In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
2, June
2
01
9, pp.
801~
8
1
2
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
2.pp
8
01-
81
2
801
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Performance
enhancement in a
m
ultilevel inverter fed PTC
in
duction
motor drive
by opt
imal voltage vector selection
Hima
bin
du T.
1
,
A.
V.
R
avi
T
e
j
a
2
,
G
. Bhuvanesw
a
ri
3
,
B
h
im S
ingh
4
1
D
epart
e
men
t
o
f
Electri
cal an
d
E
lect
ronics Eng
in
eerin
g, BITS
-
Pi
lani,
Hy
derabad
cam
pu
s,
I
n
d
i
a
2
D
epartem
e
n
t
of
El
ectri
c
a
l E
n
g
i
neeri
n
g
, IIT Ro
p
ar,
Indi
a
3,
4
D
epart
e
men
t
of
Electri
cal E
ngin
e
e
r
i
n
g
, IIT Delhi, Ind
ia
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Sep
2
5
,
2
018
Re
vise
d N
ov
1
9
,
201
8
A
c
c
e
pte
d
F
eb 5,
201
9
Th
is
p
aper
p
rop
o
s
e
s
a
n
o
v
e
l
pred
icti
ve
c
on
tro
l
s
trat
egy
f
o
r
a
m
ultilevel
in
vert
er
f
e
d
I
nd
uct
i
o
n
M
otor
D
riv
e
(IM
D)
w
ith
optim
al
v
o
ltag
e
v
ecto
r
sel
ecti
o
n
at
e
very
s
amp
l
i
n
g
in
terv
a
l
.
T
h
e
p
r
op
osed
p
red
i
ct
iv
e
c
on
trol
st
rateg
y
,
apart
from
enh
a
ncin
g
th
e
d
ynam
i
c
s
p
e
e
d
and
t
o
rqu
e
r
es
po
nses
o
f
th
e
dri
v
e,
s
triv
es
t
o
red
u
ce
th
e
n
u
m
ber
of
switching
t
ran
s
i
t
io
n
s
by
c
ho
osi
ng
op
tim
al
v
o
ltag
e
v
ect
or,
th
ereby
redu
cin
g
t
he
switchin
g
l
o
s
ses
s
ig
nifi
cantly
.
The
algorithm p
u
t
f
o
r
t
h
here
c
ho
oses the
m
ost
su
i
t
able
s
w
itchi
n
g
s
t
ate a
m
o
ng
th
e
red
u
n
d
an
t
sw
it
chin
g
combin
ati
ons
,
su
ch
t
hat
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
num
b
e
r
of
sw
it
ches
c
h
a
ng
e
t
h
ei
r
stat
es
f
rom
t
h
e
prev
io
us
switch
i
n
g
c
om
bin
ation
t
o
t
he
pres
ent
on
e.
T
his
res
u
lt
s
in
p
ercep
tib
le
r
educt
i
o
n
i
n
th
e
sw
it
c
hin
g
l
osses
th
ereby
in
creasin
g
th
e
ef
fici
ency
o
f
t
h
e
conv
erter.
T
h
e
p
ro
po
se
d
P
r
e
d
ic
ti
ve
To
rqu
e
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
P
T
C)
s
t
r
ategy
is
m
od
eled
a
nd
s
imu
l
a
t
ed
i
n
M
a
tl
a
b/
S
i
m
u
li
nk
envi
ro
n
m
ent
and
th
e
resul
t
s
are
repo
rted
f
or
a
2
-lev
el
a
n
d
3
-level
in
vert
er
f
ed
I
MD
c
o
n
fig
u
rat
i
ons
.
Th
e
res
u
lt
s
dem
o
n
s
t
r
ate
t
h
e
ef
fe
ct
iv
enes
s
o
f
th
e
pro
p
o
s
ed
P
TC
f
o
r
both
2-l
e
vel
and
3-lev
e
l
i
n
v
e
rter
f
ed
I
M
D
s
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Ind
u
ct
i
on m
o
to
r
drive
(IMD
)
Mu
lt
ile
ve
l in
ve
r
t
e
r
N
e
utra
l
clam
pe
d
Inver
t
e
r
P
r
edict
i
ve t
orq
u
e
con
t
ro
l (
P
TC)
Torq
ue
r
ip
pl
e
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
H
i
ma
bind
u
T,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
a
n
d
El
ect
ro
ni
c
s
Eng
in
e
e
ring
,
BI
TS
-P
il
a
n
i H
yder
a
bad
Ca
m
pus,
H
yder
a
ba
d,
India.
hima
.bi
n
du
210
@gm
a
i
l
.c
om
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
A
d
j
u
s
t
ab
le
s
pe
ed
d
ri
ves
(A
S
D
)
find
im
me
nse
app
l
i
c
at
ions
i
n
va
ri
o
u
s
i
n
d
u
stries
s
uc
h
as
t
e
x
til
e
m
i
l
l
s,
pape
r
m
ill
s,
p
rint
in
g
pre
s
se
s,
c
em
ent
m
i
l
l
s,
o
il
dr
ill
i
ng,
p
roc
ess
c
o
n
t
ro
l
a
nd
trans
p
ort
se
c
t
ors.
T
he
y
ar
e
a
l
s
o
w
i
de
ly
u
sed
in
c
om
m
e
rc
ial
s
ectors
e
s
pec
i
a
l
ly
f
or
h
ea
ti
n
g
,
ven
t
i
l
a
tin
g
and
ai
r-co
n
d
it
io
n
i
n
g
(
HVAC
)
sy
st
ems
[1,
2
].
F
iel
d
O
r
i
e
n
te
d
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(F
O
C
)
and
D
i
r
ect
T
or
que
C
on
tro
l
(
DTC
)
a
re
t
wo
a
c
c
u
r
at
e
co
nt
rol
t
e
chn
i
qu
e
s
[3-5]
w
h
i
c
h
ar
e
com
m
on
ly
e
m
p
l
o
ye
d
for
c
o
n
t
ro
l
lin
g
the
A
S
D
s
s
o
t
ha
t
f
a
st
dyn
ami
c
r
espo
n
s
e
i
s
obta
i
n
e
d
si
m
u
lta
ne
ous
l
y
t
r
ack
in
g
the
refere
nce
s
p
e
e
d
and
t
o
rq
ue
e
xa
ctl
y
.
F
O
C
i
n
v
o
lve
s
c
o
o
rd
ina
t
e
transf
orma
tions
;
it
requ
ire
s
t
he
e
x
a
ct
p
osit
i
on
o
f
t
he
a
i
r
g
a
p
f
lu
x
vec
t
or
.
Bu
t
,
D
T
C
i
s
n
ot
a
s
co
mp
ut
ati
o
n
int
e
ns
iv
e
a
s
F
OC;
so
,
D
T
C is pre
fer
r
ed
i
n
ma
ny o
f
t
he A
S
D
a
ppl
i
c
ati
ons
w
here
lo
w
spe
e
d ope
rat
i
o
n
is n
o
t
ve
r
y c
o
mm
on.
A
n
i
m
p
r
ove
d
D
T
C
tec
hni
qu
e
w
ith
S
pace
v
ect
or
m
o
d
u
l
a
tio
n
is
p
ro
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
[
6]
w
h
i
c
h
e
l
i
mina
te
s
un
des
i
red
torq
ue
a
n
d
c
ur
ren
t
r
ipp
l
es
e
f
f
ec
t
i
vel
y
.
A
perform
ance
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
D
T
C
b
a
s
e
d
I
M
D
w
i
t
h
P
a
n
d
P
I
c
ontro
ll
e
r
s
is
p
r
e
sen
t
ed
i
n
[7].
A
n
euro-
f
uzz
y
b
a
s
e
d
a
d
a
pt
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
er
f
or
a
c
c
ura
t
e
speed
e
st
im
at
ion
i
n
a
sens
orless
d
irec
t
tor
que
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
d
ind
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
t
o
r
dr
ive
(IMD
)
,
working
at
l
ow
s
peeds,
i
s
di
sc
us
se
d
in
[
8]
wher
ein
m
o
del
refe
renc
e
ada
p
t
i
v
e
co
n
t
rol
l
e
r
i
s
bei
n
g
em
plo
y
e
d
a
s
a
rotor
f
l
ux
o
bserver.
T
her
e
a
re
a
l
arge
numbe
r
of
p
a
p
er
s
on
th
e
mo
de
li
ng
an
d
s
i
m
u
lat
i
o
n
o
f
I
MD
s
i
n
M
A
T
L
AB,
wh
ereas
[9
]
d
e
scri
be
s
com
p
le
x
rea
l
-ti
m
e
si
m
u
lat
i
on
of
I
M
D
u
s
i
n
g
R
T-La
b
softw
a
r
e
w
hi
le
i
t
is
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
s
imul
ta
ne
ousl
y
on
se
vera
l
person
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
801
–
8
12
80
2
c
o
mp
ut
ers.
C
ha
l
l
e
ng
es
f
a
ced
w
h
i
l
e
e
x
ecut
i
n
g
t
h
es
e
si
mul
a
ti
on
s
a
re
out
line
d
i
n
thi
s
p
ap
er;
so
me
s
ug
g
e
st
io
ns
are
pr
o
pose
d
t
o over
c
om
e th
ese
issues
;
fina
ll
y,
s
ol
u
t
i
ons
o
bt
a
i
ne
d he
nc
e
f
or
th
a
re
pre
sented i
n
thi
s
pa
p
e
r
.
P
r
edic
tive
c
o
n
t
ro
l
schem
e
a
s
s
oc
ia
t
e
d
w
i
th
D
TC
d
esc
r
ibe
d
i
n
[10,
1
1]
d
im
in
is
hes
b
o
t
h
t
o
rq
ue
a
n
d
fl
u
x
r
ipp
l
es
; i
t
m
ake
s
m
ult
i
p
l
e
pr
ed
ic
ti
o
n
s w
ith
in
one
sa
m
p
l
i
n
g
in
t
e
r
va
l.
T
he prop
o
se
d predic
t
i
v
e
a
lg
ori
t
hm
i
n
[1
2] has d
is
t
i
n
c
tly t
w
o
par
ts: the
firs
t pa
rt a
rrives at t
he pr
edic
t
i
ve sta
t
o
r
re
fer
e
nce
flu
x
v
ector
; the
sec
o
nd pa
r
t
aid
s
t
he dri
ve in trac
k
i
n
g
t
he
s
tator
reference
f
l
ux
b
y
selecti
n
g
e
ithe
r
a
z
er
o vo
ltage
v
e
c
t
o
r
o
r
an ac
tive
v
e
c
t
or
.
A
com
p
aris
on
be
tw
ee
n
the
cl
assica
l
D
T
C
te
c
h
n
i
que
a
n
d
p
re
dic
t
i
v
e
t
orq
u
e
c
o
nt
r
o
l
(P
TC)
ha
s
be
e
n
car
ri
ed
o
u
t
i
n
[
13
];
s
i
m
il
arl
y
,
th
e
DTC
te
ch
ni
q
u
e
h
as
b
e
e
n
c
o
mp
are
d
w
i
t
h
f
o
rc
ed
m
a
c
hine
c
urr
e
nt
c
on
t
r
o
l
(
F
M
C
C
)
i
n
[1
4].
It
i
s
ve
ry
c
l
e
ar
t
ha
t
P
T
C
of
fer
s
a
n
u
m
ber
of
a
dva
n
t
age
s
o
ver
cla
s
sica
l
D
T
C
suc
h
a
s
l
e
sse
r
t
or
que
a
n
d
curr
ent
ri
pp
l
e
s
a
nd
a
c
c
u
rate
a
nd
faster
t
rac
k
ing
of
s
pee
d
a
n
d
t
or
que
.
A
two
le
vel
V
S
C
b
a
sed
pre
d
i
c
t
i
ve
D
TC
for
a
d
o
u
b
l
y
fed
IMD
pre
s
e
n
te
d
in
[
1
5
]
reduc
e
s
t
he
r
oto
r
f
lux
a
nd
e
l
e
c
t
ro
ma
gn
e
t
i
c
t
o
r
qu
e
ri
ppl
e
s
,
wi
th
a
sma
l
le
r
va
lue
of
s
w
i
t
c
hin
g
fr
eque
nc
y.
T
hus,
th
is
c
a
n
e
asily
b
e
e
m
plo
y
e
d
e
ve
n
in
v
ery
h
i
gh
p
o
w
er
app
l
ica
t
i
o
ns.
B
a
sed
on
t
he
p
r
e
se
n
t
s
tat
o
r
v
o
lta
ge,
a
ve
ct
or
p
re
di
ct
io
n
DTC
h
a
s
b
e
en
d
eri
v
ed
i
n
[16
]
,
so
a
s
to
ac
hi
e
v
e t
h
e
des
i
rab
l
e
fl
ux a
nd
tor
que
r
esp
ons
es.
The
pre
d
i
c
t
i
ve
c
o
n
tr
ol
a
ppr
o
ach
h
as
b
ee
n
exte
nde
d
e
v
e
n
t
o
m
u
lti
le
vel
i
nver
t
e
r
s
[
1
7
]
t
o
a
c
h
iev
e
e
x
ce
ll
e
n
t
d
r
i
v
e
ch
a
r
ac
t
e
ri
sti
c
s.
H
o
w
e
v
er,
i
n
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
D
TC
d
r
i
v
es,
h
i
g
h
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
f
re
que
nc
y
due
t
o
the
u
s
e
o
f
h
y
s
t
e
re
si
s
c
o
nt
roll
e
r
s
an
d
as
so
ci
at
e
d
s
wi
t
c
hi
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ict
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T
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l
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H
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ail
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T
h
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pa
per
is
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n
iz
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a
s
fol
l
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:
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ctio
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I
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oble
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s
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t
h
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cal
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TC
a
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h
en
p
ut
s
p
r
e
d
i
c
ti
v
e
con
t
ro
l
usi
n
g
muli
ta-le
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e
l
i
n
v
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r
ters
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n
p
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rspec
t
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v
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S
ecti
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n
II
d
isc
u
sses
the
o
p
t
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ma
l
v
o
l
ta
ge
v
ec
tor
se
lec
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(w
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reve
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nc
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s
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fo
r
the
PTC
IMD.
S
ection
III
d
iscu
ss
es
m
ode
lin
g
a
nd
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
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of
t
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com
p
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s
chem
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w
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S
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ctio
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IV
p
re
sents
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i
mu
la
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o
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e
sul
t
s
fo
l
l
ow
e
d
by
co
ncl
u
s
i
on
i
n S
e
cti
o
n V
.
2.
E
F
FI
CIENT
VOLTAGE
V
E
C
TOR PLACEMEN
T
F
OR PREDICTI
V
E
T
O
RQU
E
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
P
o
w
e
r
Elec
t
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onic
s
i
s
a
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e
na
bl
i
n
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
gy
t
ha
t
has
im
pro
v
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t
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e
fficienc
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p
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f
A
C
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i
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s
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g
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hem
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n
d
u
s
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ria
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f
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In
v
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w
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p
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s
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new
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n
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r
I
M
D
[
1
8
]
,
p
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e
d
i
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t
s
the
future
b
ehavior
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P
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for
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igur
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F
i
gure
1.
B
l
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k
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iagra
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f P
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C S
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hem
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
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c
&
D
ri S
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IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Perf
o
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h
a
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e
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t in
a m
u
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d PTC
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… (
H
i
m
a
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in
d
u
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80
3
The
e
x
ecu
t
i
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n
of pred
ic
ti
ve c
on
tro
l
a
l
g
or
it
h
m
i
s
d
one
i
n
t
h
ree
steps
:
(i)
e
s
t
im
at
i
on o
f
var
iab
l
es i
n
t
h
e
prese
n
t
ste
p
(
ii
)
predict
i
on
of
t
he
f
u
t
ur
e
va
l
u
es
o
f
the
co
ntr
o
lle
d
va
ria
b
les
and
(ii
i
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t
i
miz
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t
i
on
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he
o
ut
put
a
c
c
o
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n
g
t
o
t
h
e
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revi
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sly
sp
e
c
i
fi
ed
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ont
rol
l
a
w.
P
red
i
c
t
i
o
ns
a
r
e
ma
de
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or
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ve
ry
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ila
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e
sw
itc
h
i
ng
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b
i
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a
t
i
o
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f
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i
n
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erter
.
H
en
ce
, refere
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ce is ac
c
ura
t
e
l
y t
r
a
c
k
ed b
y se
le
cti
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g t
h
e s
u
ita
b
l
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o
l
t
a
ge ve
c
t
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w
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i
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m
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rror
is
m
ainta
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t
h
ro
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g
hou
t
the
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e
ss.
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rom
t
h
e
b
l
oc
k
dia
g
ram
,
i
t
ca
n
be
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ee
n
t
h
at
t
he
space
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s
o
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v
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ria
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les
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nn
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t
b
e
me
asure
d
s
uc
h
a
s
R
o
t
or
f
lux
(ψ
r
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,
S
t
a
t
o
r
fl
ux
(
ψ
s
)
and
elec
tr
oma
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t
i
c
torq
ue
a
r
e
c
a
l
cu
la
te
d
i
n
t
h
e
e
st
ima
t
i
o
n
b
l
oc
k
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y
se
ns
i
n
g
a
-
phase
a
nd
b-pha
se
s
ta
t
o
r
c
u
rre
nt
s
(i
a
,i
b
). The
e
q
u
a
tio
ns i
nv
o
l
ve
d
a
r
e
prese
n
t
e
d bel
o
w
:
(
1
)
Where
(2)
⁄
√
(
3
)
⁄
√
(4)
S
t
ator flu
x
i
s
e
st
i
m
a
t
e
d
us
i
ng
the s
t
at
or
v
o
lta
ge
:
(
5
)
Est
i
ma
tio
n
of
s
t
a
tor
fl
u
x
a
t
k
th
i
nsta
n
t
f
or
a
s
a
m
pl
in
g
t
i
m
e
T
s
i
s
g
i
ve
n
in
(
6).
This
i
s
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
af
t
e
r
di
sc
retiz
a
t
i
on o
f
5 using
Eu
le
r’s
f
orm
u
la.
1
(
6
)
S
i
milarl
y,
fr
o
m
t
h
e
flu
x
l
in
k
a
ge
, the
rot
or
f
lu
x est
i
ma
tio
n c
a
n
b
e do
ne
as
fo
l
l
ow
s:
(
7)
Est
i
ma
tio
n
o
f
s
ta
t
o
r
an
d
rot
o
r
fl
u
x
a
t
k
th
i
ns
tan
t
c
a
n
b
e
co
m
p
lete
d
b
y
u
si
ng
(6)
a
n
d
(7).
N
ow
s
tat
o
r
fl
u
x
a
nd t
o
rq
ue
p
r
e
dic
t
i
o
ns
a
t (
k
+1)
th
step
are
obta
i
ned
as
:
1
(8)
1
1
1
(
9)
Te
rm
(
9)
s
how
s
t
h
a
t
t
he
t
orq
u
e
pred
ict
i
on
a
t
(
k
+1
)
th
s
tep
is
d
e
p
e
nde
n
t
o
n
pred
ic
te
d
va
l
u
es
o
f
s
t
at
or
fl
u
x
a
nd sta
t
or c
urrent
a
t (
k
+1
)
th
s
te
p.
Pr
edi
c
ted
sta
t
or
c
ur
rent i
s gi
ve
n
as:
1
1
(
10)
wh
ere
,
,
1
and
.
F
o
r
a
thre
e
le
vel
i
n
v
e
rter
(
sho
w
n
in
F
i
g
ure
2),
24
ac
ti
ve
v
e
c
t
o
rs
a
nd
3
zer
o
vec
t
ors
are
possi
ble
depe
n
d
i
n
g
u
p
on
t
h
e
sw
i
t
ch
i
ng
c
o
mb
i
n
at
i
ons;
i.e.
,
tota
l
27
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
s
tate
s
ar
e
obt
a
i
ned,
o
u
t
o
f
w
h
ic
h,
(
6)
a
r
e
redu
nda
n
t
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
s
ta
tes.
T
her
e
fore
,
the
predic
te
d
varia
b
le
s
s
u
ch
a
s
curre
nt,
flux
a
nd
tor
que
a
t
(
k
+1)
th
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
,
i
.
e
.
(
w
h
e
r
e
ℎ
0,1,
…
,
1
8
)
a
r
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
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e
d
P
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l
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r
i
t
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e
r
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s
and
no
n-
redu
n
d
an
t
non-
zer
o vo
l
t
a
g
e
ve
ct
ors
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
,
V
ol.
10,
N
o.
2
, June
20
1
9
:
801
–
8
12
80
4
Figure
2.
T
hree
leve
l
N
eu
tra
l
c
lam
p
ed
V
SI
f
e
d
IMD
I
n
t
he
e
rror
m
i
nim
i
za
t
i
on
bl
o
c
k,
p
r
e
dic
t
ions
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
t
rol
l
e
d
va
ria
b
les
at
(
k
+1)
th
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
(
s
t
a
t
o
r
f
l
u
x
,
tor
que
a
n
d
s
tat
o
r
curr
ent)
a
re
obta
i
ne
d
for
ever
y
poss
i
ble
val
u
e
o
f
.
The
error
(
)
(
11)
i
s
t
h
e
diffe
r
enc
e
betw
ee
n
the
pr
e
d
i
c
te
d
a
n
d
refe
renc
e
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l
u
es
o
f
c
o
ntr
o
l
l
e
d
v
a
r
iab
l
e
s.
F
i
n
a
l
ly
,
th
e
swit
ch
in
g
st
a
t
e
i
s
s
el
ec
te
d
fo
r
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
erro
r
is
m
i
n
im
u
m
a
nd
the
n
t
h
i
s
v
o
lta
ge
v
ec
tor
ap
p
lie
d
t
o
t
h
e
mot
o
r
by
s
w
i
t
c
hi
ng
a
pp
ro
p
r
i
a
te
dev
i
ce
s
i
n
t
he
i
nve
r
t
er.
|
∗
1
|
∗
1
(11)
wher
e
ℎ
0,1
,
…
,
18
)
a
n
d
i
s
w
e
i
g
ht
i
ng
fa
c
t
or
c
ho
se
n
as
t
he
r
atio
o
f
n
o
m
i
na
l
t
o
rque
t
o
n
omi
n
al
s
ta
t
o
r
fl
u
x
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
P
T
C
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
t
h
r
e
e
w
a
y
s
o
f
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
z
e
r
o
ve
c
t
or
(
sw
it
c
h
c
o
m
bina
tio
ns,
00
0,1
11
a
n
d
2
22).
S
i
m
i
la
rl
y
redu
nda
nt
s
ta
te
s
ar
e
obse
r
ve
d
f
o
r
s
om
e
ot
h
e
r
no
n-ze
ro
v
o
lta
ge
v
ec
tors
a
s
w
e
l
l
(example V
14
a
nd
V
22
,
V
13
and
V
21
e
tc.) as
observed
in space v
e
c
t
o
r dia
g
r
a
m (F
igure
3).
F
i
gure
3.
S
pac
e
v
ector
d
i
a
gra
m
of a
three
leve
l
i
nve
rter
3.
MODELLIN
G
AND SIMULATI
O
N
The
num
ber
o
f
s
w
itc
hi
n
g
s
d
u
ri
ng
a
n
y
tr
an
siti
o
n
w
il
l
be
r
e
duce
d
i
f
t
h
e
v
o
l
ta
g
e
v
e
c
to
r
(
e
s
p
e
c
ia
ll
y
wher
e ther
e
i
s
r
edu
nda
nc
y) ne
a
re
st
t
o
t
h
e pr
evi
o
us
v
ec
t
o
r
i
s
c
h
ose
n
a
s pe
r the
sw
itc
h
i
ng
st
a
t
es.
F
i
gure
4
prese
n
ts
t
he
l
o
g
i
c
w
her
e
it
c
a
n
b
e
obs
erve
d
t
h
at
i
f
ze
r
o
v
ec
t
o
r
n
e
e
d
s
t
o
b
e
ap
p
l
i
e
d
in
t
he
(
k
+1)
th
i
n
s
ta
n
t
,
the
n
i
n
a
t
h
re
e-leve
l
i
nve
r
t
e
r
c
ase
ther
e
ar
e
three
z
er
o
vec
t
or
o
p
t
i
o
ns
n
a
m
e
l
y
V
0
,V
19
a
nd
V
20
.
A
m
ong
t
he
se
t
hree
zer
o
vo
l
t
a
g
e
vec
t
or
s,
V
0
i
s
selec
t
e
d
i
f
t
h
e
pre
v
ious
v
e
c
tor
is
one
o
f
(
V
0
,
V
1
,
V
5
,
V
9
,
V
13
,
V
15
,
V
17
)
a
s
t
hi
s
w
i
l
l
r
eq
uire
t
he
t
rans
iti
on
o
f
o
n
ly
o
ne
o
f
the
thre
e
-
p
h
a
s
es.
Si
mi
l
a
rl
y
in
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
o
f
non-z
e
ro
vo
lta
ge
v
ec
tor
w
i
t
h
r
e
dun
da
nt
s
ta
tes,
(
i.e.
V
13
-
V
21
,
V
14
-
V
22
,
V
15
-
V
23
,
V
16
-
V
24
,
V
17
-
V
25
,
V
18
-
V
26
),
t
h
e
vo
lta
ge
v
e
c
t
or
w
ith
l
eas
t
nu
m
b
er
o
f
sw
i
t
c
h
in
g
tra
n
si
tio
n
i
s
s
e
l
ecte
d
.
For
exam
p
l
e
v
o
lta
ge
v
e
c
t
or
V
21
i
s
selec
t
e
d
w
hile
c
on
side
ri
ng
t
h
e
r
e
du
nda
n
t
v
e
c
tor
pa
i
r
o
f
V
13
&
V
21
,
i
f
t
h
e
p
re
vi
ou
s
v
e
cto
r
i
s
on
e
of
(
V
2
,
V
12
,
V
16
,
V
19
,
V
21
,
V
22
,
V
26
)
,
a
s
t
h
i
s
w
i
l
l
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
p
h
a
s
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
es.
Table
1
ill
us
trat
es
t
he
reduc
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
tota
l
n
um
ber
of sw
i
tch
i
ng tr
a
n
sit
i
ons
c
a
u
se
d b
y t
h
is k
in
d of
s
elec
tio
n o
f
vo
l
t
a
ge
v
e
c
t
o
rs
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Perf
orma
nce
enh
a
n
c
e
men
t
i
n
a mul
tile
ve
l i
n
v
e
rter fe
d
PTC ind
u
c
t
i
o
n mot
o
r dr
ive
… (Himab
in
d
u
T
)
80
5
Tab
l
e
1.
N
o.
o
f
S
w
itch
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
a
dur
a
tio
n
of
14
se
cs,
w
i
t
h
a
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
ng
fr
e
q
uenc
y
of
2
0
k
H
z
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
wi
th
out
e
ffi
ci
en
t
choi
ce
o
f vol
t
a
g
e
v
e
c
to
r
i
n
(
k
+1
)
th
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
.
Tab
l
e
1.
E
d
u
c
tion
in
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
num
ber
of
s
w
i
t
c
hi
n
g
t
r
a
ns
iti
o
n
s
Le
ve
l
of
t
he
I
nve
rt
e
r
N
o.
o
f
S
w
i
t
c
h
ing
T
r
a
n
sit
i
ons
w
i
t
hout
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t c
hoic
e
o
f
volta
g
e
v
e
c
t
or
N
o
.
o
f
S
w
i
t
c
h
ing
T
r
a
n
si
tions
w
ith
Ef
f
i
ci
e
n
t
ch
o
i
ce
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
ect
o
r
T
w
o
Le
ve
l
Inve
rte
r
0
.
3684
m
ill
ion
0.
3664
m
ill
ion
(0.
54%
l
e
ss
sw
it
c
h
ing)
T
h
r
e
e
Le
v
e
l
Inve
rte
r
0
.
3749
m
ill
ion
0.
3559
m
ill
ion
(5.
07%
l
e
ss
sw
it
c
h
ing)
The
f
l
ow
char
t
s
f
or
s
el
e
c
t
i
ng
the
ef
fic
i
e
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
v
e
c
t
or
w
i
t
h
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
swi
t
c
h
in
g
tra
n
siti
o
n
s
wh
e
n
z
e
r
o
v
ec
tor
is
t
o
be
c
h
o
se
n
a
n
d
non-
zer
o
ve
c
t
or
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
n
d
anc
y
i
s
t
o
b
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
(
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
)
a
n
d
(
F
igur
e
5)
r
espec
t
i
v
e
l
y.
F
i
gur
e 4.
F
lo
w
c
har
t
f
or
s
elec
tin
g t
h
e
effic
i
en
t vo
l
t
age
v
ect
o
r
with
m
i
n
im
u
m
s
wi
tc
hin
g
w
hen
zero
v
ecto
r o
c
cu
rs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
8
0
1
–
8
12
80
6
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
F
l
owchar
t
for
selec
tin
g t
h
e
effic
i
en
t vo
l
t
age
v
e
c
t
o
r
wi
th
mi
n
i
m
um
s
wi
t
c
h
i
ng
w
h
e
n
re
du
nd
an
t
v
e
c
t
o
r
o
c
cu
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
Perf
orma
nce
enh
a
n
c
e
men
t
i
n
a mul
tile
ve
l i
n
v
e
rter fe
d
PTC ind
u
c
t
i
o
n mot
o
r dr
ive
… (Himab
in
d
u
T
)
80
7
4.
S
I
M
U
L
A
TI
O
N
R
ES
U
L
T
S
4.
1.
P
r
opose
d PT
C
a
l
g
or
i
t
hm
f
or
t
h
ree leve
l i
n
ve
rte
r
f
ed IMD
The
pr
o
p
o
se
d
alg
o
r
i
thm
ap
pl
ie
d
t
o
m
ul
t
i
leve
l
V
S
I
fe
d
I
M
D
is
s
im
ul
a
t
e
d
i
n
Ma
t
l
ab
/Sim
u
lin
k
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t.
I
nd
uc
t
i
o
n
m
ot
or
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s
ar
e
gi
ve
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
Ta
ble
2.
I
nduc
t
i
o
n
M
ac
h
i
ne
R
ati
n
g
and
P
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
.
P
a
ra
m
e
te
r
S
y
m
b
o
l
N
om
i
n
a
l
V
a
l
ue
Ra
t
e
d
Sh
a
f
t
P
o
w
e
r
-
4kW
L
i
ne
t
o
L
i
n
e
V
olt
a
ge
-
400
V
Ra
t
e
d
Sp
ee
d
-
1430
rp
m
Po
l
e
p
a
i
r
P
2
S
t
a
t
or
S
e
l
f-
Ind
u
c
t
anc
e
L
s
0.
1780
H
/
ph
R
o
t
o
r
S
e
lf-I
nduc
tanc
e
L
r
0
.
1780
H
/
ph
Ma
gne
tizing
Induc
ta
n
c
e
Lm
0
.
1722
H
/
ph
S
t
a
t
or Re
s
ist
a
n
c
e
R
s
1
.
405
Ω/ph
R
o
t
o
r
Re
sist
a
n
ce
R
r
1.
395
Ω/ph
M
ach
i
n
e I
n
e
r
t
i
a
J
0.
0131
k
g
-
m
¬
2
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
ul
ts
f
or
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
ar
e
a
n
al
yz
ed
i
n
t
erms
S
t
a
to
r
c
u
rrent
r
i
ppl
e
s
a
nd
Tor
que
r
ip
p
l
es
i
n
s
t
ea
d
y
-
s
t
a
t
e
f
or
t
he
t
hr
ee
-
l
e
v
e
l
c
a
s
e.
F
ur
the
r
,
over
s
h
o
o
t,
s
e
t
t
l
i
ng
t
i
m
e
,
and
un
der
s
h
o
o
t
a
r
e
obs
er
ved
dur
i
n
g
tr
ans
i
e
n
t
o
p
e
r
ati
ng
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
ns
s
uc
h
as
a
s
ud
de
n
c
ha
nge
i
n
l
o
a
d
t
or
q
u
e
or
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
pee
d
.
T
H
D
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
o
r
cu
rre
n
t
i
s
a
l
s
o
ob
se
rv
ed
.
At
s
t
eady
-
st
at
e,
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
ope
r
a
ti
n
g
c
ond
it
i
ons
o
f
t
h
e
dr
i
v
e
i
n
t
er
ms
of
s
p
e
ed
a
nd
l
o
a
d
t
or
q
u
e
ar
e
show
n
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
6
f
o
r
a
thr
e
e-
leve
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
a
s
e
w
i
t
h
P
T
C
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
w
i
t
h
op
t
i
ma
l
ve
c
t
or
p
l
a
cem
e
n
t.
T
h
e
a
pp
lie
d
s
p
ee
d
r
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
(
N
r
e
f)
a
n
d
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al
(
Nac
t
)
spe
e
d
c
o
i
nci
d
e
wi
th
e
a
c
h
ot
her
a
s
d
e
p
ic
ted
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
6a
.
The
e
l
ec
t
r
oma
gne
t
i
c
tor
que
g
e
n
e
r
a
te
d
fr
om
t
he
I
M
an
d
t
h
e
l
o
ad
t
or
q
u
e
r
e
fe
r
e
nc
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
fr
om
s
pe
e
d
l
oo
p
er
r
o
r
ar
e
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
6
b
.
I
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
6c
r
e
f
er
ence
a
n
d
a
c
t
ua
l
va
l
u
es
o
f
sta
t
or
f
l
ux
a
r
e
show
n
w
h
e
r
e
con
s
ta
n
t
s
t
a
t
o
r
fl
u
x
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5
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
8
0
1
–
8
12
80
8
4.
1.
1.
L
oad
c
h
a
n
g
e
wit
h
s
p
e
e
d
refe
ren
ce
b
ein
g
a
c
on
st
ant
F
i
gur
e
7
i
l
l
u
st
r
a
tes a
l
o
ad
c
ha
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
10 t
o
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5
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m
w
he
n r
o
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spee
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is
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onst
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nt
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t 1
0
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rp
m.
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h
e
a
c
t
ua
l
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o
r
q
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g
en
erat
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y
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h
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ch
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r
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ks
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l
oa
d
t
or
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u
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s
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i
n
F
igur
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7a
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r
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et
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r
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29
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p
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t
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t
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h
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h
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ge
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h
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p
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pm
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i
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igur
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u
r
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her
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st
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pe
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o
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fe
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ur
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g
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t
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tat
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r
c
u
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s
show
n
i
n
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i
gur
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7c
.
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F
i
gur
e
7.
Resp
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h
en
L
oa
d
Tor
q
ue
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ha
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
10
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m
to
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N
-
m
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)
T
or
que
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b)
S
pee
d
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c
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tator
c
u
r
r
e
nt
i
n
P
T
C
based
I
M
D
r
i
ve
f
e
d
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a
Thr
ee-
Level
V
S
I.
4
.
1
.
2
.
S
p
ee
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ng
e
w
i
th
Loa
d
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ns
t
a
nt
A
su
dde
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e
d
c
ha
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f
r
o
m
1
0
0
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o
6
80
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pm
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n
F
i
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8
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s
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k
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g
l
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d
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m
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pe
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.
(a)
(b
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
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86
94
Perf
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F
i
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Resp
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w
h
en
s
pe
ed
c
han
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es
f
r
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m
1000
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p
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l
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is
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n
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T
C
bas
e
d
I
M
D
r
i
ve
.
4.
2.
C
o
mp
ar
i
s
on
w
it
h
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le
v
e
l inve
rte
r
f
e
d
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The
pr
op
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d
a
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t
hm
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al
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[1
9]
.
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ig
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o
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d
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pe
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i
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r
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or
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e
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igur
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l
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x
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ig
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i
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i
g
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9
e
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nd
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ady
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t
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m
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r
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igur
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9b
.
Table
3.
(
k
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th
Zero Ve
c
tor se
lec
t
i
o
n lo
g
i
c
f
o
r
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l
e
vel
i
n
v
e
r
t
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r
[
19]
.
(
k
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e
c
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Pre
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V
0
V
0,
V
1,
V
3,
V
5
V
7
V
2,
V
4,
V
6,
V
7
(
a)
(b
)
(
c
)
(d
)
(e)
F
i
gur
e
9.
R
e
s
p
ons
e
of
t
he
d
r
i
ve
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ith
p
r
o
pos
ed
P
TC
a
l
g
or
i
t
h
m
for
t
wo lev
e
l
I
nver
t
er
f
ed
I
MD (
a
)
R
e
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ence
(
N
r
e
f)
a
nd
A
ctua
l
(
N
a
c
t)
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pe
eds
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m
e
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b
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d
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t
r
a
c
k
in
g
dur
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g
m
achine
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ver
s
al
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) Refere
n
ce
(Tre
f)
a
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Actu
al (
Tact)
Torqu
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v
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t
im
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e
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n
c
e
a
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l
ux
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8
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b)
v
s.
tim
e
(
e
)
Tor
q
ue
r
ip
ple
at
T
e
=
25
N
-
m
.
4.
2.
1.
L
oad
c
h
a
n
g
e
wit
h
s
p
e
e
d
c
o
n
st
an
t
The
tr
an
sie
n
t
be
ha
v
i
or
o
f
t
h
e
I
M
D
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
w
ith
t
his
al
g
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r
i
t
h
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s
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se
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y
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en
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h
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ge
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l
o
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d
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or
que
f
r
o
m
1
0
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-
m
t
o
25
N
-
m
a
t
4s
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s
s
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in
F
ig
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1
0
a.
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t
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ved
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h
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s
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ur
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h
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w
Elec
&
Dr
i
Sy
st,
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 2
,
Ju
n
e
2
019
:
8
0
1
–
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12
81
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a
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b
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om
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Tw
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2
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om
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o
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t
6
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n
in F
i
gur
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11a
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t
h
e
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e
d
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i
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8
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t
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l
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F
i
gur
e
1
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R
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sponse
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m
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pm
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mpa
r
ed
t
o
a
tw
o
leve
l
VSI
fed
DTC
IMD.
T
he
p
rop
o
se
d
P
T
C
a
l
g
o
r
ithm
with
o
p
t
ima
l
vol
tage
v
ec
tor
se
le
cti
o
n
,
t
h
u
s,
n
ot
o
n
l
y
r
e
duce
s
t
he
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
osse
s
bu
t
a
l
so
i
mpr
o
ves
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
i
n
t
er
m
s
o
f
t
o
r
que
a
nd
c
ur
r
e
nt
p
u
l
sa
tions
a
n
d
TH
D
of
s
t
a
tor
c
u
r
r
e
nt.
5.
CONCLUSION
This
p
ap
er
p
resent
s
a
n
e
w
P
T
C
algo
rith
m
f
o
r
3
-
l
e
v
e
l
VSI
f
e
d
DTC
I
MD,
with
o
p
tim
al
v
ol
t
a
ge
ve
ct
or
p
lace
me
nt
.
The
P
T
C
alg
o
r
i
t
h
m
ha
s
be
en
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
b
o
t
h
t
w
o
le
ve
l
a
n
d
t
h
r
e
e
l
e
vel
i
nver
t
er
f
ed
I
M
dr
ive
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
e
r
ved
tha
t
t
h
e
p
redic
t
ive
tor
q
ue
c
o
n
tro
l
a
lg
ori
t
h
m
for
three
le
v
e
l
i
n
verte
r
y
ie
l
d
s
a
be
t
t
e
r
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
ou
t
p
u
t
c
ur
r
e
n
t
T
H
D
,
t
or
que
r
i
p
ple
a
n
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
i
p
ple,
a
s
co
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
a
t
w
o
le
ve
l
in
ver
t
e
r
f
e
d
I
M
D
.
The
pr
o
p
o
se
d
P
T
C
a
l
go
r
i
t
h
m
is
s
im
p
l
e
to
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
nd
a
l
s
o
i
mpr
o
ves
t
h
e
ef
fic
i
e
n
cy
d
ue
to
t
he
r
ed
uc
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
sw
itc
hi
ngs.
Wh
i
l
e
0.
5
4
%
is
t
h
e
r
e
d
u
ct
i
o
n
i
n
t
he
numbe
r
o
f
s
w
itc
hi
ng
tr
a
n
sit
i
o
n
s
dur
i
ng
the
sw
itc
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
in
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
P
T
C
a
l
gor
ithm
for
tw
o
le
vel
i
nver
t
e
r
f
e
d
I
M
D
,
the
r
e
duc
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
t
h
r
e
e-
le
ve
l
ca
se
i
s
5.
0
7
%
.
T
he
t
r
a
ns
ien
t
a
nd
s
t
e
ady
sta
t
e
op
e
r
at
in
g
co
ndi
tio
ns
(
wit
h
t
h
e
pr
opose
d
c
on
tr
ol
s
tr
ate
g
y)
a
re
a
na
lyz
e
d
i
n
Ma
tla
b
/
S
i
m
u
li
nk
e
nvi
r
onm
en
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
sul
t
s
o
b
t
a
i
ne
d
s
h
o
w
t
ha
t
the
d
r
ive
w
i
l
l
b
e
ha
vi
n
g
r
e
d
u
ced
s
w
i
tch
i
ng
lo
sse
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
ove
d
effic
i
enc
y
t
ha
n
th
e
cla
s
sica
l
DTC
an
d
PTC
co
n
t
ro
l
s
t
ra
t
e
g
i
e
s
.
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