Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
N
o.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
1693
~
17
00
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp
1693
-
17
00
1693
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Experim
ental ins
tallatio
n of wir
eless powe
r tra
nsfer system
based o
n the se
ries res
onance te
ch
no
l
ogy
Sa
r
ab
Al
-
Ch
l
aihawi
1
, Adn
an H
as
an T
awafan
2
,
F
at
im
a Kad
hem
Ab
d
3
1
Naja
f Te
chni
c
a
l
Instit
u
te,
Al
-
Fu
rat
Al
-
Aw
sat
Techni
c
al
Univ
ersi
ty,
Al
-
Na
ja
f
,
Ir
a
q
2
,3
Kar
bala Te
ch
nic
a
l
Insti
tut
e
,
A
l
-
Furat
Al
-
Aw
sa
t
T
ec
hni
cal
Univ
ersit
y,
Al
-
Naj
af,
Ira
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
21
, 20
20
Re
vised
M
a
y
10
, 2
0
20
Accepte
d
J
un
17
, 20
20
In
thi
s
work,
w
e
a
im
to
install
a
wire
l
ess
po
wer
tr
ansfe
r
(
W
PT)
s
ystem
expe
ri
me
nt
al
ly
.
Serie
s
resona
n
ce
t
ec
hno
logy
was
used
to
a
c
hie
ve
ze
ro
-
volt
ag
e
sw
itchin
g
(ZVS).
We
i
nvesti
gated
the
im
pa
ct
o
f
th
e
p
rim
ary
and
sec
ondar
y
reson
anc
e
fr
eque
nc
ie
s
(
f
p
and
f
d
),
and
i
nve
rte
r
fr
eque
nc
y
sw
it
chi
ng
(fc
h)
on
th
e
eff
i
ci
en
cy
(β)
and
ma
xim
u
m
tra
nsf
er
power
in
a
WPT
sys
te
m
base
d
on
the
i
nduct
iv
e
wire
les
s
power
tra
nsf
er
(IW
PT)
t
ec
h
nology.
An
ult
rasoni
c
d
evi
c
e
was
u
ti
l
ized
as
a
generat
or
to
e
xci
t
e
th
e
coil
at
the
pr
im
a
ry
side.
Th
e
e
xper
i
me
nt
al
outc
o
mes
show
ed
th
at
th
ere
is
an
optimu
m
unl
i
ke
f
p
and
f
d
ca
n
b
e
g
ot
to
match
f
ch.
It
was
found
a
l
so
that
the
r
e
is
a
tra
d
e
-
off
bet
wee
n
th
e
po
wer
suppli
ed
to
t
he
loa
d
(PRL)
a
nd
DC
-
DC
eff
ici
enc
y
(β).
At
an
ai
r
-
g
ap
of
5
cm
,
th
e
obt
ai
ne
d
resul
ts
ar
e
r
ecorded
as
fo
ll
ow
s;
th
e
pea
k
rec
orde
d
sys
te
m
β
is
62%
th
at
w
a
s
obta
in
ed
a
t
f
p
=
19
kHz,
f
d
=f
ch
=2
4
kHz
th
at
is
cor
r
esponding
to
101
.
88W
of
PR
L;
wher
ea
s
t
he
h
ighe
st
PR
L
result
ed
i
.
e
.
244W
when
f
p
=
19
kHz,
f
d
=24
k
Hz,
f
ch
=21
kHz
a
t
61%
of
β;
in
such
c
ase
,
the
ma
xim
u
m
β*
PR
L
mul
t
ipl
i
catio
n
was
ac
hie
v
ed
i
.
e.
149
.
Mor
eov
er,
th
e
co
il
s’
mi
sali
gn
me
nt
was
studie
d.
The
out
comes
show
ed
tha
t
the
la
t
eral
mi
sali
gn
me
nt
h
as
wors
t
eff
ect
on
the
PR
L
a
nd
β
tha
n
th
e
ai
r
-
gap
.
Th
e
expe
ri
me
nt
al re
s
ult
s were validat
ed
with
simul
at
i
on
ones.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ba
tt
ery
cha
r
gin
g
Ind
uctive
pow
er tra
n
sfe
r
Ind
uctivel
y
c
ouple
d
c
oils
Re
so
na
nt
Zero
-
vo
lt
age
s
witc
hing
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sara
b Al
-
Chlai
haw
i,
Najaf Tec
hnic
a
l In
sti
tute,
Al
-
F
ur
at
Al
-
A
wsat Tec
hn
ic
al
Unive
rsity,
Emai
l:
inj.srb
@atu.e
du.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
inte
rest
in
the
wireless
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
(WPT)
te
c
hn
i
que
ha
s
co
ns
i
de
rab
l
y
inc
rease
d
in
recent
few
year
s
,
bec
ause
of
the
sa
f
et
y
a
nd
c
onve
niences
ov
e
r
the
wire
d
c
h
ar
gi
ng
te
ch
nolo
gy.
In
general,
th
e
WPT
te
chnolo
gy
f
or
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s
(EVs)
a
nd
smartp
hone
s
ba
tt
ery
cha
rg
i
ng
inclu
des
in
duct
ive
an
d
ca
pa
ci
ti
ve
wireless
powe
r
tran
s
fer (
IWP
T and C
WPT
)
[1
-
5]
.
In
t
his work,
only
t
he
I
WPT
techn
i
qu
e
is pre
sented
, whe
re th
e
power t
rans
mit
s f
r
om
t
he prima
ry coil
to
the
sec
onda
ry
o
n
e
el
ect
r
oma
gnet
ic
al
y.
T
he
c
ouplin
g
in
te
rf
ace
s
urface
area
betwee
n
the
coils
a
nd
a
ir
-
ga
p
are
pa
rameter
s
impact
in
g
th
e
couplin
g
f
a
ct
or
(
k).
T
his
par
a
mete
r
ha
s
an
e
ff
ect
on
the
w
hole
syst
em’s
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
an
d per
forma
nce. The air
-
ga
p
be
tween t
he
coils
is t
he
m
o
st c
ha
ll
eng
in
g
fact
or
.
A
s the air
-
ga
p rises,
the
ma
gnet
iz
in
g
c
urre
nt,
le
a
ka
ge
i
nductance
,
a
nd
in
put
VA
rati
ng
rise
acc
ordin
gly.
C
on
s
equ
e
ntly,
the
s
ys
te
m
cost inc
reases,
sy
ste
m e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y dimi
nis
hes du
e
to
l
os
ses
in
creasin
g
[6
-
8]
.
A
res
onance
ci
rcu
it
te
chn
i
que
ha
s
bee
n
util
iz
ed
to
en
han
ce
t
he
I
W
PT
sy
ste
m
ef
f
ic
ie
ncy
a
nd
performa
nce
[2
,
9]
.
T
he
re
sonance
ci
rc
uit
is
nothin
g
bu
t
ca
pacit
or(s)
li
nk
e
d
wit
h
the
c
oils
in
se
ries/
par
a
ll
el
to
com
pensat
e
it
s
in
du
ct
a
nce.
A
t
the
pri
mar
y
side,
the
res
onan
ce
ci
rc
uit
mini
mize
s
reacti
ve
powe
r,
im
pro
ve
s
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1693
–
17
00
1694
powe
r
facto
r,
l
ess
VA
rati
ngs
w
hich
re
su
lt
i
n
le
ss
vo
lt
age
stress
on
t
he
s
ys
te
m’
s
c
omp
on
e
nts
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m,
and
lo
w
in
vert
er
c
os
t.
At
th
e
sec
ondary
si
de,
the
re
sona
nce
ci
rcu
it
im
pro
ves
t
he
sys
te
m
ef
fici
enc
y
an
d
maximize
s
t
he
powe
r
delive
red
t
o
the
bat
te
ry
.
For
t
he
EVs
a
ppli
cat
i
on
s
,
the
nor
m
al
ly
util
iz
ed
inv
e
rter
switc
hing
f
requen
c
y
withi
n
t
he
ra
ng
e
of
10
-
200
kHz.
T
he
switc
hing
f
requen
c
y
is
mainl
y
base
d
on
t
he
ai
r
-
ga
p
and coils’
siz
e.
Th
e
h
i
gh
-
qual
it
y
facto
r of t
he
co
il
s r
e
su
lt
s i
n hig
h powe
r
tr
ansmissi
on ef
fici
ency
[
6,
10, 11]
.
Howe
ver,
t
o
make
the
m
os
t
of
res
onanc
e
te
chnolo
gy,
th
e
res
ona
nce
frequ
e
nc
y
at
the
pri
ma
ry
(
f
p
)
sh
oul
d
be
c
orr
el
at
ed
with
the
res
onance
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
at
t
he
seco
nd
a
ry
(
f
d
)
side;
an
d
both
f
p
a
nd
f
d
s
houl
d
be
correla
te
d
wi
t
h
t
he
in
ve
rter
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
(f
ch
)
to
ac
hieve
zer
o
-
volt
age
switc
hi
ng
(
ZVS)
.
Re
centl
y,
in
[
2,
12
,
13]
,
in
a
bid
t
o
achie
ve
the
hi
gh
est
po
wer
tr
ans
fer
le
vel,
the
f
p
a
nd
f
d
we
re
set
to
be
eq
ual
to
the
fch.
W
hi
le
in
[
14]
,
it
w
as
f
ound
that
a
t
fc
h
e
qual
t
o
t
he
f
d,
the
ma
xi
mu
m
powe
r
t
r
ansf
e
r
ef
fici
en
cy
wa
s
achieve
d
[
14]
.
It
wa
s
pro
ven
that
the
tra
ns
mi
tt
ed
po
wer
is
not
c
on
sta
ntly
a
n
opti
mu
m
at
r
eso
nan
ce
case
[15]
.
The
po
wer
tra
ns
fe
r
le
vel
is
mainly
based
on
the
c
ouple
d
coils’
i
nduct
a
nce
an
d
it
s
qual
it
y
facto
r,
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y,
the
squar
e
of
in
put
c
urren
t
a
nd
m
utu
al
in
duct
ance.
H
oweve
r,
t
her
e
is
no
interest
has
gi
ven
to
disco
ver
a
n
op
ti
mu
m
f
ch
,
f
p
,
and
f
d
t
o
acc
ompli
sh
the
highest
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
le
vel
an
d
ef
fici
enc
y
[
16
,
17]
.
In
this
wor
k,
the
im
pact
of
var
i
ou
s
f
ch
,
f
p
,
a
nd
f
d
on
the
IW
P
T
le
vel
and
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
was
stu
died
;
to
get
resona
nce
ci
rc
uits,
res
on
a
nce
capaci
tors
were
util
ise
d
to
ad
just
f
p
an
d
f
d
.
T
his
ai
ms
to
acc
ompli
sh
a
ma
xi
mum
WPT
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
loa
d
po
wer
by
disco
ve
rin
g
a
n
opti
m
um
f
ch
,
f
p
,
an
d
f
d
.
More
over,
since
t
he
t
he
c
oupled
coils
misal
ig
nme
nt
is
a
c
ommo
n
p
r
oble
m
i
n
the
I
WPT
s
yst
ems,
we
ca
rr
i
ed
ou
t
a
st
udy
to
im
pact
of
t
hi
s
issue
on the
DC
-
DC
sy
ste
m e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y (β) an
d resi
sti
ve
loa
d pow
er (PL)
.
The
tran
sfe
rr
e
d
powe
r
a
nd
ef
fici
ency
i
n
a
WPT
s
yst
em
basical
ly
rel
y
on
t
he
res
onance
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
[
18
,
19]
,
ma
gn
et
ic
co
upli
ng
fact
or,
k,
a
nd
mu
t
ual
i
nductance
,
M
,
w
hich
a
re
mai
nly
ba
sed
on
th
e
coil
co
nf
i
gurat
ion
s
an
d
var
ie
d
with
t
he
ai
r
-
gap
(
d)
an
d
co
il
s’
misal
ignm
ent
[
18
-
20].
I
n
this
work,
t
he
sp
iral
coil
co
nf
i
gurati
on
of
co
pper
wires
was
buil
t
exp
e
rime
ntall
y
to
deliver
powe
r
wirelessl
y
to
a
resist
iv
e
load
thr
ough a
n
ai
r
-
gap of
5
c
m.
T
he
misal
ig
nm
e
nt issue
w
a
s in
vestigat
ed
as
w
el
l.
The
ne
xt
sect
ion
s
of
t
he
paper
are
ar
range
d
as
f
ollo
ws:
Se
ct
ion
2
pr
ese
nt
s
the
WPT
sys
te
m,
w
hich
include
s
t
he
e
xp
e
rime
ntal
se
tup
,
mathemat
ic
al
model
a
s
well
as
the
consi
der
e
d
c
oil
co
nf
i
gurati
on
a
nd
misal
ign
me
nt
betwee
n
t
he
in
du
ct
ivel
y
co
up
le
d
c
oi
ls.
Sect
ion
3
ex
plains
t
he
meth
odol
ogy
us
e
d
to
impl
ement
the
ex
per
i
ment
al
work
an
d
how
t
he
data
ar
e
colle
ct
ed.
Se
ct
ion
4
il
lustra
te
s
the
ex
per
i
mental
outc
om
es
an
d
discuss
i
on. Sec
ti
on
5 pr
ese
nts
the concl
usi
on
.
2.
INDU
CTIVE
WIRELE
SS
P
OWER
TR
A
NS
FE
R
S
YS
T
EM
As
me
ntion
e
d
earli
er,
the
d
be
tween
the
c
oupled
coils
is
pl
ayin
g
a
major
ro
le
in
an
y
I
W
PT
s
ys
te
m
performa
nce.
The
sel
f
-
in
duct
ances
of
the
pr
imary
an
d
s
ec
onda
ry
(L
1
a
nd
L
2)
coils,
k
and
M
are
pa
r
amet
ers
util
iz
ed
to
desc
ribe
t
he
in
duct
ive c
oupler;
Th
e relat
ion
bet
w
een th
e
se
par
a
mete
rs
is e
xpre
ssed
i
n (1)
[20]
.
=
√
L
1
L
2
(1)
2.1.
Ex
peri
menta
l
Setu
p
The
ada
pted
I
WPT
s
ys
te
m
i
nclu
des
an
ultr
aso
nic
ge
ne
rator
(see
te
ch
nic
al
cha
racteri
sti
cs
in
Ta
ble
)
that
was
util
iz
ed
to
excit
e
t
he
pr
ima
ry
coil;
ba
sed
on
it
fa
vorab
le
fea
tu
res
amo
ng
ot
her
t
opol
og
ie
s
,
the
s
eries
-
series
(S
S
)
res
on
a
nce
te
ch
no
l
ogy
was
util
ized
[2]
.
T
he
e
xperime
ntal
set
up
of
the
prese
nted
I
WPT
s
yst
em
is
dep
ic
te
d
in
Fi
gure
1
.
W
her
e
C
p1
,
C
p2
,
R
1
,
and
R
2
,
a
re
the
equ
i
valent
paral
le
l
capaci
ta
nces
an
d
the
e
quiv
al
ent
series
resist
a
nc
es,
res
pecti
ve
ly.
F
rom
Fi
gure
1
,
it
can
be
note
d
t
hat
th
e
ultras
on
ic
ge
ner
at
or
i
nclu
des
the
fo
ll
owin
gs
c
omp
on
e
nts:
−
G
ene
rato
r un
it
,
−
R
emotel
y
c
ontrolle
d pa
nel
w
hich use
d for
pa
rameteriz
at
io
n,
−
A
da
pter
which
is u
se
d f
or
e
xt
ern
al
c
ontrol;
−
A
half
-
bri
dge i
nv
e
rter
w
hich
i
s ma
de
f
r
om
I
GBT tra
ns
ist
or
s
The
f
ch
is
c
ontrolle
de
d
by
ut
il
iz
ing
the
ha
ndheld
c
ontr
ol
un
it
w
hich
li
nk
e
d
th
r
ough
RS485
-
232
adap
te
r
to
th
e
gen
e
rato
r
un
it
.
T
he
ult
rasonic
ge
ne
r
at
or
’
s
te
ch
nical
char
act
erist
ic
s
are
ment
ion
e
d
in
Table
1
[
21]
.
H
oweve
r,
du
e
to
it
s
mo
st
r
obus
t
to
t
he
r
ot
at
ion
misal
ignment
an
d
un
i
f
orm
flex
distri
bu
ti
o
n,
the s
piral co
nfi
gurati
on
was
a
dap
te
d
to
creat
e the c
oils
:
−
The
c
oppe
r wir
e coils;
−
Ca
pacit
or
s
(WIMA
ty
pe)
we
re
util
iz
ed
f
or
the
SS
res
o
na
nce
te
ch
no
l
ogy,
the
f
p
a
nd
f
d
are
cal
cula
te
d
theo
reti
cal
ly as
in
e
qu
at
io
n (
2).
−
A
f
ull
-
br
i
dg
e
r
ect
ifie
r
ma
de
of
f
our
powe
r
diodes
of
ty
pe
Schott
ky
(
D
SS
2x61
-
01
A
).
T
o
s
oa
k
up
the
gen
e
rated
h
eat
and w
a
ste
d
it
. T
he rect
ifie
r m
ounted
ove
r
th
e
heatsi
nk
with
d
ime
ns
io
n 2
0x12.
5x2.5
cm.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
l
installati
on
of
wi
rel
ess p
ower
tra
ns
fe
r syste
m ba
se
d o
n
t
he
series
-
…
(Sar
ab Al
-
C
hla
ih
aw
i)
1695
−
A
filt
er ca
pacit
or (220
0 μF) li
nk
e
d pa
rall
el
ly to
loa
d (i.e.
r
e
sist
ive)
to
sup
pl
y
it
w
it
h
a
p
ur
e D
C
powe
r.
=
1
2
√
1
1
,
=
1
2
√
2
2
(2)
Table
1
. T
he
u
l
traso
nic g
e
ne
ra
tor’s c
har
act
eri
sti
cs f
or the
MSG.
1200.
IX.L
F m
od
el
[
21]
.
Dev
ice
ele
m
en
ts
Sp
ecifica
tio
n
s
W
eig
h
t
1
0
kg
Dim
en
sio
n
s (h x
w
x d
)
2
5
0
m
m
x 1
5
0
mm
x 4
5
0
m
m
Su
p
p
ly
Voltag
e an
d
f
requ
en
cy
2
3
0
/2
2
0
V (
5
0
Hz)
Inp
u
t Power (
Max)
7
0
0
W
Ou
tp
u
t HF
Vo
ltag
e
5
0
0
V
-
rm
s
Av
erage Outp
u
t P
o
wer
(con
tin
u
o
u
s)
6
0
0
W
Max. pu
lsed
po
wer
(Pe
ak
Outp
u
t)
3
0
0
0
W
Inv
erter
fr
eq
u
en
cy
1
7
.5
-
2
8
kHz
Figure
1
.
Expe
rimental
set
up
of IWPT
syst
em
2.2.
Mathem
ati
cal
mode
l
To
validat
e
the
empirical
ou
tc
om
es
with
th
e
theo
reti
cal
on
e
s,
the
mat
hema
ti
cal
IW
PT
s
yst
em
model
is
pr
ese
nted
he
re.
T
he
de
pe
nd
e
nt
vo
lt
age
so
urce
was
use
d
to
m
od
el
t
he
in
duct
ive
c
oupler
,
the
e
quivale
nt
ci
rcu
it
of
t
he
IWPT
s
ys
te
m
that
me
ntion
s
in
sect
io
n
2.1
is
sho
wn
in
Figure
2
,
w
he
re
the
outp
ut
of
the
u
lt
rasonic
ge
ne
rator is m
odel
ed
as
a s
qu
a
re
volt
age s
ource
with a
n
R
M
S
va
lue of
(u
1
)
.
Figure
1
.
Th
e
e
qu
i
po
ll
ent
m
odel
b
ase
d on the
ad
a
pted I
WPT
sy
ste
m
The
e
qu
i
valen
t
pr
ima
ry
i
mpe
dan
ce
(Z
p
),
s
econda
ry
im
pe
dan
ce
(Z
s
),
r
eflect
ed
im
pe
dan
ce
f
rom
seco
nd
a
ry
to
the
pr
ima
r
y
(Z
r
),
a
nd
in
put
i
mp
e
dan
ce
(
Z
in
)
ar
e
e
xpresse
d
in
e
qu
at
io
ns
(
3)
,
(
4),
(
5)
,
and
(
6),
resp
ect
ivel
y;
the
ef
fect
of
the
Cp
1
a
nd
C
p2
are
ne
glect
ed
due
to
t
heir
small
values
com
par
e
with
oth
e
r
par
a
mete
rs val
ues.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1693
–
17
00
1696
=
1
+
ℎ
1
+
1
ℎ
(
1
)
(3)
=
2
+
ℎ
2
+
1
(
2
)
(4)
=
2
ℎ
2
2
(5)
=
+
=
+
ℎ
2
2
(6)
Ba
sed
on
Fi
gure
2
,
t
he
ex
pre
ssion
of
t
he
RMS
in
put
cu
rrent
at
the
pr
i
mar
y
ci
rcu
it
i
1
and
R
M
S
sec
onda
ry
current i
2
a
re
de
scribe
d
in
equ
at
ion
s
(7)
a
nd (8), re
sp
ect
ivel
y.
1
=
1
|
|
(7)
2
=
|
−
1
|
|
+
ℎ
2
2
|
(8)
Fr
om e
quat
ions (
7)
an
d (8),
the
vo
lt
age
gai
n (G
v
)
ca
n be
wri
tt
en
as;
|
|
=
2
1
=
2
1
=
|
−
ℎ
|
|
+
ℎ
2
2
|
(9)
Howe
ver, the
DC loa
d p
ow
e
r
(
P
RL
) w
hich de
li
ver
ed
to
l
oad
is desc
ribe
d
as
fo
ll
ows;
=
2
2
=
2
2
.
(10)
2.3.
I
nduc
tivel
y
coup
le
d
co
il
s
Gen
e
rall
y,
the
k
is
util
iz
ed
to
pr
e
dict
the
I
W
PT
perf
or
ma
nc
e
[
2,
10,
11]
;
T
he
DC
-
DC
e
ff
i
ci
ency
can
be
c
ompu
te
d
a
s foll
ow
s;
β
=
(
11
)
wh
e
re t
he
in
pu
t DC
power (
Pin) was
cal
culat
ed usin
g
a
ppr
oximat
ion f
orm
ula:
=
the in
pu
t
powe
r
(
AC)
–
no
-
lo
ad
lo
sses
(i.e. u
lt
raso
nic
ge
nerat
or
)
(12)
In
t
his
w
ork
,
the
well
-
al
ig
ne
d
c
oils,
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
3
(a
),
ai
r
-
ga
p
fluctu
at
ion
as
well
as
the
la
te
ral
misal
ign
me
nt,
Figure
3
(
b),
wi
th L>
0 betwee
n
the
co
il
s
were i
nv
e
sti
gated.
Ba
sed on t
he
e
qu
at
io
n (
13),
t
he k
was me
as
ur
e
d
e
xperime
ntall
y
as
fo
ll
ows,
−
A
f
unct
io
n gene
rator with
a se
t vo
lt
age
of
V
1
was uti
li
zed t
o ener
gize t
he
pr
imary
coil;
−
Util
iz
ing
a
n os
ci
ll
os
cop
e
, th
e
induced
E
M
F
(
V
2
) was
meas
ured
at the se
co
nd
a
r
y
c
oil.
=
2
1
(13)
d
S
e
c
on
da
r
y
C
oil
P
r
im
a
r
y
C
oil
r
i
r
o
L
P
r
im
a
r
y
C
oi
l
S
e
c
onda
r
y
C
oil
R
o
R
i
(a)
(b)
Figure
3
.
I
nduc
ti
vely
Co
uple
d C
oils
,
(a)
well
-
al
ignment c
oils (
b)
co
uple
d
c
oils with
lat
era
l mi
sal
ign
me
nt
(
L
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
l
installati
on
of
wi
rel
ess p
ower
tra
ns
fe
r syste
m ba
se
d o
n
t
he
series
-
…
(Sar
ab Al
-
C
hla
ih
aw
i)
1697
3.
MA
TE
RIA
L
S
AND MET
H
ODS
In
this
pap
e
r,
a
n
I
WPT
s
ys
te
m w
as im
plem
ented
e
xp
e
rime
ntall
y.
T
his wo
rk
in
volves t
he
study
of the
impact
of
the
f
ch
,
f
p
,
a
nd
f
d
on
the
P
RL
&
β
a
nd
in
vestigat
e
the
op
ti
m
um
β
*
P
RL
co
ndit
ion
.
The
f
ch
is
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
us
in
g
t
he
ultra
so
nic
ge
nerat
or
’s
co
ntr
ol
un
it
.
T
he
f
p
an
d
f
d
wer
e
co
ntr
oll
ed
util
iz
ing
the
resona
nce
ca
pa
ci
tors
that
are
c
onne
ct
ed
in
par
al
le
l
an
d/o
r
series
t
o
ob
ta
in
the
de
sired
res
on
a
nt
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y.
Ba
s
ed
on
the
fr
e
quenc
y
char
act
e
risti
cs, the
f
p
an
d
f
d
w
ere c
ompu
te
d uti
li
zi
ng
the
L
CR
H
iTESTE
R of m
od
el
H
I
OKI
3532
-
50
.
The
powe
r
a
n
al
yzer
c
onnect
s
the
ultraso
ni
c
de
vice
to
t
he
230
V/50
H
z
of
el
ect
rici
ty
plug.
T
he
functi
on
of
t
he
powe
r
a
nalyz
er
is
to
co
mpu
te
the
AC
in
put
el
ect
ric
po
w
er.
T
he
ultras
onic
de
vice’s
no
-
l
oad
losses
wer
e
ga
ug
e
d;
th
ese
lo
s
ses
we
re
as
sume
d
t
o
be
t
he
s
ame
at
al
l
loa
di
ng
c
onditi
ons;
this
pr
es
umpti
on
wa
s
util
iz
ed
to c
ompu
te
t
he
in
put
DC po
wer (e
quat
ion (
12)
).
A
s
piral s
ha
pe was c
onside
red to c
onsti
tute t
he
c
oils
:
−
The
le
ng
t
h
eac
h
c
oppe
r
c
oil wire is
17 m
,
−
The
c
ross
-
sect
i
on area
of the
coppe
r wire
is
1.5 mm
2
,
−
r
i
=R
i
=2.5 c
m, r
o
=R
o
=11
.
88 c
m
with
2 mm
of c
oil pitc
h
,
and
−
The
t
urns n
umber
of the
co
il
s
is the sa
me i.e
. 34.
Util
iz
ing
d
i
gital
RLC
meter,
the c
oils’
par
a
mete
rs were
d
e
te
rmin
e
d.
Seve
ral
ex
per
i
ments
wer
e
ca
rr
ie
d
out
at
we
ll
-
al
ign
me
nt
co
il
s
at
d=5
c
m
w
it
h
va
rio
u
s
f
p
,
f
d
,
a
nd
f
ch
;
the
β
was
identifie
d
acc
ordi
ng
l
y
at
eac
h
sit
uation.
Mor
eov
e
r,
the
imp
act
of
the
d
an
d
L
on
the
P
RL
was
resea
rc
he
d.
It
was
prese
nted
a
case
to
res
earch
t
he
ef
fe
ct
of
f
ch
on
P
RL
.
The
i
mp
e
r
ic
al
data
wer
e
validat
ed
with
the
theo
reti
cal
o
m
es
that
was ob
t
ai
ned
base
d o
n t
he
mat
hemati
cal
model im
plemented
in
MATL
AB.
4.
EXPERI
MEN
TAL O
UTC
O
MES
AND DI
SCU
SSI
ON
This
sect
io
n
s
hows
t
he
ex
pe
rimental
outc
om
es
w
hich
i
nclu
de
the
pa
rameters
of
th
e
coils
an
d
adjustin
g
f
ch
,
f
p
,
an
d
f
d
t
o
ac
hieve
a
n
opti
mu
m
β
an
d
P
RL
.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
ultras
onic
gen
e
rato
r’
s
te
c
hn
ic
al
char
act
e
risti
cs (
Table
),
only
15%
of the
de
vice powe
r was
util
iz
ed
with
no
-
l
oad losses
18W.
4.1.
Co
il
s
p
ar
ame
t
ers
The
c
oils’
r
esi
sta
nce,
in
duct
a
nce,
a
nd
qual
it
y
fact
o
r
we
re
de
te
rmin
e
d
e
xperimental
ly
by
util
iz
ing
th
e
dig
it
al
RLC
m
et
er
as s
how
n
in Ta
ble 2.
T
he
f
p
an
d
f
d
we
re
cal
culat
ed
util
iz
ing
t
he
f
reque
ncy cha
racteri
s
ti
cs in
order t
o
ta
ke
i
nt
o
acco
unt t
he
coils’
distrib
ut
ed
ca
pacit
ance
s.
T
he ob
ta
in
ed
outcome
s s
ho
wed t
hat
−
Wh
e
n
t
he
c
oil
connecte
d i
n s
eries with
a ca
pacit
or of
0.47
µF,
f
p
an
d
f
d
a
r
e ab
ou
t
19
kH
z
.
−
Tw
o parall
el
c
apacit
or
s
of
0.15 µF a
re lin
ke
d
in
ser
ie
s
w
it
h a coil
, t
hat
give
s a
f
p
an
d
f
d
ar
e ab
ou
t
24
kH
z
.
−
Thr
ee
p
a
rall
el
capacit
or
s
of
0.15 µF a
re lin
ke
d
in
ser
ie
s
w
it
h a coil
, t
hat
give
s an
f
p
a
nd
f
d
about
28 kHz.
Table
1
. E
xper
imenta
l meas
ured
par
a
mete
rs of t
he
c
ouple
d coil
s at 1
kHz.
Para
m
eter
Prim
a
ry co
il
Seco
n
d
ary coil
L
1
,
2
(µH)
1
4
8
.2
151
R
1
,
2
(Ω)
0
.44
6
0
.47
4
Q
1
,
2
2
.13
2
.0
2
k
at d=5
cm
0
.42
M
(µH
)
6
2
.82
4.2.
Resona
nce
As
me
ntio
ne
d
in
sect
io
n
4.1,
the
f
p
a
nd
f
d
w
ere
re
gula
te
d
ut
il
iz
ing
resona
nce
ca
pacit
or
s
.
The
of
L
1
and
L
2
at
1
kHz
we
re
ass
ume
d
to
ha
ve
c
on
sta
nt
val
ues
at
hig
he
r
f
requ
encies
w
he
n
th
e
f
p
an
d
f
d
co
mputed.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
for
var
i
ou
s
f
ch
,
at
R
L
=32
Ω,
d=5
cm,
t
he
im
pa
ct
of
t
he
f
p
an
d
f
d
on
the
β
was
in
vestigat
ed,
the
ou
tc
om
es a
re show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
4
.
As
ca
n be
obser
ve
d
f
r
om
F
igure
4
, th
e
ma
ximum ac
hieve
d
β at
f
ch
of 28
kH
z
is
62%
(at
t
his
ef
fici
ency
the
ob
ta
ine
d
P
RL
is
10
1.8
W)
that
was
ac
hieve
d
at
f
p
=1
9
kHz,
f
d
=24
kHz.
T
he
ne
xt
highest
β
i.e
.
61%
was
obta
in
ed
at
f
p
=1
9
kHz,
f
d
=
24
kHz,
a
nd
f
ch
=
21
kHz
(at
this
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
the
obta
ine
d
P
RL
is
24
4.13
W)
.
Ba
sed
on
the
obta
ine
d
res
ul
ts,
the
ma
ximu
m
β
values
we
re
occ
urre
d
at
f
d
≈
f
ch
.
At
this
conditi
on,
the
powe
r
re
flect
ed
f
r
om
t
he
sec
onda
ry
side
t
o
the
pri
mar
y
side
r
em
ov
e
d.
T
he
ob
ta
ine
d
ou
tc
om
es
are c
orrelat
ed wit
h
the
ones
presente
d
in
[14]
. T
he
maxi
mum achie
va
ble
P
RL
is 244.1
3 W
w
as
obta
ine
d at
f
ch
>
f
p
.
At
this
co
ndit
ion
,
t
he
ZV
S
occ
ur
since
t
he
in
ver
te
r
i
ndu
ct
ively
loa
de
d;
this
make
s
the
losses
of
t
he
half
-
br
i
dg
e
in
ver
te
r
are near
to z
er
o
[14
,
24]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1693
–
17
00
1698
Figure
4
.
β a
ga
inst f
ch
for vari
ou
s
f
p
an
d f
d
As
it
is
known
,
high
β
with
P
RL
is
an
el
igible
outc
om
e
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
op
ti
m
um
β
*P
RL
factor
was
stud
ie
d.
The
obta
ined
ou
tc
ome
s
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
4
in
di
cat
e
that
the
pe
ak
value
i.e
149
(
P
RL
≈
24
4
W
&
β≈
61%)
a
cco
mp
li
sh
e
d
at
f
p
=
19
kH
z
,
f
d
=
24
kHz,
a
nd
f
ch
=
21
kH
z
wh
e
re
f
d
≈
f
ch
.
T
he
sli
ght
di
ff
e
ren
ce
be
tween
f
ch
an
d
f
d
beca
us
e
the
resist
ive
loa
d
ma
de
of
c
oppe
r
wire
that
has
a
sm
al
l
ind
uctanc
e
wh
ic
h
e
f
fects
the
f
d
value.
In
oth
e
r
w
ords
,
acc
ord
ing
to
eq
uatio
n
(
2)
,
the
real
f
d
is
a
bit
belo
w
t
han
24
kH
z
i.e.
f
ch
≈
f
d
;
w
her
e
at
this co
ndit
ion
zero (
or v
e
ry sl
igh
t am
ount
) r
eflect
ed powe
r
obtai
ned.
The
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
char
act
e
risti
cs
be
hav
i
or
of
P
RL
and
P
in
ar
e
an
al
ogous
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
onl
y
the
P
RL
is
pr
ese
nted
her
e
.
At
f
p
=
19
kH
z,
f
d
=2
4
kHz
conditi
on
(p
ea
k
β*
P
RL
),
the
impact
of
the
f
ch
on
t
he
P
L
was
inv
est
igate
d
impe
rical
ly
w
he
n
d=
5
cm,
P
RL
=32
Ω;
the
m
easur
e
u
1
e
xper
iment
value
s
wer
e
us
e
d
i
n
the
I
WPT
sy
ste
m
’s
mat
he
mat
ic
al
model to c
ompu
te
th
e P
L
f
or
validat
ion
pur
pose, t
he
outcome
s are
shown i
n
Fi
gu
re
5
.
As
ca
n
be
see
n,
Fi
gure
5
,
th
e
P
RL
decli
nes
consi
der
a
bly
a
s
the
f
ch
rise;
f
or
eac
h
sit
uati
on,
the
pea
k
P
RL
was
resu
lt
ed
w
hen
f
p
a
bi
t
le
ss
tha
n
f
ch
.
T
he
dif
fer
e
nc
e
bet
wee
n
t
he
exp
e
rime
ntal
a
nd
sim
ulati
on
curves
du
e
to
t
he
l
os
s
es of the
u
lt
ras
on
ic
ge
ner
at
or
wh
ic
h
is
not co
ns
ide
red in t
he ma
themat
ic
al
model.
Figure
5
.
P
RL
a
gainst
f
ch
at
f
p
=
19 kHz,
f
d
=
24
kH
z
4.3.
Misalig
nmen
t
At
pea
k
β*
P
RL
sit
uation
i.e
.
f
p
=19
kHz,
f
d
=2
4
kH
z
,
f
ch
=
21
kH
z
,
the
ai
r
-
ga
p
a
nd
la
te
ral
m
isa
li
gn
me
nt
var
ia
ti
ons
imp
act
on
the
P
RL
wer
e
r
esearc
he
d;
the
outc
ome
s
are
il
lustr
at
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
6.
A
s
can
be
no
te
d,
Figure
6,
t
he
two
c
urves
have
same
be
hav
i
or
;
w
he
re,
as
the
d
rise
s
t
he
PRL
s
ha
rp
l
y
ge
t
do
wn.
Simi
la
rly,
a
s
the
L
rises
the
PRL
co
ns
ide
r
ably
decr
ease
s
.
H
ow
e
ver,
to
su
pply
a
fixe
d
po
wer
of
go
od
qual
it
y
an
d
high
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
t
he
misal
ign
me
nt
s
hould
be
av
oide
d.
A
mecha
ni
c
or
ma
gnet
ic
trap
ha
ve
bee
n
us
e
d
by
some
I
WPT
s
y
ste
ms
to
a
vo
id the mi
sal
ignment
[25].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Experime
nta
l
installati
on
of
wi
rel
ess p
ower
tra
ns
fe
r syste
m ba
se
d o
n
t
he
series
-
…
(Sar
ab Al
-
C
hla
ih
aw
i)
1699
Figure
6
.
P
RL
ve
rsu
s
d a
nd L a
t d=5 cm
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
wor
k
has
researc
he
d
the
impact
of
t
he
f
ch
,
f
p
,
an
d
f
d
in
an
IWPT
s
ys
te
m
on
the
P
RL
a
nd
β.
T
he
ou
tc
om
es
pr
oved
a
n
opt
imu
m
f
p
,
f
d
,
an
d
f
ch
values
are
e
xi
ste
to
ac
hieve
pea
k
reac
hab
l
e
β.
M
ea
nwhil
e,
the
re
are
oth
e
r
f
p
,
f
d
,
an
d
f
ch
val
ues
to
ac
hieve
pea
k
reac
hab
le
P
RL
.
T
he
im
pe
rical
outc
om
e
s
de
te
rmin
e
d
t
hat
f
ch
an
d
f
d
sho
uld
ha
ve
same
values
(
or
al
m
os
t
e
qual
)
with
f
ch
>
f
d
an
d
both
s
hould
be
a
bit
m
or
e
th
an
f
p
t
o
ac
hiev
e
pea
k
β*
P
RL
.
The
most
we
ca
n
ta
lk
about
that
t
hes
e
res
ults
highli
gh
t
the
e
nh
a
nc
ements
in
our
work
by
stu
dy
i
ng
th
e
best
f
p
an
d
f
d
values
to
be
tu
ned
with
the
f
ch
as
well
as
re
gu
la
te
t
he
f
p
a
nd
f
d
i
n
a
bit
t
o
im
pro
ve
the
β*
P
RL
factor.
T
he
ultr
aso
nic
de
vice
with
a
dju
sta
ble
f
ch
has
util
iz
ed
in
the
pri
mar
y
side
t
o
s
upply
it
s
coil;
wh
il
e
t
he
f
p
and
f
d
ha
ve
be
en
re
gula
te
d
by
util
iz
ing
res
onance
ca
pacit
ors.
Howe
ver
,
s
om
e
ultraso
nic
gen
e
rato
r
li
mit
at
ion
s
are
worth
y
of
no
te
t
hat
the
f
ch
cannot
e
xce
ed
the
li
mit
(17.5
-
28
kHz
).
The
c
oils’
misal
ign
me
nt
has
bee
n
researc
he
d
as
well
;
the
ou
tc
ome
s
ide
ntifie
d
that
as
t
he
d
ha
s
a
more
ne
gative
im
pact
on
P
RL
than
L.
Howev
e
r,
the futu
re
wor
k
s
houl
d
i
ncl
ude a
stu
dy of
hi
gh
e
r
f
re
qu
e
nc
y ran
ges, f
or e
xam
ple,
120 k
Hz.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Al
-
Saad
i
et
a
l.
,
“C
apaci
t
ive
p
ower
tr
ansfe
r
for
wire
l
ess
batter
i
es
ch
arg
ing,”
EEA
-
Elec
trote
h.
E
le
c
tron.
Aut
om
.,
vol.
66
,
n
o
.
4
,
20
18.
[2]
A.
Cr
ăciune
scu
et
al.,
“Ana
lysis
and
Co
mpa
rison
of
Resonan
ce
T
opologi
es
in
6.
6
kW
Wi
re
le
ss
In
duct
iv
e
Ch
arg
in
g
for
Elec
t
ric Vehicle
s B
at
t
eries,”
Proce
dia
Manuf
.
,
vol
.
32
,
pp
.
426
–
433,
2019
.
[3]
M.
Al
-
saa
di
e
t
a
l.
“A
Compa
r
ati
ve
Study
of
Cap
a
citive
Couple
rs
in
Wi
re
le
ss
Pow
er
Tra
nsf
er
,
”
2
018
Inte
rnation
a
l
Symposium on
F
undamental
s of
El
e
ct
rica
l
Eng
in
ee
ring (
IS
FEE)
,
pp.
1
-
6
,
2016
.
[4]
E.
A.
Hus
sien
et
al
.
,
“Com
par
at
iv
e
Study
of
Compe
nsati
on
Circ
uit
Topol
og
ie
s
in
6
.
6kW
Capaci
t
ive
Po
wer
Tra
nsfer
Sys
te
m
,
”
2019
11th
Int
.
Symp. A
dv
.
Top
.
Elec
tr
.
Eng
.
,
pp.
1
–
6,
2019.
[5]
S.
Al
-
Chlaihawi
et
al.,
“Ana
lysis
of
Charg
e
Pla
te
Configura
ti
ons
i
n
Un
ipol
ar
Cap
a
ci
ti
v
e
Pow
er
Tr
a
nsfer
Sys
te
m
for
Chargi
ng
the
Elec
tr
ic
V
ehi
c
le
s
Bat
teries,”
in
12
th
Int
ernati
onal
Con
fe
renc
e
on
I
nte
rdisciplinarit
y
in
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
,
2018.
[6]
S.
Al
-
Chlaihawi
et
al., “
Induc
ti
v
e
Pow
er
Tr
ansfe
r for Cha
rging
th
e
Elec
tr
ic Vehicle Ba
t
te
ri
es,
”
E
EA
,
no
.
4
,
2018
.
[7]
S.
Al
-
Chl
ai
hawi
e
t
al.,
“A
New
Analyt
i
ca
l
Form
ula
for
Coupli
ng
Cap
ac
i
ta
n
ce
of
Uni
pola
r
Capaci
ti
ve
Coupl
er
in
Wi
re
le
ss
Pow
er
Tra
nsfer
Sys
tem,
”
in
2019
11
th
Inte
rnat
ional
Symposium
on
Adv
anc
ed
Topi
cs
in
Elec
tric
al
Engi
ne
ering
(
AT
EE
)
,
2019,
pp.
1
–
6.
[8]
M.
F.
C.
Jorget
to
et
a
l.,
“
Wi
r
eless
induc
ti
v
e
p
ower
tra
nsfer
,
o
rie
nt
ed
mod
el
in
g
and
d
e
sign,”
2015
IEEE
13t
h
Brazili
an
Powe
r
Elec
tron
.
Conf
.
1st So
uth. P
ow
er
Elec
tron
.
Conf
.
COBEP
/SPEC
2
016
,
2015
.
[9]
D.
Kim
et
a
l.,,
“
Stat
e
-
of
-
the
-
a
rt
l
it
er
at
ure
rev
ie
w
of
WPT:
Curre
n
t
l
im
i
ta
t
ions
and
soluti
ons
on
IP
T,
”
E
le
c
tr.
Power
Syst.
Re
s.
,
vo
l. 1
54,
pp
.
493
–
502
,
2018.
[10]
M.
A.
F.
Al
-
Qa
i
si
e
t
al.,
“High
per
forma
n
ce
DC
/DC
buck
converte
r
using
slidi
n
g
mod
e
cont
ro
ller,
”
In
te
rnationa
l
Journal
of
P
owe
r E
lectronic
s
an
d
Dr
iv
e
S
yste
m
(
IJP
EDS)
,
vol
.
1
0,
no
.
4
,
p
.
1806
,
2019.
[11]
B.
R
ege
nsburger
e
t
al.,
“High
-
Pe
rform
ance
L
arg
e
Air
-
Gap
C
apa
c
i
ti
ve
W
ireless
Po
wer
T
ran
sfer
Sy
stem
for
Elec
tri
c
Vehic
l
e
Cha
rgin
g,
”
2017
IE
EE Tr
anspor
tat
ion
Elec
trif
ic
a
ti
on
Con
fe
renc
e
and
Ex
p
o
(ITEC),
pp.
63
8
–
643,
2017
.
[12]
P.
S.
R
.
N
aya
k
e
t
al.,
“Per
for
ma
nc
e
analysis
of
seri
es/pa
r
al
l
el
a
nd
du
al
side
LCC
com
pensa
t
ion
topol
ogi
es
o
f
induc
ti
v
e
powe
r transfer
for
EV
b
at
t
ery
ch
arg
ing
sys
te
m,”
Front
.
E
nergy
,
2018
.
[13]
G.
Rit
ur
aj
e
t
al
.
,
“Ana
lysis
an
d
com
p
ari
son
o
f
seri
es
-
serie
s
a
nd
serie
s
-
p
ara
l
lel
topo
logy
of
c
onta
c
tl
ess
powe
r
tra
nsfer
sys
tems,
”
IE
EE R
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H.
L
i
et
a
l.,,
“
Study
on
eff
i
cie
ncy
ma
xi
mi
z
at
i
on
design
prin
c
ipl
es
for
Wi
r
el
e
ss
Pow
er
Tra
ns
fer
sys
tem
usin
g
ma
gne
ti
c
resona
nt
coup
li
ng,
”
20
13
IEEE ECCE Asia
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[15]
D.
M.
Vilathga
muwa
et
al.,
"
Wi
re
le
ss
power
tra
nsf
er
(
WPT)
for
elec
tr
ic
ve
hic
l
es
(EVS)
—
Present
and
fu
t
ure
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t,
V
ol
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11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1693
–
17
00
1700
tre
nds,"
Pl
ug
in el
e
ct
ric
v
ehi
c
le
s
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sm
art grids
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[16]
J.
T.
Gonça
lve
s
et
al.,
“
Thre
e
-
Phase
Unidir
ec
t
io
nal
Tra
nsform
e
r
le
ss
Hybrid
Re
c
ti
fier
with
Boost
Conver
te
r,
”
in
2
019
1st Gl
obal
Powe
r, Energy
a
nd
Comm
unic
ation Confe
ren
ce (
GPECOM)
,
201
9,
pp
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[17]
Z.
Pan
ti
c
et
al.,
“Mult
ifr
eque
n
c
y
induc
t
ive
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er
tr
ansfe
r,”
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EE
Tr
ans.
Pow
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El
e
ct
ron
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[18]
M.
AL
-
SA
AD
I
et
a
l.,
“M
ax
imum
Pow
er
Point
Tracki
ng
and
Pow
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Volta
g
e
R
egul
a
ti
on
for
In
duct
iv
e
W
ireles
s
Bat
tery Cha
rg
in
g,
” in
2019
Elec
t
ric
V
ehi
c
le
s In
ter
nati
onal
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ere
nce (EV),
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C.
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.
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m
e
t
al
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t
ion
t
o
El
e
ct
r
ic
Ve
h
icles
(EVs),”
Wir
el
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r
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ansf.
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ct
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p
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2017
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[20]
M.
Al
-
saa
d
i,
et
al
.
,
“Ne
w
Analy
ti
c
al
Formu
la
s
F
or
Self
-
Indu
ct
an
ce
s
Of
Indu
ct
iv
e
ly
New
Ana
lyt
i
c
al
Formu
la
s
For
Self
-
Induc
t
ance
s
Of
Induc
ti
ve
ly
Couple
d
Ring
C
oil
s
In
Wi
r
eless
,”
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.
Polite
h
.
Buc
harest
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i
.
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ull
.
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Ms
g
et
al.
,
“Syste
m
Ope
rat
ion
Manua
l
Ultra
sonic
Gen
era
tor
And
Pow
er
Supply
Mmm,
Wi
d
eba
nd
Multi
fre
qu
enc
y
Te
chno
logy
Sys
t
em
Oper
at
ion
,
”
April,
p
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.
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[22]
M.
Q.
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al.,
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Mu
tual
Indu
ct
an
ce
Ap
proa
ch
for
Opti
mi
z
at
ion
of
W
ir
el
ess
Ene
rgy
Tr
a
nsmiss
ion,
”
Tex
as
Symposium on Wirel
ess and Mi
crowave
C
ircui
t
s and
Syste
ms
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p
p.
4
–
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,
2014
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[23]
W.
Zh
ang
et
a
l
.
,
“Ana
lysis
and
Compa
rison
of
Seconda
ry
Ser
i
es
-
and
Para
ll
e
l
-
Compe
nsat
ed
I
nduct
iv
e
Pow
er
Tra
nsfer
Sys
te
m
s
Opera
ting
for
Optim
al
Ef
ficien
cy
and
,
”
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ron
.
IEEE
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ans
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[24]
S.
Valtche
v
e
t
al.,
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ro
l
for
t
he
Cont
ac
t
le
ss
S
eri
es
R
esona
nt
Ene
rgy
Conv
erter,
”
in
Eme
rgin
g
Capabil
it
i
es
a
nd
Appl
ic
a
t
ions o
f Wirel
ess P
ow
er
Tr
ansfer,
IGI Gl
obal
,
2019
,
pp
.
1
02
–
140.
[25]
M.
Al
-
Saadi,
et
al
.
,
“Com
par
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Spir
al
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Square
Coi
l
Con
figura
t
ions
in
W
ire
l
ess
Pow
er
Tr
ansfe
r
Sys
te
m
fo
r
Conta
ctless Batt
ery
Charg
ing,” i
n
2019
E
lectric
Ve
hi
cl
es
In
te
rna
ti
onal
Con
f
ere
n
c
e
(E
V)
,
2019,
pp
.
1
–
5.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Sara
b
Al
-
Chlaih
awi
was
born
i
n
Naja
f
,
Ira
q
,
in
1973.
She
r
ec
e
i
ved
the
B
.
Sc.
de
gre
e
in
elec
tr
ical
engi
ne
eri
ng/Uni
ver
sity
o
f
Te
chn
ology
(Ir
aq)
,
in
1995.
In
2012
,
s
he
r
ec
e
ive
d
th
e
M.Sc.
d
egr
e
e
i
n
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
El
e
ct
roni
c
Enginee
ring
,
Jawah
a
rla
l
Nehru
techn
ologi
c
al
Univ
ersit
y,
Hydera
b
ad,
India
.
She
r
ece
ive
d
th
e
Ph.D
.
degr
ee
in
e
le
c
tri
c
al
eng
ine
e
ring/
Univer
sity
Polit
ehnica
of
Bucha
rest
,
Ro
ma
ni
a,
in
201
8.
Her
r
ese
ar
ch
int
er
ests
con
c
ern
:
powe
r
e
lectr
oni
c,
elec
tri
c
vehi
c
le
s,
ren
ew
a
ble
and
sus
taina
ble
ene
rgy
sys
tems.
E
ma
i
l addres
s:
inj
.
srb@
a
tu.
e
du.
iq
Adnan
Hasan
T
awa
fan
was
b
or
n
in
Kerba
la,
Ir
aq,
in
1971.
He
re
ce
iv
ed
the
M.S.
degr
ee
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
from
Uni
ver
sity
of
T
ec
h
nology,
Baghdad,
Ir
aq
in
2002
,
and
th
e
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
e
lectr
i
ca
l
eng
ine
e
ring
from
UT
eM,
M
al
aysi
a
in
2014
.
Since
2005
,
h
e
has
b
ee
n
with
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
t
e
chnica
l
d
epa
rt
me
n
t
in
Techni
c
al
In
stit
ute
of
Karba
la
,
Ir
aq.
His
r
e
sea
rch
in
te
r
ests
conc
ern
:
analysi
s
and
design
of
distr
ibut
ion
sy
stem
,
pro
te
c
ti
on
,
p
ow
er
q
uality
i
mprove
m
ent
,
power
elec
troni
c
s a
pplications
an
d
r
isk
m
ana
g
ement
.
E
m
ail
add
re
ss
:
inkr.
adn@
at
u
.
edu.iq
Fati
ma
Kadh
em
Abd
was
born
in
Kerba
la,
Ir
aq,
i
n
1968.
She
re
c
ei
ved
th
e
B
.
deg
ree
in
elec
tri
c
al
engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Univer
si
ty
of
te
chno
logy,
Bag
hdad,
Ira
q
in
19
90,
Sin
ce
2000,
she
has
b
ee
n
wit
h
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
t
ec
hn
i
ca
l
dep
art
m
ent
in
T
ec
hni
cal
In
stit
ute
of
Karba
la
,
Ira
q
.
H
er
r
e
sea
rch
intere
sts
conc
ern
: ana
lysi
s of
distri
bu
ti
on
sys
te
m.
E
mail
a
ddre
ss
:
fatima
@
kit
.
edu.
iq
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