
or
of
t
he
yea
rl
y
el
ect
rici
ty
util
iz
at
ion
of
HVAC
as
well
a
s
li
gh
ti
ng
syst
em
in
kW
h
/
m
2
su
c
h
a
s
sta
ndar
dised
el
ect
r
ic
it
y
util
iz
at
ion
.
T
he
co
ns
trai
nt
of
ene
r
gy
us
a
ge
intensit
y
is
t
ha
t
it
does
not
co
ns
ide
r
el
e
ment
s
that
inclu
de
energ
y
util
iz
at
ion
f
or
HVAC
a
nd
li
ghti
ng
s’
sy
ste
m
s
ef
fici
ency
in
div
id
ually
[
6].
Ene
rgy
en
dor
sement
is
us
e
d
as
a
n
aux
il
ia
r
y
t
o
re
gu
la
te
ene
rgy
us
a
ge
i
ntensit
y
t
o
meas
ur
e
the
e
nerg
y
pe
r
forma
nce
of
HVAC
an
d
li
gh
ti
ng
s’
sy
ste
m
with
va
rio
us
operati
on
al
c
onditi
ons
a
nd
operati
onal
modes
[
7]
.
E
ne
rgy
en
do
rseme
nt
model
s
ar
e
dep
le
te
d
for
a
long
ti
me
in
or
der
to
cal
c
ulate
and
c
on
t
ro
l
buil
ding
s’
e
nerg
y
pe
rformanc
e
in
dif
fer
e
nt
cl
imat
ic
conditi
ons.
E
nerg
y
’s
pract
ic
e
pr
ifil
e
is
t
he
te
nde
nc
y
of
year
ly
co
nsume
d
e
nerg
y
of
insti
tuti
onal
buil
ding
s
com
par
e
d
t
o
a
ver
a
ge
outd
oor
te
mp
e
ratu
re
at
a
ce
rtai
n
ti
me
intermissi
on
(
one
hour,
one
da
y
or
on
e
m
on
t
h).
It
no
t
only
un
vei
le
d
the
bu
il
di
ng
t
otal
ene
rgy
us
a
ge
bu
t
al
so
de
m
onstrat
es
the
ef
fect
of
cl
imat
ic
conditi
ons
on
energ
y
usa
ge
patte
rn
of
H
V
AC
[
8].
Seei
ng
e
nergy
ma
na
geme
nt
of
bu
il
ding
s
a
nd
cl
imat
ic
informati
on
,
it
is
pro
bab
le
t
o
co
mpute
va
rianc
es
in
HVAC
‘s
an
d
li
ghti
ng
s
ys
te
m
s
’
wa
y
of
co
ntr
ol.
As
c
li
mati
c
ci
rcu
m
sta
nces
influ
e
nce
the
way
of
buil
ding
s’
H
VA
C
s
a
nd
li
ghti
ng
s
lo
ad
va
riat
ions
,
it
is
essenti
al
to
utli
ze
us
e
d
energ
y
patte
rn
prot
otypica
l
H
VA
C
s’
and
li
gh
ti
ng
s
s
ys
te
m
s’
e
nergy
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
unde
r
c
hangin
g
bu
il
din
g
s
co
olin
g
an
d
li
gh
ti
ng
s
loa
d
[9].
This
arti
cl
e
,
e
nergy
pr
ac
ti
ce
model
wa
s
co
mmissi
one
d
to
it
emiz
e
a
nnual
HVAC
s’
a
nd
li
gh
ti
ng
s
ys
te
m
s’
en
er
gy
ut
il
iz
at
ion
kn
owing
that,
div
e
r
se
e
nerg
y
e
ff
i
ci
ency
meas
ur
es
.
T
he
sim
ul
at
ion
’s
resu
lt
s
s
pecifie
s
that
e
nergy
proce
dure
patte
r
n
c
ou
l
d
be
e
ngaged
to
o
rg
a
ni
ze
H
VA
C
s’
a
nd
li
ghti
ng
s
ys
te
m
s’
energ
y
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
a
nd
im
ple
ment
ad
d
-
on
-
f
uzzy
c
ontrol
s
ys
te
ms
.
E
ne
rgy
preser
vatio
n
strat
e
g
ie
s
is
the
most
su
it
able
wa
y
of
le
sse
ning
HVAC
s’
a
nd
li
gh
ti
ng
sy
ste
ms’
e
nergy
use
throu
ghout
peak
-
ti
me
de
man
d
s
of
HVAC
s’
loa
d.
To
ec
onom
i
cal
ly
co
ntr
ol
annual
H
VA
C
s
an
d
li
gh
ti
ng
sy
ste
ms’
ene
rgy
us
a
ge
,
va
rio
us
ref
e
ren
ce
s
e
nergy
us
age
pr
ifil
e
ha
ve
bee
n
pr
oduce
d
i
n
this
researc
h
t
o
s
up
port
the
us
ag
e
of
di
ff
e
ren
t
pa
ssive
coo
li
ng
meth
ods
the
us
a
ge
of
sh
a
dowe
rs
to
sh
ie
ld
f
r
om
s
un
ra
diant
hea
t
increase
.
T
he
simulat
ion
m
ann
e
r
exp
la
in
s
on
wa
y
of
t
otal
H
VAC
s’
an
d
li
ghti
ng
s
ys
te
m
s’
e
ne
rgy
us
a
ge
diff
e
r
in
res
pect
to
cl
imat
ic
data
pro
file
knowin
g
that
di
ver
se
mean
s
f
or b
ase
cli
mat
ic
gain
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ener
gy,
ec
onomic
an
d
e
nviro
nm
e
nta
l
analys
is of fuz
zy lo
gi
c co
ntro
ll
ers
use
d
i
n
…
(
Ali
M Baniyo
unes
)
1287
Figure
2
.
Buil
di
ng
’s
total
elec
tric
load at
d
i
fferent
occ
up
a
nc
y
le
vel
Energ
y
ma
rk
use
d
in
HVAC
s
and
li
ghti
ng
s
ys
te
m
s
is
li
ke
ne
d
to
fu
zz
y
lo
gic
co
ntr
o
ll
er
the
ha
ndli
ng
of
e
xter
nal
ai
r
te
mp
erat
ur
e
a
nd
hu
midit
y
whem
li
es
betwee
n
18
–
2
7
C
̊
a
nd
35
–
70
%
res
pe
ct
ively
as
p
res
ente
d
in
Fi
gure
3.
c
urren
tl
y
,
t
he
us
age
of
outd
oo
r
ai
r
outc
om
es
the
utmo
st
en
ergy
pe
rforma
nce
(the
le
ast
energ
y
util
iz
at
ion
,
kW
h/m
2
)
relat
ed
to
the
reacha
ble
con
t
ro
l
ing
s
yst
em.
The
c
omp
uted
data
util
iz
at
ion
of u
se
d
-
e
nerg
y
wer
e
c
onne
ct
ed
to
it
s
se
mil
ar
cl
imat
ic
al
ind
ex
.
T
he
facto
rs
of
deter
min
at
ion
(R
2)
di
ve
rse
f
r
om
0.9
0
to
0.9
6
sh
owin
g
a
si
gnific
ant
ass
ociat
ion
of
the
e
ne
rgy
us
a
ge
wit
h
t
he
cl
imat
al
ind
e
x
s
uc
h
a
s
te
mp
erat
ur
e
,
r
el
at
ive
humidit
y
a
nd il
lumina
n
at
io
n
).
Con
se
quently
,
the
e
nerg
y
’s
us
a
g
e
prof
il
e
model
s
with
va
rio
us
retrofit
ta
ct
ic
s
cou
ld
be
utli
zed
t
o
cl
assify
th
e
co
ntr
ol
li
ng
wa
y
trh
ouout
buil
di
ng
’s
re
side
nt
prof
il
e
wh
ic
h
migh
t
ha
ve
c
ha
ng
e
d
[10
]
-
[
15]
.
To
cal
culat
e
the
s
aved
e
nerg
y
usi
ng
the
s
ug
est
ed
fu
z
zy
-
lo
gic
co
ntr
ol
le
r
,
the
buil
ding
’s
H
VA
C
s
a
nd
li
ghti
ng
s’
sy
ste
m
s
el
ect
ri
c
al
power
us
a
ge
is
op
e
rated
us
in
g
regular
P
r
oport
ion
al
integral
der
i
va
ti
ve
P
I
D
c
on
tr
ol
le
r
wh
ic
h
was
e
va
luate
d
c
ompare
d
to
the
pro
pos
ed
fu
zz
y
l
og
ic
con
t
ro
l
le
r
,
as
presente
d
in
Fig
ur
e
4.
Figure
3
.
En
e
r
gy in
dex usi
ng
ou
t
door air a
nd
day
li
ght
Figure
4
.
En
e
r
gy sa
vings PID
v
s
f
uzzy lo
gic
2.2.
Li
fe cycl
e cos
t
(
LC
C) analy
s
is con
tro
l
Fu
zz
y
-
l
og
ic
-
ba
sed
c
ontrolle
rs
for
s
mart
buil
din
gs
are
cha
racteri
zed
by
a
high
ca
pital
inv
e
stme
nt
includi
ng
the
cost
of
desig
n,
pro
gr
a
mmin
g
an
d
instal
la
ti
on.
T
he
c
os
ts
of
f
uzz
y
-
l
og
ic
-
ba
sed
c
on
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
involves
t
he
co
sts
require
d
f
or
util
iz
ing
ambi
ent
ai
r,
da
ylig
ht
ing
,
the
c
onsi
der
at
io
n
of
o
cc
up
a
nc
y
de
ns
it
y
le
vel
and
t
he
no
rm
al
op
e
rati
on
of
the
e
xisti
ng
HVAC
an
d
l
igh
ti
ng
s
ys
te
m
.
Insta
ll
at
ion
costs
of
f
uzz
y
-
lo
gic
con
t
ro
ll
ers
’
e
quipme
nt
C
f
ca
n be e
xpres
sed
a
s the sum
of t
hree i
te
ms
giv
e
n i
n
(
1
)
[15
]
-
[
1
7]
.
(
4
)
se
s
c
f
C
C
C
C
+
+
=
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
128
2
–
129
2
1288
Wh
e
re
C
c
is
th
e
capit
al
costs,
C
ase
is
the
sens
or
c
os
t
a
nd
C
s
is
the
s
of
t
war
e
costs
of
t
he
f
uz
zy
lo
gic
c
on
tr
ol
le
rs
,
al
l i
n
Jorda
n
D
inars
.
In
this
st
udy,
LCC
analysis
was
use
d
as
t
he
ind
ic
at
or
of
e
conomic
performa
nce.
T
he
e
valuati
on
wa
s
performe
d
by
com
par
i
ng
t
he
values
of
L
CC
ob
ta
ine
d
for
va
rio
us
c
ontr
ol
strat
egie
s.
Both
ca
pital
and
op
e
rati
onal
cos
ts wer
e
consi
de
red f
or v
a
rio
us retr
of
it
c
on
t
r
ol tech
niques.
Varu
n
Cha
udha
ry,
et
al
.
[
8]
performe
d
L
CC
analysis
usi
ng
pr
ese
nt
worth
factor
t
echn
i
qu
e
by
employin
g
a
c
ompre
he
ns
ive
load
portf
olio,
an
d
the
init
ia
l
an
d
op
e
rati
on
al
cost
of
H
V
AC
s
ys
te
ms
.
Durin
g
evaluati
on,
t
he
y
co
ns
i
der
e
d
two
dissimi
la
r
f
un
ct
io
n
or
t
ype
of
buil
ding,
t
wo
dissimi
la
r
op
e
rati
onal
set
u
ps
for
HVAC
s
ys
te
m
an
d
tw
o
dissim
il
ar
eco
nomic consi
der
at
io
ns.
[
9]
e
xp
la
ine
d
theo
reti
cal
pro
bl
ems
ti
ed
with
LCC
analysis
for
an
Jo
r
da
n
co
ns
tr
ucted
case
stu
dy
buil
ding
in
assessi
ng
subst
it
ute
desig
n
te
chnolo
gies
to
achie
ve
energ
y
ef
fici
en
t bu
il
di
ngs.
Har
is
h
Kumar,
et
al
.
[
9],
Yiwen
Ji,
et
al
.
[
10]
car
ried
out
a
LCC
a
nalysis
of
60
resi
den
ti
al
an
d
comme
rcial
buil
din
gs
f
r
om
di
ff
ere
nt
natio
ns
a
nd
r
ep
or
te
d
that
operati
onal
ene
rgy
is
t
he
bi
ggest
portion
of
bu
il
di
ngs
e
nergy
c
onsumpti
on
th
r
oughout
it
s
li
fe
c
ycle
[
11]
.
T
he
pr
oject
s
howe
d
a
li
near
inte
rpolat
ion
betwee
n
wor
ki
ng
a
nd
gross
energ
y
us
a
ble
over
al
l
sit
uation’s
des
pite
of
cl
imat
ic
conditi
ons
a
nd
oth
e
r
sit
uation
va
riat
ion
a
nd
rev
eal
ed
that
desi
gn
of
e
nergy
e
ff
i
ci
ent
bu
il
di
ngs
pr
oduces
net
prof
it
in
gr
os
s
LCC
energ
y
co
nsu
mp
ti
on.
[13
]
inv
est
igate
d
t
he
sig
nifica
nc
e
of
LCC
en
ergy
a
nalysis
and
co
nclu
de
d
that
op
e
rati
onal
en
e
rgy
is a
k
e
y
el
e
ment
of the
LCC
en
er
gy
us
a
ge
.
Life
c
ycle
c
os
t
anal
ys
is
acc
ounts
prese
nt
a
nd
fu
t
ur
e
co
sts
of
ene
r
gy
co
nse
rv
at
io
n
strat
e
gies
ov
e
r
it
s
li
fe
-
cycle.
In th
is st
udy, the
L
CC
an
al
ys
is
of
var
i
ou
s
en
e
r
gy r
et
r
of
it
in
buil
ding
was d
on
e
us
in
g
(
2
)
[
11]
.
(
5
)
wh
e
re
LCC
is
li
fe
cycle
c
ost
analysis,
Cc
is
capit
al
cost,
E
is
e
nergy
c
os
t
a
nd
O
M
&
R
is
operati
ng
an
d
mainte
na
nce c
os
t.
Seve
ral
data
a
re
re
qu
i
red
for
assessi
ng
a
s
ub
sti
tute
c
on
t
r
ol
sy
ste
m
.
T
he
data
invol
ves
the
costs
of
energ
y,
syst
em
instal
la
ti
on
,
operati
ng
an
d
mainte
na
nce,
e
tc
.
S
om
e
of
th
e
d
at
a
wer
e
ha
rd
to
ob
ta
in
.
E
nerg
y
resou
rces
cost
is
ve
ry
si
gn
i
ficant
t
hro
ughout
a
buil
ding
’s
li
fec
ycle
be
cause
it
is
the
bi
gg
est
s
ha
re
of
comme
rcial
buil
din
g
co
st
dur
ing
the
buil
di
ngs’
li
fes
pan.
T
he
c
os
t
of
e
ne
rgy
us
a
ge
wa
s
dete
rmin
e
d
in
this
study
by
c
reati
ng
nume
r
ou
s
c
ompu
ta
ti
ons
usi
ng
simulat
io
n
e
ng
i
nes
a
nd
thu
s
at
ta
ined
the
year
l
y
bu
il
dings’
energ
y
us
a
ge
ba
sed
on
bu
il
di
ng’s
s
pecifica
ti
on
s
a
nd
it
s
en
velo
pe’
s
featu
r
es,
heat
gai
ns
,
and
t
yp
e
of
e
xi
sti
ng
HVAC s
ys
te
m
[17
]
-
[
19]
.
Re
gardin
g
e
ve
ry
f
uzzy
lo
gic
co
nt
r
ol
te
ch
ni
qu
e,
a
base
model
wa
s
c
r
eat
ed
by
MA
TLAB
a
nd
Energ
yP
lu
s
si
mu
la
ti
on
en
gi
nes.
The
exec
ution
of
the
ba
se
model
represents
t
he
c
onduct
of
t
he
current
bu
il
di
ng
withi
n
t
he
i
nf
l
uen
c
e
of
the
di
ff
e
r
ent
c
on
t
ro
l
sit
uations.
Lat
er
on,
t
his
base
model
was
eq
ua
te
d
to
diff
e
re
nt m
od
e
ls wit
h res
pect
to d
i
ff
e
ren
t
refurbish
ment
dec
isi
on
s.
2.3.
Data f
or
c
ost
estima
tion
The
ex
pecte
d
li
fe
ti
me
of
the
pro
po
se
d
s
ys
te
m
wa
s
consi
der
e
d
20
ye
ars
.
The
non
-
re
peate
d
op
e
rati
onal
a
nd
mainte
nan
ce
costs
we
re
c
on
sidere
d
t
o
kic
k
off
a
fter
10
ye
ars
of
t
he
i
niti
al
instal
la
ti
on
.
In
the
analysis,
the
c
urren
t
(
2017)
Dina
r
value
w
as
c
on
si
der
e
d
const
ant
t
hro
ugho
ut
the
yea
r.
O
per
at
io
nal
an
d
mainte
na
nce
c
os
ts
we
re
ass
ume
d
t
o
be
sam
e.
A
nnual
re
-
oc
currin
g
c
os
t
s
uch
a
s
ene
r
gy
costs,
op
e
rati
on
an
d
mainte
na
nce
c
os
ts
wer
e
a
ssumed
t
o
occur
a
fter
the
be
ne
fici
ary
date
f
r
om
Jan
uary
1,
2016
a
nd
are
disc
ounte
d
to prese
nt v
al
ue
unti
l t
he
e
nd
of the st
udy pe
rio
d.
Table
4
s
hows
the
data
f
or
c
os
t
est
imat
ion
us
in
g
f
uzzy
-
l
og
ic
-
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m.
Th
r
oughout
s
ys
te
m
evaluati
on
net
savin
gs
in
e
nergy
s
ubsti
tutes
do
no
t
ob
li
ge
a
s
par
e
par
t
cha
ng
i
ng
si
nce
t
he
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
li
f
et
ime
is ex
pected t
o be the
same
as
20 y
ea
rs.
Table
4
.
Data
Su
m
mar
y for c
os
t est
imat
io
n
Co
st Item
s
Co
n
v
en
tio
n
al con
t
rol strateg
ies
Fu
zzy lo
g
ic con
trol strateg
ies
An
n
u
al elec
tricity
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
643
.
5
7
2
k
W
h
643
.
5
7
2
k
W
h
Electr
i
city
price pe
r
k
W
h
$
0
.06
2
7
0
$
0
.06
2
7
0
Initial in
v
estment
co
st
$156
.
0
0
0
$
1
5
6
,0
0
0
Exp
ected ass
et lif
e
2
0
years
2
0
years
Ou
tstan
d
in
g
ass
et f
acto
r
8%
8%
Main
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
su
b
stitu
te cos
t
JD1
2
.
500
JD
12
.
500
Year
ly
r
eg
u
lar
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s o
p
eration
al and
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
sts
JD
1
.
200
JD
1
.
200
Reg
u
lar
o
n
e
-
tim
e
o
p
eration
al and
m
a
in
ten
an
ce c
o
sts
JD
11
.
000
JD
11
.
000
R
E
S
R
OM
E
Cc
I
L
C
C
−
+
+
+
=
&
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ener
gy,
ec
onomic
an
d
e
nviro
nm
e
nta
l
analys
is of fuz
zy lo
gi
c co
ntro
ll
ers
use
d
i
n
…
(
Ali
M Baniyo
unes
)
1289
The
capit
al
c
ost
s
we
re
re
garde
d
t
o
be
ar
ound
JD
85,
000,
sim
il
ar
to
the
c
os
t
of
simi
la
r
co
nt
ro
l
syst
em
in
A
ppli
ed
Sci
ence
P
rivate
Un
i
ver
sit
y,
A
mman,
J
orda
n.
As
pe
r
li
te
ratur
e
,
the
i
niti
al
costs
for
i
ns
ta
ll
ing
a
fu
zz
y
lo
gic
c
ontr
ol
sy
ste
m
w
ere
co
ns
i
der
e
d
to
be
J
D
12500.
The
c
os
t
of
t
he
rest
of
gea
r
is
exp
ect
e
d
to
be
the
same
f
or
al
l
ot
her
sy
ste
ms.
T
he
us
ef
ul
li
fe
sp
a
n
of
t
he
in
sta
ll
at
ion
is
pr
oject
ed
to
be
20
yea
rs
for
e
xisti
ng
sy
ste
ms
.
T
he
c
os
t
of
e
nergy
was
pri
ced
pe
r
kW
h
a
nd
is
ga
there
d
from
l
ocal
e
nerg
y
prov
i
der
J
orda
n.
Year
l
y
rep
eat
e
d
opera
ti
on
al
a
nd
m
ai
ntena
nce
c
os
ts
are
reg
a
r
ded
to
be
a
rou
nd
J
D12
00
as
co
unte
d
by
A
ppli
ed
Sc
ie
nce
Pr
ivate
U
niv
er
sit
y
de
par
t
men
t of facil
it
ie
s man
age
ment
.
2.4.
Data f
or
c
ost
estima
tion
The
Ta
ble
5
s
hows
t
he
co
m
pu
te
d
li
fe
cy
cl
e
costs
s
um
ma
ry
for
al
l
base
case
co
nv
e
ntion
al
c
ontro
l
sy
ste
m
a
nd
fuzzy
-
base
-
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m
.
Th
e
f
uzz
y
base
c
on
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
delivers
t
he
le
ast
LCC
over
the
20
year
s
’
project
durati
on.
Ba
se
Ca
se
co
nve
ntion
al
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
te
m
is
al
so
cost
ef
fecti
ve
economic
mea
su
re
i
n
sp
a
ns
of LCC and
yea
rly
co
st mat
ched
t
o
th
e ref
e
ren
ce cas
e
. Between c
on
ven
ti
onal
contr
ol sy
ste
m a
nd fuzzy
-
base
-
c
ontr
ol
s
ys
te
m,
f
uzz
y
-
ba
se
-
co
ntr
ol
s
yst
em
ha
s
the
s
mall
est
LCC
of
JD
68
0
.
500
w
hich
in
dicat
es
net
savin
gs
of J
D175
.
00
0 (JD 8
55
.
500
-
680
.
500) whic
h
e
qu
at
e
s to 2
0.4% LC
C savin
gs.
Table
5
.
Li
fe c
ycle co
st su
m
mar
y
Co
st item
s
Bas
e Case con
v
en
tio
n
al con
trol
sy
stem
Fu
zzy b
ase con
trol sy
stem
Presen
t valu
e
An
n
u
al valu
e
Presen
t valu
e
An
n
u
al valu
e
Initial co
st
JD
156
.
000
JD
7008
JD
220
.
000
JD
11
.
000
Energy
con
su
m
p
tio
n
cos
ts
JD
671
.
161
JD
56
.
227
JD
496
.
101
JD
41
.
561
Reg
u
lar
y
early r
ep
etitiv
e op
eration
a
n
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce c
o
sts
JD
13
.
500
JD
1
.
150
JD
13
.
500
JD
1
.
150
Reg
u
lar
o
n
e
-
tim
e
o
p
eration
and
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce c
o
sts
JD
10
.
500
JD
850
JD
10
.
500
JD
850
Main m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
sp
are
p
arts
r
ep
lacem
en
t
co
sts
JD
12
.
500
JD
1
.
010
JD
12
.
500
JD
1
.
010
Least res
id
u
al
v
alu
e
JD
7
.
080
JD
600
JD
7
.
080
JD
600
Total Li
fe
-
Cy
cle C
o
st
JD
855
.
500
JD
71
.
900
JD
680
.
500
JD
57
.
000
Table
6
dem
on
strat
e
energ
y
s
avin
gs
of
propose
d
f
uzzy
l
og
i
c
con
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
re
fer
e
nc
e
bu
il
di
ngs
con
t
ro
l
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
ene
r
gy
c
on
s
umpti
on
w
as
643
.
57
2kW
h.
For
F
uzz
y
base
c
ontr
ol
sy
ste
m
,
the
aver
a
ge
exp
ect
e
d
e
ne
r
gy
c
on
s
umpti
on
is
58
5
.
000k
Wh.
Ene
rgy
s
avin
gs
are
62
.
248kW
h
an
nu
al
ly
w
hich
e
quat
es
t
o
about
10% sa
vi
ng
s
. T
he
LCC
ene
rgy
sa
ving
s is abo
ut 12
4
.
496kW
h.
Table
6
.
E
ne
rgy
sa
vings
sum
mar
y
Typ
e
Bas
e Case con
v
en
tio
n
al con
trol sy
stem
in
kW
h
Fu
zzy b
ase con
trol sy
stem
u
sag
e in k
W
h
Av
erage
An
n
u
al
Sav
in
g
s
Lif
e
cy
cle savi
n
g
s
Co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
643
.
5
7
2
585
.
0
0
0
62
.
248
124
.
4
9
6
2.5.
Payb
ack peri
od estim
at
i
on
The
pa
yb
ac
k
pe
rio
d
N
P
giv
e
n
in
(
6
)
is gen
e
ra
ll
y
us
e
d
within
buil
dings
ec
on
om
ic
p
ur
po
se
s to
f
or
eca
st
the ti
me to
cov
er
it
s capita
l c
ost
[
12
]
.
(
6
)
W
he
re
C
F
is
t
he
first
pe
rio
d’s
unit
e
nerg
y
c
os
t
delivere
d
f
rom
regular
f
ue
l
(J
D)
,
L
is
th
e
yea
rly
loa
d
(
kWh
)
and
S
F
is t
he
a
nnual
fu
zz
y fr
a
ct
ion
[20]
.
Figure
5
s
how
s
the
accu
mu
la
ti
ve
of
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
c
ontrol
sy
ste
m
’s
co
sts
savin
gs
in
res
pe
ct
to
ti
me.
The
ove
rall
ti
me
nee
ded
t
o
pro
du
ce
ze
ro
c
ash
is
nea
rly
ni
ne
yea
rs,
wh
e
r
eas
the
ti
me
re
qu
i
red
for
total
e
nerg
y
savin
gs
t
o
mat
ch
the
capita
l i
nv
e
stment
of J
D 156
.
000 (
pa
yb
ac
k
ti
me
)
is
about
15 y
ea
rs.
)
1
(
ln
1
C
ln
S
i
C
L
SF
i
N
F
P
+
+
=
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
2
,
J
une
202
1
:
128
2
–
129
2
1290
Figure
5
.
Pro
pose
d
s
ys
te
m
pa
yb
ac
k pe
rio
d
2.6.
Payb
ack peri
od estim
at
i
on
Smart
buil
ding
s
ap
plica
ti
on
de
li
ver
s
a
possi
bili
ty
of
mi
nim
iz
ing
t
he
el
ect
r
ic
al
energy
in
a
wa
y
th
at
it
will
direct
to
s
ub
sta
ntial
redu
ct
ion
in
C
O
2
emissi
ons.
T
he
env
i
ronme
ntal
evaluati
on
of
t
he
pro
pose
d
c
on
t
ro
l
sy
ste
m
de
pe
nds
on
t
he
a
voided
am
ount
of
CO
2
emissi
on
s
ca
us
e
d
by
el
ect
rici
ty
sa
vings
w
hich
c
an
be
expresse
d usin
g
(
7
).
[21
]
-
[
23]
.
(
7
)
her
e
CO
2
fact
or
is
de
fine
d
as
the
e
missi
on
factor
a
nd
E
S
is
total
ene
rgy
sa
vings
.
T
he
highest
s
ou
rce
of
el
ect
rici
ty
generati
on
i
n
Jord
an
is
hea
vy
fuel
wh
ic
h
pro
duces
ab
out
85
%
of
the
c
ount
ry
’
s
total
el
ect
rici
ty
pro
du
ct
io
n.
C
on
s
eq
ue
ntly,
de
crease
i
n
us
ing
coal
in
el
ect
ric
powe
r
gen
e
rati
on
plants
will
enh
a
nc
e
th
e
env
i
ronme
ntal
conditi
ons
of
J
orda
n
.
A
s
r
ep
or
te
d
by
the
Jorda
nia
n
office
of
cl
imat
e,
the
C
O2
facto
r
is
a
bout
88.
2g/k
Wh.
The
overall
annual
emissi
on
is
recog
nized
to
be
one
of
th
e
m
os
t
sig
nific
ant
i
nd
ic
at
ors
of
the
e
nviro
nme
ntal
meas
ures
a
nd
assessme
nt
[
24],
[
25]
.
Fig
ur
e
6
s
hows
that
usi
ng
pro
p
ose
d
con
t
ro
l
s
ys
te
m
,
the
ye
arly
el
i
minate
d
gr
ee
nhouse
gas
e
missi
on is
n
ea
rly 2
5.5 tons
of CO
2 by a
pp
l
ying the
m
ost
o
f
fuzz
y
r
ole
sets.
As
r
ep
or
te
d
by
the
Jorda
nia
n
office
of
cl
imat
e,
the
C
O2
facto
r
is
a
bout
88.
2g/k
Wh.
The
overall
annual
emissi
on
is
recog
ni
zed
to
be
one
of
th
e
m
os
t
sig
nific
ant
i
nd
ic
at
ors
of
the
e
nviro
nme
ntal
meas
ures
a
nd
assessme
nt
[
2
6
].
Fi
gure
6
shows
that
usi
ng
pro
po
se
d
c
ontrol
s
ys
te
m,
t
he
year
l
y
el
imi
na
te
d
green
hous
e
gas
emissi
on is
nea
rly 2
5.5 tons
of
CO2 by
ap
ply
i
ng the
most
of
fu
zz
y ro
le
set
s.
Figure
6
.
A
nnua
l
av
oi
ded CO
2
emissi
ons
3.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
a
rtic
le
pr
esents
t
he
e
ff
e
ct
of
occupa
nc
y
c
oncent
rati
on
le
vel
on
an
energ
y
sa
vings
of
A
pp
li
ed
Scie
nce
P
rivat
e
U
niv
e
rsity,
Amm
a
n,
J
orda
n.
T
he
occ
upa
ncy
de
ns
it
y
of
100%
,
50%
an
d
25
%
wa
s
c
onside
red
to
in
vestigat
e
their
im
pacts
on
HVAC
a
nd
Lig
htin
g
s
ys
te
m
e
nerg
y
dema
nd.
The
res
ults
sho
w
ed
that
Fa
c
t
o
r
2
CO
(
A
v
o
i
d
e
d
)
2
CO
S
E
=
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ener
gy,
ec
onomic
an
d
e
nviro
nm
e
nta
l
analys
is of fuz
zy lo
gi
c co
ntro
ll
ers
use
d
i
n
…
(
Ali
M Baniyo
unes
)
1291
bu
il
di
ng’s
co
nt
ro
l
sy
ste
m
ca
n
save
a
bout
14
%
of
t
otal
en
er
gy
dema
nd
at
50
%
of
occ
upancy
le
vel
an
d
24%
at
25%
oc
cu
pa
nc
y
le
vel
c
ompa
red
to
fu
ll
(10
0%)
occ
upanc
y
le
vel.
M
oreo
ver,
f
or
100%
occupa
ncy
le
ve
l,
th
e
energ
y
sa
vings
of
9%
-
14
%
c
an
be
ac
hieve
d,
with
m
axim
um
e
nerg
y
sa
vi
ng
s
i
n
J
uly
(
15%)
an
d
mi
ni
mu
m
energ
y
sa
vings
in
Ja
nu
a
ry
(9%)
i
f
t
he
pro
pose
d
fu
zz
y
lo
gi
c
co
ntr
oller
ca
n
be
intr
oduce
d.
T
he
res
ults
pro
ved
that
sma
rt
buil
dings
an
d
buil
ding
i
ntell
igent
co
ntr
ol
sy
ste
m
s
are
a
ble
t
o
sa
ve
e
ne
rgy
by
a
pp
l
ying
a
set
of
ru
le
s
wh
ic
h
a
re
bas
ed
on
real
li
fe
eve
nts
s
uc
h
a
s
the
us
a
ge
of
da
ylig
ht,
wea
ther
data,
sun
rad
ia
ti
on,
occ
upant
’s
d
en
sit
y
a
nd etc.
Eco
nomic
performa
nce
of
bu
il
di
ng
mana
geme
nt
c
ontr
ol
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
is
al
so
asses
sed
f
or
t
he
ref
e
ren
ce
bu
il
di
ng
.
T
he
resea
rch
has
re
vealed
t
hat
al
th
ough
the
fu
zz
y
-
c
on
t
ro
l
sy
ste
m
requires
m
or
e
capit
a
l
cost
i
n
c
ompa
r
ison
to
c
onve
nt
ion
al
c
ontrol
t
echn
i
qu
e
s,
the
10%
sa
vings
i
n
operati
on
e
ne
rgy
are
a
dequ
at
e
to
justi
fy
t
he
e
xtr
a capit
al
in
vestment)
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Younis,
Os
sama,
Marwan
Krunz
,
and
Sriniva
san
Ram
asubra
ma
ni
an
,
"N
ode
cl
ust
e
ring
in
wir
eless
sensor
net
works
:
Rec
en
t
develop
me
nts
and
d
eployment
cha
l
le
n
ges
,
"
IEEE
networ
k
,
vol.
20
,
no.
3
,
pp
.
20
-
25
,
2006
,
DOI
:
10.
1109/MNET.2006.1637928
.
[2]
Chira
ra
tt
an
anon,
Surapong,
and
Juntaka
n
Ta
we
e
kun
,
"A
te
chn
ical
r
eview
of
en
erg
y
conse
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