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201
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27
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1
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El
e
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tri
c
v
e
h
icle
(EV
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h
a
s
g
a
in
e
d
in
c
re
d
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le
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n
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st
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a
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n
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n
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m
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El
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tri
c
V
e
h
icle
(E
V
)
is
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
a
ro
u
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
rld
;
h
e
n
c
e
th
a
t
m
a
k
in
g
EV
s
u
se
r
f
rien
d
ly
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
m
o
re
i
m
p
o
rtan
t.
T
h
e
m
a
in
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
in
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sa
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o
f
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is
th
e
c
h
a
rg
in
g
ti
m
e
re
q
u
ired
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o
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e
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a
tt
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u
se
d
in
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.
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s
a
c
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se
q
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e
n
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e
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th
is
su
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m
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tt
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s
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re
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e
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rc
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m
a
n
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c
r
e
d
e
n
ti
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ls
w
h
e
re
a
w
id
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ra
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g
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o
f
so
lu
ti
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n
s
h
a
v
e
b
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e
n
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
.
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w
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v
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r
th
o
se
so
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ti
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n
s
a
re
in
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a
tu
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h
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m
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lex
h
a
rd
w
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re
stru
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tu
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.
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o
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ro
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id
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a
n
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n
sw
e
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e
y
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n
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d
ro
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a
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li
c
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ti
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b
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se
d
c
h
a
rg
in
g
o
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ti
m
iza
ti
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n
is
p
ro
p
o
se
d
.
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h
is
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
is
a
im
e
d
a
t
g
iv
in
g
re
lev
a
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
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V
’s
b
a
tt
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ry
sta
te
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f
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h
a
rg
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(S
OC),
a
c
c
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ra
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ti
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o
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o
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th
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c
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g
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sin
g
t
o
k
e
n
sy
ste
m
a
n
d
ro
u
te
p
lan
n
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r.
A
t
e
m
e
rg
e
n
c
y
situ
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
se
rv
ice
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p
ro
v
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e
d
b
y
m
o
b
il
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h
a
rg
in
g
sta
ti
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s.
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lan
n
e
r
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d
ica
tes
th
e
tem
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e
ra
tu
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b
y
w
h
ich
p
re
d
icti
o
n
o
f
re
a
c
h
in
g
th
e
d
e
s
ti
n
a
ti
o
n
c
a
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
.
I
n
a
d
d
it
io
n
t
o
t
h
a
t
n
e
a
re
st
p
lac
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s
su
c
h
a
s
p
a
rk
s,
m
o
tels
a
re
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d
ica
ted
.
T
h
e
e
sti
m
a
ted
ti
m
e
a
n
d
d
istan
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e
b
e
tw
e
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n
th
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tri
c
v
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icle
a
n
d
th
e
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h
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rg
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g
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ti
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n
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c
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lcu
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y
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h
a
rg
in
g
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t
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se
rv
e
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c
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rd
in
g
to
w
h
ich
th
e
p
a
rk
in
g
l
o
t
is
a
ll
o
c
a
ted
.
V
e
h
icle
to
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sta
ti
o
n
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
is
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
ti
m
e
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
h
a
rg
in
g
.
T
h
is
w
il
l
h
e
lp
t
h
e
E
V
u
se
rs
to
k
n
o
w
a
b
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u
t
c
h
a
rg
e
sta
tu
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sta
ti
o
n
,
w
h
ich
su
p
p
o
rt
f
a
st
c
h
a
rg
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
a
n
d
a
v
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il
a
b
il
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y
o
f
th
e
sta
ti
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n
o
n
t
h
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g
o
a
n
d
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lso
w
h
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n
to
c
h
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rg
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th
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ir
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V
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T
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A
rd
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i
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O
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a
s
b
e
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n
u
se
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f
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e
h
a
rd
w
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re
p
a
rt.
T
h
e
h
a
rd
wa
re
re
su
lt
s
a
re
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o
n
f
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m
in
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p
tu
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l
o
f
th
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p
r
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p
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se
d
w
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rk
.
K
ey
w
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d
:
C
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ar
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s
tatio
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C
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)
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(
HE
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State
o
f
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(
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)
Co
p
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rig
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t
©
201
6
In
s
t
it
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te o
f
A
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i
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S
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ien
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e
.
Al
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rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
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d
.
C
o
r
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e
s
p
o
nd
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A
uth
o
r
:
K.
R
a
m
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s
h
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
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ics a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
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io
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E
n
g
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in
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SR
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U
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C
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to
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m
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o
llu
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d
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n
h
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s
e
g
ases
[
1
]
.
T
o
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,
elec
tr
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v
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h
icles
(
E
V
s
)
h
av
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v
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s
.
T
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s
ar
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b
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2
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[
3
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an
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8
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694
Desig
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4
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I
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c
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[
1
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0
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.
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I
J
PEDS
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8
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Desig
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[
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2
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3
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R
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ased
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atter
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of
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[
2
0
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5
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atter
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icate
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k
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to
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th
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est
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S
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g
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ca
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e
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ated
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s
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th
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la
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in
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ta
n
ce
esti
m
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h
ap
ter
3
.
2
.
4.
E
m
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g
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Ca
ll
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h
e
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m
er
g
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n
c
y
ca
l
l
s
y
s
te
m
p
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es
t
h
e
w
a
y
to
ac
ce
s
s
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
ta
tio
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.
I
t
is
ac
ce
s
s
ed
w
h
e
n
th
e
n
ea
r
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t
ch
ar
g
in
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s
ta
tio
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c
an
n
o
t
b
e
r
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ch
ed
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
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V’
s
b
atter
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SOC
i
s
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w
,
t
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s
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s
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h
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a
n
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s
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y
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(
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d
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(
⁄
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x
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atter
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m
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to
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lu
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m
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eter
s
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t
h
at
we
ca
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p
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ed
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n
o
f
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ch
in
g
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d
esti
n
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n
[
2
6
-
2
8
]
.
2
.
6
.
P
o
ints o
f
I
nte
re
s
t
I
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
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elate
d
to
p
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in
ts
o
f
in
ter
est
(
P
OI
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p
r
elo
ad
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th
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s
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te
m
,
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ch
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at
t
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y
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esire
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th
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p
r
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t
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
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n
f
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s
ed
f
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g
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ce
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atter
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ai
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d
is
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ce
[
2
9
-
3
0
]
.
2
.
7.
P
a
rk
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P
la
ce
s
I
n
f
o
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m
a
tio
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as
s
o
ciate
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v
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ar
k
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lace
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an
d
r
e
m
o
te
r
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n
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f
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V
s
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
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n
g
s
lo
ts
[
3
0
-
3
4
]
.
A
n
d
th
e
n
ea
r
est
p
ar
k
s
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d
m
o
tel
s
ar
e
also
in
d
i
ca
ted
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
NS
3
.
1
.
M
o
nito
ring
t
he
B
a
t
t
er
y
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
Har
d
w
ar
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m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
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n
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n
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u
d
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t
h
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co
n
n
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atter
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ith
t
h
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A
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d
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ito
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atter
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.
I
n
t
h
is
t
h
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b
atter
y
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s
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o
n
n
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ted
to
o
n
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en
d
o
f
t
h
e
v
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ltag
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d
i
v
id
er
an
d
t
h
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th
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en
d
o
f
th
e
v
o
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e
d
i
v
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r
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co
n
n
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ted
to
th
e
p
in
A
0
o
f
th
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
UNO
b
o
ar
d
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
in
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
n
eg
ati
v
e
ter
m
i
n
al
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
I
n
t
h
is
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
9
V
b
atter
y
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
it
i
s
d
is
p
la
y
e
d
in
th
e
P
C
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
er
ial
p
o
r
t
w
h
ich
h
as
t
h
e
b
au
d
r
ate
o
f
9
6
0
0
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
is
4
.
8
5
V
f
o
r
a
9
V
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
v
o
lta
g
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
iv
id
er
r
u
le.
T
h
en
th
e
b
atter
y
SO
C
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
h
e
SOC
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
ea
s
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate.
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
9
v
B
atter
y
t
o
th
e
A
r
d
u
in
o
UNO
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
B
atter
y
’
s
Vo
lta
g
e
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
eq
u
at
io
n
(
)
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
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er
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R
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=
⁄
(
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
n
ito
r
in
g
t
h
e
b
atte
r
y
v
o
lta
g
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
atter
y
SO
C
-
Di
s
p
lay
3
.
2
.
Arduin
o
-
B
luet
o
o
t
h In
t
er
f
a
ce
T
h
e
F
ig
u
r
e
5
a
s
h
o
w
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th
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n
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r
f
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g
o
f
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e
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lu
eto
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d
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le
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ec
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g
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atter
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f
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o
m
t
h
e
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d
u
in
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to
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id
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o
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ile.
T
h
e
k
e
y
p
in
o
f
th
e
B
lu
eto
o
th
m
o
d
u
le
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
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e
3
.
3
V
o
f
th
e
ar
d
u
in
o
b
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d
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th
e
V
C
C
p
in
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
5
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p
in
o
f
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d
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i
n
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h
e
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lu
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m
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d
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le
is
co
n
n
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ted
w
it
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t
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e
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n
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d
.
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h
e
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p
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f
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e
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l
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n
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ted
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it
h
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e
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d
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h
e
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atter
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m
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T
h
e
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ed
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C
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5
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t
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p
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e
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ate
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d
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ates
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ith
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ch
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r
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ap
s
ar
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te
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ated
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th
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o
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ch
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d
esti
n
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n
ca
n
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e
d
o
n
e.
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ch
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er
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t
h
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ased
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te
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ti
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g
f
o
r
th
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t
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k
en
in
th
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n
g
s
ta
tio
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is
also
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
an
d
r
o
id
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licatio
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.
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a
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s
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o
f
p
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k
in
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l
o
t to
th
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elec
tr
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u
s
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s
.
RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
Y.
S
a
b
e
r
a
n
d
G
.
K.
V
e
n
a
y
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m
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―
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in
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h
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issio
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ti
o
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s‖
,
IEE
E
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ra
n
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n
d
.
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lec
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v
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p
.
1
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9
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2
3
8
,
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p
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1
.
[2
]
M
.
A
.
Ha
n
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F
.
A
.
A
z
id
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,
A
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o
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―
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y
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rid
El
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tri
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s
a
n
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ir
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ll
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s‖
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n
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n
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S
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le
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rg
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v
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s
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9
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2
0
1
4
)
1
3
5
–
1
5
0
.
[3
]
A
ra
n
c
ib
ia,
A
.
a
n
d
S
tru
n
z
,
K.,
“
M
o
d
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lec
trica
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Veh
icl
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Ch
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ta
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o
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r
Fa
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Ch
a
rg
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g
‖
,
P
r
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.
IEE
E
In
t.
El
e
c
t.
V
e
h
.
Co
n
f
.
(IE
VC),
p
p
.
1
-
6
2
0
1
2
.
[4
]
P
ra
v
e
e
n
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
Ka
l
y
a
n
Da
s
h
,
―
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o
ten
t
ial
Ne
e
d
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
V
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h
icle
s,
Ch
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rg
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tatio
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‖
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v
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El
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tric
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IS
S
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2
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3
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9
7
,
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o
lu
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3
,
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m
b
e
r
4
(2
0
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3
),
p
p
.
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7
1
-
4
7
6
.
[5
]
W
e
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b
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S
h
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Eu
n
-
Ky
u
L
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,
Da
o
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In
tern
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o
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S
m
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G
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3
-
6
No
v
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m
b
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r
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2
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.
[6
]
M
.
V
e
rb
ru
g
g
e
,
D.
F
risc
h
,
a
n
d
B.
Ko
c
h
,
―
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
En
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
n
d
Hy
b
rid
El
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c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s‖
,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r S
o
u
rc
e
s
,
2
0
0
5
.
[7
]
M
in
g
h
a
o
A
I,
L
in
h
a
i
QI
,
―
Ord
e
rly
Ch
a
rg
in
g
B
a
se
d
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
Ch
a
rg
in
g
S
tatio
n
s'
On
-
L
i
n
e
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
S
y
st
e
m
‖
,
CIRED
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
-
Ro
m
e
,
1
1
-
1
2
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
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4
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Dec
em
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er
2
0
1
6
:
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2
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1
–
1
2
6
8
1267
[8
]
W
e
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b
o
S
h
i,
Eu
n
-
Ky
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L
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e
,
Da
o
y
u
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n
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―
Ev
a
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a
ti
n
g
M
icro
g
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d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
w
it
h
a
n
im
p
le
m
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n
tab
le
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n
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rg
y
m
a
n
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g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
‖
,
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
En
e
rg
y
Re
se
a
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n
tre US
A
,
AL
BERT
A
,
2
7
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3
1
J
u
ly
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
F
.
Ke
n
n
e
l,
D.
G
ö
rg
e
s,
a
n
d
S
.
L
iu
,
―
En
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
s
w
it
h
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
h
iera
rc
h
ica
l
M
P
C,
‖
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
In
f
o
rm
a
t
.
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
2
8
–
1
5
3
7
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
A
.
M
o
re
n
o
-
M
u
ñ
o
z
,
V
.
P
a
ll
a
ré
s
-
L
ó
p
e
z
,
J.J.
G
.
d
e
la
Ro
sa
,
R
.
Re
a
l
-
Ca
lv
o
,
M
.
G
o
n
z
á
lez
-
Re
d
o
n
d
o
,
a
n
d
I.
M
.
M
o
re
n
o
-
G
a
r
c
ía,
―
E
m
b
e
d
d
in
g
s
y
n
c
h
ro
n
ize
d
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
‖
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
d
.
I
n
fo
rm
a
t,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
2
–
6
1
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
V
.
G
u
n
g
o
r,
D.
S
a
h
in
,
T
.
Ko
c
a
k
,
S
.
Erg
u
t,
C.
Bu
c
c
e
ll
a
,
C.
Ce
c
a
ti
,
a
n
d
G
.
H
a
n
c
k
e
,
―
S
m
a
rt
g
ri
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
:
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
sta
n
d
a
r
d
s
‖
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
In
d
.
I
n
fo
r0
0
0
m
a
t
.
,
v
o
l.
7,
no.
4,
p
p
.
5
2
9
–
5
3
9
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
1
.
[1
2
]
G
.
A
.
S
h
a
h
,
V
.
C
.
G
u
n
g
o
r,
a
n
d
O.
B.
A
k
a
n
,
―
A
c
ro
ss
-
la
y
e
r
Qo
S
-
a
wa
re
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
in
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s f
o
r
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s‖
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
.
In
d
.
I
n
fo
rm
a
t.
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
7
–
1
4
8
5
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
3
]
V
.
C.
G
u
n
g
o
r,
B.
L
u
,
a
n
d
G
.
P
.
Ha
n
c
k
e
,
―
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
w
irele
s
s
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
in
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
‖
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
In
f
o
rm
a
t.
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
5
5
7
–
3
5
6
4
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
0
.
[1
4
]
P
.
P
.
P
a
rik
h
,
T
.
S
.
S
id
h
u
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
h
a
m
i,
―
A
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
in
v
e
st
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
w
irele
ss
LAN
f
o
r
IE
C
6
1
8
5
0
-
b
a
se
d
s
m
a
rt
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
su
b
sta
ti
o
n
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s‖
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
d
.
In
f
o
rm
a
t.
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
4
6
6
–
1
4
7
6
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
A
.
S
a
b
b
a
h
,
A
.
El
-
M
o
u
g
y
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ib
n
k
a
h
la,
―
A
su
rv
e
y
o
f
n
e
t
wo
rk
in
g
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
sm
a
rt
g
rid
s‖
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
I
n
d
.
In
fo
rm
a
t
.
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
1
–
3
2
0
3
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
6
]
J.
C.
F
e
rre
ira,
V
.
M
o
n
teiro
,
J.L
.
Af
o
n
so
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
il
v
a
,
―
S
ma
rt
e
lec
t
ric
v
e
h
icle
c
h
a
rg
in
g
sy
ste
m”
,
in
P
r
o
c
.
IEE
E
IVS
In
tell.
V
e
h
.
S
y
m
p
,
Ba
d
e
n
-
Ba
d
e
n
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
7
5
8
–
7
6
3
.
[1
7
]
P
.
S
im
o
n
ik
,
A
.
H
a
v
e
l,
M
.
Hro
m
jak
,
a
n
d
P
.
Ch
leb
is,
―
A
c
ti
v
e
Ch
a
rg
in
g
S
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s
Ch
a
rg
in
g
‖
,
P
r
o
g
re
ss
In
El
e
c
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s
Re
se
a
rc
h
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s,
KL
,
M
ALA
YSI
A
,
M
a
rc
h
2
7
-
3
0
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
9
9
5
-
9
9
8
.
[1
8
]
Ha
i
y
in
g
Wan
g
,
Ya
n
g
L
iu
,
Ha
n
g
F
u
a
n
d
G
e
c
h
e
n
L
i,
―
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
tate
o
f
Ch
a
rg
e
o
f
B
a
tt
e
ries
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s‖
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
Au
t
o
ma
ti
o
n
,
V
o
l
.
6
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
ril
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
9
]
J.C.
F
e
rre
ira,
A
.
S
il
v
a
,
a
n
d
J.L
.
Af
o
n
so
,
―
EV
-
c
o
c
k
p
it
—
M
o
b
il
e
p
e
rso
n
a
l
trav
e
l
a
ss
istan
c
e
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
‖
,
M
icro
sy
ste
m
s
f
o
r
A
u
to
m
o
ti
v
e
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
S
m
a
rt
S
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
,
S
a
f
e
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
e
d
M
o
b
il
i
ty
,
Be
rli
n
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
7
–
2
5
7
.
[2
0
]
G
a
n
ta Na
v
e
e
n
,
T
o
n
y
Ho
-
T
u
n
g
Yip
,
Yu
y
u
Xie
,
―
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
P
r
o
t
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
Ch
a
rg
i
n
g
S
tatio
n
‖
.
[2
1
]
M
o
sta
f
a
M
a
ji
d
p
o
u
r,
C
h
a
rli
e
Qiu
,
Ch
i
n
g
-
Ye
n
Ch
u
n
g
,
P
e
ter
C
h
u
,
Ra
ji
tG
a
d
h
,
―
F
a
st
De
m
a
n
d
F
o
re
c
a
st
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
Ch
a
rg
in
g
S
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
C
e
ll
P
h
o
n
e
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
‖
,
S
m
a
rt
G
ri
d
En
e
rg
y
Re
se
a
rc
h
Ce
n
ter
US
A
,
AL
BER
TA
,
2
7
-
3
1
J
u
ly
2
0
1
4
.
[2
2
]
M
e
li
k
e
Ero
l
-
Ka
n
tarc
i,
Hu
ss
e
in
T
.
M
o
u
f
tah
,
―
W
irel
e
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
f
o
r
Co
st
-
Eff
icie
n
t
Re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
En
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
‖
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
j
u
n
e
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
S
e
o
k
Ju
L
e
e
,
G
ir
m
a
T
e
w
o
ld
e
,
Ja
e
ro
c
k
K
w
o
n
,
―
De
si
g
n
a
n
d
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
V
e
h
icle
T
ra
c
k
in
g
S
y
ste
m
Us
in
g
G
P
S
/G
S
M
/G
P
RS
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
m
a
rtp
h
o
n
e
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
‖
,
IE
E
E
W
o
rld
F
o
ru
m
o
n
In
tern
e
t
o
f
Th
in
g
s
(W
F
-
Io
T
)
2
0
1
4
.
[2
4
]
P
a
n
k
a
j
V
e
rm
a
,
J.S
Bh
a
ti
a
,
―
De
si
g
n
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
O
f
G
p
s
-
G
s
m
Ba
se
d
T
r
a
c
k
in
g
S
y
ste
m
W
it
h
G
o
o
g
lem
a
p
Ba
se
d
M
o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
‖
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(
IJ
CS
EA
)
V
o
l
.
3
,
N
o
.
3
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
3
.
[2
5
]
L
in
Ch
T
,
W
a
n
g
J
P
a
n
d
C
h
e
n
Q
S
,
M
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
sta
te
o
f
c
h
a
rg
e
e
sti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
EV
b
a
t
terie
sa
n
d
t
h
e
ir
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Ba
tt
e
r
y
Bi
m
o
n
th
ly
,
2
0
0
4
,
v
o
l.
3
4
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
7
6
-
3
7
8
.
[2
6
]
P
o
o
ja
S
a
t
h
e
,
―
G
p
rs
B
a
se
d
Ro
u
ti
n
g
&
T
ra
c
k
in
g
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
V
e
h
icle
sU
sin
g
A
r
m
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
(
IJ
ER
A)
IS
S
N:
2
2
4
8
-
9
6
2
2
w
ww
.
ij
e
ra
.
c
o
m
V
o
l.
2
,
Iss
u
e
4
,
Ju
ly
-
A
u
g
u
st
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
8
-
1
0
9
0
.
[2
7
]
Da
n
iel
Ch
a
n
g
,
Da
n
iel
Erstad
,
El
len
L
in
,
A
li
c
ia
F
a
lk
e
n
Rice
,
Ch
i
a
Tzu
n
G
o
h
,
A
n
-
A
n
(
A
n
g
e
l),
T
s
a
o
,
―
F
in
a
n
c
ial
V
iab
i
li
ty
O
f
No
n
-
Re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
C
h
a
rg
in
g
S
tatio
n
s‖
,
A
u
g
u
st 2
0
1
2
.
[2
8
]
S
trn
a
d
,
D.
S
k
rlee
,
a
n
d
T
.
T
o
m
isa
,
―
A
M
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
th
e
Eff
icie
n
t
Us
e
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
P
ro
d
u
c
e
d
f
ro
m
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
Ch
a
r
g
in
g
‖
,
9
7
8
-
1
-
4
6
7
3
-
5
5
5
6
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