In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
585~
5
9
3
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
2.pp
5
85-
59
3
585
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
The effect o
f short circuit f
au
lt on one wind
ing to oth
er
w
i
ndings in FRA
N. F. M. Yas
id
1
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M
. F. M
. Y
ou
sof
2
,
R.
A
bd
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
3
,
H
.
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ain
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d
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in
4
,
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A
.
G
h
a
n
i
5
1
,
2,
3
F
acul
t
y
of Elect
rical
a
nd
El
ec
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r
on
ic E
ngin
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e
r
i
n
g
, U
n
i
v
e
rsi
t
i
Tu
n
H
u
ssei
n
O
nn
M
a
lays
ia,
M
a
l
a
y
s
ia
4,
5
F
acul
t
y
of Ele
ctri
cal E
ng
in
eering
, U
n
i
vers
i
t
i
Te
k
n
i
k
al M
alaysia
Mel
aka,
M
al
aysia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Dec
7
, 2
0
18
Re
vise
d Jan
2
9
, 2019
A
c
c
e
pte
d
F
eb 25,
2
0
1
9
Mo
ni
to
ring
a
n
d
d
ia
gn
osis
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
t
ra
ns
form
e
r
i
n
p
o
we
r
sys
t
e
m
s
h
a
ve
b
een
exam
i
n
ed
a
nd
d
ebat
ed
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
i
n
l
a
st
f
e
w
d
ecad
es.
Rec
e
nt
l
y,
m
ore
research
ers
h
a
ve
e
x
p
res
s
ed
t
h
e
ir
i
nterest
i
n
t
hese
i
ssu
es
a
s
th
e
ut
i
lities
and
net
w
o
r
k
op
erato
r
s
op
eratin
g
u
n
d
e
r
a
ri
sin
g
c
o
s
t
-
effect
in
g
pres
s
ure
.
Especi
a
lly,
in
s
tudying
to
m
oni
to
r
win
d
i
n
g
f
a
ults
w
hi
c
h
i
s
f
oun
d
to
b
e
the
m
o
st
c
o
m
m
on
f
a
ul
t
wit
h
i
n
t
ransform
ers.
This paper
add
r
esses
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
in
t
e
r-wi
n
d
i
ngs
s
h
o
rt
c
irc
u
it
f
au
lt
i
n
a
Dy
n1
1
con
n
e
c
t
ed
t
rans
f
o
rm
er.
Th
e
specif
i
c
aim
i
s
t
o
st
udy
th
e
ef
f
ect
o
f
f
a
ul
t
at
w
indin
g
o
f
o
t
he
r
ph
a
s
e
s
t
o
th
e
res
p
o
n
se
o
f
m
easured
p
has
e
.
F
r
eq
uency
R
e
s
pon
se
A
n
a
ly
sis
(FR
A)
w
h
i
c
h
is
d
isc
o
ve
re
d
to
b
e
a
po
we
rful
a
n
d
s
e
n
sitiv
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
to
e
xa
min
e
and
ev
alu
a
t
e
the
condi
t
i
on,
i
nclud
i
ng
t
he
m
ech
anical
r
eli
a
bilit
y
o
f
t
he
t
ran
sf
orm
e
r
wi
ndin
g
s
is
u
s
e
d
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
F
l
ux pa
th
F
r
equenc
y
re
spons
e
ana
l
ys
is
In
t
e
rw
i
ndi
ng
sh
o
r
t
ci
rc
u
i
t
f
a
ul
t
Tran
sf
ormer
Wi
n
d
i
n
g
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
N
u
rul F
a
ra
hw
ahi
d
a
b
t
M
d Y
a
si
d,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
and
Ele
c
t
ron
i
c E
n
g
i
nee
r
in
g,
U
n
i
v
ersi
ti
T
un
H
u
ssei
n
O
nn
Ma
lays
ia (
U
T
H
M
),
86
4
00, P
ar
i
t
Raja
,
B
a
t
u
P
a
ha
t
, Johor,
Mala
ysia
.
Em
ail:
ge1
7
0
0
8
0
@
sisw
a
.
ut
h
m
.
e
du.m
y
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
P
o
w
e
r transfor
me
r i
s
one of
t
h
e m
o
st e
x
p
en
si
ve an
d
s
i
g
ni
fi
cant
equ
i
p
m
ent
in
e
l
ect
ri
c
p
o
w
e
r
n
e
t
wo
rk
[1].
I
t
p
l
a
y
s
a
vi
ta
l
re
sp
onsi
b
ili
ty
t
o
m
a
i
n
ta
i
n
a
r
el
iab
l
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
ric
i
ty.
H
o
w
e
ver
,
d
ur
ing
opera
tio
n,
t
r
a
n
s
form
ers
a
r
e
cont
in
u
o
u
s
l
y
b
e
i
n
g
e
xp
ose
d
t
o
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
,
me
ch
a
n
i
c
al
a
n
d
el
ect
ri
c
a
l
st
re
sse
s.
T
h
e
se
st
r
e
sses increase
t
he aging
p
roce
ss of the
i
n
t
e
r
nal pa
rt of
po
w
er transfor
m
e
r
thus incr
eas
i
n
g t
h
e risk of fa
ilure
.
Ba
s
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
any
fai
l
ure
i
n
a
c
t
i
v
e
part
o
f
t
ra
nsf
o
rm
er
c
oul
d
co
n
s
u
me
m
illi
o
n
s
i
n
l
os
s
si
nc
e
it
w
i
l
l
b
e
ou
t
o
f
service
for
a
l
o
n
g
t
i
m
e,
n
o
t
t
o
me
n
t
i
o
n
the
c
o
s
t
t
o
r
e
pair
o
r
r
e
p
la
cem
en
t
[2,
3].
Ther
efore
,
it
is
i
mp
orta
n
t
t
o
detec
t
a
ny
f
au
l
t
t
ha
t
occ
u
r
s
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
tran
sfor
me
r
at
a
n
ea
rly
s
ta
ge
t
o
a
v
o
i
d
a
n
y
unp
la
nn
e
d
o
u
t
age
.
A
s
urve
y
o
f
f
au
lt
s
in
t
ra
n
s
fo
rme
r
s
i
s
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
Fi
gu
re
1
.
It
s
ho
ws
tha
t
49.4%
o
f the
t
o
ta
l
fa
u
l
t
s
occ
ur i
n the
w
i
nd
ing
s
[
4
].
M
os
t
of
t
he
t
ransform
er
f
au
l
t
s
ma
inly
o
cc
urred
o
n
t
he
w
i
n
d
in
g
thus
h
as
b
eco
m
e
a
m
ajor
c
onc
er
n
f
o
r
the m
a
nufacturers.
Vari
o
u
s
a
p
p
r
oa
ch
e
s
h
av
e
b
e
en
d
ev
el
op
ed
b
y
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
e
rs
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
i
m
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
dia
g
no
si
s
me
th
od
for
t
h
e
tran
sform
e
r
.
F
or
e
xam
p
le,
D
i
sso
l
v
e
G
a
s
A
n
a
ly
si
s
(
DGA)
[
5
,
6
]
an
d
Sh
o
r
t
Circu
i
t
Im
pedanc
e
(S
CI)
m
easur
ement
[7,
8]
.
H
o
w
e
ver,
F
RA
i
s
fo
u
nd
to
b
e
t
he
m
ost
e
ffec
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
se
ns
i
t
i
v
e
me
tho
d
f
or
a
nal
y
z
i
n
g
t
he
w
in
din
g
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
of
a
t
r
a
n
s
form
er
.
Th
i
s
t
e
s
t
is
c
a
p
abl
e
o
f
p
r
ov
idi
n
g
th
e
in
form
ation
a
b
ou
t
t
h
e
s
t
ruc
t
u
r
e
reliabi
l
ity
o
f
the
w
i
nd
i
n
g
s
w
i
t
ho
u
t
h
a
v
i
n
g
to
u
n
t
an
k
t
h
e
trans
f
or
me
r
[8].
T
he
fre
que
nc
y
resp
ons
e
is
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he
R
LC
n
etw
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
w
i
nd
i
n
g
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
ph
ys
ical
g
e
o
me
t
r
y.
Geom
etrica
l
c
h
an
ges
w
ith
i
n
a
nd
b
e
t
w
een
t
he
e
lem
e
n
t
s
of
n
etwor
k
c
a
u
se
d
evia
t
i
ons
i
n
i
t
s
fr
eque
nc
y
re
sp
onse
.
The
me
cha
n
ic
a
l
c
ha
n
g
es
w
it
hi
n
t
h
e
t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
r
a
l
te
r
the
R
L
C
ne
t
w
o
rk
a
nd
i
n
t
u
rn
c
a
n
a
lter
t
h
e
fre
que
nc
y
response
[
9-
11].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
5
8
5
–
5
93
58
6
F
i
gur
e
1.
F
a
u
l
t
l
oc
at
i
o
n
d
i
str
i
bu
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
r
ans
f
or
m
e
r
fa
il
ur
e
su
rv
e
y
[
4
]
I
n
t
h
i
s
paper
,
t
he
c
o
u
p
l
i
ng
e
f
fec
t
o
f
fa
u
lty
w
in
di
n
g
o
n
the
no
n
-
f
a
u
lt
y
w
i
nd
i
ng
i
s
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
te
d.
F
R
A
me
asu
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
c
on
du
ct
ed
on
HV
wi
n
d
i
n
g
of
p
h
a
se
A
,
wh
il
e
f
a
ul
t
is
a
pp
li
ed
a
t
the
LV
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
a,
b
a
n
d
c
c
ons
ecu
ti
ve
ly.
T
h
is
i
s
t
o
obser
ve
w
het
h
er
f
a
u
l
t
a
t
w
i
nd
in
g
of
o
t
h
e
r
p
ha
se
s
ca
n
ac
t
u
a
lly
a
f
f
e
c
t
th
e
r
e
spo
n
se
o
f
me
asur
ed
p
hase
.
I
t
i
s
c
o
nd
uc
t
e
d
by
m
easur
ing
and
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
FRA
resp
ons
e
bef
o
re
a
n
d
a
ft
e
r
the
pr
esenc
e
o
f
f
a
ul
ty
i
n
t
h
e
w
i
n
d
in
g.
F
or
t
hi
s
ca
se
,
t
h
e
f
a
ul
t
s
im
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
s
sh
or
t
c
i
r
c
u
it
(
S
C)
i
n
w
i
nd
in
g.
T
he
f
o
c
u
s
in
t
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
is
t
o
o
b
ser
v
e
t
h
e
dev
i
a
tio
ns
o
f
r
e
spo
n
se
s.
T
h
i
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
th
e
sho
r
t
circu
i
t
f
a
ul
t
aff
ect
s
th
e
m
a
gne
tic
f
lu
x,
f
l
u
x
pat
h
a
n
d
a
s
a
conseq
ue
nc
e
in
f
l
ue
nc
i
ng
t
h
e
r
espo
nse
at
c
er
ta
in
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
r
e
gi
on.
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2
.
1
.
Sho
rt
circuit fa
u
l
t
in
tra
n
sfo
r
mer
w
i
nd
i
n
g
A
s
ide
fr
om
a
g
i
ng
pr
oce
s
s,
v
ar
i
o
us
f
a
u
lts
t
hat
ma
y
occ
u
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
i
t
s
n
o
r
m
a
l
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
i
m
p
a
c
t
t
h
e
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
’
s
re
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
its
l
ife
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
m
any
ca
use
s
t
ha
t
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
to
t
ra
nsfor
m
e
r
f
au
lt
s.
H
ow
ever
,
the
s
e
a
r
e
m
a
in
l
y
due
t
o
a
g
in
g,
ope
r
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
a
ns
por
tat
i
on
[
1
2
].
A
s
u
r
v
e
y
fro
m
[13
]
s
hows
th
at
a
rou
nd
4
0
%
of
t
he
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
e
r
f
ault
s
ar
e
ca
use
d
b
y
t
h
e
hu
ge
i
mpa
c
t
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
it
ann
u
a
l
l
y
.
D
u
r
i
ng
s
h
or
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
fa
ul
t,
m
a
ssive
c
ur
r
e
n
t
f
l
o
w
s
t
hr
oug
h
the
w
i
nd
i
n
g
s
.
The
c
u
r
r
e
nt
f
low
ca
u
s
es
a
n
e
x
c
i
t
e
d
o
f
l
eaka
g
e
ma
gn
et
i
c
f
i
e
ld
a
n
d
pr
od
uc
e
a
r
e
ma
r
k
able
d
ynam
i
ca
l
e
l
ec
tr
oma
gne
tic
f
o
r
ce
acti
n
g
o
n
the
w
i
nd
ings.
I
f
the
s
hor
t
ci
r
c
uit
p
r
o
t
ec
ti
o
n
st
re
n
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
me
r
i
s
n
ot
s
t
r
o
n
g
en
ough
,
i
n
s
u
la
ti
o
n
p
erform
ance
w
i
l
l
de
cre
a
se
d
ue
t
o
t
h
e
da
ma
ge
o
f
t
h
e
ins
u
la
t
i
on
s
t
r
u
ct
ur
e
.
T
he
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
e
r
s
hor
t
cir
c
u
it
fa
u
l
t
s
can
b
e
d
i
v
i
de
d
in
t
o
t
hre
e
b
asi
c
ca
t
e
go
ri
es
.
Thes
e
are
,
w
i
n
din
g
-
t
o
-g
r
o
und
f
a
u
lt
s,
w
i
ndi
ng
-
t
o
-
wi
n
di
ng
f
au
lt
s
a
n
d
t
u
rn
-to
-
tu
rn
f
a
u
lt
s
on
t
h
e
same
w
i
n
di
ng
[14
]
.
Tu
rn
t
o
t
u
rn
o
r
a
l
so
k
no
wn
a
s
i
n
t
e
r
-
wi
n
d
i
n
g
shor
t
cir
c
u
i
t
is
c
o
n
s
i
der
e
d
as
t
h
e
m
ost
c
o
mm
on
f
a
u
l
t
t
h
at
o
c
c
u
r
s
in
t
h
e pow
er
t
r
a
n
s
for
m
er
.
S
t
ud
ie
s
i
n
[
1
5
]
sh
ow
e
d
tha
t a
b
ou
t 8
0
%
of t
he
t
r
a
ns
for
m
e
r
br
eak
dow
ns
i
s
c
r
edi
t
ed
t
o
s
h
o
r
t-
c
i
r
c
ui
t
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
u
r
n
s.
T
her
e
a
r
e
ma
ny
c
a
u
s
es
t
o
shor
t
cir
c
ui
t
fa
u
l
t.
H
ow
ever
,
the
y
a
r
e
c
ommon
l
y
gene
r
a
ted
b
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
l
i
n
e
fa
u
l
t
s
,
m
e
c
ha
ni
c
a
l da
ma
ge of i
n
s
u
l
a
tio
n,
b
re
akd
o
wn of e
l
e
c
tri
c
in
su
la
tio
n
due
t
o
ove
r
v
o
l
t
age
fr
om
w
r
o
n
g
o
pe
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
or
d
u
e
t
o
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
s
t
r
i
ke
[
1
5
]
.
I
n w
o
r
s
t
cas
e
s
,
suc
h
fa
u
lt
c
a
n
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
te
t
o
t
h
e
occa
s
i
on
o
f
e
x
p
l
osi
o
n
o
f
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
e
r
t
a
n
k
,
bl
ow
o
u
t
o
f
bus
hin
g
s
or
e
ve
n
f
i
r
e
.
2.
2.
Pre
v
io
u
s
l
y
F
RA
measurem
ent me
th
o
d
u
se
d
for
sho
r
t
circu
it
in
w
in
ding
A
n
i
n
t
er
na
l
sh
or
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
thr
o
ugh
the
w
i
nd
in
g
m
a
y
le
ad
t
o
pow
er
s
upp
l
y
i
nter
r
upt
i
o
n
s
,
c
a
use
p
o
w
e
r
ou
ta
ge
,
ser
i
o
u
s
d
a
m
a
g
e
t
o
w
in
d
i
n
g
i
nc
l
u
di
n
g
w
ind
i
ng
d
e
f
or
m
a
ti
on
,
inte
r
r
u
p
t
ion
or
e
ve
n
b
u
r
s
t
of
t
h
e
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
d
u
e
t
o
o
ver
h
e
a
tin
g.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
dif
f
e
r
en
t
t
e
chn
i
que
s
h
a
v
e
be
e
n
d
esi
gne
d
a
nd
em
pl
o
y
e
d
to
dia
g
no
se
t
ransfor
m
e
r
wind
i
n
g
.
E
xclus
i
ve
ly,
to m
oni
tor
the
tr
ans
fo
rme
r
wi
n
d
i
ng
c
o
ndi
ti
ons.
F
r
equenc
y
Res
po
nse
A
n
al
ys
is
(
F
R
A
)
t
e
s
t
i
s
o
ne
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
tho
d
s
f
o
r
dia
g
no
sin
g
th
e
wi
nd
ing
.
I
t
is
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
b
y
i
nje
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
npu
t
sig
n
a
l
t
o
one
t
e
r
m
i
na
l
of
t
he
w
i
n
d
i
ng
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
t
he
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
olt
a
ge
i
s
m
e
a
s
ur
ed
a
t
the
o
t
her
e
n
d
of
t
e
r
m
i
na
l
w
i
nd
i
ng.
T
he
c
o
m
pa
r
i
so
n
o
f
in
put
a
nd
o
utpu
t
si
gn
al
s
g
e
nera
t
e
s
a
un
i
que
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
espo
nse
w
h
i
c
h
ca
n
be
c
o
m
par
e
d
to
a
r
e
f
e
r
enc
e
da
ta.
This
t
es
t
sy
stem
i
s
an
o
ff-line
sys
t
em
f
o
r
ide
n
tif
yin
g
w
i
nd
ing
m
o
ve
m
e
nts
suc
h
a
s
due
t
o
dam
a
ge
f
r
o
m
tr
an
sp
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
B
es
id
es
t
hi
s,
o
th
e
r
c
au
se
s
o
f
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
mo
ve
me
nt
a
r
e
f
r
o
m
the
su
bje
c
t
i
o
n
to
l
ow
i
mpe
d
a
n
ce
t
hr
ou
gh
f
a
u
l
t
s,
o
r
ge
n
e
r
a
l
l
o
ose
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
he
cl
amp
i
ng
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
b
r
o
ught
o
n
b
y
th
e
n
o
r
ma
l
e
f
fe
ct
s
o
f
a
g
i
ng
i
n
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
s
[
12]
.
The
com
p
ar
iso
n
to
t
he
earlier
FRA
f
i
ng
erp
r
in
ts wh
i
ch
i
s
th
e b
a
se
li
ne d
a
t
a i
s
a
n
e
ffe
c
t
i
ve
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
e
t
o
dete
c
t
t
he
w
in
di
n
g
d
a
m
a
g
es.
I
n
[
16]
,
Ryder
has
ac
k
now
l
e
dge
d
m
a
ny
in
t
e
r
n
a
l
f
a
u
l
t
s
dur
ing
his
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
by
ap
p
l
y
i
ng
f
r
e
que
ncy
r
e
spo
n
se
a
nal
y
sis
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
He
u
se
d
Cr
oss-
Cor
r
elat
io
n
C
o
effi
c
i
e
n
t
F
a
c
t
o
r
(
C
CF)
tec
h
ni
q
u
e
to
a
na
ly
ze
t
he
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
y
i
n
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
.
T
h
e
C
C
F
i
s
a
m
e
t
h
o
d
t
o
me
asur
e
the
leve
l
o
f
r
ela
t
io
nsh
i
p
be
t
w
ee
n
two
v
a
riab
le
s.
I
n
this
c
a
s
e,
it
i
s
u
s
e
d
t
o
e
sta
b
l
i
s
h
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
h
e effec
t
of shor
t
c
i
rc
uit fault
on on
e
wind
in
g t
o
othe
r
w
i
ndings
in
FRA (N. F
.
M
.
Y
a
sid)
58
7
o
r
i
g
in
al
f
i
n
g
e
rp
r
i
n
t
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
me
r’
s
re
s
p
o
n
s
e
.
T
h
e
co
rre
l
a
ti
on
c
o
e
ff
i
c
i
e
nt
c
a
n
b
e
any
v
a
lu
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
−
1
.
00
a
nd
+
1
.
00.
T
h
e
v
al
ue
o
f
−1.
00
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
ts
a
p
er
f
ect
n
e
g
a
t
ive
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
w
hi
le
no
c
o
r
r
elat
i
o
n
is
0
.
0
0
and
a
pe
rfe
c
t
pos
i
tiv
e
corre
la
tio
n
i
s
a
t
+1.0
0
[17
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
ta
ine
d
r
es
u
l
t
s
p
r
e
se
nt
e
d
i
n
[1
7]
w
e
r
e
in
ter
p
r
e
te
d
usi
n
g
thre
e
t
e
ch
n
i
qu
es.
These
a
r
e
the
Ch
ine
s
e
s
t
andar
d
D
L-
91
1/2
0
0
4
t
e
c
h
n
i
que,
Cr
oss-
C
o
r
r
e
la
t
i
on
C
oe
ff
icie
n
t
F
actor
(
C
C
F
)
t
ec
hn
ique
a
n
d
t
he
R
2
rela
ti
ve
f
ac
tor
tec
h
ni
q
u
e
.
The
CCF
m
eth
o
d
s
hows
a
be
tter
se
ns
i
t
i
v
ity
i
n
de
t
e
c
t
i
ng
t
h
e
t
u
r
n
t
o
tur
n
f
a
u
l
t
c
om
par
e
d
t
o
C
hi
nese
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
D
L-
911
/2
00
4
and
R
2
err
o
r te
ch
n
i
que
s.
A
u
t
hor
s
in
[
1
8
]
als
o
h
a
v
e
pr
o
pose
d
s
e
v
e
r
al
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
f
or
l
oca
t
ing
t
h
e
i
n
t
er-d
isc
fa
ul
t
w
i
t
h
in
t
he
tr
a
n
sf
or
m
e
r
w
i
nd
i
n
g
usi
n
g
F
R
A
.
A
t
the
be
gi
n
n
i
n
g,
CCF
i
s
use
d
t
o
c
a
l
cu
late
t
he
d
e
g
ree
o
f
d
ev
ia
ti
on
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
the
nor
m
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
spo
n
se
s
w
ith
f
a
u
lt
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g.
A
fter
w
a
rd,
ve
ct
or
f
itt
i
ng
al
gor
i
t
h
m
and
N
y
quis
t
p
l
o
t
ar
e
e
m
plo
y
e
d
t
o
d
e
tec
t
t
he
i
n
t
er
-
d
isc
fa
u
l
t
loc
a
t
io
n
o
n
t
he
w
i
n
din
g
s.
I
n
r
e
f
e
r
enc
e
[
19]
,
the
r
e
sea
r
cher
s
had
im
pr
o
v
ed
t
he
d
i
a
gn
os
is
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
or
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
r
e
spo
n
se
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
.
Th
e
y
h
av
e
e
m
p
l
oy
ed
s
p
e
c
t
ra
l
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
m
e
t
hods
i
n
th
ei
r
r
esea
rch.
F
irst
ly,
t
h
e
Discr
e
te
F
our
i
e
r
T
r
a
n
sfo
r
m
(D
FT
)
wa
s
ap
p
l
i
e
d
to
e
st
i
m
at
e
t
h
e
fre
qu
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
.
H
o
w
ev
er,
i
t
wa
s
l
a
ck
ing
l
o
w
an
d
med
i
u
m
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
c
o
mpo
n
e
n
ts.
To o
v
e
r
pow
e
r
t
he
p
r
o
b
l
em
,
S
y
nt
he
t
i
c
S
p
e
c
t
ra
l
A
n
aly
s
is
(
S
S
A)
m
eth
o
d
w
as
p
r
o
pose
d
.
The
S
S
A
w
a
s
base
d
on
c
ut-
a
nd-
c
onc
a
t
e
n
a
t
i
o
n
me
th
od
(
C
C
M
)
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
q
u
a
li
t
y
fre
qu
ency
r
e
s
pon
se
s
an
d
then
ut
i
l
iz
e
the
l
og
f
r
eque
ncy
i
n
t
e
r
pola
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
a bala
nce
d
c
omp
a
r
i
s
o
n
over
the
w
h
o
l
e
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
r
a
n
g
e.
T
her
e
a
f
ter
,
a
t
w
hic
h
pha
se
t
he
d
ef
ec
t
i
ve
w
i
n
di
n
g
o
c
c
ur
r
e
d
w
a
s
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
.
2.
3.
Th
eor
y
o
f
magn
e
t
ic
f
or
c
e
s
af
f
e
c
t
in
g
tran
sf
orme
r
wi
n
d
i
n
g
d
u
r
in
g sh
or
t
circu
it
f
au
lt
A
m
a
gnetic
c
i
r
cui
t
c
an
b
e
de
f
i
ne
d
as
t
he
c
lo
sed
pa
th
t
r
a
ce
d
by
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
l
i
n
e
s
o
f
f
l
u
x
.
A
s
i
m
p
l
e
m
a
gne
tic
c
i
r
cu
it
f
or
a
t
hr
e
e
-
p
ha
se
c
or
e
ty
pe
t
r
a
ns
for
m
er
c
ons
i
s
t
s
o
f
a
cro
s
s-se
ct
ion
a
l
a
r
e
a
,
A
w
ith
m
2
u
nit
a
nd
a
m
ean
l
en
gt
h
of
t
he
m
ag
net
i
c
p
a
t
h,
l
w
hi
c
h
i
s
the
fl
ux
t
h
r
o
ug
h
i
n
m
et
er.
Also
c
o
n
sis
t
o
f
a
coi
l
o
f
N
t
ur
ns
wh
i
c
h
i
s
w
ound
o
n e
a
c
h
sid
e
o
f
th
e
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
me
r
l
i
m
b
s
an
d
ex
c
it
e
d
by
a
s
u
p
p
l
y c
u
r
r
e
nt
,
I
thr
ou
g
h
t
he
c
o
i
l.
T
his
c
u
r
r
e
nt
c
ar
r
y
in
g
c
o
il
pr
od
uc
e
s
f
lu
x,
Φ
w
hi
ch
c
o
m
p
l
et
es
i
t
s
p
at
h
th
roug
h
th
e
co
r
e
a
s
shown
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
s
a
nal
o
go
us
t
o
a
sim
p
l
e
m
a
gne
ti
c
c
i
r
c
ui
t
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3,
w
h
e
r
e
a
s
u
p
p
l
y
m
a
gne
t
o
m
o
t
ive
for
c
e
(
M
MF
)
dr
i
v
e
s
f
l
u
x
w
h
ich
com
p
le
tes
i
t
s
pat
h
t
hr
ou
g
h
a
c
lo
se
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
or
h
a
v
in
g
r
e
sist
a
n
ce
ca
l
l
ed
a
s
re
l
u
ct
a
n
ce
,
R
.
F
i
gur
e
s
b
e
l
ow
s
how
a
c
or
e
o
f
a
t
hr
ee
-
p
hase
t
r
a
ns
for
m
er
a
n
d
i
ts
e
q
uiva
len
t
m
ag
ne
t
i
c
c
i
r
c
ui
t.
E
nd-
to-
En
d
F
R
A
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
se
t
up
w
a
s
co
n
duc
t
e
d
a
t
p
hase
A
w
hi
c
h
i
s
t
h
e
r
i
gh
t-
side
lim
b
of
t
he
c
or
e
.
P
h
a
se
B
i
s
the
ce
n
t
e
r
lim
b
while p
ha
se C
is the
left
s
i
d
e
limb.
F
i
gur
e
2.
F
RA
m
ea
sur
e
m
e
nt
a
t
pha
se
A
F
igur
e
3.
E
q
u
i
v
ale
n
t
ma
gne
ti
c c
i
rcui
t of
F
R
A
me
asur
e
m
e
n
t
at
pha
se
A
wh
ere,
R
B
=
Rel
uc
tanc
e
of
c
entr
a
l
l
im
b,
phase
B
R
C
=
R
e
l
uc
t
a
nc
e
of
l
e
f
t
si
de
l
i
m
b,
phase
C
ᶩ
B
= Len
g
th
o
f cen
tral limb
, p
has
e
B
ᶩ
C
=
Le
n
g
t
h
o
f
lef
t
sid
e
li
mb
, p
h
a
se
C
=
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
p
er
me
ab
i
l
i
t
y
A
=
C
r
o
ss-
sec
t
i
ona
l
ar
e
a
r
ef
er
t
o
t
h
e
ge
ome
t
r
y
o
f
m
a
gne
t
i
c
c
o
r
e
The
ex
pr
e
s
s
i
o
n
o
f
f
l
u
x
i
s
ve
r
y
m
uch
li
ke
t
he
e
xpr
es
sion
f
o
r
cur
r
e
nt
i
n
a
n
e
lec
t
r
i
cal
c
ir
c
u
i
t
.
Mea
n
wh
il
e
, e
l
ectr
o
mo
ti
v
e
force
(
EMF
)
i
s s
i
mil
a
r
to
t
h
e
MMF and
r
e
si
sta
n
ce
is
a
na
lo
go
us
t
o
the
r
e
l
u
c
t
a
n
ce
.
I
f
in
a
n
e
l
ec
tr
ica
l
c
ir
cu
it
,
E
M
F
dr
i
v
es
c
ur
r
e
n
t
t
hr
ou
g
h
t
he
c
i
r
cui
t,
i
n
a
m
a
g
n
e
t
ic
c
ir
c
u
i
t
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
fo
r
m
e
r
,
M
M
F
dr
ive
s
t
he
f
l
u
x
t
h
r
o
ug
h
t
h
e
c
i
r
c
ui
t.
I
n
t
h
e
o
r
y
,
the
cor
e
r
el
uc
t
anc
e
i
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
na
l
to
t
he
l
e
n
gt
h
o
f
t
he
f
l
u
x
p
a
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
or
e
,
a
nd
i
n
v
e
r
s
e
l
y
pr
op
or
ti
ona
l
to
t
he
c
r
o
ss-
sec
t
i
o
nal
ar
ea
of
t
he
c
or
e
[
2
0]
.
The
r
e
lat
i
onsh
i
p
is g
ive
n
a
s (
1
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
585
–
5
93
58
8
∝
(1)
Th
e
re
lu
ct
a
n
ce
p
ara
m
e
t
e
r
i
s
no
t
onl
y
i
n
flu
e
n
c
e
by
t
h
e
l
eng
t
h
an
d
c
r
o
ss-se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
r
ea
,
b
u
t
al
so
o
n
th
e
perm
ea
bi
l
i
t
y
,
µ
o
f
t
h
e
ma
terial.
Per
m
e
a
bility
i
n
d
ic
ate
s
t
he
a
bi
lit
y
o
f
e
a
s
ine
s
s
o
f
a
m
ateria
l
i
n
p
ass
i
n
g
t
he
ma
gnet
i
c
line
s
o
f
f
o
r
c
e
a
n
d
a
de
gree
o
f
th
e
sim
p
lic
i
t
y
fo
r
the
core
t
o
b
e
m
agnet
i
ze
d.
T
he
p
er
me
ab
ilit
y
i
s
in
versel
y
pr
op
ort
i
o
n
a
l
t
o
the
reluc
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
core.
In
w
hich,
t
h
e
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
µ
,
the
m
o
re
f
lu
x
li
nes
ca
n
e
a
s
i
l
y
b
e
cre
a
ted,
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
flu
x
w
il
l
f
l
o
w
i
n
the
c
o
r
e
.
The
m
easure
d
f
lu
x,
Φ
i
n t
h
e
c
o
re
i
s
prop
or
ti
ona
l to
the
MMF
t
ha
t
dri
v
e
forc
es
i
n
the
m
a
g
n
e
tic
c
ircu
it,
a
nd
i
n
v
er
sel
y
pro
por
ti
o
n
al
t
o
t
h
e
re
l
u
c
t
a
n
ce
of
t
he
c
o
r
e
[2
1]
.
Φ∝
(
2
)
A
m
a
gnet
i
c
c
i
rc
uit
th
at
h
as
m
ore
tha
n
o
ne
f
l
u
x
pa
t
h
i
s
k
now
n
a
s
p
a
r
al
l
e
l
m
a
g
n
e
tic
c
i
r
c
uit.
I
n
t
h
e
ca
se
o
f
para
l
l
e
l
e
l
e
ctr
i
c
c
i
r
c
ui
t,
t
he
c
urr
e
n
t
t
h
r
ou
gh
e
a
c
h
r
e
s
i
s
tanc
e
is
d
i
f
fe
re
nt
w
h
i
le
t
he
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
c
r
oss
the
m
is
t
he
s
am
e.
I
n
par
a
l
l
el
m
agn
e
tic
c
i
r
cu
i
t
,
t
h
e
flu
x
p
a
s
s
thr
oug
h
di
ffere
n
t
r
e
luc
t
a
n
c
e
s
wi
t
h
s
am
e
M
M
F
acr
o
s
s
them
.
Mea
n
in
g
t
h
e
M
M
F
require
d
to
p
ass
fl
ux
t
hr
o
u
g
h
i
s
the
sa
me
i
n
e
a
c
h
limb.
B
y
ca
n
c
e
l
i
n
g
ou
t
t
h
e
M
M
F
for
bo
th
s
ide
s
w
il
l
gi
ve t
he
e
xpre
ssi
on (
3
) be
lo
w
:
Φ
,
Φ
Φ
Φ
(
3
)
The
Ф
B
a
n
d
R
B
s
t
a
nd
s
f
o
r
f
l
ux
a
nd
r
el
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
in
p
h
a
se
B
.
Ac
co
rd
i
ng
t
o
F
ara
d
a
y’s
La
w
,
E
M
F
in
duc
ed
i
n
t
r
an
sform
e
r
is prop
o
rt
io
na
l to
t
he
ra
t
e
of cha
n
g
e
of
m
agne
t
i
c
fl
u
x
and
the
N
t
urns of w
i
nd
i
ng [22].
(
4
)
The
mi
nus
s
i
g
n
i
s
i
n
a
c
c
o
rda
n
ce
w
ith
L
e
n
z’
s
La
w
as
t
he
i
nd
uce
d
E
M
F
w
o
u
l
d
pro
d
u
ce
a
c
urre
nt
i
n
su
ch
a
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
a
s
t
o
o
ppos
e
a
n
y
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
fl
u
x
Φ
t
h
r
ou
gh
t
h
e
c
i
r
cui
t
.
Aft
e
r
de
ri
v
a
t
i
on
,
b
ack
E
M
F
deve
l
op
in
t
o
th
e
r
ela
t
i
ons
h
i
p
as
b
e
l
ow
[23]
,
4
.44
Φ
m
(5)
wher
e,
N
= N
umbe
r of
t
urns i
n a
w
i
ndi
ng
Φ
m
= Ma
x
imum
flu
x
i
n
t
he
c
ore
in
W
e
b
e
r
f
=
F
re
quenc
y
of a
c
i
n
p
u
t,
5
0
H
z
A
t
norm
a
l
co
n
d
i
tio
n,
a
ll
bac
k
E
MF
f
or
a
l
l
w
in
d
i
n
g
s
a
r
e
fu
l
l
y
in
d
u
ce
d.
I
n
other
w
o
rd,
the
ba
ck
E
MF
are
10
0%
i
ndu
c
e
d.
T
h
e
oret
ic
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
m
o
re
t
ur
ns
i
n
the
c
o
i
l
,
th
e
bi
gg
e
r
t
he
b
ac
k
EM
F
a
n
d
th
e
big
g
e
r
w
i
ll
b
e
the
t
i
m
e
d
e
l
a
y
t
o
rea
c
h
m
a
x
i
mum
curre
nt
[
21].
Whe
n
a
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
a
ul
t
o
c
cu
rs
a
t
a
wi
n
d
i
ng
,
t
h
e
nu
mb
e
r
o
f
tur
n
s at
t
he
w
i
n
d
i
ng dec
r
ea
se
s,
t
hus
t
he
pro
d
u
ce
d ba
c
k
EM
F
also
de
c
re
ases.
3.
RESEARCH
M
ETH
O
D
A
thre
e-p
h
a
s
e
exper
i
m
e
nta
l
t
r
a
nsfor
m
e
r
w
it
h
ra
tin
g
of
3
60
V
A
,
2
4
0/
360
V
i
s
u
s
ed
i
n
thi
s
s
tu
dy
.
The
trans
f
or
me
r
is
m
easure
d
u
sin
g
a
s
ta
nd
ar
d
te
st
c
on
fig
u
rat
i
o
n
a
s
given
in
I
EEE
s
t
andar
d
,
which
i
s
e
nd-
to-end
ope
n
c
i
rc
ui
t
te
st
[
24].
It
i
s
a
per
phase
o
p
e
n
c
i
rcu
i
t
m
easure
m
e
n
t
.
A
s
t
h
e
t
e
r
m
a
l
l
u
d
e
t
o
,
t
h
e
p
e
r
p
h
a
s
e
mea
s
u
r
emen
t
a
i
me
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
pa
rt
i
c
u
l
ar
p
h
a
se
o
f
a
windi
ng
.
It
i
s
p
e
rfo
r
med
by
i
nj
e
c
t
i
ng
a
s
in
u
s
oi
d
a
l
e
x
cit
a
t
i
o
n
vo
lta
ge
w
ith
a
c
on
t
i
n
uou
sl
y
inc
r
ea
si
ng
f
re
q
u
enc
y
a
s
an
i
n
put
s
i
gna
l
t
o
o
ne
t
e
r
mina
l
o
f
t
he
p
hase
w
in
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
en
t
he
out
put
v
olt
a
ge
i
s
measu
r
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
ot
h
e
r
en
d
t
e
rmi
n
al
o
f
t
h
e
sam
e
w
in
di
n
g
.
It
i
s
per
f
orm
e
d
us
in
g
a
n
S
F
RA
test se
t
w
h
i
c
h i
s
F
RA
N
E
O
80
0 from
O
M
IC
RO
N
. The s
tu
d
y
is
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d b
y
me
a
s
uri
ng a
n
d
c
o
m
p
arin
g
the F
R
A
re
spo
n
se
bef
ore
and
a
f
ter
the pr
ese
n
ce
of sh
ort-cir
c
uit
f
au
lt
s
.
I
n
t
hi
s
st
u
dy,
t
he
F
RA
m
ea
su
r
e
m
e
nt
i
s
c
o
nd
ucte
d
a
t
pha
se
A
o
f
t
h
e
HV
wi
nd
ing
whil
e
t
h
e
fau
l
t
i
s
app
l
ied
a
t
t
he
L
V
w
i
nd
i
ng
o
f
pha
se
a
,
b
an
d
c
conse
c
u
t
i
v
e
ly.
Th
is
i
s
to
o
bs
e
r
ve
w
he
th
e
r
f
a
u
lt
a
t
w
in
di
n
g
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
p
h
a
se
s
can
actu
a
lly
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
re
spons
e
of
m
ea
su
red
p
h
a
se
.
The
s
hor
t
c
a
u
ses
t
h
e
w
i
nd
i
n
g
t
o
l
ose
i
t
s
numbe
r of t
urn
s
by
a th
ir
d.
This is shown in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
h
e effec
t
of shor
t
c
i
rc
uit fault
on on
e
wind
in
g t
o
othe
r
w
i
ndings
in
FRA (N. F
.
M
.
Y
a
sid)
58
9
F
i
gur
e
4.
T
he
e
xpe
r
i
me
nt
a
l
t
hr
ee
-
phase
t
r
a
ns
f
o
r
m
e
r
u
sed
i
n
t
his
p
aper
i
s
m
a
nu
fa
c
t
ur
e
d
b
y
K
O
S
.
The
t
r
ans
f
or
m
e
r
can
b
e
con
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
se
ver
a
l
vec
t
or
g
r
o
u
p
due
t
o
its
o
pe
n
ter
m
i
n
al
c
har
a
c
t
er
is
t
i
c.
T
he
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er
deta
i
l
s
ar
e
give
n
in
Table
1.
Tab
l
e
1. Basic
deta
i
l of t
he
e
x
p
erim
en
tal
t
r
a
n
sform
e
r
Attribute
s
D
e
t
a
ils
Mode
l
K
TS
10MT-3/360
V
A
Cap
aci
t
y
T
h
r
ee-
p
h
a
s
e
,
O
p
e
n
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
tra
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
of
360VA
H
i
gh
volta
ge
w
inding
240
V
D
e
lt
a c
onnec
t
e
d
L
o
w
volta
ge
w
inding
3
×
60
V
St
a
r
c
onn
ec
t
e
d
Cu
r
r
e
n
t
2
A
The
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
i
s
dis
c
usse
d
i
n
t
hr
ee
l
e
v
e
l
s.
I
ni
t
i
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
FR
A
mea
s
u
r
emen
t
i
s
t
a
k
e
n
a
t
e
ach
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
p
h
ase.
T
her
e
a
f
ter
,
t
h
e
p
r
e
sence
of
t
he
i
nte
r
na
l
sh
o
r
t-
c
i
r
cui
t
f
a
u
l
t
i
s
de
c
i
de
d
b
y
c
om
par
i
ng
t
h
e
F
R
A
r
e
spo
n
se
s
be
fo
r
e
a
nd
a
f
t
e
r
t
he
f
a
u
l
t
h
as
o
cc
ur
r
e
d.
L
ast
l
y,
t
he
ef
fe
ct
o
f
f
a
u
l
t
o
c
c
u
rred
a
t
o
t
h
e
r
w
i
ndi
ng
ph
a
s
es
on
the
m
e
a
s
ur
ed
pha
se
i
s
a
n
al
yse
d
.
This
i
s
t
h
e
m
a
j
o
r
contr
i
b
u
t
i
on
i
n
t
h
i
s
pa
per
.
T
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
s
t
w
o
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
(
H
V
a
n
d
L
V
)
p
e
r
c
o
r
e
l
i
m
b
o
r
p
e
r
p
h
a
s
e
.
T
h
e
LV
w
i
n
di
ng
i
tse
l
f
i
s
c
on
st
ruc
t
e
d
o
f
th
ree
sep
a
rat
e
a
nd
i
d
e
nti
c
a
l
w
i
n
d
i
ngs.
S
i
nce
the
s
e
w
i
nd
i
n
g
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
c
o
n
n
ec
ted,
t
hi
s
all
o
ws
u
s
t
o
c
r
eate
shor
t
circ
ui
t
fa
u
l
t
b
y
s
h
o
r
ti
n
g
th
e
mi
dd
l
e
s
e
c
ti
on
o
f
t
h
e
LV
w
i
n
di
ng
.
Th
i
s
is
a
s
show
n
in
F
i
gur
e
4.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
(a
)
,
a
s
ho
r
t
a
nd
t
h
i
n
c
a
bl
e
was
conn
e
c
t
ed
a
t
t
h
e
t
e
rmi
n
a
l
s
t
hu
s
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
1/
3
of
t
h
e
t
ot
al
L
V
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
to
b
e
s
hor
ted.
F
i
gur
e
4
(
b
)
show
s
the
sc
h
e
ma
ti
c
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
of
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
c
ir
cu
it
f
au
l
t
i
n
t
h
e
sec
o
n
d
ar
y
win
d
i
n
g
o
f
a
D
y
1
1
c
on
nec
t
e
d
t
r
a
nsf
o
r
m
er
.
(a)
(
b
)
F
i
gur
e
4.
(
a)
S
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
fa
ult
s
i
m
u
l
a
te
d
on
phase
a
o
f
LV
w
i
n
d
in
g,
(
b)
S
c
h
em
at
ic
d
i
a
gr
am
o
f
shor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
f
a
u
l
t
on
p
h
a
s
e
a
of
L
V
w
i
ndi
n
g
4.
INTERWIND
I
N
G
S
C
F
A
U
L
T
DIAG
N
O
S
I
S
The
f
o
cus
in
t
hi
s
st
ud
y
is
t
o
obse
r
ve
t
he
f
r
e
que
nc
y
r
e
spo
n
se
a
t
t
he
l
ow
f
r
e
que
ncy
r
e
g
i
o
n
.
Th
is
i
s
be
cau
se
t
he
s
h
o
rt
c
irc
u
it
fau
l
t
affect
s
t
h
e
m
a
gne
t
i
c
fl
u
x
,
flu
x
p
a
t
h
an
d
a
s
a
c
onse
q
u
e
nce
i
n
f
l
ue
nci
ng
t
h
e
r
e
spo
n
se
a
t
t
h
e
low
fr
e
que
ncy
r
e
gio
n
o
r
the
f
i
r
s
t
an
tir
es
on
an
c
e
[
2
5
]
.
4
.
1
.
Mea
s
uremen
t
o
n
pha
se A
,
fa
u
l
t a
t
w
ind
i
ng
p
ha
se
A
Ini
t
i
a
lly,
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
urem
ent
was
con
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
sa
me
p
ha
se
a
s
t
he
l
o
c
ati
o
n
o
f
t
he
S
C
f
a
u
l
t
.
T
he
m
e
a
s
ur
ed
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
e
s
po
ns
es
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
5.
T
he
r
esu
lts
s
ho
w
a
ver
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
nt
c
ha
n
g
e
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
spo
n
se
w
he
n
t
h
e
w
i
nd
i
ng
i
s
f
a
u
l
t
y.
T
he
r
esp
onse
a
t
l
ow
f
r
e
que
n
c
y
re
gi
on
e
xt
re
me
l
y
s
hi
ft
ed
t
o
t
h
e
ri
gh
t
.
Th
is
i
s
ma
in
ly
due
t
o
t
h
e
am
ou
n
t
o
f
f
l
ux
c
r
ea
ted
i
n
c
or
e.
S
uch
ma
j
o
r
c
h
ange
c
a
n
b
e
e
x
pl
a
i
ne
d
fr
om
t
he
(
6)
[4
],
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
5
8
5
–
5
93
59
0
Φ
∝
NI
(6
)
Th
e
a
m
ou
nt
o
f
f
l
ux
,
Φ
i
s
di
re
ct
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
ona
l
t
o
t
h
e
p
ro
duc
t
o
f
t
he
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
t
u
r
ns
,
N
a
nd
cur
r
en
t
fl
o
w
i
n
the
wi
n
d
i
n
g,
I
.
B
a
sica
l
l
y,
s
h
o
r
t
circ
uit
fa
ult
wit
h
in
t
he
w
i
n
di
n
g
cause
s
th
e
num
ber
of
t
ur
ns
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
.
A
s
t
he
num
ber
of
t
ur
ns
d
e
c
r
e
ases,
t
h
e
fl
u
x
p
r
o
du
ce
d
in
t
he
c
o
il
a
l
so
d
e
c
re
as
es.
Th
ere
f
o
r
e
,
i
n
th
e
re
sponse
,
t
he
a
m
oun
t
o
f
s
hi
f
t
f
or
t
he
f
ir
s
t
r
eson
a
n
ce
is
s
ign
i
f
i
c
a
n
t.
F
i
gur
e
5.
F
r
eque
nc
y
r
e
spo
n
se
o
f
m
easur
em
e
n
t
a
t
p
hase
A
w
it
h
S
C
at
pha
se
A
(
Righ
t-
si
d
e
l
i
m
b)
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
fa
ul
t,
t
he
m
a
g
ne
t
i
z
i
n
g
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
ce
of
t
he
r
i
ght
-
s
ide
c
or
e
l
i
m
b
i
s
dr
a
s
t
i
ca
ll
y
r
e
duce
d
a
n
d
ther
efor
e
the
m
a
gni
t
ude
o
f
tr
ansfe
r
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
cr
ease
s
i
n
the
l
ow
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
r
an
ge
.
Th
is
a
lso
ca
use
s
t
he
f
ir
st
an
t
i
r
eson
an
c
e
(
v
a
ll
e
y
)
t
o
b
e
shi
f
t
e
d
t
o
t
he
r
i
g
h
t
s
i
d
e
o
r
t
o
hi
gher
fr
e
q
ue
nc
y.
T
h
e
l
a
r
ge
a
mo
u
n
t
o
f
sh
ift
is
a
ffe
c
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
m
a
g
n
et
iz
in
g
ind
u
c
t
a
n
ce
of
t
he
l
i
m
b
of
t
h
e
c
o
r
e
c
a
u
se
d
by
t
h
e
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
in
t
he
se
co
ndar
y
w
i
n
din
g
.
4
.
2
.
Mea
s
uremen
t
o
n
pha
se A
,
fa
u
l
t a
t
w
ind
i
ng
p
ha
se
B
I
n
t
he
s
ec
on
d
case
,
t
he
s
h
o
r
t
c
ir
c
u
i
t
f
a
u
lt
is
a
pp
l
i
ed
i
n
the
s
e
c
o
nda
r
y
w
i
ndi
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
dd
l
e
lim
b
or
p
h
a
s
e
B
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
F
R
A
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
o
n
p
h
a
s
e
A
a
s
b
e
f
or
e.
T
he
m
e
a
sur
e
d
r
e
sp
onse
s
a
r
e
show
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
6.
F
i
gur
e
6.
F
r
e
quenc
y
r
e
spo
n
se
o
f
me
asur
em
ent
at
p
ha
se
A
w
ith
S
C
at
p
h
a
s
e
B
(
M
i
d
d
l
e
l
i
m
b
)
F
i
gur
e
6
s
how
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
ges
on
t
he
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
e
t
w
e
en
1
0
H
z
a
nd
3
0
k
H
z
.
L
o
w
fr
e
q
ue
ncy
r
e
gi
o
n
o
f
the
r
e
sp
ons
e
i
s
d
omina
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
ma
gne
t
i
z
i
ng
i
n
duc
ta
nc
e.
I
t
is
s
how
n
to
b
e
s
h
ifte
d
to
t
he
r
i
g
h
t
s
ide
t
o
wards
hi
g
h
er
f
r
e
que
n
c
y.
T
his
oc
cur
r
e
d
due
t
o
t
h
e
ma
gnet
i
c
f
o
r
c
e
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
on
the
t
r
ansf
or
m
e
r
win
d
i
n
g
d
ur
i
n
g
shor
t
c
i
r
c
u
it.
H
ow
ev
e
r
,
c
o
m
p
ar
ing
w
i
t
h
t
he
p
r
e
vi
o
u
s
c
a
se
w
her
e
t
he
f
a
u
l
t
is
a
t
p
h
ase
A
,
t
he
c
h
a
nge
s
o
f
r
e
s
ponse
i
n
the
sec
o
nd
c
a
s
e
is
m
uch
less.
T
hi
s
is
m
a
i
n
l
y
due
t
o
t
h
e
fa
ul
t
i
s
n
o
t
l
o
ca
te
d
at
t
he
s
am
e
ph
a
s
e
of
t
he
m
ea
sur
e
d
re
s
p
o
n
s
e
.
4
.
3
.
Mea
s
uremen
t
o
n
pha
se A
,
fa
u
l
t a
t
w
ind
i
ng
p
ha
se
C
F
i
gur
e
7
s
how
s
the
fr
e
que
nc
y
r
e
spo
n
se
w
h
e
n
fa
ult
oc
c
u
r
r
e
d
in
t
h
e
LV
w
ind
i
ng
o
f
th
e
l
e
ft-sid
e
li
mb
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
r
e
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
a
t
p
h
a
s
e
C
.
A
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
c
a
s
e
,
t
h
e
m
easur
em
ent
i
s
s
ti
ll
c
o
nd
uc
t
e
d
on
H
V
w
i
ndi
n
g
of
p
h
a
se
A
.
Whi
l
e
t
h
e
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
f
a
ul
t
is
a
pp
l
i
ed
i
n
the
s
e
c
onda
r
y
w
in
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
lef
t
-
s
i
d
e
l
i
m
b
.
Th
is
i
s
to
obs
er
ve
w
het
h
er
f
ault
a
t
w
in
d
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
ot
her
pha
se
c
ou
l
d
i
n
f
lue
n
ce
t
h
e
F
R
A
measu
remen
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
h
e effec
t
of shor
t
c
i
rc
uit fault
on on
e
wind
in
g t
o
othe
r
w
i
ndings
in
FRA (N. F
.
M
.
Y
a
sid)
59
1
F
i
gur
e
7.
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
fr
eq
uenc
y
r
e
sponse
o
f
m
e
a
sur
e
me
nt
a
t
pha
se
A
with
S
C at ph
a
se C (Lef
t
-s
id
e limb
)
The
r
e
sp
onse
of
p
ha
se
A
,
w
i
nd
i
ng
is
s
een
t
o
be
a
f
f
e
c
te
d
b
y
t
he
sh
or
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
fa
u
lt
on
th
e
sec
onda
r
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
h
a
se
C
.
Th
i
s
i
s
ma
inly
d
ue
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
gne
tic
f
or
ce
e
f
fec
t
dur
in
g
s
hor
t
circ
u
i
t.
T
h
e
i
n
itia
l
a
n
tire
s
o
n
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
resp
on
s
e
i
s
s
lig
h
tly
s
hif
t
e
d
t
o
the
r
i
g
h
t
w
h
e
n
c
o
m
pa
r
e
d
w
ith
t
he
n
or
ma
l
r
e
spo
n
se
.
N
e
ver
t
he
le
ss,
the
de
gr
e
e
o
f
s
h
i
f
tin
g
is
l
e
s
se
r
w
h
en
c
ompa
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t
i
s
a
t
p
h
a
s
e
B
.
Th
is
i
s
be
ca
us
e
the
fa
ul
t
o
c
c
u
rr
ed
a
t
ph
ase
C
win
d
i
n
g
i
s
loc
a
te
d
f
u
r
t
he
r
aw
a
y
f
r
o
m
the
me
asur
e
d
w
i
n
di
n
g
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
A.
F
i
gur
e
8.
M
eas
ur
e
d
f
r
e
q
u
enc
y
r
e
s
ponse
o
f
p
h
a
se
A
(
R
i
g
h
t
s
i
d
e
li
mb
)
The
c
o
mp
a
r
ison
be
t
w
e
e
n
r
e
spo
n
se
s
w
h
en
t
he
f
a
u
lt
occ
u
r
s
a
t
p
h
ase
B
a
n
d
p
h
a
s
e
C
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
i
s
t
a
k
e
n
a
t
p
h
as
e
A
is
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
8.
T
he
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
a
s
o
n
w
h
y
f
a
u
l
t
a
t
p
h
a
s
e
C
c
r
ea
ted
m
o
r
e
c
ha
nge
s
on
th
e
r
e
sponse
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
the
f
a
ul
t
at
ph
a
se B is as f
o
l
lo
ws
:
µ
(
7
)
µ
(
8
)
T
o
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
t
h
i
s
,
w
e
w
i
l
l
r
e
f
e
r
t
o
(
7
)
,
(
8
)
a
n
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
F
r
o
m
F
i
gur
e
3,
w
he
n
F
R
A
m
e
a
s
ur
em
ent
is
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
at
H
V
w
i
nd
in
g o
f
p
hase
A
,
c
ur
r
e
nt f
low
s
i
n t
h
e
w
i
n
d
in
g,
and
f
l
u
x
is pr
oduc
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
r
e
.
The
fl
u
x
w
i
l
l
f
low
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
he
c
or
e
an
d
pass
thr
o
ugh
e
ach
l
i
m
b.
T
he
l
e
n
g
t
h
of
f
lu
x
pa
t
h
f
l
o
w
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
p
h
ase
A
(
s
our
c
e
)
a
nd pass thr
o
u
g
h
the ce
ntr
a
l
l
i
mb,
l
B
(
phase B
)
is
m
ea
sur
e
d
fr
om
poi
n
t
E
,
A
,
B
t
o F
.
Me
anw
h
ile,
t
h
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
flux
p
ath
fo
r
th
e
le
ft-sid
e
limb
,
l
C
(
phase
C
)
i
s
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
p
o
i
n
t
E
,
A
,
C
,
D
,
B
t
o
F
.
T
h
e
l
B
i
s
s
h
o
r
t
e
r
c
o
mpa
r
ed
t
o
th
e
pa
th
f
or
t
he
l
C
,
t
h
u
s
t
h
e
rel
u
ct
an
c
e
o
f
th
e
cen
t
r
al
l
i
m
b
R
B
i
s
l
ow
e
r
t
ha
n
R
C
a
s
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
s
(
7
)
a
nd
(8)
.
As
the reluc
t
a
n
ce o
f
t
h
e
c
en
tra
l
l
i
m
b
R
B
is
low
e
r
,
th
e flu
x
t
ha
t
pa
ss thr
o
ug
h
i
n
the
c
entr
al
Φ
B
i
s h
i
ghe
r
co
mp
ared
t
o
the fl
ux
i
n
left-sid
e
l
i
mb
Φ
C
.
N
o
w
,
it has
es
t
a
bl
i
s
he
d t
h
a
t
Φ
B
i
s
hi
gh
e
r
t
h
a
n
Φ
C
,
let relate th
e
flux
with
t
he b
ack
EMF. Tech
n
i
cally
,
t
h
e
b
a
ck
E
M
F
o
f
ph
as
e
B
i
s
h
i
g
h
e
r
co
mp
a
r
e
d
t
o
b
a
ck
E
M
F
o
f
p
h
a
s
e
C
.
T
h
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
Φ
B
i
s
h
i
ghe
r
tha
n
Φ
C
a
s
e
v
ide
n
t
in
(
5)
.
F
o
r
thi
s
r
e
a
so
n
,
t
he
r
espo
nse
of
H
V
w
i
ndi
n
g
i
n
p
h
ase
A
w
h
en
t
he
f
a
u
l
t
i
s
at
p
hase
B
i
s
mor
e
af
f
ected
c
o
m
p
a
red
to
ph
a
se C as
can
b
e
seen
i
n
Figu
re 8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
585
–
5
93
59
2
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
F
r
om
t
he
F
RA
m
e
a
sure
me
nt
s
tud
y
,
i
t
w
as
f
ou
n
d
t
ha
t
s
hor
t
circ
ui
t
f
a
u
lt
w
h
i
c
h
oc
c
u
rre
d
i
n
w
i
n
di
n
g
o
f
ot
her p
h
ases c
ou
ld ac
t
ua
l
l
y a
ff
ect
t
h
e
r
es
pon
se
of
t
h
e
me
as
u
r
e
d
w
ind
i
ng pha
se
. This
is
a
si
g
n
i
fica
nt
fi
n
d
i
ng as
ty
pic
a
l
l
y,
o
ne
w
ill
ass
u
me
t
h
a
t
the
c
h
an
ge
s
i
n
t
he
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
du
e
to
f
aul
t
y
o
n
t
h
e
me
asu
r
e
d
w
i
ndi
ng
.
Thi
s
fi
n
d
in
g
pr
ove
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
r
e
s
po
nse
ca
n
a
l
so
b
e
affec
t
e
d
b
y
fa
ul
t
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
p
h
a
se
s
as
w
el
l
.
I
t
was
al
so
f
ound
tha
t
t
he
l
oca
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
he fa
u
l
t
y
w
in
di
n
g
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ne
s
how
s
e
v
ere
i
t
is
a
ffec
t
i
ng
t
h
e
m
easure
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
.
F
rom
this
f
i
nd
i
n
g
,
i
t
c
a
n
b
e
c
on
c
l
ud
e
d
t
h
a
t
on
e
sho
u
l
d
not
s
i
m
pl
y
assu
me
th
at
t
he
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
s
pon
se
i
s
du
e
to
fa
ul
ty
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
ed
w
i
n
di
n
g
.
It
m
ay
a
lso
be
due
t
o
fa
ult
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
occ
u
rre
d
i
n
o
t
h
er
w
i
n
di
n
g
from
ot
her
phases.
ACKNOW
LEDG
E
MEN
T
S
Th
is
w
o
r
k
is
s
up
p
o
rte
d
f
ina
n
cia
l
ly
by
the
U
n
ive
r
s
i
t
i
T
u
n
H
usse
i
n
O
n
n
M
a
l
a
ysi
a
u
n
d
er
S
pecia
l
Con
t
ra
ct G
r
a
nt
vot U
4
25.
REFE
RENCES
[1
]
L. M.
R
.
O
l
i
v
e
i
r
a, A. J
.
M.
Card
o
so, an
d
S
.
M
.
A
.
Cru
z
,
“Po
we
r
tr
a
n
sfor
me
rs wind
i
n
g
fa
u
l
t dia
g
no
sis b
y
t
he
o
n-
load exciting cur
r
ent
Extended
P
ark’s Vector
A
pproach,”
El
ectr. P
o
wer
Sys
t
.
R
e
s
.
,
vol.
81,
n
o
.
6
,
pp.
1
20
6–
121
4,
20
11
.
[2
]
W. H.
Tan
g
, A.
Shin
t
e
mirov
,
and
Q
.
H.
W
u
,
“Detect
io
n
o
f
min
o
r
w
indin
g
d
e
f
ormati
on
f
au
l
t
i
n
h
i
g
h
f
re
q
u
en
cy
range f
o
r pow
e
r
trans
f
or
m
e
r,”
IEE
E
PES Gen.
Meet
.
PE
S
201
0
,
p
p
. 1
–6
, 2
01
0
.
[3]
G.
U.
Nn
a
c
h
i
,
“
Review
o
f
Diagno
stic
M
et
hods
o
f
F
r
equ
e
ncy
Re
sponse Analysis f
o
r Pow
e
r
Trans
f
or
m
e
r Wind
i
n
g,
”
IEEE
,
pp
.
56
4–
5
6
7,
2
01
6.
[4]
D.
Herm
a
nn
a
nd
G
.
A
uto
r
,
“S
ho
rt-Ci
r
c
u
it With
st
and
Capabi
li
t
y
o
f
P
o
w
er
T
ransf
o
rm
ers,
”
201
5
.
[5
]
D.
M
.
Meh
t
a,
P
. Ku
n
d
u
,
A.
Ch
o
w
dh
ury
, and
V
.
K
.
L
a
k
h
i
an
i,
“
D
GA
d
i
agnostics
save trans
f
o
rm
er
s
- Case s
tud
i
es
,”
20
15
Int.
Co
n
f
.
Con
d
.
As
sess
. T
e
ch
.
El
ectr.
S
y
st.
CAT
C
ON
201
5
- Pr
oc
.
,
pp.
1
1
6–12
0,
2
01
5.
[6]
J.
Golarz, “
U
n
de
rstandi
ng D
i
ss
o
l
ved
Gas
Anal
y
s
is
(DGA) t
ech
ni
q
u
es an
d
i
n
t
erpretatio
ns,”
Proc.
IEE
E
P
o
wer
Eng.
So
c.
T
r
ansm.
Dist
rib.
Co
n
f
.
,
v
o
l
. 2
016
–J
ul
y
,
201
6
.
[7
]
M. Bagh
e
ri
,
M.
S
. Nad
eri
,
T. B
lackb
u
rn
, and
T.
P
h
u
n
g
,
“
FRA
vs. s
h
o
r
t
c
i
rcu
i
t
im
pedan
c
e m
e
a
s
urem
en
t i
n
d
etect
io
n
of
mech
ani
cal def
ects wit
h
i
n
large p
ow
er tran
s
f
o
rm
er,”
Co
n
f
.
R
ec. I
EEE In
t. S
y
mp
.
E
l
ect
r
.
In
sul
.
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
4
,
pp.
30
1–
30
5,
2
01
2.
[8]
M
.
B
ag
heri,
M
. N
aderi,
T.
Black
b
u
rn
,
a
nd
T
.
P
hung
,
“
F
requ
en
cy
resp
ons
e anal
ys
is and
sh
o
rt
-circuit im
ped
a
nce
m
easu
r
emen
t in detect
io
n of w
i
n
d
i
n
g
d
e
f
orm
a
ti
o
n
within
power tr
ansf
orm
e
rs
,”
IEEE E
l
ectr. In
s
u
l.
M
a
g
.
,
vol.
2
9
,
n
o
. 3,
pp
.
33
–4
0,
20
1
3
.
[9
]
A.
K
ra
e
t
g
e
a
nd
M
. Krü
ge
r,
“
Fre
q
ue
n
c
y Re
spo
n
s
e
Ana
l
ys
is
– S
t
atus
o
f
t
h
e w
o
rl
dwide
s
t
andard
izat
ion
acti
v
i
t
i
e
s,”
IEEE
,
20
08.
[10
]
A
.
A.
P
andy
a and
B. R. P
arekh,
“El
ectrical
P
o
w
er and
En
e
rg
y
S
y
stem
s
In
terp
retat
i
o
n
o
f
Sweep
F
req
u
en
cy
Resp
on
se A
nalysi
s
( S
F
R
A
) t
r
aces f
o
r
th
e
op
e
n ci
rcuit an
d s
hor
t
ci
rc
u
i
t
wi
ndin
g
f
a
u
lt
dam
a
ges
of
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
tran
s
f
o
r
mer,
”
In
t. J.
Elect
r
.
Power
En
erg
y
Sys
t
.
,
v
o
l
.
62,
p
p
.
8
90–
8
9
6,
2
0
14.
[1
1]
W
. H.
Tan
g
and
Q
.
H.
W
u
,
Con
d
i
t
i
on M
o
n
itorin
g
and
As
sessm
ent of
Po
wer
T
r
ansfo
rm
ers Using
Co
mpu
t
ati
onal
Int
e
ll
ig
ence
.
2
011.
[1
2]
T
. P
.
T
ech
n
o
log
i
es, U.
St
a
t
es,
N.
E
l
ectr
i
c,
E
.
Test
i
n
g
,
an
d P
.
T
e
c
hn
olog
ie
s,
“
P
O
WER
T
R
A
NS
FOR
M
ER
FREQUENCY
R
E
SPONSE ANAL
Y
S
IS TES
T SET MO
D
E
L FR
A
-
100,” 2004.
[1
3]
D
.
Zho
u
,
Z
. L
i
,
C
.
Ke,
and
Z
.
Ha
o
, “S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
on
o
f
T
r
an
s
f
or
m
e
r Wi
ndi
ngs Mech
ani
c
a
l
Charact
eris
tic
s
D
urin
g
the
External
Shor
t
-
C
i
r
cuit Fault,”
IEE
E
,
no.
5
1
2
7
7
1
4
2
,
p
p
.
1
06
8–1
073,
201
5.
[1
4]
B
. Kasz
t
en
n
y
, M
. Th
o
mp
so
n,
a
n
d
N. F
isch
er,
“Fu
n
d
amental
s
o
f
short
-
circuit p
r
o
t
ecti
o
n
f
o
r t
r
ansfo
r
m
e
rs,”
20
10
63
rd
An
nu.
Co
nf.
Pr
o
t
. Re
l
a
y E
n
g
.
, vo
l
. 2
, no
. 3
,
pp
.
4
–
7
,
20
10
.
[1
5]
M
.
Gu
tten
, J. J
. U. R
.
Č
. Ik
,
M
.
B
rand
t
, an
d
R
.
P
o
lansky
,
“M
ech
an
ical
e
f
f
ects
o
f
sho
rt-ci
r
c
u
it
curren
t
s anal
ysis
on
aut
o
t
r
ansfo
r
m
e
r wi
ndin
g
s,
”
El
ectr.
En
g.
,
n
o
. 7
, p
p
. 27
2
–
2
7
5
, 2
01
1.
[1
6]
S
.
A.
Ryd
er and
M
. M
et
h
o
d
,
“
Diag
no
si
ng
Transform
e
r
F
a
u
l
ts
Using
F
r
eq
uen
c
y
Res
pon
se
A
nal
y
sis
,
”
IEEE Elect
r.
Ins
u
l
.
M
ag.
,
v
o
l
.
19
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
16–22
,
2
00
3.
[1
7]
S
.
M.
S
a
l
e
h
,
S
.
H
.
EL-Hoshy
, a
nd
O
.
E.
G
o
u
d
a
,
“
Prop
o
s
e
d
d
i
ag
n
o
stic m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
i
ng th
e cross-correl
a
tio
n
coef
fi
cient f
acto
r
tech
ni
qu
e f
o
r pow
er tran
s
f
o
rm
e
r
f
ault id
en
t
i
ficatio
n,”
IE
T El
ectr. P
o
wer
Appl.
, v
o
l
. 1
1,
n
o.
3,
pp
.
41
2–
42
2,
2
01
7.
[1
8]
M
.
F.
M
. You
so
f,
C
.
Ekan
ayak
e, and
T
.
K. Sah
a,
“
Loca
ting
i
n
t
er-di
s
c f
a
u
l
t
s
i
n t
r
ans
f
o
r
m
e
r
wi
nding
u
s
i
ng
f
r
equ
e
ncy
resp
ons
e anal
ys
is
,”
Po
wer E
ng.
Conf.
(
A
UPEC),
20
13
Au
st
ra
l
a
s.
U
n
iv.
,
no
.
Octob
e
r,
pp
. 1
–6
, 20
1
3
.
[
1
9
]
J
.
-
W
.
K
im,
B.
Par
k,
S
.
C
.
J
eon
g
,
S
. W
.
Ki
m,
a
nd
P
.
P
a
r
k
,
“
F
a
u
l
t
Diag
no
si
s
of
a
P
ow
er
T
ran
s
f
o
rmer
U
si
ng
an
Im
pro
v
ed
F
requ
en
cy-Res
pon
se
A
nal
y
sis,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
s
.
Po
w
e
r
D
e
li
v
.
,
v
o
l
.
20
, n
o.
1, p
p
. 16
9
–
1
7
8
,
2
00
5.
[2
0]
M
. Rad
ler,
S
. U
hrig
, an
d
J
.
L. V
C
on
t
r
e
r
as,
“Electri
cal
i
n
t
e
rf
eren
ces i
n
SF
RA
m
easu
r
emen
ts –
H
o
w
to o
v
ercom
e
un
des
i
rab
l
e
eff
e
cts
,
”
2
017.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
T
h
e effec
t
of shor
t
c
i
rc
uit fault
on on
e
wind
in
g t
o
othe
r
w
i
ndings
in
FRA (N. F
.
M
.
Y
a
sid)
59
3
[2
1]
M
.
Ceraolo
an
d D
.
P
oli,
“
M
a
gnet
i
c
Ci
rcuits
a
nd
Tran
s
f
o
rmer
s,”
F
und
am
ent
a
l
s
o
f
Elect
ri
c
Po
wer
E
ngi
neer
in
g:
F
r
o
m
Elect
roma
g
n
et
ics
to Po
wer S
y
st
ems
,
vol.
9781
118
67
9.
pp.
2
1
5
–
2
3
7
,
2
01
4.
[2
2]
L
. W
. M
a
ts
ch, “
Ind
u
ced
E
M
F
s,”
VIAS
,
2
0
1
1
.
[
On
li
ne
].
A
va
i
l
a
b
le
:
ww
w
.
e
p
in
a
s
o
f
t
.
c
o
m.
[2
3]
“
EM
F
Eq
uation o
f
th
e
Tran
s
f
o
rmer-
its
D
e
ri
vation
-
Ci
rcuit
Glob
e
,”
Ci
r
c
u
i
t
Gl
ob
e
,
20
1
6
.
.
[24]
T
.
Commit
t
ee, I
.
Power, a
nd E
. Soci
e
ty,
“I
EEE
Gui
d
e
f
o
r
th
e Ap
p
l
icati
o
n
and
In
t
e
rpret
a
tio
n
o
f
F
re
q
u
ency
R
e
sp
on
se
A
na
ly
sis
fo
r
O
il-
I
m
me
r
s
ed Transf
o
rme
r
s
IE
EE Power and
E
n
ergy
S
oci
e
ty
,
”
2
0
13.
[2
5]
V
.
S
.
L
arin
,
“
I
ntern
a
l
s
h
o
r
t
-
circuits f
au
lt
s l
o
cali
zati
on
in
t
ra
ns
form
e
r
w
in
d
i
n
g
s
us
in
g FRA
a
n
d
na
tur
a
l
fre
q
u
e
nc
ie
s
d
e
vi
ati
on
patterns
,
”
CIGRE S
t
udy C
o
mm.
A
2
Colloq.
, no
.
O
ctob
er,
p
p
.
1
–1
4
, 2
01
7
.
BIOGRAPHI
E
S
OF
AUT
HORS
Nu
rul
F
a
rah
w
ah
ida
b
t
M
d
Yas
i
d
recei
ved
h
e
r
b
achelo
r
’
s
d
eg
ree
i
n
E
l
ectri
ca
l
En
gi
neeri
ng
f
r
o
m
U
niv
e
rsi
t
i
Tun
H
u
s
s
e
i
n
Onn
M
a
laysia
(
UT
HM
)
in
20
17
.
Sh
e
i
s
currentl
y
purs
u
ing her Mas
t
er d
egree i
n
E
lect
rical Engin
eerin
g
a
t
U
nive
rs
it
i
Tun
Hu
sse
i
n
On
n
M
a
lay
s
ia.
H
e
r
res
e
a
r
ch
i
nt
erest
i
n
clu
d
e
h
i
gh
v
o
l
tage
e
quip
m
en
t
and
con
d
ition
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
ng
of
t
rans
f
o
rm
er
.
M
o
h
d
F
ai
rou
z
M
ohd
Y
o
u
s
o
f
recei
ved
B.
Eng
.
(
E
l
ectri
cal)
an
d
M
.
E
n
g
.
(Electri
c
a
l)
b
ot
h
f
r
o
m
U
niv
e
rsi
t
i
Tekn
ol
ogi
M
alay
si
a
(U
TM
)
in
2
0
0
8
an
d
2
0
1
0
,
resp
ecti
v
ely
.
H
e
i
s
a
lect
urer
a
t
the
Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
o
f
El
ectri
cal
P
ower
E
n
g
in
eerin
g
at
U
ni
versiti
T
u
n
Hussei
n
On
n
M
a
laysia
s
i
n
ce
2
0
0
9
.
He
r
ecei
ved
P
h
.
D
.
deg
r
ee
f
r
om
T
he
U
ni
v
er
s
i
t
y
o
f
Qu
eens
l
an
d,
A
ust
r
ali
a
i
n
20
15
.
Current
ly
h
e
is
on
i
ndu
st
rial
a
t
tach
m
e
nt
w
it
h
Ten
a
ga
Nas
i
o
n
al
B
erhad
Resear
ch
i
nv
ol
vi
ng
m
a
ny
research
p
roj
ects
esp
e
c
i
a
ll
y
on
c
ondition
m
o
n
i
t
o
ri
ng
of
t
rans
f
o
rm
er
.
Rahi
sh
am
b
in
A
b
d
R
ahm
a
n
was
born
in
k
edah
i
n
19
84.
H
e
receiv
e
d
M
.
E
ng
d
e
gree
i
n
elect
rical
a
nd
e
l
ect
roni
c
en
gin
e
e
r
in
g
f
r
om
C
ardi
ff
U
ni
versit
y,
UK
i
n
20
08
.
He
t
h
e
n
ob
tai
n
ed
P
h.
D
d
egree
f
r
om
C
a
r
d
i
ff
U
nivers
it
y
in
2
01
2.
H
e
is
c
u
rrentl
y
s
erv
e
d
as
a
n
acad
em
i
c
s
taff
a
t
U
n
v
e
rsiti
Tu
n
Hu
ssei
n
O
n
n
M
alays
i
a
and
ap
po
i
n
t
e
d
as
s
en
ior
Lect
urer
in
F
acul
t
y of Elec
r
t
r
ical
and
El
ectro
nic Engin
eerin
g.
Hi
day
a
t
Za
i
nud
d
i
n
(M
’13)
r
eceiv
e
d
hi
s
b
achel
or’s
d
e
g
ree
i
n
e
lec
t
r
i
cal
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
f
r
om
Un
iv
ersi
ti
T
eknol
og
i
M
a
lay
s
i
a
i
n
2
0
0
3
.
H
e
t
h
e
n
ob
tai
n
ed
h
is
M
as
t
e
r
o
f
S
ci
e
n
ce
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
E
lect
rical
P
o
w
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
wit
h
B
u
s
iness
f
r
om
U
n
i
vers
ity
o
f
S
t
ra
t
h
cl
yd
e,
G
lasg
ow,
in
200
5.
H
e
rece
iv
ed
h
i
s
P
h
.
D
d
eg
ree
f
o
rm
U
niversi
t
y
of
S
outh
a
m
p
t
on
i
n
201
3.
H
e
h
a
s
serv
ed
a
s
an
aca
d
e
m
i
c
st
a
f
f
at
U
n
i
vers
it
y
Tek
n
i
k
al
M
al
ays
i
a
M
e
l
ak
a
s
i
n
ce
2
0
0
3
and
he
is
c
urr
e
nt
ly
a
pp
ointe
d
a
s
a
se
n
i
o
r
L
e
c
t
ure
r
i
n
Fa
c
u
lty
o
f
E
le
c
t
rical
E
n
g
i
n
eerin
g
,
Univ
e
rsti
Tek
n
i
a
l
M
a
lay
s
ia
M
elak
a.
H
e
i
s
a
l
s
o
servi
n
g
as
H
ead
o
f
Hig
h
V
ol
tage
E
ngineering
Research
L
ab
or
at
ory,
U
niv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
i
k
al
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