Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
4
,
Sep
te
m
ber
2020
, p
p.
1468
~
1480
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v10.i
3
.
pp
1468
-
1480
1468
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Wireles
s
power t
ransfe
r system
design for
electric
vehi
cle
dynamic
chargin
g appli
cation
Nguye
n Thi
D
ie
p
1
,
N
gu
ye
n
Kien Tr
un
g
2
, T
ran
Tr
ong
Minh
3
1
,2,3
Depa
rt
m
ent
of
Industrial
Aut
oma
ti
on
,
H
anoi
Univer
sity
of
Sc
ie
nc
e and
T
ec
hn
ology
,
Vi
et
n
am
1
Depa
rtment of
Automa
ti
on
and
Control
Engi
ne
e
ring
T
ec
hnology
,
E
lectr
i
c
Pow
er
Univer
sity
,
Vie
t
nam
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
1
2
, 201
9
Re
vised
Feb
4
,
20
20
Accepte
d
M
a
y
6
, 2
0
20
Thi
s
pap
er
propo
ses
and
dem
onstr
at
es
a
wire
l
ess
p
ower
tr
ansfe
r
sys
te
m
design
for
e
lectr
i
c
vehicle
dyna
mic
ch
arg
ing
applic
at
i
ons.
Th
e
dyna
mi
c
wire
le
ss
cha
rging
(DWC)
la
n
e
is
d
esigne
d
for
modularly
.
E
ac
h
module
h
as
t
hre
e
short
-
tra
ck
tra
nsmi
tt
er
coi
ls
that
ar
e
pla
ce
d
c
losel
y
tog
ether
and
conn
ec
t
e
d
to
a
single
inve
rt
er
to
red
u
ce
th
e
numbe
r
o
f
inv
erters.
Th
e
ma
gne
ti
c
coupl
e
r
design
i
s
ana
ly
ze
d
and
opt
im
ized
by
fin
it
e
el
e
me
nt
an
al
ysis
(FEA)
to
red
u
ce
the
output
power
var
ia
t
ion
during
dyn
am
i
c
cha
rging
.
The
L
CC
com
p
ensa
t
io
n
circui
t
is
designe
d
a
cc
ordi
ng
to
the
opt
im
a
l
loa
d
va
lue
to
o
bta
in
m
axi
mu
m
eff
icienc
y
.
The
SIC
d
evice
s
are
used
to
i
mprove
the
eff
i
ci
en
cy
of
th
e
hi
gh
-
fre
quenc
y
resona
nt
inv
erter.
A
1
.
5
kW
dynam
i
c
ch
ar
ging
sys
te
m
p
rotot
ype
is
construc
t
ed.
Ex
per
imental
resul
ts
show
tha
t
the
output
power
var
iation
of
9.
5%
and
the
ave
rag
e
eff
i
cien
cy
of
89
.
5%
ar
e
ob
ta
in
ed
in
t
he
movi
ng
condi
ti
on
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Dynamic
wirel
ess ch
a
r
ging
Ele
ct
ric v
e
hicle
LCC
com
pe
nsa
ti
on
circ
uit
Wireless
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ngu
yen K
ie
n Trun
g
,
Depa
rtment
o
f
I
ndustria
l
Autom
at
ion
,
Hanoi
Un
i
ver
si
ty of
Scie
nce a
nd Tec
hnolog
y
,
No.
1 Dai C
o
Viet
Roa
d
,
Hai
Ba Tr
ung,
Ha
no
i,
V
ie
t
Nam
.
Emai
l:
tru
ng.nguye
nk
ie
n1@
hust.e
du.vn
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
To
day,
pro
ble
m
of
e
nvir
onmental
poll
ution
is
inc
reasi
ng
se
rio
us
ly,
and
fossil
res
ources
ar
e
exh
a
us
ti
ng
.
Us
ing
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
s
(E
V)
he
lp
s
reduce
gr
ee
nhouse
gas
e
m
issi
on
s.
T
he
c
urre
nt
cha
r
ger
f
or
EV
is
mainl
y
plug
ged
-
in
,
usual
ly
locat
ed
at
ho
me,
at
w
ork
,
or
cent
rali
zed
c
ha
rg
i
ng
sta
ti
ons
.
H
oweve
r,
pl
ugge
d
-
in
charger
s
mak
e
inco
nv
e
nien
ce,
easy
to
el
ect
ric
le
akag
e.
Wir
el
ess
chargin
g
is
based
on
wir
el
ess
power
tra
ns
fe
r
(WPT)
te
ch
no
logy,
w
hich
makes
usi
ng
EV
s
m
or
e
co
nv
e
nient
an
d
safer
[
1]
.
Wir
el
ess
cha
rg
i
ng
has
tw
o
cat
egories
,
that
is
sta
ti
c
wirel
ess
chargin
g
(
SWC)
a
nd
dyna
mic
wireless
chargin
g
.
In
t
he
SW
C
syst
em
,
w
hen
chargin
g,
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
s
m
us
t
be
park
ed
in
al
ignment
with
t
he
tra
nsmi
tt
er
to
rec
ei
ve
powe
r
from
the
transmitt
er.
H
oweve
r,
t
he
ca
pa
ci
ty
an
d
e
nergy
de
ns
it
y
of
ba
tt
eries
li
mit
t
he
dev
el
opmen
t
of
t
he
S
WC
[
2]
.
In
the
D
WC
sy
ste
m,
E
Vs
can
ch
arg
e
w
hile
it
is
movi
ng.
T
herefo
re,
EVs
ca
n
move
lo
ng
e
r,
batte
ry
capa
ci
ty
a
nd
weig
ht
may
be
small
er,
an
d
trans
portat
ion
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
im
pro
ves
[
3]
.
T
he
refor
e
,
D
WC
sy
ste
m
resear
ch
an
d
dev
el
opment
c
an
pro
mo
te
the
de
vel
opment
of
E
V
in
the
f
ut
ur
e.
Howe
ver,
the
m
oveme
nt
of
E
V
c
reates
man
y
chall
enges f
or
the d
e
sig
n
a
nd
con
t
ro
l s
ys
te
m
[4]
.
The
desi
gn
of
t
he
mag
netic
c
ouple
r
is
co
ns
i
de
red
on
e
of
the
mo
st
imp
or
ta
nt
fact
or
s
in
the
DWC
s
ys
te
m
[5]
.
I
n
the
D
W
C
syst
em,
the
magneti
c
c
omp
on
e
nts
are
c
ompo
s
ed
o
f
a
tran
smit
te
r
la
ne
, which
is us
ually
u
nde
r
the
r
oad
an
d
a
receiver
coils,
wh
ic
h
is
m
ount
ed
un
der
a
n
E
V.
T
he
tra
nsmi
tt
er
la
nes
in
t
h
e
D
WC
sy
ste
m
s
ca
n
be
cl
assifi
e
d
into
t
wo
main
typ
es
,
ei
ther
long
-
track
tra
nsmi
tt
ers
or
s
hort
-
t
rack
tran
s
mit
te
rs
.
T
he
lo
ng
-
trac
k
transmitt
er
st
r
uctu
res
hav
e
high
in
duct
an
ce,
lo
w
c
oupling
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
s,
an
d
l
ow
re
so
na
nt
fr
e
que
ncy
[
6]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess powe
r tra
ns
fe
r syste
m desig
n
f
or
el
ect
ric
vehicl
e dy
namic c
harg
i
ng ap
plicati
on
(
Ng
uyen T
hi Di
ep
)
1469
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
hes
e
transmitt
er
la
nes
ha
ve
lo
w
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
an
d
hi
gh
el
ect
r
om
a
gnet
ic
interfe
rence
(EMI)
[
7]
.
S
hort
-
track
tr
ans
mit
te
rs
us
e
d
t
o
re
duce
E
MI
a
nd
in
crease
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
[8]
.
Each
s
hort
-
t
rack
tra
nsmi
tt
er
can
be
t
he
sa
me
siz
e
as
a
pa
d
i
n
the
S
WC.
T
he
trans
mit
te
r
la
ne
is
f
ormed
by
a
r
rangin
g
m
ulti
ple
short
-
trac
k
tr
ansmitt
ers
to
ge
ther.
Each
tra
nsmi
tt
er
coil
has
a
s
epar
at
e
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
ci
rc
uit,
so
it
is
ve
r
y
flexible
t
o
de
s
ign
a
nd
ex
pa
nd
the
transmitt
er
li
ne
.
Be
side
s
,
e
ach
sho
rt
-
trac
k
t
ra
ns
mit
te
r
ca
n
be
switc
hed
O
N
/OFF
acco
r
ding
t
o
t
he
E
V
po
sit
ion
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
an
d
EMI
of
this
tra
ns
mit
te
r
la
ne
a
re
highe
r
[
9]
.
Howe
ver,
this
sy
ste
m
is
co
m
plexi
ty,
as
it
re
quires
a
la
r
ge
num
ber
of
c
ompensati
on
ci
rc
uits,
po
wer
c
onver
te
rs
,
E
V
posit
ion
detect
ion
ci
rc
ui
ts
[10
]
.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
co
upli
ng
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
is
va
r
ia
ti
on
w
hen
E
V
is
movi
ng
al
ong
the
t
ran
s
m
it
te
r
la
ne
.
The
r
efore,
the
outp
ut
po
wer
is
pu
lsa
ti
on
an
d
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
re
duced
w
hen
t
he
E
Vs
move
misal
ig
nme
nt
di
recti
on
,
wh
ic
h
aff
ect
s
batte
r
y
li
fe
[
11]
.
S
eve
r
al
stu
dies
on
t
he
so
l
ution
t
o
reduce
the
ou
t
pu
t
pu
lsa
ti
on
ha
ve
bee
n
reali
z
ed.
In
[12]
,
t
he
dista
nc
e
betwee
n
a
dj
acent
tra
nsmi
tt
ers
a
dj
us
te
d
to
reduce
the
pow
er
pulsa
ti
on.
T
his
reduces
th
e
ov
e
rall
le
ng
th
of
the
tr
ansmitt
er
la
ne
.
In
[13
]
, t
he
rec
ei
ver
le
ngth
ha
s
opti
mize
d f
or
a
three
-
phase
dynamic
IP
T
s
ys
te
m
w
it
h
dual
pick
-
up
c
oil
that
ha
s
use
d
to
re
duce
t
he
var
ia
ti
on
of
outp
ut
powe
r.
I
n
[
14]
pro
po
se
d
so
l
ution
s
t
o
reduce
the
pul
sat
ion
of
outp
ut
powe
r
by
pl
aci
ng
t
he
tran
smit
te
r
coils
c
lose
t
o
eac
h
ot
her
a
nd
c
oils
s
iz
e
is
op
ti
mize
d
by
FEA
simulat
io
n
.
These
pa
pe
r
s
pe
rform
op
t
i
mizi
ng
the
siz
e
of
the
tra
nsmi
tt
ers
an
d
rec
ei
ver
s
t
o
reduce
pu
lsa
ti
on
powe
r.
H
oweve
r,
t
he
s
urvey
res
ults
are
on
l
y
pe
r
form
ed
in
case
EV
moves
in
a
s
trai
gh
t
directi
on.
T
he
c
har
act
erist
ic
s
of
c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ents
accor
ding
to
po
sit
io
ns
wh
e
n
EVs
moves
in
the
misal
ign
me
nt
directi
on h
a
ve no
t
been
re
ported.
It is an
imp
or
ta
nt f
eat
ure f
or
t
he
desi
gn
a
nd
c
ontr
ol o
f
a
DWC
sy
ste
m.
F
ur
t
he
rm
or
e,
the
de
sign
of
c
ompe
nsa
ti
on
ci
rc
uits
does
not
c
on
si
de
r
the
im
ped
a
nc
e
matc
hi
ng
pr
ob
le
m
then
t
he
m
axi
mu
m
ef
fici
enc
y
is
dif
ficul
t t
o o
btain.
In
t
his
pa
per,
t
he
ma
gnet
ic
co
up
le
r
desi
gn
is
al
so
opti
mize
d
by
FE
A
sim
ulati
on
to
reduce
t
he
co
upli
ng
coeffic
ie
nts
va
riat
ion
durin
g
the
dy
namic
c
hargin
g
proces
s
.
A
nd
the
n,
wh
e
n
E
V
mov
es
misal
ignme
nt,
the
char
act
e
risti
cs
of
the
c
oupli
ng
coe
ff
ic
ie
nts
ar
e
anal
yzed
to
pro
vid
e
a
basis
f
or
ad
va
nced
c
ontr
ols,
s
uc
h
as
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
co
ntr
ol
in
[
15]
,
impe
da
nce
c
on
tr
ol
in
[
16]
.
The
c
omp
ensati
on
ci
rc
uit
is
desig
ne
d
ba
sed
on
the
im
pe
dan
ce
matc
hing c
ondi
ti
on
to o
btain
maxim
u
m t
ransfer
ef
fici
ency.
I
n
the
DW
C
sy
ste
ms
,
ene
rgy
tra
ns
fe
rs
th
r
ough
the
ai
r
,
so
la
r
ge
le
aka
ge
in
du
ct
a
nce
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
reacti
ve
powe
r
is
hi
gh
,
a
nd
t
ra
ns
fe
r
ef
fici
enc
y
is
lo
w.
C
om
pe
ns
at
io
n
ci
rcu
it
s
are
necessa
ry
to
adj
us
t
t
he
s
ys
te
m
resona
nt
fr
e
qu
ency,
r
e
du
ce
t
he
r
eact
i
ve p
ower
of t
he
po
wer el
ect
ronics
c
onve
rter,
im
pro
ve
transfe
r
e
ff
i
ci
ency
.
At the freque
nc
y
of kHz,
ca
pa
ci
tor
s
are
c
onnected to
t
he
c
oil t
o
com
pe
nsa
te
f
or
t
he
le
ak
age indu
ct
a
nce
. Th
e
re
are
f
our ba
sic
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
s
,
wh
ic
h a
re
series
-
series
(S
S
),
series
-
pa
rall
el
(S
P),
pa
r
al
le
l
-
series
(P
S
) a
nd
par
al
le
l
-
par
al
le
l
(PP)
[17
,
18
]
.
Th
ese
co
mpe
ns
at
io
n
ci
rcu
i
ts
are
sim
ple
and
eas
y
to
de
sign.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
th
e
li
mit
at
ion
is
sensiti
ve
to
t
he
par
a
mete
r
va
riat
ion
[19]
.
T
ran
s
fer
pow
er
an
d
ef
fici
enc
y
c
har
act
erist
i
c
s
are
separ
at
e
d
w
he
n
t
he
loa
d
cha
ng
e
s
[
20
,
21
]
.
The
SP
,
PS,
P
P
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
ci
rcu
it
s
ha
ve
res
ona
nt
fr
e
quenc
y
dep
e
ndin
g
on
t
he
c
ouplin
g
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
[22
]
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
th
es
e
co
mp
e
ns
at
io
n
ci
rc
uits
a
re
not
s
uitable
f
or
dynami
c
chargin
g
s
ys
te
ms,
in
w
hich
the
co
upli
ng
coeffic
ie
nt
c
ha
ng
e
s
acc
ording
to
t
he
EV
s
posit
ion.
T
he
LCC
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
has
pr
opos
e
d
in
[23]
ove
rcomes
t
hese
disad
va
nt
ages
.
T
he
res
on
a
nt
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
is
ind
e
pende
nt of
the c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ent as
w
el
l as the loa
d
i
mp
e
dan
ce
an
d t
he
soft
-
s
witc
hi
ng
c
onditi
on for
t
he
M
O
SFET
reac
hes
.
The
se
feat
ur
e
of
the
LC
C
com
pe
ns
at
io
n
ci
rc
uit
is
sim
il
ar
to
the
SS
c
ompen
sat
ion
ci
rcu
it
.
Howe
ver,
w
it
h
the
sa
me
desi
gn
po
wer,
the
siz
e
of
el
eme
nt
s
in
the
LCC
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
is
small
er
tha
n
the
SS
c
ompen
sat
ion
ci
rc
uit.
I
t
has
pract
ic
al
sign
ific
a
nce
w
hen
desi
gn
i
ng
high
po
wer
s
yst
ems.
I
n
[
14]
,
LCC
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
s
hav
e
de
sign
e
d
for
dy
namic
wireless
cha
rg
i
ng,
wh
i
ch
pr
ima
r
y
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
in
duct
ances
hav
e
desi
gn
e
d
to
be
t
wo
ti
mes
la
rger
tha
n
the
sec
onda
ry
c
ompe
ns
at
ion
i
nducta
nce.
As
a
r
esult,
t
ran
s
fer
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
does
not
reac
h
t
he
maxim
um
valu
e
at
th
e
desig
n
po
i
nt.
This
pa
pe
r
pro
posed
a
method
f
or
cal
culat
ing
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
par
a
me
te
rs
acco
rd
i
ng
to
the
opti
m
um
loa
d
valu
e
to
maximiz
e
transf
e
r
ef
fi
ci
ency
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
if
the
loa
d
im
pedance
is
al
wa
ys
kep
t
e
qual
to
the
opti
mum
load
value
as
in
[
16]
,
th
e
tr
ansf
e
r
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
reac
hes
the
ma
ximu
m
value
over
a
wide
f
requen
c
y
ra
nge.
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
fr
e
quen
cy
can
be
con
t
ro
ll
ed
ar
ou
nd 85
kH
z
to
i
mpro
ve
i
nv
e
rte
r
ef
fici
enc
y,
s
uc
h
as
zer
o ph
a
s
e an
gle
trac
king c
on
t
ro
l as
in
[24]
.
A
dyna
mic
c
ha
rg
i
ng
s
ys
te
m
prot
otype
with
a
po
wer
of
1.5
kW
is
co
ns
tr
uc
te
d
.
The
a
ver
a
ge
val
ue
o
f
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
duri
ng
dynamic
ch
arg
i
ng
is
89.
5%
.
T
he
va
riat
ion
of
the
outp
ut
power
is
9.5
%.
Sect
io
n
2
gi
ves
the
sy
ste
m
str
uct
ure
an
d
ma
gn
et
ic
coupler
desi
gn
.
Sect
io
n
3
pres
ents
the
meth
od
of
the
LCC
c
ompen
sat
ion
ci
rcu
it
desig
n
t
o
ma
xi
mu
m
ef
fici
enc
y.
Sect
io
n
4
presents
sim
ulati
on
an
d
ex
per
im
ental
res
ults.
Fi
nally,
t
he
c
oncl
us
io
n
s
are
giv
e
n
in
Se
ct
ion
5.
2.
SY
STE
M
ST
RUCTU
RE
A
ND M
AGNE
TIC
COUPL
ER D
E
SIG
N
2.1. Syste
m str
uctu
re
Figure
1
s
how
s
the
basic
struc
ture
dia
gr
a
m
of
the
DW
C
s
ys
te
m,
wh
ic
h
c
on
sist
s
of
the
pr
ima
ry
si
de
and
the
seco
nd
ary
side.
At
t
he
pri
mar
y
si
de,
mu
lt
iple
DW
C
transmitt
er
modu
le
s
inclu
de
t
hr
ee
coils
a
re
powe
re
d
by
a
sin
gle
i
nv
erter
t
o
re
du
c
e
the
numb
e
r
of
the
in
ver
te
r.
E
ach
t
ran
s
mit
te
r
coil
is
c
ompe
ns
at
ed
by
a
se
par
at
e
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S
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
p
2020
:
1468
–
1480
1470
LCC
com
pe
nsa
ti
on
ci
r
cuit.
T
he
tra
nsmi
tt
er
coils
are
ar
ra
nged
in
ar
rays
t
o
c
reate
a
dy
na
mic
wireless
c
hargin
g
la
ne.
The
tra
nsmi
tt
er
is
desig
ne
d
mod
ular,
w
hi
ch
has
man
y
a
dv
a
ntage
s.
Firs
tl
y,
it
is
possibl
e
to
co
ntr
ol
ON/
OF
F
the
m
odules
a
ccordin
g
to
th
e
posit
io
n
o
f
t
he
EV
that
th
e
s
ys
te
m
e
ff
ic
i
ency
inc
reases
an
d
el
ect
rom
agn
et
ic
interfe
ren
ce
(E
M
I
)
re
du
c
e.
Se
cond,
it
is
eas
y
to
e
xpan
d
the
tr
ansmitt
er
la
ne
without
cha
nging
th
e
s
ys
te
m
de
sign.
At
t
he
s
eco
nd
ary
si
de,
the
r
ecei
ver
is
i
ns
t
al
le
d
ben
eat
h
the
EV
c
hassis.
T
he
pow
er
is
tra
ns
fe
rr
e
d
f
r
om
the
pr
ima
ry
side
t
o
the
seco
ndar
y
side
thr
ough
the
ma
gnet
ic
coupler
.
By
re
so
na
ti
ng
with
the
seco
ndar
y
LCC
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
,
the
tra
nsfer
red
powe
r
and
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
are
sig
nificantl
y
imp
r
ov
e
d.
T
hen,
the
obta
in
ed
AC
vo
lt
age
is re
ct
ifie
d
t
o
c
harge t
he batt
ery.
U
D
C
A
B
S
1
S
3
S
4
S
2
L
f
1
L
f
2
L
f
3
C
f
1
C
f
2
C
f
3
C
1
C
2
C
3
L
1
L
2
L
3
u
A
B
i
1
i
2
i
3
i
L
1
i
L
2
i
L
3
…
.
a
b
D
1
D
2
D
4
D
3
C
0
U
b
L
r
C
r
C
f
r
L
f
r
u
a
b
i
L
r
i
r
L
0
I
b
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
R
L
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
l
a
n
e
D
W
C
m
o
d
u
l
e
N
o
.
1
P
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
i
d
e
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
i
d
e
D
W
C
m
o
d
u
l
e
N
o
.
n
Figure
1.
Str
uc
ture dia
gram
of the
dy
namic
wireless c
hargi
ng
Figure
2. The
3
-
D max
well
mag
netic
cou
pler
m
odel
of
a
DW
C
m
odule
2.2. M
agne
tic coupl
er
desi
gn
The
3
-
D
ma
xwel
l
mag
netic
co
up
l
e
r
m
odel
of
the
D
WC
mod
ule
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2.
T
he
structu
re
of
a
ma
gnet
ic
c
oupler
co
ns
ist
s
of
th
ree
la
yers
.
T
he
to
p
la
yer
is
the
c
oil
that
is
b
uilt
by S
tra
nded
wire
.
The
se
cond
la
yer
is
fe
rr
it
e
bar
s
t
hat
us
e
d
to
incr
ease
the
mag
netic
coup
li
ng
.
T
he
bott
om
la
yer
is
the
al
um
in
um
s
hee
ts
that
us
e
d
to
reduce
ma
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
le
a
kag
e
.
I
n
t
his
paper,
the
coil'
s
de
sig
n
method
is
ref
e
ren
ce
d
in
[
14]
.
At
th
e
pr
ima
ry
si
de,
each
D
WC
m
odule
has
t
hr
e
e
un
i
po
la
r
tra
ns
mit
te
r
coils
wh
ic
h
are
ar
range
d
cl
os
el
y.
Th
e
dimensi
ons
of
each
desi
gn
e
d
transmitt
er
coil
are
400
mm
x
40
0
mm
x
42
mm
.
Eac
h
c
oil
has
10
tur
ns,
t
he
ai
r
gap
distance
is
150
mm.
T
he
receiver
dis
placement
in
t
he
x
-
directi
on
is
de
fine
d
as
dr
.
Wh
e
n
th
e
cent
er
of
th
e
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In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess powe
r tra
ns
fe
r syste
m desig
n
f
or
el
ect
ric
vehicl
e dy
namic c
harg
i
ng ap
plicati
on
(
Ng
uyen T
hi Di
ep
)
1471
R
receive
r
is
st
raig
ht
with
the
center
of
t
he
T1
tra
ns
mit
te
r,
dr
is
ze
ro.
T
he
distance
bet
ween
the
cente
r
of
T1
transmitt
er
and
the ce
nter
of
T
3
tra
nsmi
tt
er e
qu
al
to 8
00 m
m.
T
he
refor
e
, T
her
e
f
or
e,
dr is sur
vey
e
d f
rom
0
m
m
to
800
m
m.
T
he
la
te
ral
misa
li
gn
me
nt
i
n
th
e
y
-
directi
on
is
def
i
ned
as
l
m.
W
he
n
t
he
c
enter
of
the
re
cei
ver
is
strai
gh
t
with t
he
center
of tra
nsmi
tt
ers,
lm is
zero.
In
the
WPT
s
yst
em,
t
he
outp
ut
powe
r
is
pr
oport
io
nal
to
th
e
co
upli
ng
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
.
F
ur
t
he
rm
or
e,
in
t
he
DW
C
s
ys
te
m,
the
co
up
li
ng
c
oeffici
ent
cha
nges
du
rin
g
cha
rg
i
ng.
This
des
ign
ta
r
get
i
s
to
reduce
the
c
ouplin
g
coeffic
ie
nt
var
i
at
ion
to
r
e
duce
the
ou
t
pu
t
po
wer p
ulsati
on in
the
dy
namic
chargin
g proce
ss.
Figure
3. FE
A si
mu
la
ti
on the
total
co
upli
ng
coeffic
ie
nt
k
r
wh
e
n
lm
is zer
o
Figure
4. FE
A si
mu
la
ti
on and
experime
nt
re
su
lt
of
c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ents
Figure
5. 3
-
D
FEA
simulat
io
n resu
lt
of total
coup
li
ng c
oe
ffi
ci
ents
0
0
.05
0
.1
0
.15
0
.2
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
Total
Co
u
p
lin
g
Co
ef
f
icien
t
k
r
Receiv
er
d
isp
lacem
en
t
d
r
(m
m
)
k
r.cas
e1
k
r.cas
e 2
k
r.cas
e3
-0.0
5
0
0
.05
0
.1
0
.15
0
.2
0
.25
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
Coupli
ng
Coeff
ic
ie
nt
Rec
ei
ver
displa
ce
m
ent
dr
(m
m
)
k
r.cas
e 2
k
1
r
k
2
r
k
3
r
k
r.ex
p
-80
-60
-40
0
40
60
80
0
0
.04
0
.08
0
.12
0
.16
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
Later
al
Misalig
n
m
en
t
lm
(m
m
)
Toa
tl
Coupli
ng
Coeff
ic
ie
nt
0
.12-
0
.
1
6
0
.08-
0
.
1
2
0
.04-
0
.
0
8
0
-0.0
4
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S
N
:
2088
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694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
p
2020
:
1468
–
1480
1472
Table
1.
Para
m
et
er of
tra
ns
mit
te
r
an
d recei
ve
r
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
L
i
(i
=1,2
,3)
1
0
2
µH
M
1
1
1
.93
7
µH
L
r
1
2
0
µH
M
2
2
0
.90
3
µH
k
r
0
.14
M
3
1
2
.47
4
µH
In
it
ia
ll
y,
the
re
cei
ver
dimensi
on
is
desig
ne
d
to
same
the
t
r
ansmitt
er
dime
ns
io
n.
T
he
n,
r
ecei
ver
dimens
ion
is
analyze
d
a
nd
de
sign
e
d
by
EF
A
sim
ulati
on
.
The
c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ents
of
e
ach
tra
ns
mit
te
r
coil
with
the
r
ecei
ver
coil are
de
fine
d
as
k
1r
,
k
2r
,
k
3r
,
res
pecti
vel
y.
The
t
otal co
up
l
ing
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
is determi
ne
d
a
s foll
ow
s:
=
1
+
2
+
3
(1)
Figure
3
s
hows
the
total
c
oupl
ing
c
oeffici
ent
FA
E
simulat
io
n
re
su
lt
s
in
thre
e
cases.
In
thes
e
cases,
t
he
receiver
an
d
tr
ansmitt
er
c
oil
width
is
ch
os
e
n
the
same
(w
r
=
w
t
=
400m
m).
The
receiv
er
coil
le
ngth
is
var
ie
d
durin
g
the
anal
ys
is
a
nd
desi
gn
process
.
Wh
e
r
e,
l
r
,
l
t
,
w
r
,
w
t
is
def
i
ned
a
s
le
ng
th,
width
of
the
trans
mit
te
r,
re
cei
ver
coil,
res
pecti
ve
ly.
I
n
case
1:
l
r
=
l
t
=
40
0
m
m
,
the
ave
ra
ge
total
couplin
g
c
oeffici
ent
is
0.128,
t
he
va
riat
ion
is
9.9%.
I
n ca
se
2:
l
t
=
50
0 m
m, t
he a
ver
a
ge t
ota
l
couplin
g c
oe
f
fici
ent
inc
rease
to
0.1
4,
t
he
va
riat
ion
dec
reas
es
to
6%.
In
cas
e
3:
l
t
=
600
m
m,
t
he
aver
a
ge
total
couplin
g
co
nti
nu
e
s
to
inc
reas
es
an
d
eq
ual
to
0.165.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
var
ia
ti
on
al
so
increases
a
nd
i
s
eq
ual
to
9.6
%.
T
hu
s
,
if
th
e
siz
e
of
t
he
r
ecei
ver
in
creas
es,
the
a
ver
a
ge
total
couplin
g
c
oeffici
ent
al
so
inc
re
ases.
Howe
ver
,
the
total
co
upl
ing
c
oeffici
ent
var
ia
ti
on
is
no
t
mon
ot
onic
wit
h
the
receiver
siz
e
.
I
n
ca
se 2
,
the
varia
ti
on
is
t
he
l
ow
est
.
T
he
refo
re,
this
val
ue
is
ch
os
e
n
f
or
the
recei
ver desig
n.
T
he
FA
E
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
of
c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ents
in
the
case
of
the
desig
n
i
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gure
4
(
do
t
li
nes
).
T
he
resu
lt
s
s
how
t
ha
t
the
couplin
g
coeffic
ie
nt
k
i
i
ncr
ease
s
w
hen
the
receive
r
co
mes
cl
os
e
to
t
he
Ti
transmitt
er
an
d
decr
ease
s
wh
e
n
t
he
receive
r
moves
a
wa
y
from
the
Ti
tra
nsmi
tt
er
(i=1
,2,3)
.
T
he
meas
ur
e
ment
res
ults
of
the
tota
l
couplin
g
coe
ff
i
ci
ent
are
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
4
(
kr.
ex
p
–
s
olid
black
li
ne).T
he
res
ults
s
how
t
hat
th
e
measu
r
ed
a
nd
simulat
ed
pro
pe
rtie
s
cl
os
el
y
matc
h.
T
he
paramet
ers
of
the
transmitt
ers
an
d
receive
r
a
re
su
m
marized
in
Tabl
e
1.
Sefl
-
in
du
ct
a
nce
of
tra
nsmi
tt
er
an
d
recei
ve
r
c
oils
a
re
de
fine
d
as
L
i
,
L
r
.
T
he
total
m
ut
ual
in
du
ct
a
nc
e
of
transmitt
er
L
i
with
oth
e
r
tra
nsmi
tt
ers
is de
fi
ned as
M
i
(i=1,2,
3).
Wh
e
n
t
he
la
te
r
al
misal
ign
me
nt
inc
reases
from
0
t
o
±80m
m,
the
3
-
D
F
E
A
sim
ulati
on
r
esult
of
tota
l
couplin
g
c
oeff
ic
ie
nts
are
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
5
.
T
he
a
ve
rag
e
total
co
up
li
n
g
coeffic
ie
nt
de
creases
from
0.1
4
to
0.044,
w
hich
is
the
highest
w
hen
the
lm
is
z
ero.
T
hese
res
ults
sho
w
that
the
total
co
upli
ng
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
var
ie
s
wh
e
n
t
he recei
ver m
ov
es
and
decr
ease
s s
harply w
hen lat
er
al
misal
ign
me
nt
incr
eases
.
3.
LCC CO
MPE
NSATIO
N CI
RCUI
T
DESI
GN
FO
R MA
XIMU
M
T
RANSFE
R
EFFI
CIENC
Y
In
this
pa
pe
r,
t
he
LCC
c
ompe
nsa
t
ion
cu
rc
uit
is
desig
ned
for
bo
t
h
side
in
the
dy
namic
wirel
ess
c
hargin
g
sy
ste
m.
At
the
pr
ima
ry
side
,
t
he
c
ompe
ns
at
ion
ci
rc
uit
is
de
sign
e
d
t
o
reduc
e
the
volt
-
am
pe
re
r
at
ing
of
t
he
powe
r
conve
rter
a
nd
hel
p
ac
hieve
soft
s
witc
hing
of
the
po
we
r
el
ect
r
on
ic
s
de
vices.
A
t
t
he
seco
ndar
y
side,
the
com
pensat
ion
ci
rcu
it
is
desi
gned
to
ma
ximi
ze
tra
ns
fe
r
e
ff
i
ci
ency
.
In
this
sy
ste
m,
tra
ns
m
it
te
r
coils
ha
ve
s
el
f
-
couplin
g
t
hat
i
nd
ic
at
es
in
Ta
ble
1.
The
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
ci
r
cuit
pa
ramete
r
desi
gn
s
houl
d
co
ns
ide
r
al
l
the
sel
f
-
couplin
g.
T
he
r
eso
nan
t
f
re
qu
e
ncy
is
desig
ne
d
to
be
the
switc
hing
f
reque
ncy
(f
sw
)
wh
ic
h
is
85
kHz
acco
r
din
g
t
o
J2
95
4
sta
nd
a
r
d.
3.1.
Res
onanc
e
c
ir
cuit
analy
sis
The
f
unda
ment
al
ha
rm
on
ic
s
a
ppr
ox
imat
io
n
is used
to
a
naly
ze
the
w
o
rk
i
ng
pri
nci
ple o
f
th
e
res
onanc
e
ci
rcu
it
.
T
he
in
ver
te
r
outp
ut
volt
age
a
nd
rect
ifie
r
in
pu
t
vo
lt
age
we
re
a
ppr
ox
imat
e
d
as
si
nu
s
oi
dal
sourc
es
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
6
a
.
T
he
ma
gn
et
ic
c
ouplin
g
bet
wee
n
the
coils
is
re
pr
es
ented
by
cu
rr
e
nt
co
ntr
olled
volt
age
so
urces
.
Assu
ming
that
po
w
er
l
os
ses
of
th
e
el
eme
nts
in
the
ci
rc
uit
a
re
ne
gligible
.
Re
fer
to
the
met
hod
of
analyzin
g
t
he r
eso
nan
t ci
rc
uit
in
[
14]
t
o dr
a
w
the
fo
ll
owin
g expressi
on
s
.
The t
ra
nsmi
tt
er
c
oils
L
1,
L2
,
L3 a
re
desig
ne
d t
he
same
, s
o
the
sel
f
-
in
du
ct
ance
a
nd
m
utua
l
inducta
nce
are s
how
n belo
w.
{
1
=
2
=
3
ik
=
(
,
=
1
,
2
,
3
,
≠
)
(2)
The recei
ve
r
si
de
c
ompen
sat
ion ci
rc
uit pa
ra
mete
rs hav
e
th
e f
ollow
i
ng r
el
at
ion
s
hip
:
=
1
2
(3)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess powe
r tra
ns
fe
r syste
m desig
n
f
or
el
ect
ric
vehicl
e dy
namic c
harg
i
ng ap
plicati
on
(
Ng
uyen T
hi Di
ep
)
1473
=
1
2
[
−
]
(4)
At the t
ran
s
mit
te
r
side,
the
co
up
le
d vo
lt
a
ge of
transmi
tt
er c
oils are e
xpres
sed
as:
=
∑
ik
3
=
1
,
≠
;
=
1
,
2
,
3
(5)
The
tra
nsmi
tt
er s
ide c
ompe
ns
a
ti
on
circ
uit pa
r
amet
ers hav
e t
he follo
wing
re
la
ti
on
sh
i
p:
=
1
2
(6)
=
1
2
(
−
+
)
(7)
C
1
L
f
1
L
f
2
L
f
3
C
f
1
C
f
2
C
f
3
C
1
C
2
C
3
L
1
L
2
L
3
L
r
C
r
C
f
r
L
f
r
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
L
1
I
L
r
I
r
U
A
B
j
ω
M
1
r
I
L
r
U
M
1
I
L
2
j
ω
M
2
r
I
L
r
U
M
2
I
L
3
j
ω
M
3
r
I
L
r
U
M
3
j
ω
M
1
r
I
L
1
j
ω
M
2
r
I
L
2
j
ω
M
3
r
I
L
3
I
A
B
U
a
b
L
f
1
L
f
2
L
f
3
C
f
1
C
f
2
C
f
3
C
2
C
3
L
1
L
2
L
3
L
r
C
r
C
f
r
L
f
r
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
L
1
I
L
r
I
r
U
A
B
j
ω
M
1
r
I
L
r
U
M
1
I
L
2
j
ω
M
2
r
I
L
r
U
M
2
I
L
3
j
ω
M
3
r
I
L
r
U
M
3
U
M
r
=
j
ω
M
r
I
L
i
I
A
B
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
r
R
L
a
)
b
)
L
o
o
p
1
L
o
o
p
2
Figure
6.
Eq
ui
valent
resona
nt
circuit
{
1
=
2
=
3
=
1
=
2
=
3
=
(8)
At r
es
onant c
onditi
on, t
he res
on
a
nt c
urren
t
of tra
ns
mit
te
r
c
oi
ls i
s
expresse
d as
1
=
2
=
3
=
=
−
(9)
Ther
e
f
or
e
,
the
coupled
volt
ag
e
of r
ecei
ver c
oil
with t
ran
s
m
it
te
r
coils
are
=
1r
1
+
2r
2
+
3r
3
=
∑
ir
3
=
1
=
;
ℎ
=
∑
ir
3
=
1
(10)
Wh
e
re
ω
is
th
e
res
onant
an
gula
r
fr
e
que
ncy,
ω
=
2πf
sw
;
i
(i
=
1,
2,
3)
is
the
i
ndex
of
t
he
tra
nsmi
tt
er
side
par
a
mete
rs;
M
ir
is mut
ual in
duct
ance
of tra
nsmi
tt
er
s
with
the
receive
r.
3.2.
Op
timal l
oad c
on
di
tions f
or
m
axim
um
tr
an
s
fer e
ffi
ci
ency
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
p
2020
:
1468
–
1480
1474
The
eq
ui
valent
ci
rcu
it
wh
e
n
consi
der
i
ng
t
he
resist
ance
of
the
trans
mit
te
rs
an
d
recei
ver
is
giv
en
i
n
Figure
6b.
W
he
re
,
R
i
,
R
r
is
tra
ns
mit
te
rs
resist
ance
a
nd
receiv
er
resist
a
nce
,
r
especti
vely
.
I
n
the
dyna
mic
wi
reless
chargin
g,
the
batte
r
y
is
usua
ll
y
co
nnect
ed
t
o
t
he
coil
t
hro
ugh
a
diode
bri
dg
e
recti
fier
.
The
batte
r
y
co
uld
be
equ
i
valent
to
a
resist
ance
R
b
=
U
b
/I
b
,
w
her
e
U
b
a
nd
I
b
is
t
he
batte
ry
volt
age
a
nd
c
urre
nt
,
res
pecti
vely.
The
equ
i
valent
ac
si
de
resist
a
nce
c
ou
l
d
be
cal
cula
te
d
by
R
L
=
8R
b
/π
2
.
Assumin
g
that
the
power
l
os
ses
i
n
co
mpo
nen
ts
of
t
he
c
ompe
nsa
ti
on
ci
rc
uit
ar
e
ne
gligible,
at
the
sec
ondary
s
ide
,
Kirc
hhoff
2
e
qu
at
io
ns
are
for
l
oop
1
a
nd
loop
2
as
{
(
+
)
+
1
(
−
)
=
0
(
1
+
+
)
+
−
1
(
−
)
=
0
(11)
The
tra
nsfer
ef
fici
ency can
b
e
expres
sed
as
:
=
2
2
+
2
+
1
1
2
+
2
2
2
+
3
3
2
=
+
(
)
2
+
3
(
)
2
(12)
The
rati
o
of
t
he
r
oo
t
-
mea
n
-
s
qu
are
c
urren
ts
I
Lr
/I
r
a
nd
I
Li
/I
r
can
be
obta
ined
by
Er
ror!
Re
fere
nce
s
ou
rce
no
t
f
ound.
an
d
c
ombine
wit
h
Er
r
or!
Re
fe
rence
s
ou
rce
no
t
f
ound.
,
E
rror!
Re
feren
ce
sourc
e
n
ot
fo
u
nd.
.
The
tra
nsfer
ef
fici
ency can
b
e
d
et
er
mine
d
as
fo
ll
ows.
=
2
2
2
(
1
+
3
2
)
+
(
1
+
6
2
)
+
3
2
2
1
2
=
(
,
,
,
,
,
)
(13)
Wh
e
re
Q
i
=
ωL
i
/R
i
,
Q
r
=
ωL
r
/R
r
is
tran
smit
te
r
coils
qual
it
y
fact
or,
r
ecei
ver
c
oil
qual
it
y
fact
or
,
resp
ect
ivel
y.
Eq
uation
Er
r
or!
Ref
erenc
e
sourc
e
n
ot
f
ou
n
d.
sho
w
t
hat
tra
nsfer
ef
fici
ency
dep
e
nds
on
par
a
mete
rs
as
ω,
Q
i
,
Q
r
,
L
fr
,
k
r
,
a
nd
R
L
.
In
the
W
PT
s
ys
te
m,
t
he
freq
ue
ncy
usual
ly
ke
pt
co
nst
ant.
Q
ualit
y
f
act
or
s
are
fixe
d
to
th
e
de
sig
nated
tr
ansmitt
er
an
d
r
ecei
ver
.
T
he
e
qu
i
valent
resis
ta
nce
value
R
L
ch
an
ge
acco
r
di
ng
to
the
sta
te
of
c
ha
rg
e
of
the
batte
ry.
T
heref
or
e
,
t
he
maxim
um
tr
ansf
e
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
is
f
ound
by
so
lvi
ng
the
eq
ua
ti
on
s:
=
0
an
d
2
2
<
0
(14)
The ma
xim
um
trans
fer
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
:
ax
=
2
(
√
3
+
√
3
+
2
)
2
(15)
is achie
ve
d
at
:
.
=
2
2
√
3
3
+
2
(16)
Wh
e
re
R
L.opt
is
cal
le
d
t
he
op
ti
mal
impeda
nc
e
val
ue.
Fro
m
Er
r
or!
Re
f
erence
s
ou
rce
n
ot
f
ou
n
d.
,
Er
ror!
Ref
ere
nce
sou
rce
not
f
ou
n
d
.
show
t
hat
tra
ns
fe
r
ef
fici
enc
y
reac
hes
a
m
aximum
va
lu
e
wh
e
n
the
e
quivale
nt
resist
ance
val
ue
is
opti
mal.
I
mp
e
dan
ce
mat
chin
g
netw
ork
can
be
us
ed
t
o
make
eq
uiv
a
le
nt
resist
anc
e
to
it
s
op
ti
mal
val
ue
[16
]
,
[
25]
.
T
he
maxim
um
the
or
et
ic
al
trans
fe
r
eff
ic
i
e
ncy
c
ha
racteri
sti
c
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
7.
I
f
qu
al
it
y fact
or
Q
i
=
419,
Q
r
=
458
,
an
d k
r
=
0.14
,
maxim
um
theo
reti
cal
tran
sfer ef
fici
ency
is ab
ou
t
9
4.6
%
.
3.3. C
alcula
te
pa
r
ame
ter
for LCC
c
omp
e
nsation
circ
uit
In
this
pa
per,
a
dy
namic
wir
el
ess
cha
rg
i
ng
sy
ste
m
with
a
powe
r
of
1.5
kW
is
de
sig
ned.
A
nd
oth
e
r
require
d
par
a
m
et
ers
are
as
the
DC
in
put
volt
a
ge
(UDC)
is
310V,
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
on
loa
d
(
Uab)
is
40
0V,
the
resona
nt freq
ue
ncy is
85 kHz
.
T
he ou
t
pu
t
po
wer can
b
e
calc
ulate
d
=
2
(17)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess powe
r tra
ns
fe
r syste
m desig
n
f
or
el
ect
ric
vehicl
e dy
namic c
harg
i
ng ap
plicati
on
(
Ng
uyen T
hi Di
ep
)
1475
The
outp
ut
po
wer
ca
n
be
ob
t
ai
ned
by
Er
r
or
!
Re
ference
s
ourc
e
not
f
ou
n
d.
an
d
co
mb
i
ne
wit
h
Er
r
or!
Ref
ere
nce s
ourc
e not
found
.
,
Er
ror
! Refer
ence s
ou
rce
n
ot foun
d.
,
Er
r
or! Re
ference
so
urce
n
ot
f
ound.
:
=
√
1
|
|
|
|
−
2
2
2
(18)
The
c
ompe
nsa
ti
on
ci
rc
uit
par
a
mete
rs
a
r
e
desig
ne
d
to
sat
isfy
t
he
r
eso
nan
t
c
ondi
ti
on
s
Er
r
or!
Ref
ere
nce
s
ourc
e
not
found
.
,
Er
ror
!
Ref
er
ence
s
ou
rce
n
ot
f
ou
n
d.
,
Er
r
or!
Re
ference
so
ur
ce
n
ot
f
ound.
,
Er
ror!
Re
fere
nce
s
ou
rce
n
ot
found
.
,
Er
ro
r!
Ref
ere
nce
s
ou
rce
n
ot
f
ound.
,
the
op
ti
m
al
load
c
onditi
on
s
for
maxim
um
tra
nsfer
ef
fici
enc
y
Er
ror
!
Ref
e
rence
s
ou
rce
no
t
found
.
a
nd
outp
ut
pow
er
require
d
E
rror!
Ref
ere
nce
s
ourc
e
not
f
ound.
.
The
refo
re,
th
e
sy
ste
m
a
nd
c
ompen
sa
ti
on
ci
rcu
it
pa
ramete
r
values
a
re
s
ho
wn
i
n
Table
2.
Figure
7. The
maxim
um
t
he
oret
ic
al
tran
s
fer
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
c
harac
te
risti
c w
it
h coupli
ng c
oeffi
ci
ent is 0.1
4
Table
2.
Sy
ste
m and c
ompe
nsa
ti
on
circ
uit
pa
rameters
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
Para
m
eter
Valu
e
L
i
1
0
2
µH
C
1
9
3
nF
R
i
0
.13
Ω
C
2
1
2
3
nF
L
r
1
2
0
µH
C
3
9
5
nF
R
r
0
.11
5
Ω
L
fr
2
9
µH
C
fi
6
6
.5 n
F
C
fr
1
2
0
nF
L
fi
5
2
.6 µH
C
r
k
r
3
8
.5 n
H
0
.14
4.
SIMULATI
O
N AND E
XP
ER
IME
NT
RE
SU
LT
4
.
1.
Simul
at
io
n result
High
-
orde
r
s
yst
ems
ha
ve
mul
ti
ple
resonanc
es
fr
e
que
ncy
beyo
nd
the
de
sign
fr
e
que
ncy.
This
ma
y
sign
ific
a
ntly
a
ff
ect
s
ys
te
m
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
w
he
n
par
a
mete
rs
c
ha
ng
e
.
T
her
e
for
e,
input
im
pedance
cha
racter
ist
ic
s
sh
oul
d
be
anal
yzed
a
nd
c
onsidere
d.
Fi
gur
e 8, 9
is
the
sim
ulati
on
r
es
ult
of
A
N
SYS
Ele
ct
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
s
sof
tware.
Figure
8
s
hows
the
simulat
io
n
res
ults
of
in
pu
t
impe
dan
ce
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
un
der
di
ff
e
ren
t
c
onditi
ons.
Fig
ure
8a
sh
ows
i
nput
impeda
nce
c
har
a
ct
erist
ic
s
wh
e
n
dr
is
0
mm
,
R
L
var
ie
s
f
rom
10
Ω
to
14
0
Ω.
The
res
ult
sho
ws
that
the
sy
ste
m
has
mu
lt
iple
res
on
ant
fr
e
que
ncies
in
w
hich
a
res
on
a
nt
f
reque
nc
y
of
85
kHz
w
it
h
any
val
ue
of
th
e
load.
Fig
ure
8
(
b
)
sho
ws
i
nput
impe
dance
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
w
hen
R
L
is
R
L.opt
,
dr
var
ie
s
f
rom
0
mm
to
50
0
m
m
.
The
resu
lt
s
hows
that
c
har
act
erist
ic
li
nes
are
near
l
y
ov
e
rlap
ping
.
T
he
re
is a
resona
nt
f
requen
c
y
of
85 kHz
that
is
reg
a
r
dless
of
the
r
ecei
ver
posit
ion.
I
n
high
-
f
reque
ncy
co
nverter
s,
MOSF
ET
sho
uld
be
s
witc
hed
un
der
ZVS
(Zero
Vo
lt
age
Sw
it
chin
g)
co
ndi
ti
on
s
t
o
re
du
ce
switc
hing
l
osse
s.
Fi
gure
8a
sh
ows
t
hat
the
ZVS
reg
i
on
ch
ang
e
s
accor
ding
to
t
he
loa
d.
Fi
gur
e
8
(
b
)
s
how
s
that
w
hen
t
he
load
i
m
pe
dan
ce
value
is
opti
m
al
,
the
ZVS
re
gion
is
const
ant
with a
ll
p
os
it
io
ns
of
the
receive
r.
Figure
9 s
hows
the
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
of
tra
nsfer
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y c
har
act
erist
ic
s
unde
r
diff
e
re
nt
conditi
ons.
Figure
9a s
ho
ws t
he t
ra
ns
f
er
eff
ic
ie
nc
y cha
r
act
erist
ic
s
wh
e
n t
he l
oa
d R
L
va
ries
from
10
Ω
to
140 Ω
a
nd
dr
is
0
mm.
T
he
res
ults
show
that
the
trans
fer
e
ff
ic
i
ency
is
the
ma
ximum
value
a
t
the
opti
mum
load
valu
e
.
F
or
oth
e
r
load
v
al
ues, t
ra
ns
fe
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
is
re
du
ce
d an
d dr
ast
ic
al
ly
re
du
ce
d at
ad
ja
c
ent fre
qu
e
ncies
of
85kHz
.
Fig
ur
e
9b
sh
ows
the
tr
an
sfer
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
char
act
e
risti
cs
wh
e
n
dr
va
ries
from
0
mm
to
500
m
m
a
nd
R
L
is
R
L.opt
.
Th
e
resu
lt
s
sh
ow
that
the
t
ran
s
fer
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
cha
racteri
sti
cs
a
re
al
m
os
t
overla
pp
i
ng.
Hi
gh
tra
nsfer
e
ff
i
ci
ency
is
achie
ved
i
n
the freq
ue
ncy r
ang
e
of
83
kH
z
to 89 k
Hz.
T
he
h
ig
hest tra
nsf
er effici
enc
y re
ached 9
4.6%
.
100
350
600
850
80
85
90
95
100
100
300
500
700
900
Quali
ty
fac
tor
Qr
Tra
nsfer
Eff
ic
ie
ncy
(%)
Quali
ty
fac
tor
Qi
9
5
-
1
0
0
9
0
-
9
5
8
5
-
9
0
8
0
-
8
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
3
,
Se
p
2020
:
1468
–
1480
1476
(a)
(b)
Figure
8
.
Fr
e
quenc
y
c
ha
racteri
st
ic
s o
f
in
pu
t
impeda
n
ce
(a
)
dr =
0m
m
an
d R
L
is var
ia
ti
on
(b
)
R
L
= R
L.opt
and d
r
is var
ia
ti
on
(a)
(b)
Figure
9
.
Fr
e
quenc
y
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs o
f
the t
r
ansf
e
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
(a)
dr =
0mm
an
d
R
L
is
v
a
riat
ion
(b
)
R
L
= R
L.opt
and dr is
va
riat
ion
Figure
10. Si
m
ulati
on
wa
vefo
rms o
f vo
lt
age/
current i
n
L
Ts
pice
-50
-25
0
25
50
Gain[
dB]
-10
0
-50
0
50
1
0
0
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
1
0
0
1
0
5
Ph
ase[d
eg]
F
(k
Hz)
1
0
Ω
RL
.op
t
=5
3
.3
Ω
1
0
0
Ω
1
4
0
Ω
-50
-25
0
25
50
Gain[
dB]
-10
0
-50
0
50
1
0
0
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
1
0
0
1
0
5
Ph
ase[d
eg]
F
(k
Hz)
d
r=0m
m
d
r=10
0
m
m
d
r=40
0
m
m
d
r=50
0
m
m
0
25
50
75
1
0
0
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
1
0
0
1
0
5
Tr
an
sf
er
Ef
f
icien
cy
(%)
F (kHz)
1
0
Ω
5
3
.3
Ω
1
0
0
Ω
1
5
0
Ω
0
25
50
75
1
0
0
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
1
0
0
1
0
5
Tr
an
sf
er
Ef
f
icien
cy
(%)
F (kHz)
0
m
m
1
0
0
m
m
4
0
0
m
m
5
0
0
m
m
Time 5.882
μs
/d
iv
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Wi
rel
ess powe
r tra
ns
fe
r syste
m desig
n
f
or
el
ect
ric
vehicl
e dy
namic c
harg
i
ng ap
plicati
on
(
Ng
uyen T
hi Di
ep
)
1477
Figure
1
1
.
S
im
ulati
on
a
nd e
xperime
ntal
res
ults o
f
the
outp
ut po
wer an
d
s
ys
te
m e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
Figure
12. Si
m
ulati
on
a
nd e
xperime
ntal res
ults o
f
the
outp
ut po
wer an
d
s
ys
te
m e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
at
diff
e
re
nt U
DC
le
vels
A
m
odel
was
buil
t
in
LTs
pice
to
simulat
e
t
he
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
fro
m
the
DC
in
put
of
the
i
nv
e
rter
to
the
outp
ut
op
ti
mal
loa
d. S
pice
-
m
odel
of
M
O
SFET
C
MF2
0120D
is
u
s
ed
t
o b
uild
sim
ulati
on m
odel
s.
Fi
gure
10
sho
ws
t
he
wav
e
f
or
m
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
of
in
ver
te
r
out
pu
t
volt
age/cu
r
ren
t
w
hen
the
receiver
po
sit
ion
dr
is
0mm.
This
resu
lt
sh
o
ws
that
t
he
MOS
F
ET
has
ac
hiev
ed
ZV
S
co
ndit
ion
.
W
hen
the
recei
ver
m
ov
es
strai
gh
t
al
ong
t
he
dynamic
wirel
ess
cha
rg
i
ng
la
ne,
t
he
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
of
t
he
outp
ut
po
wer
an
d
s
ys
te
m
e
ffi
ci
ency
a
re
s
hown
in
Figure
11
(so
li
d
li
ne
).
The
a
ve
rag
e
outp
ut
powe
r
is
1.4
kW
with
a
va
ria
ti
on
of
±
10%.
This
resu
lt
s
ho
ws
t
hat
the
out
pu
t
pow
er
pu
lsa
ti
on
is
impro
ved.
T
he
ave
rag
e
s
ys
te
m
ef
fici
enc
y
re
aches
91.
8%,
of
wh
ic
h
the
a
ve
ra
ge
trans
fer
ef
fici
ency
is
94.6
%,
an
d
t
he
a
verage
i
nv
e
rter
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
is
97
%.
This
res
ul
t
conforms
w
i
th
th
e
theo
reti
cal
ana
lysis
of
the
ma
ximum
tran
sfe
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
in
sect
ion
3.2
.
W
hen
t
he
receive
r
posit
ion
is
at
lm
=
0
mm,
the
in
put
vo
lt
age
U
DC
va
ries
from
100V
t
o
31
0V,
t
he
sim
ulati
on
re
s
ults
of
the
ou
t
put
powe
r
a
nd
s
ys
te
m
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
are
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fig
ure
12
(s
olid
li
ne
)
.
The
resu
lt
shows
th
at
the
outp
ut
powe
r
va
ries
from
0.1
4kW
to
1.4kW
w
hich
i
s
c
on
sist
e
nt
with
the
cal
c
ulati
on
form
ula
Er
ror!
Ref
eren
c
e
s
ou
rce
n
ot
f
ou
n
d.
.
T
he
av
erag
e
sy
ste
m
ef
fici
en
cy
reac
hes
91.7%.
This
resu
lt
s
hows
that
the
s
ys
te
m
ef
fici
enc
y
is
high
at
dif
f
eren
t
tra
ns
fe
r
powe
r
le
vels.
4
.
2.
Ex
peri
ment
res
ult
Fig
ur
e
13
is
a
n
e
xp
e
rime
ntal
set
up
in
t
he
la
borato
ry
en
vir
onment.
CM
F
20120D
SI
Cs
hav
e
us
e
d
t
o
the
f
ull
-
br
id
ge
inv
e
rter
.
T
he
po
l
ypr
opylene
film
capaci
t
or
s
are
c
hose
n
f
or
thei
r
lo
w
l
osse
s
an
d
hi
gh
c
urren
t
bear
i
ng capa
bili
ty at high
f
requen
c
y.
80
84
88
92
96
1
0
0
0
0
.4
0
.8
1
.2
1
.6
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
Sy
stem
Eff
ic
ie
ncy
(%)
Output P
ower
[kW
]
Receiv
er
d
isp
lacem
en
t
d
r
(m
m
)
P.
s
i
m
P.
ex
p
H.
sim
H.
ex
p
80
84
88
92
96
1
0
0
0
0
.4
0
.8
1
.2
1
.6
1
0
0
1
5
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
3
0
0
Sy
stem
Eff
ic
ie
ncy
(%)
Output P
ower
[kW
]
U
DC
(V)
P.
s
i
m
P.
ex
p
H.
sim
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