Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
P
o
wer
Electr
onics
and
Dri
v
e
Systems
(IJPEDS)
V
ol.
6,
No.
4,
December
2015,
pp.
683
–
692
ISSN:
2088-8694
683
De
v
elopment
of
Pr
edicti
v
e
Curr
ent
Contr
oller
f
or
Multi-P
ort
DC/DC
Con
v
erter
Santhosh
T
K
and
Go
vindaraju
C
Department
of
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engineering,Go
v
ernment
Colle
ge
of
Engineering,
Salem,India
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Jul
03,
2015
Re
vised
Aug
14,
2015
Accepted
Aug
29,
2015
K
eyw
ord:
Multiple
Input
Con
v
erter
Predicti
v
e
Current
Control
Hybrid
Electric
V
ehicle
Ultracapacitor
Digital
Signal
Processor
ABSTRA
CT
This
paper
in
v
estig
ates
the
utilization
of
a
predicti
v
e
current
control
for
a
four
port
DC/DC
po
wer
electronic
con
v
erter
with
an
input
port,
tw
o
storage
ports
and
a
load
port
suitable
for
a
Hybrid
Electric
V
ehicle.
Being
a
po
wer
con
v
erter
with
mult
iple
ports,
it
has
dif
fer
-
ent
operating
modes.
While
the
Stateflo
w
controller
is
emplo
yed
to
handle
mode
selection,
the
predicti
v
e
current
controller
is
us
ed
to
control
the
inductor
current
.
The
control
la
ws
go
v
erning
each
operating
mode
is
deri
v
ed
out
for
v
a
lle
y
current
control.
By
making
the
inductor
current
in
the
upcoming
switching
c
ycle
equi
v
alent
to
the
reference,
the
duty
c
y-
cle
is
predicted.
Simulation
and
e
xperime
ntal
results
sho
w
impro
v
ements
in
current
ripple
minimization,
f
aster
dynamic
performance
and
comparable
to
traditional
PI
control
method.
Copyright
c
2015
Institute
of
Advanced
Engineering
and
Science
.
All
rights
r
eserved.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
T
.K.
Santhosh
Department
of
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engineering
Go
v
ernment
Colle
ge
of
Engineering,
Salem,India
Email:
tksanthosh.kct@gmail.com
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
The
recent
de
v
elopments
in
the
po
wer
processing
and
storage
technology
are
promoting
electric
propulsion.
Dif
ferent
po
wer
con
v
erter
topol
ogies
suitable
for
automoti
v
e
applications
ha
v
e
found
rene
wed
interest
in
the
recent
past.
During
the
course
of
its
e
v
olution,
man
y
sources
and
storage
units
ha
v
e
found
its
place
in
a
Hybrid
Electric
V
ehicle.
Dif
ferent
topologies
incorporating
multiple
input
and
output
ports
ha
v
e
been
de
v
eloped
in
the
past.
These
po
wer
con
v
erters
emplo
y
dif
ferent
control
techniques
to
achie
v
e
control
objecti
v
es
[1].
The
control
objecti
v
e
could
be
tar
get
current
[2,
3]
or
v
oltage
[4],
the
limit
on
a
ripple
[5],
f
aster
or
slo
wer
response
[6]
and
quick
reco
v
ery
from
a
disturbance
or
a
stability
cr
iterion
[7].
T
raditional
control
techniques
in
both
analog
and
digital
domain
ha
v
e
been
in
use
for
an
e
xtended
period.
W
ith
the
adv
ent
of
digital
control,
the
traditional
analog
ha
v
e
transformed
into
the
digital
domain,
and
ne
w
controllers
are
being
introduced
to
control
a
specific
or
set
of
system
paramet
ers.
Inductor
current
control
is
one
of
the
control
method
that
helps
to
e
xtract
constant
po
wer
from
input
sources.
Inductor
current
control
is
usually
done
by
making
the
inductor
current
to
follo
w
a
particular
reference
to
minimize
error
.
The
idea
of
predicti
v
e
control
is
to
predict
the
duty
c
ycle
of
the
succeeding
switching
c
ycles
based
on
the
measured
system
parameters.
The
predicti
v
e
current
could
be
of
three
types:
v
alle
y
,
peak
or
a
v
erage
current.
Out
of
these
three,
v
alle
y
current
control
is
in
v
estig
ated
in
this
w
ork
for
trailing
edge
modulation.
The
Predicti
v
e
Current
Control(PCC)
is
applied
to
a
F
our
Port
Con
v
erter
proposed
in
[8].
Control
la
ws
are
deri
v
ed
for
each
operating
mode,
and
the
performance
is
analyzed
both
through
simulation
and
e
xperimental
results.
The
concept
of
predicti
v
e
control
[9,
10,
11,
12]
is
to
predict
the
duty
c
ycle
command
for
the
upcoming
switching
periods
based
on
the
pres
ent
and
past
status
of
system
parameters.
The
topology
selected
in
this
w
ork
necessitates
a
strict
constraint
on
the
inductor
current
that
shall
be
fulfilled
by
the
predicti
v
e
current
control
technique.
Each
mode
necessitates
a
separate
control
la
w
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
from
the
analysis,
it
has
been
found
that
the
first
four
operating
modes
utilize
a
similar
control
la
w
with
dif
ferent
parameters
for
duty
c
ycle
c
o
m
putation.
So
the
same
control
la
w
could
be
implemented
for
the
modes
I-IV
,
by
switching
the
parameters
used
for
computation.
Mode
V
and
VI
utilize
a
separate
control
la
w
for
duty
c
ycle
command
computation.
By
making
the
predicted
current
equal
to
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
684
ISSN:
2088-8694
Figure
1.
F
our
Port
Con
v
erter
for
Hybrid
Electric
V
ehicle
reference
current
in
the
computation
of
duty
c
ycle,
the
reference
current
could
be
easily
achie
v
ed.
The
originality
of
the
w
ork
lies
in
the
utilization
of
predicti
v
e
controller
for
the
inductor
current
inductor
current
and
its
implementation
to
the
F
our
Port
Con
v
erter
.
The
rest
of
the
paper
is
or
g
anized
as
follo
ws:
section
II
presents
the
details
of
the
po
wer
con
v
erter
topology
,
section
III
deals
with
dif
ferent
operating
modes
and
the
deri
v
ation
of
control
la
ws,
section
IV
e
xplains
the
control
la
w
implementation,
section
V
presents
the
results
and
section
VI
concludes
the
paper
.
2.
T
OPOLOGY
A
F
our
Port
Con
v
erter
with
an
input
port(
V
i
),
tw
o
storage
ports(
V
b
;
V
uc
)
and
a
load
port(
V
0
)
suitable
for
Hybrid
Electric
V
ehicle
applications
is
considered
for
the
implementation
of
predicti
v
e
current
control.
The
po
wer
circuit
of
the
con
v
erter
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
1.
Being
a
multi-port
topology
,
it
has
six
dif
ferent
operating
modes.
Each
operating
mode
has
tw
o
dif
ferent
switching
states.
A
summary
of
all
the
operating
modes
with
the
first
switching
state
denoted
by
the
dark
ened
lines
and
the
second
switching
state
represented
by
discontinuous
red
line
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
2
and
Figure
3.
The
detailed
synthesis
and
analysis
of
the
four
port
con
v
erter
is
handled
in
[8].
This
con
v
erter
requires
tw
o
dif
ferent
controllers:
one
for
mode
selection
and
other
for
inductor
curr
ent
re
gulation.
A
Stateflo
w
controller
is
used
for
mode
selection
and
the
predicti
v
e
control
is
used
for
current
re
gulation.
The
Predicti
v
e
Current
Controller
has
to
respond
to
sudden
v
ariations
in
modes
and
system
parameters.
Our
in
v
estig
ation
is
limited
to
the
utilization
of
predicti
v
e
current
control
for
inductor
current
re
gulation.
3.
PREDICTIVE
CURRENT
CONTR
OL
FOR
FPC
This
section
presents
the
control
la
w
deri
v
ation
for
each
operating
mode.
T
o
be
gin
with,
the
inductor
current
w
a
v
eform
is
considered
and
a
duty
c
ycle
is
deri
v
ed
using
the
char
ge-second
balance.
The
duty
c
ycle
calculation
is
then
e
xtended
to
the
another
switching
period
to
find
the
final
e
xpression.
3.1.
Mode
I
In
the
first
operating
mode
(refer
Figure
2(a)),
ener
gy
is
transferred
from
the
primary
source
port
(
V
i
)
to
the
load
(
V
0
).
In
the
first
state(denoted
by
dark
ened
lines)
S
3
,
D
1
,
and
D
3
are
ON
and
during
the
second
switching
state(denoted
by
discontinuous
red
line),
switching
de
vices
D
1
and
D
2
are
turned
ON.
The
char
ging
slope
is
gi
v
en
by
V
i
=L
1
and
the
dischar
ging
slope
is
gi
v
en
by
(
V
i
V
0
)
=L
1
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
4.
Assuming
the
con
v
erter
operates
in
Continuous
Conduction
Mode(CCM),
the
ne
xt
switching
c
ycle
als
o
repeats
the
same
beha
vior
.
The
inductor
current
i
(
n
)
in
n
th
switching
c
ycle
is
gi
v
en
by
,
i
(
n
)
=
i
(
n
1)
+
V
i
d
3
[
n
]
T
s
L
1
+
(
V
i
V
0
)
d
0
3
[
n
]
T
s
L
1
(1)
Where
T
s
is
the
switching
period
and
d
3
is
the
duty
c
ycle
of
switch
S
3
.
Extending
the
same
ar
gument
to
the
(
n
+
1)
th
switching
c
ycle,
i
(
n
+
1)
=
i
(
n
1)
+
V
i
d
3
[
n
]
T
s
L
1
+
(
V
i
V
0
)
d
0
3
[
n
]
T
s
L
1
+
V
i
d
3
[
n
+
1]
T
s
L
1
+
(
V
i
V
0
)
d
0
3
[
n
+
1]
T
s
L
1
(2)
IJPEDS
V
ol.
6,
No.
4,
December
2015:
683
–
692
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPEDS
ISSN:
2088-8694
685
(a)
Mode
I
(b)
Mode
II
(c)
Mode
III
(d)
Mode
IV
Figure
2.
Switching
States
in
Operating
Modes
I-IV
Grouping
v
ariables,
i
(
n
+
1)
=
i
(
n
1)
+
2
V
i
T
s
L
1
V
0
T
s
(
d
0
3
[
n
]
+
d
0
3
[
n
+
1])
L
1
(3)
Using
the
relation
d+d’=1
and
rearranging,
the
duty
c
ycle
for
(
n
+
1)
th
is
gi
v
en
by
d
3
[
n
+
1]
=
2
d
3
[
n
]
+
L
1
V
0
T
s
[
i
(
n
+
1)
i
(
n
1)]
2
V
i
V
0
(4)
De
velopment
of
Pr
edictive
Curr
ent
Contr
oller
(Santhosh
T
K)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
686
ISSN:
2088-8694
(a)
Mode
V
(b)
Mode
VI
Figure
3.
Switching
states
in
Operating
Modes
V
-VI
Figure
4.
Inductor
Current
W
a
v
eform
3.2.
Mode
II
In
this
mode,
ener
gy
is
transferred
from
the
primary
storage
de
vice(
V
b
)
to
the
load(refer
Figure
2(b)).
This
mode
is
initialized
when
V
i
drops
belo
w
a
prefix
ed
threshold
le
v
el.
So
the
diode
D
1
will
block
the
primary
source(
V
i
).
In
the
first
state,
the
switching
de
vices
S
1
;
S
3
and
D
3
are
turned
ON
and
the
switching
de
vices
S
1
;
D
2
are
turned
ON
IJPEDS
V
ol.
6,
No.
4,
December
2015:
683
–
692
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPEDS
ISSN:
2088-8694
687
during
the
second
switching
state.
The
char
ging
and
dischar
ging
slope
could
be
found
in
T
able
1.
Inductor
current
for
(
n
+
1)
th
switching
c
ycle
in
Mode
II
is
gi
v
en
by
,
i
(
n
+
1)
=
i
(
n
1)
+
V
b
d
3
[
n
]
T
s
L
1
+
(
V
b
V
0
)
d
0
3
[
n
]
T
s
L
1
+
V
b
d
3
[
n
+
1]
T
s
L
1
+
(
V
b
V
0
)
d
0
3
[
n
+
1]
T
s
L
1
(5)
Simplifying
for
duty
c
ycle
in
(
n
+
1)
th
switching
period,
d
3
[
n
+
1]
=
2
d
3
[
n
]
+
L
1
[
i
(
n
+
1)
i
(
n
1)]
V
0
T
s
2
V
b
V
0
(6)
Mode
Source
Port
Load
Port
Description
Char
ging
slope
Dischar
ging
slope
I
V
i
V
0
Input
source
supplying
load
V
i
L
1
V
i
V
0
L
1
II
V
b
V
0
Primary
storage
supplying
load
V
b
L
1
V
b
V
0
L
1
III
V
i
,
V
uc
V
0
Secondary
storage
aids
Input
source
to
supply
load
V
i
+
V
uc
L
1
V
i
V
0
L
1
IV
V
b
;
V
uc
V
0
Secondary
storage
aids
primary
storage
to
supply
load
V
b
+
V
uc
L
1
V
b
V
0
L
1
V
V
i
V
b
Input
source
supplying
primary
storage
V
i
L
1
V
i
V
b
L
1
VI
V
0
V
uc
Re
generation
V
0
L
2
V
uc
L
2
T
able
1.
Summary
of
Dif
ferent
Operating
Modes
3.3.
Mode
III
This
is
a
h
ybrid
mode
which
utilizes
po
wer
from
the
primary
source
(
V
i
)
and
secondary
storage
port(
V
uc
)
to
the
load.
This
mode(Figure
2(c))
is
initialized
when
the
v
oltage
le
v
el
of
the
primary
source
f
alls
belo
w
a
threshold
v
alue.
The
polarity
of
the
secondary
storage
is
re
v
ersed
to
ensure
v
oltage
addition.
switching
de
vices
S
3
;
S
4
and
D
1
are
turned
on
in
state
I
and
during
switching
state
II
D
1
and
D
2
are
ON.
The
inductor
current
in
(
n
+
1)
th
c
ycle
is
gi
v
en
by
,
i
(
n
+
1)
=
i
(
n
1)
+
(
V
i
+
V
uc
)
d
4
[
n
]
T
s
L
1
+
(
V
i
V
0
)
d
0
4
[
n
]
T
s
L
1
+
(
V
i
+
V
uc
)
d
4
[
n
+
1]
T
s
L
1
+
(
V
i
V
0
)
d
0
4
[
n
+
1]
T
s
L
1
(7)
Re
grouping
v
ariables
and
solving
for
the
predicted
duty
c
ycle
yields,
d
4
[
n
+
1]
=
L
1
(
V
uc
+
V
0
)
T
s
[
i
(
n
+
1)
i
(
n
1)]
+
2
V
0
V
i
V
uc
+
V
0
d
4
[
n
]
(8)
3.4.
Mode
IV
This
is
another
h
ybrid
mode
in
which
secondary
storage
(
V
uc
)
assists
primary
storage
port
(
V
b
)
and
deli
v
ers
po
wer
to
the
load
port.
This
mode(Figure2(d))
is
initiated
when
both
the
primary
source
port(
V
i
)and
primary
storage
port(
V
b
)
are
belo
w
the
threshold
le
v
el.
Inductor
char
ges
when
switching
de
vices
S
1
;
S
3
and
S
4
are
ON
in
state
I
and
dischar
ges
to
the
load
when
switching
de
vices
S
1
and
D
2
are
ON
in
state
II.
The
predicted
duty
c
ycle
for
(
n
+
1)
th
c
ycle
could
be
predicted
by
,
d
4
[
n
+
1]
=
L
1
(
V
uc
+
V
0
)
T
s
[
i
(
n
+
1)
i
(
n
1)]
d
4
[
n
]
+
2
V
0
V
b
V
uc
+
V
0
(9)
3.5.
Mode
V
This
is
an
unique
mode
which
transfers
po
wer
from
primary
source
port
(
V
i
)
to
primary
storage
port
(
V
b
).
Excess
ener
gy
produced
when
the
load
is
of
f
could
be
stored
for
future
use.
The
acti
v
e
switching
de
vices
are
S
3
;
D
1
and
D
3
are
during
the
state1
and
S
2
and
D
1
during
state
II(refer
Figure3(a)).
The
v
alue
for
the
predicted
duty
c
ycle
could
be
computed
using,
d
4
[
n
+
1]
=
2
d
4
[
n
]
+
L
1
V
b
T
s
[
i
(
n
+
1)
i
(
n
1)]
+
2
V
i
V
b
(10)
De
velopment
of
Pr
edictive
Curr
ent
Contr
oller
(Santhosh
T
K)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
688
ISSN:
2088-8694
3.6.
Mode
VI
This
mode
f
acilitates
re
v
erse
po
wer
flo
w
.
The
re
generated
ener
gy
from
the
load
port
is
fed
back
to
the
secondary
storage
port
V
uc
.
This
mode
replicates
the
operation
of
a
b
uck-boost
con
v
erter
as
it
pro
vides
v
oltage
reduction
and
in
v
ersion.
The
first
s
witching
state
in
this
mode
as
in
(Figure
3(b))
sho
ws
the
switches
S
5
is
ON.
During
the
second
switching
state,
ener
gy
stored
in
inductor
L
2
will
be
transferred
to
the
secondary
storage
port.
The
duty
c
ycle
prediction
could
be
done
using
the
follo
wing
relation,
d
5
[
n
+
1]
=
L
2
(
V
0
V
uc
)
T
s
[
i
(
n
+
1)
i
(
n
1)]
d
5
[
n
]
2
V
uc
V
0
V
uc
(11)
(a)
Mode
I
(b)
Mode
III
Figure
5.
Controller
Structure
4.
PREDICTIVE
CURRENT
CONTR
OLLER
LA
WS
This
section
describes
the
controller
for
the
F
our
Port
Con
v
erter
.
This
con
v
erter
has
dif
ferent
operating
modes.
The
control
objecti
v
e
is
to
re
gulate
the
inductor
current
based
on
a
fix
ed
reference
v
alue.
So
the
con
v
erter
requires
tw
o
controllers:
one
for
mode
selection
and
other
for
inductor
current
control.
An
MA
TLAB
based
Stateflo
w
controller
is
used
to
select
a
particular
mode
based
on
the
measured
system
parameters.
While
this
w
ork
focuses
on
the
utilization
of
predicti
v
e
current
control
for
FPC,
the
Stateflo
w
controller
is
discussed
in
[8].
Control
la
ws
for
dif
ferent
operating
modes
are
deri
v
ed
out
in
the
pre
vious
section.
By
making
the
inductor
current
i
(
n
+
1)
in
the
(
n
+
1)
th
switching
c
ycle
equal
to
the
reference
current
i
r
ef
,
the
inductor
current
could
be
made
to
follo
w
the
reference
e
xactly
.
IJPEDS
V
ol.
6,
No.
4,
December
2015:
683
–
692
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPEDS
ISSN:
2088-8694
689
(a)
Inductor
current
with
PI
Controller
and
Predicti
v
e
Current
controller
(b)
Simulink
Model
for
Code
Generation
Figure
6.
Dynamic
w
a
v
eform
and
related
simulink
control
model
By
substituting,
i
(
n
+
1)
=
i
r
ef
i
(
n
1)
=
i
s
(12)
where
i
s
is
the
sampled
current.
By
substituting
Eq.12
in
final
equation
corresponding
to
Mode
I
(Eq.4),
it
becomes
d
3
[
n
+
1]
=
2
d
3
[
n
]
+
L
1
V
0
T
s
[
i
r
ef
i
s
]
2
V
i
V
0
(
M
odeI
)
(13)
Doing
the
similar
substitutions
in
Eqns.6,8,9,10&11,
the
final
equations
for
duty
c
ycle
computation
becomes,
d
3
[
n
+
1]
=
2
d
3
[
n
]
+
L
1
V
0
T
s
[
i
r
ef
i
s
]
2
V
b
V
0
(
M
odeI
I
)
(14)
d
4
[
n
+
1]
=
L
1
(
V
uc
+
V
0
)
T
s
[
i
r
ef
i
s
]
d
4
[
n
]
+
2
V
0
V
i
V
uc
+
V
0
(
M
odeI
I
I
)
(15)
d
4
[
n
+
1]
=
L
1
(
V
uc
+
V
0
)
T
s
[
i
r
ef
i
s
]
d
4
[
n
]
+
2
V
0
V
b
V
uc
+
V
0
(
M
odeI
V
)
(16)
d
4
[
n
+
1]
=
2
d
4
[
n
]
+
L
1
V
b
T
s
[
i
r
ef
i
s
]
+
2
V
i
V
b
(
M
odeV
)
(17)
d
5
[
n
+
1]
=
L
2
(
V
0
V
u
c
)
T
s
[
i
r
ef
i
s
]
d
5
[
n
]
2
V
uc
V
0
V
uc
(
M
odeV
I
)
(18)
The
proposed
predicti
v
e
current
controller
for
FPC
is
simulated
using
PSIM.
The
measured
parameters
are
commu-
nicated
to
the
Stateflo
w
controller
through
an
Outlink
node.
As
described
before,
a
Stateflo
w
controller
decides
the
operating
mode
and
communicate
to
PSIM
through
an
Inlink
node.
Based
on
the
command
recei
v
ed,
a
specific
oper
-
ating
mode
is
acti
v
ated
and
the
corresponding
current
control
is
acti
v
ated.
A
schem
atic
diagram
of
Mode
I
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
5a.
The
final
equations
of
Mode
I,
II
and
V(Eq.13,14,17)
has
a
similar
structure
and
could
be
implemented
just
by
switching
v
ariables
used
for
the
computation
of
the
predicted
duty
c
ycle.
In
the
same
w
ay
,
Mode
III(Figure
5b)
and
IV
has
a
similar
structure
so
that
these
could
use
the
same
b
uilding
block.
De
velopment
of
Pr
edictive
Curr
ent
Contr
oller
(Santhosh
T
K)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
690
ISSN:
2088-8694
(a)
Inductor
Current
with
PI
controller
(b)
Inductor
Current
with
Predicti
v
e
Current
controller
Figure
7.
Steady
state
w
a
v
eforms
5.
RESUL
T
AND
AN
AL
YSIS
This
section
presents
the
steady-state
and
dynamic
results
of
the
proposed
predicti
v
e
current
control
method-
ology
.
Simulation
is
done
using
the
co-simulation
tool
of
PSIM
utilizing
MA
TLAB.
Simulation
results
of
Mode
I
using
PI
controller
and
the
proposed
Predicti
v
e
Current
Controller
in
steady
state
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
7.
The
steady-
state
w
a
v
eforms
sho
w
a
reduced
current
ripple
in
using
PCC
compared
to
the
PI
controller
.
The
controller
is
subjected
to
a
step
v
ariation
in
load
and
the
results
are
sho
wn
in
Figure
6a.
The
PI
controller
goes
for
a
spik
e
and
settles
while
the
PCC
controller
results
sho
w
that
the
inductor
current
e
xactly
follo
ws
the
refer
ence
irrespecti
v
e
of
a
v
ariation
in
load.
The
Predicti
v
e
Current
Controller
is
impl
emented
using
a
Piccolo
DSP
controller
.
The
controller
is
programmed
using
the
Embedded
Coder
toolbox
of
MA
TLAB/Simulink
with
support
from
Code
Composer
Studio
V3.3.
The
Simulink
model
used
for
code
generation
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
6b
.
F
or
e
xperimental
v
eri
fication,
a
Photo
V
oltaic(PV)
panel(12V
,200Wp)
is
connected
to
the
primary
source
port.
A
14V
,
5Ah
battery
is
deplo
yed
in
primary
storage
port
and
tw
o
ultracapacitors
each
of
2.7V
,
50F
rating,
are
connected
in
series
and
utilized
as
the
secondary
storage
unit.
A
step
v
ariation
in
load
is
applied
to
the
FPC
through
mechanical
arrangement
and
its
results
in
PI
controller(
K
p
=0.104117,
K
i
=0.0334486)
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
8a.
The
response
to
the
step
v
ariation
in
load
for
PCC
is
presented
in
Figure
8b.
The
Predicti
v
e
Current
Controller
responds
quickly
to
a
step
v
ariation
and
k
eeps
the
inductor
current
e
xactly
equal
to
the
reference
v
alue.
6.
CONCLUSION
This
paper
proposes
a
predicti
v
e
current
control
technique
for
a
F
our
Port
DC/DC
con
v
erter
.
As
the
con
v
erter
has
six
dif
ferent
operating
modes,
a
Stateflo
w
controller
is
used
for
mode
selection
and
PCC
is
utilized
for
inductor
current
control.
The
control
la
ws
to
predict
the
duty
c
ycle
for
each
operating
mode
is
deri
v
ed
out.
The
feasibility
of
the
proposed
control
methodology
v
erified
using
simulation
and
hardw
are.
The
proposed
controller
pro
vides
the
adv
an-
tage
of
lo
w
current
ripple
and
dra
w
constant
current
from
the
sources
(PV
and
Battery)
which
impro
v
es
the
life
span
of
both.
The
results
are
compared
to
a
traditional
PI
controller
and
sho
w
impro
v
ements
in
current
ripple
minimization,
f
aster
dynamic
performance
and
is
more
suitable
for
current
sensiti
v
e
Hybrid
Electric
V
ehicle
applications.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJPEDS
ISSN:
2088-8694
691
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T
K)
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2088-8694
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“Predicti
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A
v
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http://ieee
xplore.ieee.or
g/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper
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BIOGRAPHY
OF
A
UTHORS
Santhosh
T
K
recei
v
ed
his
B.E
de
gree
in
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engineering
from
K
umaraguru
Colle
ge
of
T
echnology
,
Coimbatore,
India
in
2009
and
M.E
de
gree
in
Po
wer
Electronics
and
Dri
v
es
from
K.S.R.Colle
ge
of
Engineering,
T
iruchengode,
India
in
2011.
He
is
currently
w
orking
to
w
ards
Ph.D
in
Electrical
Engineering
at
Go
v
ernment
Colle
ge
of
Engineering,
Salem
under
Anna
Uni
v
er
-
sity
,
Chennai.
His
research
interest
includes
multiple
input
con
v
erters
for
electric
v
ehicle,
digital
control
of
po
wer
electronic
systems
and
rene
w
able
ener
gy
.
Go
vindaraju
C
recei
v
ed
his
B.E
de
gree
in
Electrical
and
Electronics
Engineering
from
Go
v
ern-
ment
Colle
ge
of
Engineering,
Salem,
in
1999
and
M.E
de
gree
in
Po
wer
Electronics
and
Dri
v
es
from
Colle
ge
of
Engineering,
Anna
Uni
v
ersity
,
Chennai,
in
2003.
He
recei
v
ed
Ph.D
in
the
field
of
ener
gy
ef
ficient
multile
v
el
in
v
erters
from
Anna
Uni
v
ersity
,
Chennai
in
2011.
He
is
an
Assistant
Professor
in
department
of
Electrical
and
El
ectronics
Engineering,
Go
v
ernment
Colle
ge
of
Engineering,
Salem,
T
amilnadu,
India.
His
research
interest
includes
multile
v
el
in
v
erters,
po
wer
electronics
interf
ace
for
rene
w
able
ener
gy
systems,
and
Smart
grids.
IJPEDS
V
ol.
6,
No.
4,
December
2015:
683
–
692
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