I
nte
rna
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io
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l J
o
urna
l o
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P
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lect
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nics
a
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Driv
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S
y
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(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
3
~
2
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3
0
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
:
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.
1
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v
1
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4
.
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2
2
2
3
-
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2
3
0
2223
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
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e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
A simple l
ev
elized
cos
t
o
f
el
ectr
i
city
f
o
r EV
charg
ing
with
PV
a
nd ba
tt
ery
energ
y
stora
g
e sy
stem:
Tha
ila
nd cas
e stu
dy
Are
e
Wa
ng
s
up
ph
a
ph
o
l,
Su
r
a
cha
i C
ha
it
us
a
ney
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Ch
u
lalo
n
g
k
o
r
n
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
P
a
th
u
m
wa
n
,
Ba
n
g
k
o
k
,
Th
a
il
a
n
d
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
9
,
2
0
20
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
31
,
2
0
20
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
9
,
2
0
20
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
ro
p
o
se
s
t
h
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c
a
lcu
lati
o
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o
f
th
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sim
p
le
lev
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e
d
c
o
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f
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tri
c
it
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f
P
V
a
n
d
b
a
tt
e
ry
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
r
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g
e
sy
ste
m
fo
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su
p
p
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rt
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g
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e
in
v
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stm
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n
t
d
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c
isio
n
o
f
t
h
e
EV
h
y
b
ri
d
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sta
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
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i
n
tro
d
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
p
ro
b
lem
s
o
f
EV
c
h
a
rg
in
g
a
g
a
i
n
s
t
th
e
g
rid
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
.
Th
u
s,
t
h
e
h
y
b
rid
c
h
a
rg
in
g
f
o
r
EV
is
s
u
g
g
e
ste
d
.
Th
e
stu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
a
n
a
rc
h
it
e
c
t
u
re
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
rid
EV
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
sta
ti
o
n
a
lo
n
g
wit
h
t
h
e
fa
c
to
r
imp
a
c
ti
n
g
th
e
EV
in
fra
stru
c
tu
re
f
o
r
a
c
k
n
o
wle
d
g
m
e
n
t.
Th
e
c
o
st
e
lem
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
sta
ti
o
n
a
re
p
re
se
n
ted
t
o
a
d
d
re
ss
th
e
b
e
n
e
fit
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
v
e
stm
e
n
t.
Be
si
d
e
s,
th
e
p
ro
fit
is
m
a
in
ly
fro
m
th
e
m
a
rg
i
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
p
rice
,
th
e
re
fo
re
,
th
is
stu
d
y
c
o
m
p
a
re
s
th
e
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
c
o
st
o
f
P
V
a
n
d
P
V
e
q
u
i
p
p
e
d
wit
h
a
b
a
tt
e
ry
with
th
e
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ial
o
n
-
p
e
a
k
e
lec
tri
c
it
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ta
riff
.
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e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
c
h
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rg
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g
c
o
st
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o
n
tri
b
u
ted
b
y
P
V
a
lo
n
e
h
a
s
th
e
lo
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st
a
m
o
u
n
t
t
h
ro
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g
h
o
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t
th
e
st
u
d
y
p
e
ri
o
d
y
e
a
r
2
0
2
0
–
2
0
3
0
.
In
c
o
n
tras
t,
t
h
e
h
y
b
ri
d
c
h
a
rg
in
g
c
o
st
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ted
b
y
P
V
a
n
d
b
a
tt
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ry
h
a
s
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h
ig
h
e
r
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a
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e
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
o
n
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p
e
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k
tariff
d
u
rin
g
2
0
2
0
–
2
0
2
5
b
u
t
it
is
lo
we
r
a
fterw
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rd
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
su
p
p
o
rts
th
e
fe
a
sib
il
it
y
o
f
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
a
n
EV
b
y
so
lar p
o
we
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
y
b
ri
d
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
in
t
h
e
fu
t
u
re
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
Po
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
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g
y
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eso
u
r
ce
s
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
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ag
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
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r
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s
p
o
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
Su
r
ac
h
ai
C
h
aitu
s
an
ey
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
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g
C
h
u
lalo
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k
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Un
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ity
Path
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wan
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B
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k
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C
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In
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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E
lectr
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v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tati
o
n
m
o
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e
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u
s
th
e
p
o
we
r
s
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p
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ly
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eq
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ality
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er
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to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
o
u
ta
g
e
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
,
th
er
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e,
p
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s
a
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cial
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o
le
in
m
ax
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izin
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g
y
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tili
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n
[2
–
7]
.
I
n
[
8
]
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
E
V
lo
a
d
o
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th
e
p
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6
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ates
h
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am
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s
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ly
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n
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B
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
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8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
1
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
2223
–
2
2
3
0
2224
cas
e
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
,
th
e
lo
w
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
in
th
e
d
ay
tim
e
b
y
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
PV; th
is
p
o
wer
p
r
o
f
ile
is
th
e
s
o
-
ca
lled
“d
u
ck
cu
r
v
e”
[9
-
1
1
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
m
itig
ate
E
V
lo
ad
im
p
ac
ts
a
g
ain
s
t
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
o
wer
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
s
p
litt
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
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m
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to
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wo
u
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its
an
d
r
elo
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tio
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to
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e
E
V
lo
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s
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an
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ed
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ce
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e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
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v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
an
d
p
ea
k
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
[1
,
10]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
h
ig
h
in
v
estme
n
t
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u
tili
ties
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le
b
u
t
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f
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m
eth
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d
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n
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-
b
ased
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
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i
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u
s
in
g
tim
e
-
of
-
u
s
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(
T
OU)
tar
if
f
;
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e
m
eth
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d
p
r
o
v
id
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th
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ca
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ab
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T
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if
f
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s
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co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
E
V
o
wn
er
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
h
as a
ls
o
h
ap
p
en
e
d
th
e
s
am
e
in
T
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d
.
I
n
co
r
p
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atin
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with
PV
d
is
tr
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ted
en
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r
g
y
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in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
o
b
t
ain
ed
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
ch
em
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
lo
w
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
r
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in
th
e
d
ay
tim
e,
h
o
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,
with
o
u
t
E
V
lo
ad
,
it
m
ay
tr
o
u
b
le
th
e
p
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wer
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
b
atter
y
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
B
E
SS
)
is
ap
p
lied
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
en
er
g
y
an
d
r
eu
s
e
wh
en
r
eq
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ir
ed
;
th
is
is
an
o
p
tim
ized
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
in
th
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
o
f
E
V
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
PV
a
n
d
B
E
SS
f
o
r
E
V
h
y
b
r
i
d
ch
a
r
g
in
g
b
e
co
m
es
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
m
ain
tain
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
d
ep
l
o
y
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
a
n
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
ze
r
o
-
e
m
is
s
io
n
elec
tr
ic
m
o
b
ilit
y
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
T
h
ailan
d
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
E
V
h
y
b
r
id
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
er
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o
r
e,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
e
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
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e
y
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n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
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s
tu
d
y
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
it
g
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th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
im
p
ac
tin
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e
E
V
i
n
f
r
astru
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r
e
with
co
s
t
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o
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r
i
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
As
th
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
is
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
t
o
r
d
esig
n
at
ed
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
th
e
s
im
p
le
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
(
s
LC
OE
)
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
T
h
e
co
s
t
p
r
o
jectio
n
o
f
t
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
L
i
-
i
o
n
b
atter
y
in
C
h
in
a
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
3
0
is
u
s
ed
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
p
r
o
c
u
r
em
en
t,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
(
E
PC
)
co
s
t
o
f
PV
an
d
b
atter
y
f
r
o
m
s
u
p
p
lier
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
y
ea
r
2
0
2
0
is
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
C
h
in
a’
s
co
s
t
to
f
in
d
th
e
g
ain
an
d
estab
lis
h
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
co
s
t
p
r
o
jectio
n
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
3
0
(
s
ee
T
a
b
le
1
)
.
Af
ter
th
at,
t
h
e
s
L
C
OE
o
f
t
h
e
PV
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
m
ad
e
an
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
e
co
m
m
e
r
cial
o
n
-
p
ea
k
elec
tr
icity
tar
if
f
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
in
v
estme
n
t d
ec
is
io
n
as su
g
g
ested
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Key
elem
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
E
V
h
y
b
r
i
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
f
e
asib
ilit
y
s
tu
d
y
2.
F
ACTOR
I
M
P
AC
T
I
NG
T
H
E
E
V
CH
ARG
I
NG
I
NF
RA
S
T
RUC
T
UR
E
T
h
e
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
o
f
E
V
is
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
y
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
[
1
6
]
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
is
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
d
ir
ec
t a
n
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
f
ac
to
r
s
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
[
1
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
F
a
c
to
r
i
mp
a
c
t
th
e
E
V
i
nf
r
a
st
r
uc
tu
r
e
H
y
br
i
d
c
ha
r
g
i
ng
st
a
ti
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n
a
r
c
hi
tec
tur
e
C
o
st
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e
me
nt
s
o
f
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r
g
i
ng
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ta
ti
o
n
S
i
mp
l
e
c
a
l
c
ul
a
ti
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
tr
i
c
i
ty
c
o
st
C
o
mp
a
r
i
so
n
o
f
c
ha
r
g
i
ng
c
o
st
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
A
s
imp
le
leve
liz
ed
co
s
t o
f e
lect
r
icity
fo
r
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
w
ith
P
V
a
n
d
b
a
tter
y
en
erg
y
… (
A
r
ee
Wa
n
g
s
u
p
p
h
a
p
h
o
l
)
2225
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
a
r
e
m
ain
l
y
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
,
th
e
s
u
b
s
id
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
,
elec
tr
ic
ta
r
if
f
,
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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V
a
r
e
th
e
m
ain
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
f
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
in
d
ir
ec
t f
ac
to
r
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
E
V
o
wn
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e;
p
o
wer
tr
ain
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
c
h
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
licies,
an
d
h
u
m
an
f
a
cto
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
alo
n
g
with
th
eir
co
l
o
r
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
eith
er
in
/o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
f
a
cto
r
s
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
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e
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
cu
s
to
m
e
r
b
eh
av
io
r
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
d
r
iv
e
r
m
ay
ch
a
r
g
e
th
e
E
V
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
to
h
is
co
n
v
e
n
ien
t
tim
e.
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h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
in
ce
n
tiv
e
-
b
ased
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
er
i
o
d
m
ay
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e
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
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h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
d
r
iv
er
is
r
elat
ed
to
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
lo
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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Vs
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
E
V
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tech
n
ic.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ac
to
r
s
m
itig
ate
th
e
d
r
iv
er
an
x
iety
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
i.e
.
th
e
E
V
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
en
ien
tly
ch
ar
g
ed
u
n
til
f
u
ll
with
in
a
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
o
r
h
as
a
lo
n
g
d
r
iv
in
g
r
an
g
e
b
y
t
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
6
,
1
8
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
f
ac
to
r
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ev
al
u
ated
m
o
n
etar
il
y
,
th
e
co
s
t
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
in
T
h
ailan
d
ar
e
s
u
g
g
est
ed
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
n
etar
y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
f
it
co
m
p
o
s
es
o
f
an
y
f
in
an
cial
elem
en
ts
;
in
co
m
e,
in
v
estme
n
t,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
(
1
)
.
=
–
–
&
(
1
)
T
h
e
(
2
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
in
co
m
e
ca
l
cu
latio
n
wh
ich
is
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
em
an
d
(
k
W
h
)
an
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
ice
in
wh
ich
t
h
e
m
ar
g
in
is
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
(
b
ah
t/k
W
h
)
.
=
ℎ
(
2
)
T
h
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
u
b
s
id
ized
b
y
T
h
ai
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
t
atio
n
,
an
d
it is
d
ed
u
cted
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
c
h
ar
g
e
r
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t to
b
u
ild
u
p
th
e
i
n
v
estme
n
t c
o
s
t a
s
in
(
3
)
.
=
+
ℎ
−
(
ℎ
.
ℎ
)
(
3
)
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
m
ain
te
n
a
n
ce
(
O&
M)
co
s
t
is
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
s
o
ld
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
t
(
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
b
e
s
u
b
s
id
ized
b
y
T
h
ai
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t)
,
lan
d
r
en
tal
co
s
t,
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
t
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
4
)
.
&
=
(
)
+
(
−
)
+
+
(
4
)
3.
H
YB
RID CH
A
RG
I
NG
S
T
A
T
I
O
N
ARCH
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
th
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
,
PV,
an
d
B
E
SS
wh
ich
m
an
ag
es
v
ia
a
h
y
b
r
id
in
v
e
r
ter
as
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
is
th
e
s
u
itab
le
tech
n
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
g
eth
er
with
co
m
m
e
r
cial
av
a
il
ab
ilit
y
as
s
u
g
g
ested
in
I
E
E
E
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
it
is
th
e
ass
u
r
ed
ch
o
ic
e
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
[
1
9
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
g
r
id
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
4
5
%
d
u
r
in
g
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
o
f
f
s
et
th
e
E
V
d
a
ily
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
lo
a
d
co
m
p
letely
[
1
5
,
2
0
]
.
W
ith
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
i
n
v
er
te
r
,
th
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
B
E
SS
ca
n
f
lo
w
b
i
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
ally
b
etwe
en
th
e
E
V
lo
ad
wh
ile
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
i
s
co
n
tr
o
lled
to
s
u
p
p
ly
o
n
l
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
PV
ca
n
b
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
1
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
2223
–
2
2
3
0
2226
in
s
talled
at
an
y
a
v
ailab
le
s
p
a
ce
i.e
.
b
u
ild
in
g
/ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
r
o
o
f
to
p
o
r
em
p
ty
lan
d
.
W
ith
o
u
t
E
V
lo
a
d
,
t
h
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
is
s
u
p
p
lie
d
to
th
e
B
E
S
S
f
o
r
r
eu
s
e.
At
t
h
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
,
DC
f
ast
ch
ar
g
er
an
d
AC
ch
ar
g
er
lev
el
2
is
n
o
r
m
ally
u
s
ed
as
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ch
ar
g
er
s
f
o
r
E
V
[
2
1
,
22]
.
T
o
f
in
d
t
h
e
f
ea
s
i
b
ilit
y
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
elec
tr
icity
p
r
ice
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
an
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies is
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
s
LC
OE
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
a
n
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
with
PV a
n
d
B
E
SS
4.
SI
M
P
L
E
L
E
VE
L
I
Z
E
D
CO
S
T
O
F
E
L
E
C
T
RIC
I
T
Y
T
h
e
s
LC
OE
ca
lcu
latio
n
id
en
tifie
s
th
e
co
m
m
er
cializin
g
o
f
a
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
its
life
tim
e.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
o
f
s
LC
OE
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
5
)
[
2
3
]
.
=
(
5
)
T
h
e
s
im
p
le
lev
elize
d
co
s
t o
f
elec
tr
icity
o
f
th
e
PV sy
s
tem
,
s
L
C
OE
PV,
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
(
6
)
.
=
(
,
)
+
&
8760
+
&
(
6
)
I
t
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ca
p
ital
co
s
ts
(
C
cap,
PV
)
,
f
ix
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
&
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
(
O&
M
fix
)
o
f
r
o
o
f
to
p
PV
[
2
4
]
,
v
a
r
iab
le
O&
M
(
O&
M
vary
)
[
2
5
]
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
i
ty
f
ac
to
r
o
f
PV
(
CF
PV
)
wh
ich
is
th
e
r
atio
o
f
t
h
e
an
n
u
al
g
e
n
er
atin
g
p
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wer
t
o
its
ca
p
ac
ity
.
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r
CF
PV
,
it
is
s
el
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ted
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ased
o
n
th
e
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m
all
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ize
o
f
th
e
r
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tial
s
o
lar
r
o
o
f
to
p
,
0
.
1
6
,
as
is
s
tu
d
ied
in
[
2
6
]
.
Als
o
,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
in
clu
d
es
th
e
ca
p
ital
r
ec
o
v
er
y
f
ac
to
r
(
C
R
F
PV
)
wh
ich
is
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
an
n
u
ity
to
th
e
p
r
esen
t
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
an
n
u
al
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
f
o
r
a
g
iv
e
n
y
ea
r
(
n
)
al
o
n
g
with
t
h
e
in
ter
est
r
ate
(
i)
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
(
7
)
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
u
s
in
g
f
o
r
C
R
F
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
PV
an
d
B
E
S
S
i
s
2
0
an
d
1
0
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
as
p
er
its
n
o
r
m
al
u
s
ag
e
an
d
life
tim
e.
T
o
r
ep
lace
a
d
aily
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
7
.
5
k
W
h
o
f
an
E
V
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
,
th
e
s
o
lar
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
co
u
ld
b
e
well
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
a
s
m
a
r
t
ch
ar
g
er
to
ch
ar
g
e
an
E
V
ef
f
icien
tly
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
h
ig
h
-
c
o
s
t
g
r
id
p
o
wer
p
u
r
c
h
ased
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
[
1
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
t
h
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
ld
,
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
a
n
d
in
te
n
s
ity
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
w
h
er
eb
y
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
r
ea
d
y
o
r
en
o
u
g
h
.
=
(
1
+
)
(
1
+
)
−
1
(
7
)
T
o
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
wh
e
n
E
V
is
awa
y
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th
e
b
a
tter
y
is
u
tili
ze
d
i.e
.
s
av
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
n
a
wee
k
en
d
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
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u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
e
b
atter
y
will
b
e
c
h
ar
g
ed
b
y
PV
f
o
r
6
.
4
h
o
u
r
s
/w
ee
k
f
o
r
1
5
k
W
h
th
at
is
u
s
ed
b
y
an
E
V
o
n
a
wee
k
e
n
d
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
im
p
le
le
v
e
lized
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
o
f
B
E
SS
,
s
L
C
OE
BES
,
ca
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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694
A
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liz
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co
s
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lect
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icity
fo
r
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V
ch
a
r
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h
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ir
s
t
ter
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r
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e
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p
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v
estme
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a
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r
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ly
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f
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o
m
th
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atter
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p
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t,
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cap,
bat
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ital
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
f
ac
to
r
o
f
B
E
SS
,
C
R
F
BES
,
with
y
ea
r
ly
O&
M
(
O&
M
year
)
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
ly
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
h
o
u
r
.
T
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
h
o
u
r
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
e
s
am
e
as
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
6
.
4
h
o
u
r
s
/wee
k
an
d
th
is
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
ca
p
ac
ity
f
ac
to
r
o
f
B
E
SS
,
CF
BES
,
as
o
f
0
.
0
3
8
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
b
atter
y
is
ch
ar
g
ed
b
y
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
,
s
LC
OE
PV
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
ice
(
P
c
)
,
an
d
it
is
d
ed
u
cted
with
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
lo
s
s
wh
er
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
e
f
f
icien
cy
(
E
con
)
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
is
s
ec
o
n
d
ter
m
is
to
s
eg
r
eg
ate
th
e
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er
s
io
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lo
s
s
co
s
t
o
u
t
to
f
in
d
th
e
o
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ly
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tr
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s
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n
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ib
u
ted
b
y
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e
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atter
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.
=
(
,
)
+
&
8760
−
(
(
1
−
)
)
(
8
)
T
h
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
s
LC
OE
PV
an
d
s
LC
OE
BES
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
3
0
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
its
C
R
F
af
o
r
esaid
.
T
h
e
in
ter
est
r
ate
o
f
4
.
7
%
f
o
r
T
h
aila
n
d
’
s
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
r
o
ject
is
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ital
co
s
t,
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
p
ar
am
eter
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
p
a
r
am
eter
s
ar
e
d
ec
la
r
ed
(
with
r
ef
er
en
c
es)
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
to
f
in
d
th
e
s
LC
OE
o
f
th
e
PV
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
c
h
ar
g
in
g
to
co
m
p
ar
e
with
th
e
c
o
m
m
er
cial
o
n
-
p
ea
k
elec
tr
icity
tar
if
f
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
u
ch
as
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
p
lace
m
en
t
o
r
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
co
s
ts
is
n
o
t
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
s
tu
d
y
.
Fr
o
m
t
h
e
co
s
t
p
r
o
jectio
n
o
f
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
as
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
o
n
e
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
th
e
s
LC
OE
PV
is
th
e
ch
ea
p
est
co
s
t
am
o
n
g
o
th
e
r
s
an
d
it
h
as
a
litt
le
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
y
ea
r
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
3
0
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
,
th
e
s
LC
OE
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
,
PV
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
B
E
SS
,
is
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
s
t
b
etwe
en
2
0
2
0
an
d
2
0
2
5
,
b
u
t
it
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
o
n
-
p
ea
k
tar
if
f
af
ter
war
d
.
I
n
[
2
7
]
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
s
LC
OE
o
f
r
esid
en
tial
PV
-
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in
ce
2
0
2
0
h
as
th
e
s
am
e
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
as
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
h
o
wev
er
,
it
h
as
a
s
m
all
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
eted
y
ea
r
th
at
th
e
p
r
ice
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
ch
a
r
g
in
g
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
g
r
id
ta
r
if
f
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
ep
a
n
y
is
m
ai
n
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
in
ter
est
r
ate
wh
er
e
we
u
s
e
th
e
in
ter
est
r
ate
f
o
r
a
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ject,
4
.
7
%,
b
u
t
t
h
e
af
r
o
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
d
is
co
u
n
t r
ate
f
o
r
a
r
esid
en
t
ial
s
ca
le,
2
.
8
9
%.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
s
t p
r
o
jectio
n
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
b
asic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
s
im
p
le
le
v
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
o
f
PV
an
d
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
th
at
m
itig
ate
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ag
a
in
s
t
th
e
g
r
id
p
o
wer
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
th
at
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
E
V
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
is
d
ec
lar
ed
to
s
ee
k
o
u
t
th
e
co
s
t
elem
en
t.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
LC
OE
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
f
o
r
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
its
s
u
itab
ili
ty
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
elec
tr
icity
co
s
t
o
f
PV
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
ich
co
m
p
o
s
es
o
f
PV
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
with
th
e
o
n
-
p
ea
k
tar
if
f
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
o
n
ly
th
e
s
LC
OE
,
PV
is
th
e
ch
ea
p
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
g
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n
er
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b
u
t,
in
th
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r
ea
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ld
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t
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ay
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if
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atter
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2088
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8
694
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
1
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
2223
–
2
2
3
0
2228
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
R
atch
ad
ap
h
is
ek
So
m
p
h
o
t
Fu
n
d
f
o
r
Po
s
td
o
cto
r
al
Fello
wsh
ip
,
C
h
u
lalo
n
g
k
o
r
n
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
AP
P
E
NDI
X
A
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
s
t p
r
o
jectio
n
o
f
PV
an
d
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
b
ased
o
n
C
h
in
a’
s
ev
alu
atio
n
s
Y
e
a
r
C
h
i
n
a
's
a
n
n
u
a
l
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
(GW)
C
h
i
n
a
's PV
c
o
s
t
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
U
S
D
/
k
W
)
C
h
i
n
a
's
e
st
i
mat
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d
P
V
c
o
s
t
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
EPC
(
U
S
D
/
k
W
)
Th
a
i
l
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
,
5
0
%
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i
g
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e
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h
a
n
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h
i
n
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s
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(
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/
k
W
)
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h
i
n
a
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n
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l
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-
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o
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b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
r
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d
u
c
t
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o
n
(
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W
h
)
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h
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(
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t
5
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%
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(
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v
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o
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n
pv
(
y
r
)
20
20
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20
20
20
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20
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RF
pv
0
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pv
(
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k
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)
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4
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&M
f
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(
$
/
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10
10
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10
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10
10
10
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ar
y
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0
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0
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CF
pv
%
0
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1
6
0
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1
6
0
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1
6
0
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1
6
0
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1
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0
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0
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6
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6
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pv
(
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k
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)
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0
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0
3
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3
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3
2
0
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0
3
1
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0
3
0
0
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0
3
0
0
.
0
2
9
Pa
r
a
m
e
t
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f
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B
ES
%
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
/
1
0
0
0
.
0
4
7
0
.
0
4
7
0
.
0
4
7
0
.
0
4
7
0
.
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7
0
.
0
4
7
0
.
0
4
7
0
.
0
4
7
0
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0
4
7
0
.
0
4
7
0
.
0
4
7
n
B
E
S
(
y
r
)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
C
RF
BES
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
1
2
8
C
B
a
t
(
$
/
k
W
)
4
2
8
3
6
5
3
1
1
2
6
9
2
3
5
2
1
0
1
8
9
1
7
2
1
5
5
1
3
9
1
2
2
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&M
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ar
(
$
/
k
W
-
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r
)
6
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9
6
.
9
6
.
9
6
.
9
6
.
9
6
.
9
6
.
9
6
.
9
6
.
9
6
.
9
6
.
9
CF
B
at
%
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
0
.
0
3
8
En
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
si
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e
f
f
i
c
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n
c
y
0
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9
4
0
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9
4
0
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9
4
0
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9
4
0
.
9
4
0
.
9
4
0
.
9
4
0
.
9
4
0
.
9
4
0
.
9
4
0
.
9
4
sL
C
O
E
B
E
S
(
$
/
k
W
h
)
0
.
1
8
0
0
.
1
5
7
0
.
1
3
6
0
.
1
2
0
0
.
1
0
8
0
.
0
9
8
0
.
0
9
0
0
.
0
8
4
0
.
0
7
8
0
.
0
7
1
0
.
0
6
5
T
o
t
a
l
sLC
O
E
f
o
r
PV
+
B
E
S
(
$
/
k
Wh
)
0
.
2
2
5
0
.
1
9
8
0
.
1
7
5
0
.
1
5
7
0
.
1
4
3
0
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1
3
2
0
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1
2
3
0
.
1
1
5
0
.
1
0
8
0
.
1
0
1
0
.
0
9
4
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
.
Alsh
a
h
ra
n
i,
M
.
Kh
a
li
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
Alm
u
h
a
in
i,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
Ve
h
icle
s
Be
y
o
n
d
En
e
r
g
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
a
n
d
M
o
d
e
r
n
P
o
we
r
Ne
two
rk
s:
Ch
a
l
len
g
e
s
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IE
EE
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
9
9
0
3
1
–
9
9
0
6
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ac
c
e
ss
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
9
2
8
6
3
9
.
[2
]
A.
Wan
g
s
u
p
p
h
a
p
h
o
l,
N.
Ru
m
z
i,
a
n
d
N.
Id
ris,
“
S
tu
d
e
n
t
Re
se
a
rc
h
Hig
h
li
g
h
t
:
Ac
c
e
lera
ti
o
n
-
Ba
se
d
D
e
sig
n
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
Ve
h
icle
Au
x
i
li
a
ry
En
e
r
g
y
S
o
u
rc
e
,
”
IEE
E
Aer
o
sp
.
El
e
c
tro
n
.
S
y
st.
M
a
g
.
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
2
–
3
5
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
AES
.
2
0
1
6
.
1
4
0
0
1
1
.
[3
]
A.
Wan
g
su
p
p
h
a
p
h
o
l
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
c
e
lera
ti
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
De
sig
n
Au
x
il
iary
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
f
o
r
E
lec
tri
c
Ve
h
icl
e
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
v
e
rsio
n
2
De
c
e
lera
ti
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
D
e
sig
n
Au
x
il
iary
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
fo
r
El
e
c
tri
c
Ve
h
icle
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s.”
[On
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
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[9
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Ro
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10]
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P
.
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3
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4
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Wu
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Hu
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,
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.
Z
h
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n
g
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d
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.
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n
,
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5
]
L.
No
v
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a
a
n
d
J.
Bro
u
we
r,
“
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o
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.
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6
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S
h
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Y.
Ha
o
,
S
.
L
v
,
L.
Cip
c
ig
a
n
,
a
n
d
J.
Li
a
n
g
,
“
A
c
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m
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tu
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m
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.
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.
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7
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Q.
Zh
a
n
g
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
a
c
to
rs
in
f
lu
e
n
c
in
g
th
e
e
c
o
n
o
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li
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r
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stru
c
tu
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–
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r
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,
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w.
S
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sta
in
.
En
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rg
y
Rev
.
,
v
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l.
9
4
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[1
8
]
A.
To
m
a
sz
e
ws
k
a
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Li
th
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
a
tt
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ry
fa
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c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
:
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e
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[1
9
]
E.
S
o
c
iety
a
n
d
T.
S
o
c
iet
y
,
IEE
E
Dr
a
ft
Gu
id
e
fo
r t
h
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In
ter
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ty o
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En
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to
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S
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ms
In
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ra
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El
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tric
Po
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r In
fra
str
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re
.
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.
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0
]
O.
El
m
a
,
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A
d
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a
m
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h
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rg
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ra
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h
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r
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v
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[2
1
]
J.
M
a
rtí
n
e
z
-
Lao
,
F
.
G
.
M
o
n
t
o
y
a
,
M
.
G
.
M
o
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t
o
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,
a
n
d
F
.
M
a
n
z
a
n
o
-
Ag
u
g
li
a
r
o
,
“
El
e
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tri
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v
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s
in
S
p
a
in
:
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rv
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.