Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
17
50
~
1758
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp17
50
-
1758
1750
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Novel ap
proach f
or SVP
WM of t
wo
-
l
evel inve
rter fed ind
uction
motor d
rive
Olwi A
. Elkh
ol
i
1
, M
ohame
d
A.
En
an
y
2
,
Ah
med F.
Abd
o
3
,
M
ah
m
ou
d
Ei
d
4
1
,3
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
ine
er
ing
Dep
artme
nt
,
Fa
cul
ty
of
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
M
enof
eya Unive
rs
it
y,
Egypt
2
,4
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Po
wer
&
M
ac
hin
es
Depa
rt
me
nt
,
F
a
cul
ty
of Enginee
ring,
Za
g
az
ig
Un
ive
rsity
,
Egyp
t
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
1,
201
9
Re
vised
Ju
l
8
,
201
9
Accepte
d
J
ul
20
, 2
0
20
Due
to
the
ir
be
t
te
r
DC
bus
u
ti
l
i
za
t
ion
and
e
asier
digi
t
al
re
al
i
za
t
ion,
Spa
ce
Vec
tor
Puls
e
Width
Modulation
(SV
PWM)
sche
me
is
the
most
widel
y
used
PWM
sche
m
e.
Also,
two
-
l
eve
l
i
nver
te
r
is
th
e
traditi
ona
l
fre
quen
cy
conve
rt
er
bec
ause
it
has
fe
wer
co
mpone
n
ts
and
is
lowe
r
co
mpl
ex
to
cont
rol
,
bu
t
on
the
othe
r
hand
,
it
g
ene
ra
te
s
high
er
har
monic
distortion.
Th
is
pape
r
pre
sents
the
rea
l
iz
a
ti
on
of
no
vel
SV
PWM
ap
proa
che
s a
pplied
to
th
e
thr
ee
-
ph
a
se
induc
t
ion
mot
or
dr
iv
es.
Speci
fi
ca
l
ly,
v
a
rious
sche
me
s
are
b
ase
d
on
using
more
com
bin
at
ions
of
step
oper
ation
in
each
cyc
l
e
to
appr
oximat
e
th
e
ref
ere
n
ce
vec
tor
,
such
as
24
and
48
step
oper
ations
in
e
a
ch
cycle
.
Th
e
ba
sic
principle
of
conv
ent
ion
al
SV
PWM
with
diffe
ren
t
modulati
on
ind
ex
M
i
s
pre
sent
ed.
The
sw
it
chi
ng
s
eque
nc
es
of
n
e
w
appr
o
ac
hes
ar
e
d
esc
rib
ed.
Th
e
modu
la
t
ion
signal
s
wave
for
ms,
DC
bus
volt
ag
e
utilizati
o
n,
De
-
ra
te
d
mo
tor
torque
,
standa
rd
err
o
r
of
ave
rag
e
torq
ue,
vol
ta
g
e
and
cur
ren
t
h
arm
o
nic
s
of
new
appr
oac
h
es
are
ana
ly
ze
d
by
the
MA
TL
AB/S
im
uli
nk
software
.
The
resul
ts
conf
irm
that
48
step
SV
PWM
appr
oa
ch
is
th
e
best
com
p
ared
to
oth
er
appr
oac
h
es.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Tw
o
-
le
vel i
nverter
Ind
uction
m
otor
dr
ive
Sp
ace
vecto
r p
ulse
width
M
od
ulati
on
M
A
TLAB
/Si
m
ulink
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M
a
hmoud Ei
d,
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
Pow
er & Mac
hin
e
s
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
Zagazig
Unive
rsity
, E
gy
pt.
Emai
l:
meid64
520@g
mail
.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ind
uction
m
oto
r
dri
ves
are
us
e
d
in
in
dustrie
s
sect
ors
du
e
to
it
s
sel
f
-
st
arti
ng
an
d
c
on
sta
nt
sp
e
ed
featur
e
s.
Mult
il
evel
in
ver
te
r
s
are
us
e
d
t
o
c
ontrol
th
e
in
duct
ion
m
otor
s
pee
d.
Be
cause
of
acce
ptable
ha
r
monics
le
vels
a
nd
thei
r
c
on
t
ro
l
fle
xibi
li
ty,
PWM
vol
ta
g
e
s
ource
in
ver
te
r
s
a
re
us
e
d.
F
or
bette
r
pe
rformance
,
di
ff
e
ren
t
modu
la
ti
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
hav
e
bee
n
de
velo
ped.
Cl
assic
al
sin
us
oi
dal
pulse
width
m
odulati
on
(
SP
W
M)
M
ulti
le
vel
in
ve
rter
str
uctu
res
ha
ve
been
de
velo
ped
but
sti
ll
hav
e
li
mit
ed
bette
r
perf
ormance
c
ompa
r
ed
with
SV
P
W
M
te
c
hniqu
e.
Pr
ovi
ding
a
lo
wer
t
otal
harm
on
ic
as
well
as
higher
util
iz
at
ion
of
the
dc
-
li
nk
volt
age
a
re
the
mai
n
reasons t
hat m
ake SVP
W
M
techn
i
qu
e
is most
widely
us
e
d i
n
inv
e
rters
[
1]. In
S
VPWM
, 70.7
% of the
D
C l
ink
vo
lt
age
can
be
obta
ined
as
a
maxim
um
outpu
t
li
ne
volt
ag
e
w
hile
only
61.
2
%
ca
n
be
ob
ta
ine
d
i
n
sin
us
oi
da
l
pu
lse
widt
h
m
odulati
on
(SP
W
M
)
[2].
The
re
are
ma
ny
s
tud
ie
s
offer
a
su
pe
rio
r
performa
nce
of
S
V
PWM
com
par
e
d
wit
h
SP
W
M
[
3
-
5].
SP
W
M
has
diff
e
ren
t
al
go
rithms
to
m
od
ulate
the
inv
e
r
te
r
wh
i
c
h
ha
ve
been
inv
est
igate
d
in
man
y
li
te
ratu
re
s [6
-
7].
This
pa
per
pre
sents
pro
po
se
d
dif
fer
e
nt
SV
P
W
M
a
ppr
oaches
w
hich
ca
n
be
ap
plied
t
o
t
he
Tw
o
-
Level
Inver
te
r
Fed
I
nductio
n
Mot
or
D
rive
.
The
obje
ct
ive
i
n
each
mod
ulati
on
a
ppr
oach
i
s
to
ma
ximiz
e
bus
util
iz
at
ion
,
reduce
t
he
s
witc
hi
ng
l
os
ses
,
a
nd
reduce
ha
rm
on
ic
co
ntent.
So
t
he
mo
t
or
current,
vo
lt
ag
e,
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Novel
ap
pr
oac
h
fo
r
SVPWM
of two
-
le
vel
i
nv
ert
er fed in
du
ct
ion
mo
t
or
dr
i
ve
(
Olwi
A.
Elk
ho
li
)
1751
tor
qu
e
a
re
ob
t
ai
ned
.
The
ma
in
co
ntributi
on
of
t
his
w
ork
i
s
pro
vid
in
g
c
omplet
e
co
mp
a
r
at
ive
study
between
diff
e
re
nt
pro
pose
d
ap
proac
he
s
an
d
intr
oduc
es
a
no
vel
ap
pr
oac
h
ha
s
ma
ximum
DC
bu
s
volt
age
util
i
zat
ion,
with ca
pab
il
it
y o
f
loa
ding
with
fu
ll
loa
d
sa
fe
ly and l
ow
e
st
THD.
2.
SV
PW
M
CO
NC
EPT
The
us
in
g
of
t
he
m
odulati
on
te
chn
i
qu
e's
ai
m
is
to
prov
i
de
the
outp
ut
volt
age
a
nd
t
he
curre
nt
with
le
ss
ha
rm
on
ic
distor
ti
on.
T
he
SV
PWM
te
ch
nique
has
bec
ome
the
m
os
t
c
om
m
on
c
hoic
e
to
c
ontr
ol
the
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
of
th
re
e
-
phase
vo
lt
a
ge
source
in
ve
rter
(
VS
I
).
The
SV
P
W
M
wa
s
or
i
gin
al
ly
s
ophi
sti
cat
ed
as
a
ve
ct
or
appr
oach
to
pu
lse
widt
h
mod
ulati
on
(PW
M)
f
or
th
ree
-
phase
in
ver
te
r
.
It
is
a
more
a
dv
anced
te
ch
niqu
e
that
pro
vid
es
a
hi
gh
e
r
vo
lt
ag
e
to
the
AC
m
ot
or
with
le
ss
harmo
nic
dist
or
ti
on.
The
m
ai
n
obje
ct
ive
of
a
ny
modu
la
ti
on
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
is
t
o
ob
ta
in
a
var
ia
ble
ou
t
pu
t
with
a
maxim
um
fun
dame
ntal
com
pone
nt
an
d
mi
nimum
harmo
nics.
I
n
this
sect
io
n,
de
sc
ribes
s
om
e
detai
ls
ab
out
t
wo
-
le
vel
S
VPW
M
base
d
thr
ee
-
phase
V
SI
[
8
-
13].
T
he
t
hr
ee
-
ph
as
e
V
SI
has
si
x
po
wer
switc
he
s
S
1
t
o
S6
w
it
h
ei
ght
po
s
sible
s
witc
h
c
ombinati
ons
.
S
o
ei
gh
t
po
s
sible vect
ors
are
o
btai
ned, two
vect
or
s
a
re
null
v
ect
or (
ze
ro
sta
te
s (
8
-
7)
),
an
d
the
ot
hers
are
v
olta
ge
ve
ct
or
(acti
ve
sta
te
s
(
1
-
6)) [1
4].
In
eac
h
m
oto
r
phase
windin
g,
the
re
m
us
t
be
t
wo
powe
r
s
witc
hes
a
nd
t
hese
tw
o
s
witc
hes
are
com
pleme
ntar
y
t
o
eac
h
ot
her
i.e.
can
not
be
act
ive
t
og
et
he
r
because
t
her
e
will
be
a
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
on
t
he
p
owe
r
so
urce.
S
o
s
witc
hing
functi
on
fo
r
m
oto
r
phase
s can
b
e
d
e
fine
d
as
foll
ow [1
4];
=
{
1
,
(
1
,
4
)
0
,
(
1
,
4
)
,
=
{
1
,
(
3
,
6
)
0
,
(
3
,
6
)
,
=
{
1
,
(
5
,
2
)
0
,
(
5
,
2
)
(1)
In the stat
io
nary
fr
ame
the
sp
a
ce vecto
r of t
he
phase
volt
ag
e in
pr
e
vious e
qu
at
io
ns bec
ome
s [2
];
=
2
3
(
+
2
3
+
4
3
)
(2)
The
volt
age
s
pa
ce
vecto
r
of
K
=
1,
2
,
.,
6
ha
ve
eq
ual
am
plit
ud
es o
f
(2
/
3)
V
DC
and
a p
ha
s
e
of
(K
-
1)
p
/3
. T
he
c
urre
nt
le
vel ac
hiev
able by ea
ch
phase
by the
end
of the
ne
xt sa
mp
li
ng inte
rv
al
can be e
xpres
s
ed.
=
−
1
(
1
−
−
/
)
+
−
/
(3)
In
betwee
n
s
witc
hin
g
i
nter
vals,
each
vo
lt
age
vector
is
c
onsta
nt
an
d
the
sta
tor
flu
x
li
nk
a
ge
of
on
e
phase
of
t
he
mo
to
r
ca
n be e
xpresse
d
as
[1
5]
:
=
∫
(
−
1
)
+
(4)
At
ste
ad
y
sta
te
,
the
he
xa
gon
of
sta
to
r
fl
ux
i
s
inclu
ded
within
tw
o
ci
rcles
as
show
n
in
F
ig
ure
1
.
The
diff
e
re
nc
e
between t
heir
r
a
di
i can
be
inte
rpr
et
ed
as t
he
ma
ximum
dev
ia
ti
on of stat
or
flu
x
.
Figure
1. S
pac
e
vecto
rs
he
xa
gon o
f 3
-
ph
a
se
brid
ge
in
ver
te
r
[
1]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
17
50
–
1
758
1752
Dep
e
nbr
ok
[
16
]
strat
eg
y
or
six
-
ste
p
a
ppro
ac
h
is
ai
me
d
at
minimi
zi
ng
the
inv
e
rter
s
witc
hing
in
ea
ch
su
ppl
y
pe
rio
d
to
the
de
trime
nt
of
the
c
ontrol
of
the
sta
t
or
fl
ux
a
mp
li
tu
de
.
The
ma
xim
um
value
of
the
volt
age
du
e
t
o
the
op
e
ning
of
the
s
witc
h
is
V
DC
with
us
i
ng
t
he
work
a
rea
on
the
oute
r
ci
rc
le
resp
ect
ivel
y
of
the
hex
a
gon [
14].
So
t
he
m
odulat
ion
i
nd
e
x M
ca
n be calc
ulate
d as f
ollo
w [1],
=
√
2
1
(5)
Wh
e
re
1
:
is
the
RMS
value
of
the
f
unda
ment
al
com
pone
nt
of
m
oto
r
li
ne
vo
lt
age
.
S
o
the
mag
nitu
de
of
li
ne
vecto
r vo
lt
age
var
ie
s
from
zer
o
to
ma
xim
um
value
ac
co
rd
i
ng to
M
(w
her
e
0 ≤
M
≤ 1)
3.
MO
DEL OF
I
NDU
CTIO
N MOTO
RS D
R
IVES
Detai
le
d
a
nalysis
for
i
nduc
ti
on
mo
t
or
ha
s
bee
n
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
in
[17
-
23
].
S
o
the
performa
nce
char
act
e
risti
cs
curves
ca
n
eas
il
y
be
obta
ine
d.
T
he
e
quat
io
ns
ex
pr
e
ssed
t
he
i
nductio
n
model
for
the
mo
to
r
unde
rstudy ca
n be
w
ritt
en
as
f
ollows [
24
];
=
1
+
2
2
⁄
(
2
⁄
)
2
+
(
+
2
)
2
(6)
=
1
+
(
2
)
⁄
2
+
2
(
+
2
)
(
2
⁄
)
2
+
(
+
2
)
2
(7)
=(
)
2
(69
966
-
144.7 N +
0.1
2
-
0.000
023
3
)
(8)
Tw
o
-
le
vel
V
S
I
f
ed
in
du
ct
i
on
mo
t
or
dri
ve
ma
y
be
repr
esented
by
MATL
AB/Si
mu
l
ink
.
The
pro
po
se
d mo
de
l i
s inv
est
ig
at
ed by co
mp
a
rin
g
sim
ulati
on r
e
su
lt
w
it
h ex
peri
mental
work a
s sho
wn in Fi
gure
2
.
Figure
2. The
var
ia
ti
on
of
m
otor s
peed wit
h
loa
d
t
orq
ue o
f
tw
o
-
le
vel
VSI f
e
d
i
nductio
n moto
r dr
i
ve
4.
EFFE
CT
OF
MO
DU
L
ATI
ON
I
N
DEX
O
F SVPW
M
O
N DR
I
VE PE
RFO
R
MANCE
To
in
vestigat
e
the
performa
nc
e
cha
racteri
sti
cs
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
tw
o
-
le
vel
V
SI
Fe
d
i
nduc
ti
on
mo
t
or
dr
i
ve,
it
is
ass
um
e
d
t
hat
the
m
otor
operati
ng
unde
r
a
si
x
-
ste
p
SVPW
M
a
ppr
oac
h
w
it
h
rate
d
volt
age
a
n
d
current.
So
dif
fer
e
nt
DC
s
upplies
are
us
ed
to
achie
ve
th
ese
assu
mp
ti
ons
with
the
ca
lc
ulati
on
of
D
C
bus
vo
lt
age
util
iz
ation
,
m
otor
de
ve
lop
e
d
t
orq
ue
and
total
ha
rm
on
ic
dist
or
ti
on
of
volt
age
an
d
c
urre
nt
wa
ve
forms
for
eac
h
case
.
4.1.
Drive
perf
or
man
ce
at
M
=
0.5
The
wav
e
form
of
phase
cu
rrent
of
the
m
ot
or
is
s
how
n
in
Figure
3
(a
)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
3
(b)
shows
t
he
wav
e
f
or
m
of
mo
to
r
ph
ase
volt
age
at
DC
bus
volt
age
1170
V
.
Als
o
,
Fi
g
ure
4
s
how
s
th
e
mo
to
r
to
rque
wh
e
n
the m
otor
op
e
r
at
ing
from
a
si
x
-
ste
p
S
VPW
M
a
ppr
oach at
M
=
0.5
.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
S
imu
lati
o
n
Re
s
u
lt
s
E
x
p
e
r
ime
n
t
a
l
Re
s
u
lt
s
S
pee
d
(
r
pm)
T
o
r
q
u
e
(
N.m)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Novel
ap
pr
oac
h
fo
r
SVPWM
of two
-
le
vel
i
nv
ert
er fed in
du
ct
ion
mo
t
or
dr
i
ve
(
Olwi
A.
Elk
ho
li
)
1753
(a)
(b)
Figure
3
.
Moto
r
w
ave
forms
at M=
0.5: (a
) mo
tor p
hase c
urre
nt, (b
)
m
otor
phase
volt
age
0.
00
0.
01
0.
02
0.
03
0.
04
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
A
v
e
ra
ge
M
ot
or
Torqu
e
=
3
.
8
7
8
0
9
N
.
m
The
s
t
a
nda
rd
de
v
i
a
t
i
on (
S
D
)
=
2
.
8
5
4
1
5
The
s
t
a
nda
rd
e
rr
or
of
t
he
me
a
n (SE
M
)
=
0
.
0
6
2
4
6
M
ot
or
To
r
que
(
N
.
m
)
T
ime
(
S
e
c
)
Figure
4. Moto
r
to
rque
with ti
me at
M
=0
.5
4
.
2.
Drive
per
fo
rm
an
ce
at
M
=
0.8
The
wav
e
form
of
phase
cu
rrent
of
the
m
ot
or
is
s
how
n
in
Figure
5
(a
)
a
nd
Fig
ur
e
5
(b)
shows
t
he
wav
e
f
or
m
of
mo
to
r
ph
a
se
volt
age
at
DC
bus
vo
lt
age
927
V
.
Also
,
Fi
g
ure
6
s
how
s
t
he
mo
to
r
to
r
qu
e
wh
e
n
t
he
mo
to
r o
per
at
in
g from a
six
-
st
ep
S
VPW
M
a
ppr
oac
h
at
M
=
0.
8
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
5
.
Moto
r
w
ave
forms
at M=
0.
8
: (a
) mo
tor p
hase c
urre
nt, (b
)
m
otor
phase
volt
age
0.
00
0.
01
0.
02
0.
03
0.
04
-
2.
5
0.
0
2.
5
5.
0
7.
5
10
.0
12
.5
15
.0
17
.5
20
.0
A
v
e
ra
ge
M
ot
or
Torqu
e
=
5
.
7
2
4
6
N
.
m
The
s
t
a
nda
rd
de
v
i
a
t
i
on (
S
D
)
=
4
.
4
2
5
1
7
The
s
t
a
nda
rd
e
rr
or
of
t
he
me
a
n (SE
M
)
=
0
.
1
0
2
2
2
M
ot
or
To
r
que
(
N
.
m
)
T
ime
(
S
e
c
)
Figure
6. Moto
r
to
rque
with ti
me
at
M
=0
.8
4.3. Drive
per
fo
rm
an
ce
at
M
=
1
The
wa
vefo
rm
s
of
phase
cu
rrent
a
nd
ph
ase
vo
lt
age
of
the
mo
to
r
at
DC
bus
volt
age
83
0
V
a
re
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
7
(a)
and
Fig
ur
e
7
(b)
res
pecti
vel
y
.
Also
,
Fig
ure
8
sh
ow
s
t
he
m
ot
or
t
orq
ue
w
he
n
the
m
otor
op
e
rati
ng
from
a
six
-
ste
p SV
PWM a
ppr
oach at
M
=
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
17
50
–
1
758
1754
(a)
(b)
Figure
7. Moto
r
w
ave
forms
at M=
1:
(a
) mot
or phase c
urre
nt, (b
)
m
otor
phase
volt
age
0.
00
0.
01
0.
02
0.
03
0.
04
-
2.
5
0.
0
2.
5
5.
0
7.
5
10
.0
12
.5
15
.0
17
.5
20
.0
22
.5
25
.0
A
v
e
ra
ge
M
ot
or
Torqu
e
=
7
.
0
9
8
0
4
N
.
m
The
s
t
a
nda
rd
de
v
i
a
t
i
on (
S
D
)
=
5
.
4
5
4
1
8
The
s
t
a
nda
rd
e
rr
or
of
t
he
me
a
n (SE
M
)
=
0
.
1
2
1
2
6
M
ot
or
To
r
que
(
N
.
m
)
T
ime
(
S
e
c
)
Figure
8. Moto
r
to
rque
with ti
me at
M
=1
Fr
om
previ
ous
fi
gures,
it
can
be
de
du
ce
d
that
hi
gh
e
r
mod
ulati
on
i
nd
e
x
means
bette
r
dr
i
ve per
forma
nce.
5.
DR
I
VE PE
RF
ORMA
N
CE
US
I
NG NO
V
AL S
VPW
M APP
ROAC
H
As
the
pre
vious
sect
io
n,
the
perf
or
m
ance
char
act
e
risti
cs
the
propose
d
dr
i
ve
ca
n
be
inv
est
i
gated
wh
e
n
t
he
m
oto
r
operati
ng
unde
r
diff
e
re
nt
SV
P
W
M
a
ppr
oach
with
rate
d
vo
lt
age
a
nd
current.
The
24
ste
p
SV
P
W
M
ap
proach
a
nd
48
s
te
p
SV
P
W
M
a
ppr
oach
a
re
t
he
propose
d
ap
proac
hes
[
2
5
].
Fig
ure
9
s
ho
ws
the
sp
ace
vecto
rs
po
l
ygon
of
3
-
phase
br
i
dge
in
ver
te
r
based
on
24
ste
p
S
VPW
M
a
ppro
a
ch
,
Fig
ur
e
10
sho
ws
t
he
sp
ace
vecto
rs p
olygon
of
3
-
phase b
rid
ge
in
ve
rter
base
d on 48 ste
p
S
VPW
M
a
ppr
oach
.
DC
bus
volt
ag
e
util
iz
at
ion
,
mo
to
r
devel
op
ed
to
rque
a
nd
total
harmo
ni
c
disto
rtion
of
volt
age
a
nd
current
wa
vefo
rms
a
re
cal
c
ulate
d
f
or each
a
ppr
o
ac
h.
Figure
9. S
pac
e v
ect
ors
poly
gon o
f 3
-
phas
bri
dg
e
Figure
10. Spa
ce vecto
rs p
olygon
of
3
-
ph
a
s
br
i
dg
ei
nv
e
rter
base
d on 24 ste
p
S
VPW
M
a
ppro
ac
h
inv
e
rter
base
d on 48 ste
p SV
PWM a
ppr
oac
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Novel
ap
pr
oac
h
fo
r
SVPWM
of two
-
le
vel
i
nv
ert
er fed in
du
ct
ion
mo
t
or
dr
i
ve
(
Olwi
A.
Elk
ho
li
)
1755
5.1
Drive
perf
or
man
ce
w
it
h
24 s
tep SVP
W
M appr
oach
The
wa
ve
form
of
ph
ase
c
urr
ent
of
t
he
mo
t
or
is
sho
wn
i
n
Fi
gure
11(a
)
and
Fig
ur
e
11(
b)
s
hows
th
e
wav
e
f
or
m
of
mo
to
r
ph
ase
volt
age
at
DC
bus
volt
age
810
V.
Als
o,
Fig
ure
12
s
hows
th
e
mo
to
r
to
rque
wh
e
n
the m
otor
op
e
r
at
ing
from 2
4
s
te
p
S
VPW
M
a
ppr
oach.
(a)
(b)
Figure
11. M
oto
r
w
a
vefo
rms wit
h 24 ste
p ap
proac
h:
(a
)
m
ot
or
phase c
urre
nt, (b
)
m
otor
phase
volt
age
Figure
12. M
oto
r
tor
que
with
ti
me w
it
h 2
4
st
ep
a
ppr
oach
5.2
Drive
perf
or
man
ce
w
it
h
48 s
tep SVP
W
M appr
oach
The
wa
ve
form
of
ph
ase
c
urr
ent
of
t
he
mo
t
or
is
sho
wn
i
n
Fi
gure
13(a
)
and
Fig
ur
e
13(
b)
s
hows
th
e
wav
e
f
or
m
of
mo
to
r
phase
volt
age
at
DC
bus
volt
age
808.5
V.
Als
o,
Fi
gure
14
s
how
s
the
m
oto
r
t
orq
ue
wh
e
n
the m
otor
op
e
r
at
ing
from 4
8
s
te
p
S
VPW
M
a
ppr
oach.
(a)
(b)
Figure
13. M
oto
r
w
a
vefo
rms wit
h 48 ste
p ap
proac
h:
(a
)
m
ot
or
phase c
urre
nt, (b
)
m
otor
phase
volt
age
Figure
14. M
oto
r
tor
que
with
ti
me w
it
h 4
8
st
ep
a
ppr
oach
0.
00
0.
01
0.
02
0.
03
0.
04
-
2.
5
0.
0
2.
5
5.
0
7.
5
10
.0
12
.5
15
.0
17
.5
20
.0
22
.5
25
.0
A
v
e
ra
ge
M
ot
or
Torqu
e
=
8
.
2
1
5
6
1
N
.
m
The
s
t
a
nda
rd
de
v
i
a
t
i
on (
S
D
)
=
5
.
9
1
7
5
7
The
s
t
a
nda
rd
e
rr
or
of
t
he
me
a
n (SE
M
)
=
0
.
2
5
3
9
5
M
ot
or
To
r
que
(
N
.
m
)
T
ime
(
S
e
c
)
0.
00
0.
01
0.
02
0.
03
0.
04
-
2.
5
0.
0
2.
5
5.
0
7.
5
10
.0
12
.5
15
.0
17
.5
20
.0
22
.5
25
.0
A
v
e
ra
ge
M
ot
or
Torqu
e
=
8
.
3
6
3
2
5
N
.
m
The
s
t
a
nda
rd
de
v
i
a
t
i
on (
S
D
)
=
5
.
8
2
1
4
3
The
s
t
a
nda
rd
e
rr
or
of
t
he
me
a
n (SE
M
)
=
0
.
0
2
9
0
7
M
ot
or
To
r
que
(
N
.
m
)
T
ime
(
S
e
c
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
17
50
–
1
758
1756
Fr
om
pre
viou
s
fi
gures
,
it
is
cl
ear
th
at
hig
he
r
ste
ps
S
VPWM
appro
ac
hes
mean
bette
r
dr
i
ve per
forma
nce
.
6.
DISCU
SSI
ON A
ND SI
MU
L
ATIO
N RES
ULTS
The
sel
ect
io
n
of
mod
ulati
on
ind
e
x
a
nd
S
V
PWM
a
ppr
oac
h
af
fect
on
tw
o
-
le
vel
V
SI
fe
d
in
duct
ion
mo
to
r
dri
ve
pe
rformance
pa
rameters
,
su
c
h
as
DC
bu
s
volt
age
util
iz
at
i
on,
mo
t
or
de
-
r
at
ed
t
orqu
e
(at
w
hich
mo
to
r
po
wer
losses
will
not
excee
d
the
ra
te
d
powe
r
l
os
s
es)
a
n
d
t
otal
ha
rm
on
ic
disto
r
ti
on
of
volt
ag
e
an
d
current
wa
veforms.
Ta
ble
1
giv
es
the
c
ompa
rison
of
r
esults
obta
ine
d
at
di
ff
e
ren
t
modu
la
ti
on
in
dex
an
d
SV
P
W
M
ap
pr
oach
desc
ribe
d
in
sect
io
ns
4
an
d
5
.
T
he
par
a
mete
rs
us
e
d
in
c
omp
ariso
n
pr
ocess
es
are
su
m
marized
be
low;
The DC
bus
volt
age
util
iz
at
ion
factor
m
, ca
n be calc
ulate
d as f
ollows;
=
1
100
(9)
The De
-
rated
Torq
ue DT,
ca
n be calc
ulate
d as f
ollo
ws;
=
(
)
100
(10)
The
sta
nd
a
r
d
e
rror o
f
the
mea
n
(av
e
rag
e
)
t
orqu
e
(SE
M
)
ca
n be calc
ulate
d as f
ollows;
=
√
100
=
100
√
√
1
−
1
∑
(
−
)
2
=
1
(11)
Wh
e
re
n
is
sa
mp
le
size
The
T
otal
harmo
nic d
ist
or
ti
on
T
HD
of
phas
e volt
age
&
phase cu
rr
e
nt
wa
veform
s
ca
n be
show
n
a
s foll
ows;
(
ℎ
)
=
√
1
2
−
2
2
,
(
ℎ
)
=
√
1
2
−
2
2
(12)
I
t
is
obser
ve
d
in
Ta
ble
1
t
ha
t
two
-
le
vel
V
SI
Fed
in
duct
ion
m
otor
dri
ve
with
48
ste
p
SVPW
M
appr
oach,
has
the
best
perf
ormance
acco
r
din
g
to
diff
e
re
nt
pa
rameter
s.
T
he
pro
posed
novel
ap
proac
h
has
lowe
r
T
HD
a
bout
12.
5
%
f
or
ph
ase
c
urrent
and
46.7
f
or
phase
volt
age
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
to
ma
xim
um
D
C
bus
vo
lt
age
util
iz
at
ion
fact
or
ne
arly
74
%
wit
h
the
ca
pa
bili
ty
of
loa
di
ng
with
f
ull
loa
d
safely
a
nd
re
su
lt
ing
minimu
m sta
ndar
d
e
rror o
f
a
ver
a
ge
t
orqu
e
about
2.9 %
.
Table
1.
C
omp
ariso
n betwee
n dif
fer
e
nt S
VPW
M
a
ppro
ac
he
s
A
p
p
roach
THD(I
ph
)
(%)
THD(Vp
h
)
(%)
(%)
(
%
)
(
%
)
6
step
(
M=
0
.5
)
1
8
.8
1
2
6
.2
3
5
.3
4
6
.4
6
.3
6
step
(
M=
0
.8
)
2
0
.6
7
7
.5
56
6
8
.5
1
0
.2
6
step
(
M=1
)
2
0
.7
5
2
.5
7
0
.5
8
4
.9
1
2
.1
2
4
step
(
M=1
)
1
3
.6
5
1
.3
7
2
.3
9
8
.3
2
5
.4
4
8
step
(
M=1
)
1
2
.5
4
6
.7
74
100
2
.9
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
per,
the
m
os
t
wi
dely
use
d
PWM
s
cheme
has
bee
n
imple
mente
d
and
e
val
uated
accor
ding
to
simulat
ion
s
of
two
-
le
vel
S
V
PWM
V
SI
fe
d
in
du
ct
i
on
m
ot
or
dr
ive
i
n
t
he
M
at
la
b/Sim
ulink
e
nv
i
ronme
nt
.
T
he
evaluati
on
is
ba
sed
on
rate
d
current
operati
on
an
d
the
est
imat
ion
of
m
oto
r
de
-
rated
to
r
qu
e
(at
wh
ic
h
mo
to
r
powe
r
l
os
ses
w
il
l
no
t
ex
ceed
t
he
rated
powe
r
loss
es)
DC
bu
s
vo
lt
age
util
iz
at
ion
,
a
nd
total
har
m
onic
dist
or
ti
on
of
vo
lt
a
ge
an
d
current
wav
e
f
orms.
The
perf
orma
nce
anal
ys
i
s
of
t
wo
-
le
vel
SV
P
W
M
V
SI
fed
i
nductio
n
mo
to
r
dr
i
ve
with
dif
fer
e
nt
m
odulat
ion
i
ndex
has
bee
n
pr
e
sent
ed.
Als
o,
nove
l
SV
P
W
M
a
ppr
oach
es
have
bee
n
dem
onstrat
ed
a
nd h
a
ve bee
n
f
ound to be
ve
r
y
ef
fecti
ve
a
pp
ro
ac
h
es
.
The
a
ssessme
nt pro
c
ess of
diff
e
ren
t
nov
el
SV
P
W
M
a
ppr
oach
e
s
is
the
main
co
ntri
bu
t
ion
of
t
his
pa
pe
r.
As
cl
eare
d
in
DT
,
m,
SE
M
a
nd
T
H
D
va
lues,
48
ste
p
SVPW
M
appr
oach
is
s
uperi
or
in
c
omp
ariso
n
to
c
onve
ntion
al
S
VPW
M
ap
proac
he
s
.
It
can
be
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
that
48
s
te
p
S
VPWM
a
pproach
is
w
or
t
hy
and
be
ne
fici
al
towa
rd
s
loa
ding
ca
pab
il
it
y
wi
th
f
ull
loa
d
t
orqu
e
at
rated c
urre
nt.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Novel
ap
pr
oac
h
fo
r
SVPWM
of two
-
le
vel
i
nv
ert
er fed in
du
ct
ion
mo
t
or
dr
i
ve
(
Olwi
A.
Elk
ho
li
)
1757
APPE
ND
I
X
T
he
s
ys
te
m
un
der stu
dy is
3
-
ph
a
se s
qu
i
rr
el
cage, 2
HP,
D
/
Y
,
38
0
/
660 V, 3.
5
/
2 A,
50 Hz,
4 p
oles.
sta
tor react
anc
e
1
=
44
W, r
ot
or r
esi
sta
nce
2
′
=
7.3
7
W,
ro
t
or
reacta
nce
2
′
=
44
W
a
nd ma
gnet
iz
ing re
act
ance
= 377
W .
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Ahmed
A.
Ma
nsour,
“
Novel
SV
PWM
base
d
on
first
ord
er
equa
t
ion,
”
Jou
rnal
of
Elec
trical
Syste
ms
and
Information
Tec
hnology
,
vol
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Ranjit
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“
Spa
ce
V
ec
tor
Puls
e
Wi
d
th
Modul
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Based
Indir
ec
t
Vec
tor
Con
t
rol
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t
ion
Motor
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,”
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Elec
t
rical
&
E
lectron
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El
-
san
aba
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,
A.
E
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Kal
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M.
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baksa
wi
and
K.
El
-
s
er
a
fy,
“
Co
mpa
ra
ti
v
e
Study
Be
tween
PS
PWM
and
SV
PWM
Te
chniques
Based
on
MLI
for
Indu
ct
i
on
Motor
Drive
,
”
Journal
of
Ele
ct
rical
Eng
ine
er
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vo
l,
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K.
Vinoth
Kuma
r,
Prawin
Angel
Micha
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l,
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eph
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John
and
Dr.
S.
Suresh
Kuma
r,
“
Simu
la
t
i
on
a
nd
Compa
rison
of
SP
WM
and
S
VP
WM
Control
for
Three
Phase
Inve
rte
r
,”
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Journal
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f
En
gi
nee
ring
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li
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P
arm
ar
,
B
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a
r,
and
M.
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sha
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,
“
Perfor
ma
n
ce
Co
mpa
rison
bet
wee
n
PWM
Based
Inve
r
te
r
and
SV
PWM
Based
Inve
rt
er,
”
Inte
rnat
ional
Journal
of
Ad
v
ance
d
R
ese
arch
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Elec
tri
cal,
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ct
ronics
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ati
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F.
Zh
ang
an
d
Y.
H.
Yu,
“
C
ompa
rison
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T
hre
e
SV
PWM
S
tra
t
egi
es
,”
Jour
nal
of
Elec
troni
cs
Sci
en
ce
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Naye
em
uddi
n,
T.
B.
Reddy
b,
and
M.
V.
Kumar
a,
“Spac
e
Vec
tor
b
ase
d
Random
PWM
Algorit
hms
fo
r
Acoustic
Noise
and
Harm
oni
cs
Reduc
ti
on
for
V
olt
ag
e
Source
In
ver
te
r
F
ed
AC Drive
,”
En
ergy
Pr
oce
di
a
,
vol
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353
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S.
Maniva
nn
an,
S.
Vee
r
akum
ar
,
P.
Karuppusam
y
,
and
A.
N
andh
akum
ar
,
“
Perfor
ma
nc
e
Analysis
of
Two
-
L
evel
Space
Vec
tor
Puls
e
Wi
dth
M
odula
t
ed
Three
Phase
Volta
ge
Source
Inve
rt
ers
In
All
Pos
sible
Sw
it
chi
ng
Sequenc
es
,”
Inter
nati
onal
Journal
of
Inno
vat
i
ve
Re
search
in
Ele
ct
rical,
Elec
tronic
s,
Instrum
ent
at
ion
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Botke
war
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K.
Sawala
kh
e,
and
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Wa
nj
ari,
“
Perform
anc
e
Analysis
of
Thr
ee
Phase
Induc
t
ion
Motor
Dri
v
e
Us
ing
SV
PWM
Sw
it
chi
ng
Te
c
hnique
s:
Design
Approac
h,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Inno
vat
i
v
e
R
ese
arch
an
d
Dev
el
opmen
t
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vo
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no
.
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an,
B.
Wu,
V.
Sood,
D.
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M.
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ani
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Z.
Cheng,
et
al
.
,
“
A
Simpl
ified
Space
V
ec
tor
Modulat
ion
for
Four
-
Le
ve
l
N
es
te
d
N
eut
ra
l
-
Point
Clamped
Inve
r
te
rs
with
Co
mpl
e
te
Control
of
Flyi
ng
-
Capa
c
it
or
V
olt
ag
es,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Power
E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
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K.
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eo,
M.
Saee
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ifa
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a
nd
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G.
Harl
ey,
“
Optimiz
ed
Co
ntrol
of
the
Mod
ula
r
M
ultilevel
Convert
er
Base
d
on
Spac
e
Ve
c
tor
Modula
ti
on,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansac
ti
ons
on
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r
El
e
ct
ronics
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K.
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ee
sh,
G.
Jaga
d
ana
nd
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an
d
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Ra
mc
h
and,
“
A
Gene
r
al
i
ze
d
Sw
it
ch
Matr
ix
Based
Spa
ce
Ve
ct
or
Modulation
Te
chn
ique
Us
ing
th
e
N
ea
res
t
Level
Modulation
Conce
pt
for
Neu
tra
l
-
Point
-
C
lamp
ed
Mul
ti
l
eve
l
In
ver
te
rs,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Indus
trial
E
le
c
tronic
s
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vo
l. 65, p
p.
4542
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n
ej
ad
,
H.
Mahmoudi,
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ade
h,
and
R.
Ahm
ad
i,
“
Fau
lt
-
Tol
er
a
nt
Space
Vec
tor
Modulat
ion
fo
r
M
odula
r
Mult
ile
vel
Conv
erters
with
Bypassed
Fault
y
Submodules
,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
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ial
El
e
ct
roni
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A.
Giyantara
an
d
M.
R
am
e
li
,
“
Compa
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b
etw
ee
n
SV
PWM
Two
Le
v
el
in
I
nte
rna
l
and
Ex
t
ern
al
Circle
o
f
Hexa
gon,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Con
fe
re
nce
on
Engi
n
ee
r
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S
ci
en
ce
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Nanote
chno
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NO
20
16),
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t
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ntro
l
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ti
on
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ct
rical Sy
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uli
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ngine
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ti
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r
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a
,
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,
”
A
Gen
et
i
c
Algorit
hm
Based
Approac
h
towar
ds
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orma
n
ce.
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A
Ans
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D
M
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c
a
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Mode
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ynchr
onous
Ma
chi
ne
in
MA
T
LAB
Simul
ink
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
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ne
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ring S
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anl
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t
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otor
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ansacti
ons
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me
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
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11
, N
o.
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,
D
ecembe
r
2020
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17
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Burak
Ozpineci
,
L.
M.
Tol
ber
tr
,
“
Simul
ink
I
mple
me
nt
at
ion
of
In
duct
ion
Ma
chi
n
e
Model
-
A
mod
ula
r
appr
o
ac
h
,
”
IEE
E
rans
.
2003.
[24]
Mohame
d
A.
E
nany,
“E
f
fects
o
f
Thr
ee
Phase
AC
Volta
g
e
Co
ntrol
ler
on
Indu
ct
ion
Motor
Pe
r
forma
nc
e
Us
ing
AN
FIS
,”
Inte
rnational
Journal
o
f
Elec
tri
cal E
ngi
nee
ring
,
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20,
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5
,
pp
.
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-
2
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Mohame
d
A.
E
nany,
H.
El
she
wy
and
F.
Abde
l
-
kade
r
,
“
Dyna
mi
c
Oper
at
ion
o
f
Synchronous
Motor
Us
ing
DTC
Te
chn
ique
Inste
ad
of
Dampe
r
Wi
nding
,”
15th
Inte
rnational
Mi
ddle
East
Powe
r
Syste
ms
conf
er
enc
e
,
M
EP
CON
2012,
DEC
.
23
-
25
2012,
Alexa
n
dria
Univ
ersit
y
,
Egypt
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
E.
E
.
E
l
-
Kholy
was
born
in
Menoufia
,
Egypt
i
n
1963.
He
re
c
ei
ved
h
is
BS
c,
MS
c
and
PhD
degr
ee
s
in
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
from
the
Facu
lt
y
of
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Menoufi
a
Univ
ersit
y
in
1986,
1992
and
1996
r
espe
ctivel
y
.
He
i
s
the
De
an
of
Fa
cul
ty
of
Engi
n
eering,
Menou
f
ia
Univer
sity.
His
ma
in
field
of
i
nte
rest
includes
Pow
er
Elec
t
ro
nic
s,
AC/DC
dr
ive
s
con
trol
tec
hnique
s,
Ac
ti
v
e
Rec
tifiers,
Ac
ti
v
e
Fi
lt
ers,
Mi
cro
g
rids
and
R
ene
wa
ble
Ene
rgy
.
His
int
er
est
al
so
exte
nded
to
R
eal
-
Ti
me c
on
trol usi
ng
DS
P,
Fuzzy a
ppli
c
at
ion
in
Pow
e
r
Elec
troni
cs.
Mohame
d
A.
E
nany
was
born
on
1st
Janua
ry
1979.
He
r
ecei
v
ed
a
ll
B
.
Sc.
,
M
.
Sc.
and
PhD
degr
ee
s
in
elec
tri
c
al
power
an
d
ma
ch
ine
s
en
gine
er
ing
from
Engi
ne
eri
ng
C
oll
eg
e,
Z
agazi
g
Univer
sity,
Egy
pt
on
2000
,
200
5
and
2009,
resp
ec
t
ive
ly
.
He
has
ma
ny
int
ern
atio
nal
pub
li
c
at
ions
in
the
ar
ea
of
E
l
ec
tr
ic
a
l
Ma
chi
ne
s,
Rene
wab
le
En
erg
y,
soft
com
p
uti
ng
t
ec
hn
ique
s
and
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Drive
s.
He
is
c
urre
ntl
y
an
As
sociate
Profess
or
in
e
lectr
i
ca
l
po
wer
and
ma
ch
in
es
engi
n
ee
ring
from
Eng
ine
e
rin
g
Coll
ege
,
Z
agaz
ig
Univer
si
ty, Egypt.
Ahmed
Fathi
A
bdou
rec
e
ive
d
h
is
B.
Sc.
and
M.
Sc.
Eng
.
degr
ees
from
Facul
ty
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Menoufia
Unive
rsity,
Egyp
t,
and
PhD
degr
ee
in
2013
from
th
e
Univer
sity
of
N
ew
South
Wa
l
es,
at
the
Aus
tralian
Defe
n
ce
Forc
e
A
c
ademy.
Hi
s
rese
ar
ch
inter
ests
in
cl
ude
po
wer
e
lectr
oni
cs,
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
r
gy,
smar
t
grids,
distri
but
ed
g
en
era
t
ion,
elec
tr
ical
m
ac
h
ine
s,
vo
lt
ag
e
stab
il
i
ty,
FA
CTS
devi
ce
s
and
cont
rol
ap
pli
c
at
ions.
He
i
s
a
reg
u
la
r
rev
i
ewe
r
for
ma
ny
of
interna
t
iona
l
journa
ls.
Mahmoud
Ei
d
Mohame
d
was
b
orn
in
Bel
b
is,
E
gypt
in
1991.
H
e
recei
v
ed
his
B
.
Sc.
Eng
.
d
egr
ee
from
Facu
lt
y
of
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Z
aga
z
ig
Univ
ersity,
Egyp
t
in
201
5.
Curr
ent
ly
,
h
e
is
a
T
eachi
ng
As
sistant
at t
he
Facul
ty
of Engin
ee
ring
,
Za
ga
zi
g
Univer
sity, E
gy
pt.
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