Intern
ati
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
of
P
o
we
r El
ec
tr
on
i
c
s
an
d D
r
i
v
e
S
y
stem
(I
JPE
D
S)
V
o
l.
11
, N
o
. 2, Jun
e
20
20
, pp
. 10
11
~1
018
I
SSN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
, D
O
I:
10.
115
91
/i
jp
e
d
s.v
1
1
.i2
.
p
p10
11-
1018
1
0
11
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
t
t
p
:/
/ijpe
d
s.
i
a
e
s
c
o
re.
c
o
m
Energy-economic-environmental
anal
ysis of sol
a
r drying
system: a revi
ew
Wa
n Nu
rl
a
ila
Y
u
sra
Mat
Desa
1
,
A
h
m
a
d
Fu
dho
li
2
, Zah
i
r
a
Ya
ak
ob
3
1,
2
Solar
E
n
ergy Research Institut
e
,
Uni
v
ersiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Malaysi
a
3
Research
Cent
er for Sust
ai
nable Process
Technology (CE
S
PRO), Facul
t
y of
Engineeri
n
g
and
Built Environment
,
Un
iv
er
si
ti
Keb
a
ngs
aan M
a
l
a
ys
ia
, M
a
l
a
ys
ia
A
r
ticle In
fo
A
B
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
tic
le
h
i
st
o
r
y:
Rec
e
i
v
ed
Jan
30
,
20
19
Rev
i
sed
Ju
l 8
,
2
019
A
c
ce
p
t
ed
Jan
30
, 20
20
S
o
lar dry
i
n
g
is
an
e
m
erging
tec
h
n
o
log
y
to p
r
es
erve w
i
d
e
r
a
ng
e
of p
r
od
uc
ts
from
agricu
ltur
e
to
a
n
im
al-bas
e
d
prod
uc
ts.
Th
e
ap
p
l
ic
ation
of
so
lar dry
e
rs
,
ho
wev
e
r
mu
st
b
e
e
v
alu
a
ted
to
d
e
ter
m
in
e i
t
s
b
e
n
e
fit and
effe
ctiv
eness
.
In
th
e
e
v
a
l
ua
ti
on
of sol
a
r dry
e
r p
e
rform
a
n
c
e
,
th
re
e c
r
ite
ria
wh
ic
h
a
r
e
m
o
st
imp
o
rtan
t
to
lo
ok
at ar
e th
ermal
p
e
rforma
n
ce, e
c
ono
mic
co
st
and
env
i
ro
nm
enta
l imp
l
icatio
ns
. Th
erefo
r
e,
th
is pa
p
e
r attemp
ts to
rev
i
ew th
e
th
ermo
econ
o
m
i
c
a
n
aly
s
is
and
e
nviron
m
ent
a
l
e
v
alua
tion
on
va
rio
u
s
solar
d
r
yi
ng
s
y
st
em
. Pe
rfo
rma
n
ce eq
u
a
ti
on
s
in e
n
erg
y
–
e
c
o
no
mic
–
en
vi
ron
m
e
n
t
analys
es for
s
o
lar
d
r
ying
sy
is
tems
eva
l
ua
tio
n
are pr
es
ent
e
d. Th
e
CO2
emis
sion
,
c
a
rbo
n
mitiga
tio
n
,
and
earned
c
a
rb
on
cr
edit of
v
a
rio
u
s s
o
lar dry
i
ng
sy
is
tem are
also
pres
ente
d
.
Ke
yw
ords:
Dr
yi
n
g
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s
Re
newa
ble
e
n
e
r
g
y
Sol
a
r
d
r
ye
r
S
o
la
r en
er
gy
Th
is
is a
n
o
p
en
acces
s a
r
ticle
un
d
e
r the
C
C
B
Y
-SA
licens
e
.
Corres
p
o
n
din
g
A
u
t
h
or:
A
h
ma
d F
u
dho
l
i
,
S
o
la
r
En
erg
y
Re
se
ar
c
h
In
st
itu
t
e
,
Uni
v
ersi
t
i
Ke
b
a
ngsa
a
n
Ma
la
y
s
i
a
, 43
60
0 Ba
n
g
i
Se
la
n
gor
,
Ma
la
ysia
.
Ema
i
l
:
a
.
fu
dho
li@
u
k
m.
ed
u.my
1.
IN
TR
O
DUCTION
In
t
h
e rece
nt
y
e
a
r
s
of e
n
er
gy
re
searc
h
, re
ne
wa
ble
so
urces
are
gai
n
in
g m
u
ch at
t
e
nt
io
n as
t
h
e w
o
rl
d is
sh
i
f
t
i
ng
fr
om fo
ss
il f
u
e
l
t
o
a
l
t
e
r
n
at
iv
e
e
n
ergy
.
O
n
e o
f
the
re
ason
s
th
a
t
d
r
i
v
es
th
is
sh
if
t
is d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
si
n
g
d
e
man
d
f
o
r e
n
e
r
g
y
in th
e fu
t
u
r
e
,
t
h
a
t
in
itia
t
e
th
e ex
p
l
o
r
at
i
o
n
f
o
r a
m
o
re
su
st
ai
n
a
b
l
e en
ergy s
ourc
e
s
to
l
a
st
to
t
h
e
e
n
d o
f
hu
man
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e.
The al
ar
mi
n
g
sc
ene
of en
vi
ron
m
e
n
t
a
l
de
gr
adat
i
o
n
a
n
d p
o
l
lut
i
on
i
s
a
l
s
o
anot
her
ma
in
r
e
a
s
on
th
at
pu
sh
es fo
r
cl
ea
n
e
r,
an
d mor
e
respon
s
i
b
l
e
e
n
erg
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
tion
.
So
la
r e
n
e
r
gy
is
th
e
most
ac
cessi
ble
,
rea
d
il
y ava
i
la
ble
,
a
nd
hig
h
l
y
p
o
t
e
nt
i
a
l
as rene
wa
ble
s
o
u
r
ce
of e
n
erg
y
ge
ne
ra
ti
on
. The a
m
ou
nt
o
f
so
l
a
r r
a
d
i
a
tio
n
in
te
nsit
y
t
h
a
t
re
a
c
h
e
s t
h
e oute
r
at
mo
sph
e
r
e
is 1
,
36
0 W
/
m
2
,
a
nd aft
e
r ac
cou
n
ti
n
g
for n
a
t
u
ra
l
l
o
sse
s
, t
h
e
gl
o
b
al
radi
at
io
n
t
h
at
re
ac
hes t
h
e
gro
u
n
d
i
s
st
i
l
l hi
gh
at
the
ra
n
g
e
o
f
8
0
0
-
100
0
W/
m
2
,
on a cl
ea
r
sk
y
sun
n
y
da
y
i
n
s
u
mme
r [1]. D
u
e to
i
t
s e
n
e
r
get
i
c p
o
te
nti
a
l
s
, s
o
l
a
r ene
r
gy
is
con
v
e
r
te
d
i
n
t
o
use
f
ul a
p
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
r
ma
l a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
rica
l
en
e
r
gy
. Sola
r
en
ergy
is
wid
e
ly
u
s
ed
i
n
so
la
r
th
er
ma
l te
c
h
no
logy
s
u
c
h
as
in
so
l
a
r
co
ll
ec
to
r sy
ste
m
s
[2
-4
],
in
pho
t
o
v
o
lta
ic/th
e
r
m
a
l
systems [
5
-16] and i
n
s
o
lar
dr
yi
ng
system
s
[17-21]
.
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f
so
l
a
r
th
erm
a
l i
s
th
e
o
r
i
ze
d
t
o
b
e
a
b
le
to
low
e
r
th
e b
u
rd
en
o
n
sc
a
r
c
e
ren
e
wa
b
l
e
r
e
s
ourc
e
s
and
al
s
o
t
o
sup
p
l
y
rene
wa
bl
e e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
co
n
d
it
i
ons
where
n
o
a
l
t
e
rnat
i
v
es
are
a
v
ai
l
a
bl
e
[22
]
. Whi
l
e
t
h
e a
ppl
i
cat
i
o
n
for sol
a
r t
h
erma
l sy
st
ems i
s
wi
d
e
l
y
k
now
n i
n
d
o
mesti
c
se
ct
or,
i
t
al
so
p
r
ovi
de
s
huge
p
o
te
nti
a
l
f
o
r
i
n
du
s
t
r
i
e
s
to
b
e
nef
i
t
f
r
om
. Ky
lil
i e
t
al.
c
ondu
c
t
e
d
a l
i
f
e
-
c
y
c
le
assessm
en
t (LCA)
on
i
n
du
st
ri
al so
l
a
r
t
h
ermal
s
y
ste
m
(IS
T
S
)
in t
h
e
Euro
pe, an
d
fo
u
nd si
gnific
a
n
t
ene
r
g
y
an
d
c
a
rb
o
n
sa
vi
ngs
fr
om i
t
s
appl
i
cat
i
on,
whi
c
h
ra
n
g
es
f
r
o
m
3
5
– 75 G
J
a
nd 2 –
5
t
o
n
n
es of CO
2
per
k
W
t
h
de
pe
ndi
ng o
n
t
h
e
g
e
og
ra
phic
a
l
l
o
cat
i
o
n
,
re
spe
c
t
i
v
el
y [2
3]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
, Vol.
11
,
No
.
2
,
Jun
e
2
020
: 10
11
–
1
0
18
1
012
2.
S
O
LAR
D
R
YI
NG
PR
INC
I
PLE
AND
M
E
C
H
AN
ISMS
D
r
yin
g
is
a me
tho
d
of
fo
od
p
r
eser
vat
i
on t
h
a
t
has
b
e
e
n
p
r
ac
ti
ce
d
for
ce
ntu
r
ie
s. It i
s
a c
o
mmo
n
pra
c
t
i
c
e
t
o
ext
e
nd
t
h
e
s
h
el
f l
i
f
e
of
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
ki
nd
o
f
f
o
o
d
p
r
o
duc
t
s
,
fro
m
frui
t
s
, h
e
r
b
s,
a
n
d a
n
i
m
al
an
d
ma
ri
ne
base
d
pro
duct
s
.
In
d
r
yi
n
g
,
e
x
c
e
ss
m
o
ist
u
re
fro
m
fo
o
d
prod
uct
s
a
r
e
re
mo
ved
due
t
o
t
h
er
ma
l
ac
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
e
n
d
pr
odu
c
t
s w
i
th
mo
istu
r
e
r
e
du
c
tio
n
i
n
h
i
b
its
mic
r
ob
ia
l g
r
ow
th
w
h
ich
e
n
a
b
l
e
s th
e
m
t
o
b
e
st
ore
d
fo
r
fut
u
re
use
.
D
u
ri
n
g
m
o
i
s
tu
re
rem
oval
,
si
mul
t
a
n
eo
us
proc
es
s o
f
mas
s
a
nd
hea
t
tra
n
sfe
r
t
a
ke
pl
ac
e w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
sample
, o
u
te
r surfac
e
a
n
d h
e
a
t
i
ng ai
r.
H
o
weve
r, de
spi
t
e
i
t
s
re
l
i
a
b
il
i
t
y
t
o
p
r
e
s
e
r
ve
foo
d
p
r
o
duc
t
s
, dr
yin
g
proce
s
s
is
hi
g
h
l
y ene
r
g
y
i
n
te
nsi
v
e
whic
h c
ons
u
m
es ab
o
u
t
50% e
n
e
r
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
fo
od
pr
oc
essi
ng i
n
d
u
st
ry
[24]
.
The e
n
e
r
g
y
re
qu
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
dryi
n
g
proce
s
s
i
s
hi
gh
bec
a
u
se o
f
t
h
e
l
a
te
n
t
he
at
o
f
va
po
ri
za
ti
on i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
to
v
a
por
iz
e ex
c
e
ss mo
ist
u
re fr
om th
e
p
r
odu
c
t
s.
S
o
l
a
r
dryin
g
p
r
o
v
ide
s
a
n
al
t
e
rna
t
i
v
e t
o
the
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
onal
d
r
yi
ng
process
.
In c
ont
rary t
o
sun d
r
yi
ng
,
whe
r
e
f
o
o
d
prod
uct
s
a
r
e
bei
n
g
e
xpose
d
t
o
dry
dire
ct
l
y
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
su
n,
so
l
a
r
dryi
n
g
ut
il
i
z
e
s
hea
t
e
n
t
r
a
p
me
nt
mecha
n
ism
t
o
enha
nc
e
the
m
o
i
s
t
u
re
rem
ova
l
p
r
oces
s. Th
e
ap
pl
i
cat
i
o
n
of
s
o
l
a
r
d
r
ye
r co
nve
rt
s
sol
a
r
e
n
erg
y
usin
g
sola
r c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
unit
int
o
use
f
ul
t
h
e
r
mal
e
n
er
gy
.
T
hus,
sol
a
r d
r
y
e
r syst
ems
a
r
e
ca
p
a
bl
e
to
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
t
h
e o
p
erat
in
g t
e
mpe
r
at
ure t
o
50
-60
℃
w
h
ic
h res
u
l
t
ed i
n
perfect
d
r
yi
ng
and
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
qua
li
t
y
[2
5].
Due
t
o
hi
ghe
r
d
r
yi
ng
t
e
mperat
ure
,
sol
a
r
drye
r mi
n
i
mi
zes t
h
e ar
e
a
nee
d
ed
to e
xpose
t
h
e
pro
duc
ts t
o
hot
ai
r.
S
o
l
a
r
dryer
i
s
a
l
so
l
e
ss
de
pe
nde
nt
on
su
ns
hine
a
v
ai
la
bil
i
t
y
,
as i
t
ca
n ut
i
l
i
z
ed t
h
er
ma
l
ene
r
g
y
st
ora
g
e
s
y
st
e
m
s
an
d
auxi
l
i
a
r
y he
at
i
ng
u
n
i
t
fo
r
hea
t
sup
p
l
y
. C
o
ns
truct
i
on
o
f
s
o
l
a
r drye
rs
i
n
cl
u
d
es
d
r
yin
g
ch
a
m
be
r, whi
c
h is
ol
at
es
t
h
e
pro
duct
s
fro
m
a
m
bi
e
n
t
sur
r
o
u
ndi
n
g
s.
Th
us,
fi
n
a
l
prod
uct
s
fro
m sol
a
r
d
r
i
e
rs
are
l
e
ss s
u
sc
e
p
t
i
ble
to
cont
ami
n
at
io
n
from d
u
st
, i
n
se
ct
s, an
d mi
crob
i
a
l
gr
owt
h
.
P
r
i
m
ari
l
y
,
sola
r dr
yer ca
n be
c
a
t
e
g
o
ri
ze
d
i
n
t
o
f
our
grou
ps
;
d
i
rect
sol
a
r d
r
ye
r,
i
n
di
rec
t
s
o
l
a
r
d
r
ye
r,
mixe
d
-
mo
de
sol
a
r d
r
yer, a
n
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
o
l
a
r d
r
ye
r [2
6].
T
h
e
w
o
rki
n
g
p
r
i
n
ci
pl
e
of e
a
c
h
d
r
ye
r i
s
d
i
ff
ere
n
t
i
n
t
e
rms o
f
sol
a
r
ener
g
y
c
onve
rs
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
erma
l
ene
r
g
y
.
In
d
i
re
ct
sol
a
r d
r
ye
r,
hea
t
i
s
gene
rat
e
d
b
y
di
re
ct
a
b
so
rt
io
n
of sola
r ir
ra
di
at
i
on o
n
t
h
e
pr
od
u
c
t
a
s
s
u
n
r
a
ys pe
net
r
a
t
e
t
h
ro
ug
h t
r
ans
p
a
r
e
n
t c
h
a
m
be
r,
whi
l
e i
ndi
re
ct
dr
yer
ut
il
i
zes sol
a
r ra
dia
t
i
on
o
n
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
or u
n
i
t
t
o
h
e
at
up ai
r,
whi
c
h i
n
di
rec
t
l
y
d
r
y
t
h
e
mat
e
ri
al
s [2
7
]
.
Mi
xe
d-mo
de
dryer
ut
i
l
i
z
e
s
bot
h di
rec
t
m
o
d
e
i
n
d
r
yi
ng
c
h
am
ber
,
a
n
d
i
ndi
rec
t
mo
de
i
n
i
t
s
col
l
e
c
t
o
r
uni
t,
w
h
e
r
e as
hy
b
r
i
d
dryer
o
n
the
o
t
her ha
nd
re
fer
s
t
o
t
h
e
usa
g
e
of sup
p
l
e
me
nt
a
r
y
so
u
r
c
e
of e
n
erg
y
i
.
e.
bi
o
m
ass,
di
esel
e
ngi
ne
,
ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
in
t
e
grat
io
n t
o
s
u
ppl
y
heat
.
3.
EXPER
I
M
E
NTA
L
EV
A
L
UATION
D
u
e
t
o
wi
de
a
v
ai
l
a
bi
li
t
y
o
f
sol
a
r
dryi
n
g
syst
e
m
s i
n
p
r
a
c
t
i
ce, t
h
e
d
e
vel
o
pme
n
t
of
sol
a
r
dr
yer
t
echn
o
l
o
gie
s
n
e
eds t
o
be
bas
e
d o
n
e
m
pi
ri
cal
kn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
of i
t
s ene
r
g
y
pro
f
i
l
e
a
n
d t
h
e
a
n
ti
ci
pa
te
d pe
rformanc
e
ove
r i
t
s
e
xpe
ct
ed l
i
fe-t
i
m
e. T
h
e i
n
fo
rmat
i
o
n
a
c
qui
red
fr
om empi
ri
ca
l eva
l
ua
ti
on
s is re
le
v
a
nt
t
o
det
e
r
m
i
n
e and
i
m
pro
v
e
t
h
e
pl
a
n
t a
n
d
ope
ra
ti
on
c
o
st
s, ene
r
g
y
c
o
nser
vat
i
o
n
s
,
fuel
ve
rsa
t
i
l
it
y a
n
d
pol
l
u
ta
n
t
s [
28]. In
a
d
di
t
i
on,
sel
e
c
t
i
on of t
h
e
ri
ght
d
r
ye
rs
must
t
a
ke
int
o
co
nsi
d
erat
io
n
t
h
e
user’s
ne
e
d
a
n
d t
h
e
e
n
d
use
o
f
d
r
ie
d
p
r
od
uct
s
,
t
hus re
qui
re
t
h
e eval
uat
i
on
t
h
e fol
l
ow
i
n
g
do
mai
n
s:
s
o
ci
al
,
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
n
d e
c
onomi
c
funct
i
ons [2
9].
3.1.
En
er
gy
An
aly
s
i
s
So
la
r
d
r
y
e
r
s
t
a
k
e
i
n
t
o
ap
p
lica
t
io
n
of
e
n
erg
y
c
o
nv
er
sion fr
om
so
la
r
to
us
efu
l
th
er
mal en
er
gy
fo
r
dryi
n
g
proc
ess
.
Fo
r t
h
is
p
u
rp
ose, n
u
mero
us
met
h
ods
a
n
d
proc
esses
we
re
de
v
e
l
ope
d a
n
d t
h
ei
r
e
f
fe
ct
i
v
eness
ca
n be
e
v
al
uat
e
d
o
n
ma
n
y
m
e
ri
ts,
s
u
c
h
a
s
e
n
erg
y
e
f
fi
ci
enc
y
,
ti
me t
o
dr
y a
n
d
pr
od
u
c
t
q
u
a
li
t
y
. In
sol
a
r
dryi
n
g
,
t
h
ermal
pe
rf
orma
nce
i
s
a
rel
i
a
bl
e i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r to st
udy t
h
e s
y
st
e
m
meri
t
s
a
n
d
c
a
n
be
qua
nt
ifie
d usi
n
g
e
n
erg
y
analysis. E
n
ergetic pe
r
f
ormance is
bas
e
d
on the fir
s
t law
of thermodynamics,
which
takes
in to
account
th
e
qu
an
t
ity
of
e
n
e
r
gy
an
d
th
e
e
n
e
r
gy
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
r
e
sp
e
c
t
to
t
h
e
ch
ang
e
i
n
su
rr
ound
ing
s
[30
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
th
e
dr
awb
a
ck
s o
f
en
erg
y
an
aly
s
is is t
h
at
i
t
o
n
l
y
c
o
ns
id
ers en
e
r
g
i
es
a
t
i
n
le
t a
n
d ou
tlet o
f
t
h
e
sy
st
e
m
, an
d
so
m
e
t
i
me
s is r
e
d
eeme
d
as in
suf
f
i
c
i
en
t
fo
r sy
s
t
e
m
op
ti
miz
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
i
t
n
e
g
l
e
c
t
s
th
e ir
re
ve
r
s
i
b
il
ity
a
n
d
t
h
erm
o
dy
nami
c
l
o
sses
[
31-
33
].
In
ge
neral
,
e
n
erge
ti
c
a
n
al
ysi
s
o
n
s
o
l
a
r
d
r
y
e
rs
ca
n
be
d
o
n
e
on
t
w
o m
a
i
n
co
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
;
t
h
e d
r
yin
g
syste
m
s a
nd t
h
e d
r
yi
ng
ma
t
e
ri
al
s. Dr
yi
ng
syst
ems
of
s
o
l
a
r
d
r
ye
rs i
n
cl
u
d
es t
h
e s
o
la
r a
b
so
rbe
r
unit
,
d
r
yi
ng
cha
m
be
r,
a
n
d mo
ve
me
nt of he
at
ed
d
r
yi
n
g
ai
r th
rou
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
y
ste
m
.
In
sho
r
t
,
e
n
e
r
gy
a
n
a
l
ysi
s
o
f
sol
a
r dr
ye
r
c
o
mp
on
en
ts
is co
m
m
on
ly
done
by
a
p
p
l
y
i
ng h
e
a
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
an
d en
e
r
g
y
b
a
lan
c
e
b
a
sed
on
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
of en
e
r
gy
c
o
nse
r
v
a
ti
o
n
of
th
e
f
i
r
s
t law
o
f
t
h
e
r
mody
n
a
mic
s
.
D
e
te
rm
i
n
a
tio
n of
th
erm
a
l p
e
rfo
rma
n
c
e
of
so
lar
d
r
yer
s
a
r
e
i
m
po
rt
a
n
t t
o
ac
hie
v
e maxi
mu
m m
o
i
s
t
u
re
re
mo
val
w
h
il
e
us
ing
mini
m
u
m a
m
o
unt
o
f
e
n
erg
y
[2
8].
In
lite
r
a
t
u
re,
the
r
e
ar
e sev
e
ral in
d
i
c
a
t
or
s t
h
a
t
a
r
e co
mmon
l
y u
s
e
d
to ev
al
u
a
te t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
c
a
p
a
ci
ty
o
f
sola
r
dryer
c
o
mp
one
nt
s, e
s
p
e
ci
al
l
y
f
o
r sol
a
r
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
u
n
i
t
.
The
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
use
f
ul
he
at
tha
t
ca
n
be
ha
rne
ss
from
s
o
l
a
r col
l
ect
or can
be
c
a
l
c
ul
at
ed
usi
n
g
he
at
re
mova
l
fac
t
or
,
an
d t
h
e
i
n
c
i
dent
s
o
la
r ra
di
at
i
on,
.
val
u
e i
s
de
pe
n
d
ed
o
n
the
mat
e
ri
al
of c
o
nstr
uc
t
i
on
used
fo
r
c
o
lle
ct
o
r
,
as we
ll a
s
t
h
e
sur
f
ac
e a
r
ea
,
as sugg
e
s
te
d
by (1)
[34].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Ener
gy-e
c
o
no
mi
c-e
n
vi
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
an
al
ysis
of sol
a
r
dry
i
ng s
y
st
em:
a re
vi
ew
(W
a
n
Nurl
ai
la Y
u
sr
a
M
a
t
Desa
)
1
013
(1
)
The
e
n
erg
y
use
d
fo
r
m
o
ist
u
re
eva
p
orat
i
on ca
n be ca
lc
ula
t
e
d
a
s
[3
5]
(2
)
Th
erma
l e
ffi
ci
en
c
y
of
so
la
r
c
o
l
l
ec
to
r
is
t
h
e
ra
ti
o
of h
e
a
t
ga
in
by
a
i
r p
a
ssin
g
t
h
ro
ugh
the
c
o
lle
ct
o
r
to
th
e
en
erg
y
g
a
i
n
e
d
du
e t
o
so
lar
irr
a
d
i
at
ion
,
g
i
v
e
n by
[3
6–3
8].
100
%
(3
)
A
not
he
r i
ndi
ca
tor
c
o
mm
onl
y use
d
i
n
e
n
er
get
i
c
anal
y
s
i
s
i
s
t
h
e
t
h
er
ma
l
e
f
fi
ci
enc
y
of
sol
a
r
drye
rs,
.
Essent
ia
ll
y,
i
s
t
h
e ra
ti
o
o
f
e
n
e
r
gy
re
q
u
ire
d
t
o
eva
p
o
r
at
e
pro
duct
’
s moi
s
t
u
re t
o
t
h
e
en
e
r
gy
c
o
nsume
d
fo
r
t
h
e
dryi
n
g
proce
s
s
.
In sh
ort
,
t
h
er
ma
l e
ffi
ci
e
n
c
y
of t
h
e d
r
yi
ng
s
y
st
e
m
i
s
t
h
e
ra
t
i
o of t
h
e e
n
e
r
gy
use
d
fo
r moi
s
t
u
re
e
v
ap
ora
tio
n to
th
e
e
n
erg
y
in
pu
t t
o
th
e d
r
y
i
ng
sy
ste
m
.
(4
)
In
pas
s
i
v
e
c
o
n
v
ect
i
o
n
d
r
ye
rs
, d
r
ye
r e
f
fi
ci
en
cy ca
lc
ula
t
i
o
n
i
s
ba
se
d o
n
t
h
e
ai
r move
me
nt d
u
e
t
o
n
a
tur
a
l
bu
oy
an
cy
,
w
h
er
ea
s
a
c
t
i
v
e
dr
y
e
r
s
t
a
k
e
s in
t
o
a
cco
un
t t
h
e en
erg
y
inp
u
t
throu
g
h
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
f
a
ns or
bl
ow
ers
,
give
n b
y
re
spe
c
t
i
v
el
y
[3
9],
[4
0
]
.
De
pe
ndi
ng
on the
t
y
pe
o
f
s
o
l
a
r dryi
n
g
sy
ste
m
,
t
h
e
e
n
erg
y
con
s
u
m
ed
fo
r
dryi
n
g
p
r
oc
e
ss w
o
ul
d
n
e
e
d
t
o
ac
c
o
u
n
t
fo
r
al
l
so
urce
of
e
n
er
gy
ge
nera
te
d i
n
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
.
In
hy
b
r
i
d
s
y
st
em
, us
ual
l
y
p
hot
ovol
t
a
i
c
-the
rmal
(P
VT
) hy
bri
d
d
r
ye
rs,
el
ect
ric
a
l
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
y
of sol
a
r
c
o
ll
e
c
t
o
r is
q
u
a
n
tif
ie
d as t
h
e
sy
ste
m
tak
e
s e
l
ec
tr
ic
ity
in
to
en
e
r
gy
g
e
n
e
ra
tio
n
.
,
(5
)
,
(6
)
The
re
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
p
be
t
w
e
e
n
ene
r
gy i
n
put
to s
o
la
r
d
r
ye
r a
nd
a
m
o
unt
of wa
te
r eva
p
ora
t
e
d
c
a
n
a
l
so
be
use
d
t
o
de
fi
ne
t
h
e
pe
rfo
r
ma
nc
e o
f
t
h
e
d
r
ye
r
and
t
o
c
o
m
p
are
pe
rf
o
r
ma
nce
of t
h
e
dryer
s
.
i
s
S
p
ec
ific
moi
s
t
u
re
e
x
tr
ac
ti
on
ra
te
(
S
M
E
R
)
i
n
k
g
k
W
h
-1
re
la
te
s ho
w
mu
c
h
mo
i
s
tu
r
e
can
b
e
remov
e
d p
e
r
u
n
i
t o
f
en
e
r
gy
,
wh
e
r
e
a
s
speci
fi
c
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
nsum
pt
ion
(SEC
) i
s
t
h
e rec
i
proc
al
o
f
S
M
ER
wi
t
h
u
n
i
t
s
of kW
h kg
-1
[4
1]
(7
)
(8
)
Pi
cku
p
effic
i
e
n
cy
, or
moi
s
ture
re
mo
vi
n
g
effic
i
e
n
c
y
of
dryi
n
g
ai
r i
s
t
h
e e
ffi
ci
e
n
c
y
me
asu
r
e
o
n
moist
u
re e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
on
usin
g
hot
ai
r,
a
n
d it
can
be cal
cul
a
t
e
d u
s
ing
(9
)
In
hyb
rid s
y
st
ems w
h
e
r
e
en
erg
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
c
o
mes
fr
om
ot
her t
h
a
n
sol
a
r
ener
gy, s
o
la
r fract
i
o
n is
d
e
te
rm
i
n
e
d
t
o
qu
an
tif
y
th
e
r
a
t
i
o
o
f
en
ergy
ex
tr
a
c
t
i
on
o
f
h
e
a
t
fro
m
so
l
a
r
co
ll
ec
to
r
t
o
th
e
ov
e
r
a
l
l
en
er
gy
ava
i
l
a
bl
e fo
r t
h
e
d
r
yi
ng
p
r
oce
s
s [35
]
.
S
o
l
a
r f
r
ac
ti
on
c
a
n
be
e
x
p
r
esse
d
b
y
(1
0)
Fr
om
th
e dry
i
n
g
ma
ter
i
a
l
c
o
mp
on
en
ts,
eff
e
ct
iv
e
n
ess
o
f
d
r
y
i
ng
can
be
ass
o
cia
t
e
d
wi
th
mo
istu
re
re
duc
t
i
o
n
wit
h
i
n
t
h
e
sam
p
le
s. T
h
e
mass of
w
a
te
r rem
o
ve
d (W) fro
m
a we
t
pro
duct
ca
n
be
cal
cul
a
t
e
d by
[
2
8
]
(1
1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
, Vol.
11
,
No
.
2
,
Jun
e
2
020
: 10
11
–
1
0
18
1
014
Moi
s
t
u
re
rat
i
o
, w
h
ic
h i
s
a
di
me
nsi
onl
ess
f
o
rm
of
moi
s
t
u
r
e
co
nt
ent
e
xpl
ai
ns t
h
e
ra
ti
o
o
f
remai
n
in
g
moistur
e
t
o
be r
e
moved
at
time
t
o
v
e
r
i
n
i
t
ia
l t
o
ta
l moist
u
re
p
r
ese
n
t
.
In
the
st
u
d
y
o
f
dryi
n
g
,
MR is a
n
i
m
po
rt
a
n
t
t
ool
to
un
de
rst
a
n
d
the
ki
net
i
cs
an
d
d
r
yin
g
pro
f
i
l
e
as
t
h
e
y
va
ry
fr
o
m
o
n
e
ma
te
ri
al
t
o
an
ot
he
r.
In
fa
ct
,
MR is f
o
u
nd t
o
be mostl
y
a
d
eq
uat
e
t
o
des
c
ri
be
t
h
e
dryi
ng
be
ha
vio
r
o
f
s
o
me
frui
t
s
and
ve
g
e
t
a
bl
es
a
s
it
t
r
ansl
at
es t
o
dr
yin
g
c
o
nst
a
nt,
k
(s
-1
). Th
is
is a
n
impo
r
t
an
t
pa
ra
me
te
r w
i
d
e
ly
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
in
-la
y
e
r
mo
d
e
l
ling
,
to
o
b
t
a
i
n dry
i
ng
c
u
rv
e
a
s
a
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
of tim
e
[
42].
(1
2)
3.2.
Ec
on
omi
c
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
Wh
i
l
e
en
ergy
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
i
s
a co
mmo
n
app
r
o
ach
u
s
ed
t
o
minimi
ze
th
e
r
m
ody
n
a
mic
eff
i
c
i
en
c
i
e
s
w
ith
in
d
r
y
e
r syst
em,
th
erm
o
econ
o
mi
c is a d
i
ff
ere
n
t
t
a
k
e
to
e
s
ti
ma
t
e
th
e
c
o
st
-o
p
t
i
m
a
l
str
u
c
t
u
r
e
an
d
th
e
op
tim
al
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
th
e
r
mo
dyna
mic
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cies
in
e
ach
c
o
mp
on
en
t [43]
. Th
ermo
e
c
on
om
ic
is
v
i
e
w
ed a
s
a promisi
n
g
di
ag
no
sti
c
t
o
ol
,
e
v
en
fo
r c
o
mpl
e
x syst
em [3
2].
T
h
ro
u
g
h
ec
onomi
c
a
n
al
ysi
s
, sol
a
r
d
r
yer a
ppl
ic
at
io
n ha
s
b
e
en
pro
v
ed
to
ha
ve
u
nde
nia
b
le
i
m
pr
ove
me
nt
o
n
ca
rb
o
n
fo
ot
p
r
i
n
t
re
d
u
c
t
ion
a
s
so
c
i
at
ed
wi
t
h
t
h
e e
n
erg
y
-int
e
n
si
ve
dryi
n
g
p
r
oc
ess
.
In
a
revi
e
w
art
i
cl
e by Mat
h
ew et
al
.,
s
o
l
a
r
drye
rs
are
hi
g
h
l
y
e
f
fec
t
ive
de
vi
c
e
w
i
t
h
l
o
w
i
nvestme
nt
to
pro
duce
g
o
o
d
qual
i
t
y
of dri
e
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s.
T
h
e unit
cost
of
use
f
ul
e
n
e
r
gy fo
r
sol
a
r
d
r
ye
r
s
we
re
f
oun
d
to
v
a
ry
fr
om 0
.
0
034
t
o
0
.
0
1
5
USD
p
e
r M
J
of
en
e
r
gy
f
o
r
d
i
ff
eren
t
typ
e
s o
f
dry
i
ng
pr
odu
ct
s [44
]
.
El
-H
a
g
e e
t
al
. c
o
nduc
te
d a
n
e
c
o
n
o
mic
stu
d
y
t
o
e
v
a
l
ua
te
m
o
ne
t
a
ry
sa
v
i
ngs
due
t
o
a
p
pl
i
cat
i
o
n
o
f
i
ndust
r
i
a
l
sol
a
r
drye
rs u
nde
r Le
ba
nese
cl
i
m
at
e.
The e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
st
sa
vin
g
i
s
det
e
rmi
n
ed
o
n
m
ont
hl
y ba
si
s,
w
h
ere
i
t
i
s
de
pe
nde
nt
o
n
t
h
e
pe
rc
en
t
a
ge o
f
t
i
me
w
h
ere
sola
r d
r
y
e
r i
s
u
s
ed
, P
r
,
t
h
e d
r
ye
r e
n
e
r
gy c
o
n
s
u
m
pti
o
n
for
ope
ra
t
i
o
n
,
an
d the
c
o
st
of e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y fo
r o
n
e uni
t
o
f
k
W
h,
. De
pe
ndi
ng
o
n
the
P
r
va
l
u
e
whi
c
h
ra
nge
s
f
r
o
m
0.
1 t
o
1, t
h
e
e
n
e
r
gy
c
o
st
red
u
ct
i
o
n
re
co
rds sa
vi
ngs
bet
w
ee
n $
1
3
0
t
o
$
4
1
6
0
p
e
r
mo
nth
fo
r d
r
yi
ng
of
12
0k
g of
va
ri
o
u
s vege
ta
ble
sam
p
l
e
s.
(1
3)
Fro
m
t
h
e
det
e
rmi
n
ed
SM a
n
d
capi
t
a
l
co
st o
f
t
h
e s
o
la
r d
r
yer, si
m
p
l
e
pa
y
b
a
c
k
peri
od
(P
P)
for the
drye
r s
y
st
em
w
a
s d
e
te
r
m
i
n
ed
a
s
fo
llo
ws
(1
4)
A more
de
ta
il
e
d
ec
on
omi
c
a
n
a
l
ysi
s
wa
s pe
rformed
b
y
E
L
k
h
ad
rao
u
i
et
al
. w
h
o
e
v
al
ua
t
e
d the
e
c
o
no
mi
c
s
o
f
cha
p
el
-sha
pe
d
gre
e
n
ho
use
fo
r re
d
pe
pp
er a
n
d
g
r
a
p
e d
r
yi
n
g
in Tu
ni
sia
[4
5
]
. T
h
e
pa
y
b
ac
k
peri
od
for
t
h
e
dr
y
e
r
sy
st
em
w
a
s
d
e
te
rm
in
ed
to
b
e
sh
or
t
at
1.
6
y
ear
s.
Th
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
at
io
n
us
ed
tak
e
s
in
to
a
cco
un
t
t
h
e
c
a
p
i
ta
l c
o
st
o
f
t
h
e
dryer
,
i
n
fl
at
i
on
rat
e
i, int
e
r
e
s
t
ra
te
on l
o
n
g
t
e
rm i
nve
stme
n
t
d, an
d the
sav
i
ng du
rin
g
fi
rst
ye
ar
of t
h
e
d
r
y
e
r
. T
h
is met
h
od
of cal
cul
a
t
i
on
i
s
a
l
so
use
d
b
y
[4
0],
[4
6].
(1
5)
A
n
o
t
h
e
r a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
fo
r eco
nom
ic
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
is
th
e in
cor
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n of
c
o
st-ben
e
f
it an
a
l
ysi
s
to co
mp
a
r
e
c
o
st
an
d
bene
fi
ts
of
s
o
l
a
r
dryi
n
g
t
o
o
t
her
me
a
n
s
b
y
t
a
ki
n
g
i
n
t
o
c
onsi
d
era
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
si
z
e
,
ma
t
e
ri
al
s fo
r
co
nst
r
uct
i
o
n
,
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
cy
,
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
sop
h
i
s
t
i
c
at
io
n a
nd sust
ai
n
a
b
i
lity
o
f
t
h
e
dri
e
r
s
wh
i
c
h
v
a
r
y
f
r
o
m
co
un
tr
ie
s to cou
n
t
ry.
P
a
st
st
ud
y on
eco
no
m
i
c
an
a
l
ysis
on
so
la
r
dr
yin
g
sy
ste
m
s
a
s
s
h
ow
i
n
Tab
l
e
1
.
3.3.
Envi
ro
nm
ent
a
l Anal
y
s
i
s
In
pra
c
t
i
c
e
,
pe
rce
n
t
a
ge o
f
re
duct
i
o
n
s
on fu
el
co
ns
umpt
i
o
n de
pe
n
d
s
on
t
h
e ty
pe
a
n
d
s
o
la
r
d
r
ye
r
syste
m
.
T
h
e
range
o
f
s
a
vi
n
g
s re
co
rded
c
a
n
vary from 2
0
-4
0 perce
n
t
i
n
hy
bri
d
s
y
st
ems,
t
o
t
o
t
a
l fuel
el
i
m
i
n
at
i
on i
n
na
tu
ral
ve
nt
i
l
a
t
i
on
g
r
e
e
n
h
ouse
sola
r d
r
ye
r
[5
0]. Pa
st
st
u
d
y
o
n
e
n
vir
o
nme
n
t
a
l a
n
al
ysis
o
n
sola
r
dryi
n
g
s
y
ste
m
s
a
s
sh
ow
n i
n
Tabl
e
2
.
CO
2
m
i
tig
a
ti
o
n
i
s
a
to
o
l
t
o
m
e
a
s
ur
e c
lim
at
e ch
an
g
e
po
te
n
t
ia
l w
ith
th
e
o
ppo
r
t
u
n
i
ty to
r
e
du
c
e
gr
ee
nho
u
s
e
ef
fe
c
t
emissio
n
by cap
pin
g
to
t
a
l ann
u
a
l
e
m
i
ssion
s an
d
l
e
tt
in
g th
e
ma
rk
e
t
a
ssig
n
a
m
o
n
e
tar
y
v
a
l
u
e to
a
n
y
sho
r
tf
a
l
l thro
ugh
tr
ad
in
g
[5
1]
.
I
n
c
a
rbon c
r
e
d
it
mo
d
e
l,
mon
e
ta
ry
in
c
e
n
t
iv
e
s
al
l
o
w t
r
a
n
sa
ct
ions
a
m
on
g
bu
si
nesses a
nd i
n
divi
d
u
al
s t
o
ge
t
i
nvol
ve
i
n
ca
rb
o
n
foot
pri
n
t
red
u
c
t
i
o
n a
n
d
at
t
h
e
same ti
me f
u
n
d
s
re
duc
ti
o
n
s
c
hemes
gl
ob
al
l
y
.
C
a
r
bon c
r
e
d
it
is the
c
o
m
p
one
nt
of
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
a
l
ysi
s
.
A c
a
rb
o
n
c
r
e
d
it
is
a g
e
n
e
r
i
c
te
r
m
for
any
tr
ad
a
b
l
e
cer
tif
ic
at
e
or p
e
rmit r
e
pre
s
en
tin
g
t
h
e
r
i
gh
t
to e
m
it on
e
to
n
e
of
c
a
r
bon
or car
bon
di
oxi
de e
qui
val
e
nt
.
Ca
rb
on
t
r
a
d
in
g
is al
so
a
n
a
p
pl
i
cat
i
on
o
f
a
n
e
m
issi
on
t
r
a
d
in
g a
p
p
r
oac
h
[22
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Ener
gy-e
c
o
no
mi
c-e
n
vi
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
an
al
ysis
of sol
a
r
dry
i
ng s
y
st
em:
a re
vi
ew
(W
a
n
Nurl
ai
la Y
u
sr
a
M
a
t
Desa
)
1
015
Ta
ble
1. P
a
st
st
udy
o
n
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
ana
l
ysi
s
o
n
sol
a
r d
r
yi
ng
syst
ems
R
e
f
.
Ye
ar
S
o
la
r
D
r
y
e
r
T
y
pe
D
r
ying
mate
rials
I
ndic
a
tor
F
i
ndings
[45]
2015
M
i
xe
d
m
ode
gr
ee
nho
us
e SD
Re
d peppe
r
and gr
ape
A
nnual
i
ze
d cost of
drye
r
A
nnual
i
ze
d ca
pital
cost (
C
a
c
)
A
nnual
ele
c
tr
ic
ity
c
o
s
t
for
fa
n
s
A
nnual
savings (
S
j)
f
o
r
dr
ying the
typica
l pr
od
uc
t in
t
h
e
jth ye
ar
P
a
yba
ck per
i
od
D
r
ye
r capi
t
al
c
o
st i
s
660 U
S
D
,
and
P
a
ybac
k
per
i
od is 1.
6 yea
r
s com
p
a
r
ed to
20 yea
r
s of li
fe
ti
me
.
[40]
2016
M
odif
i
ed
gr
ee
nho
us
e
dr
yer
Pot
a
to c
h
ips
P
a
yba
ck pe
riod
P
a
ybac
k
per
i
od is 1.
11 yea
r
s.
[47]
2018
I
ndire
ct
c
a
bi
net
SD
Ca
rr
ot,
Cor
n
,
Mushr
o
o
m
s,
Pot
a
toe
s
,
A
pples,
Ba
nana
,
C
h
er
ri
es
,
Pe
ac
hes
A
m
ount of
save
d
m
oney
P
a
yba
ck per
i
od (
P
P
)
T
h
e c
a
pit
a
l c
o
st of
drye
r is 8000 U
S
D,
and
sa
vings re
cor
d
ed r
a
nge
fr
om 1400 U
S
D
to
1250
0 U
S
D
dependi
ng
on m
a
ss a
n
d t
ype of
dr
ying sam
p
l
e
a
n
d pe
rc
ent
a
ge
of
dr
ye
r
util
iza
tion.
Fr
om t
h
is
,
t
h
e pa
y
b
a
c
k pe
ri
od
r
a
nge
fr
o
m
0.
9 to
62 m
onths.
[48]
2005
U
nknown
S
D
V
a
r
i
ous
agr
i
-
p
roduc
e
C
a
pita
l c
o
st of dr
y
e
r
U
n
it c
o
st of
d
r
ying
U
n
it c
o
st of
u
s
ef
ul
ene
r
gy
V
a
luati
o
n
of
bene
fits
[49]
2014
L
o
w c
o
st SD -
D
i
r
ect
and
indir
e
c
t
pa
ssive
dr
yer
s
Fi
sh
F
i
xed c
o
st -
construct
i
ona
a
nd m
a
int
e
na
nce
cost
Qual
ita
tive pe
rf
ormanc
e
e
v
alua
tion
[23]
2018
C
a
r
bon
savings
L
i
f
e
-cyc
le
a
sse
s
m
e
n
t
on
e
nvir
onm
enta
l
pe
rf
orm
a
nce
of i
n
d
u
stri
al sol
a
r
therma
l
syste
m
(
I
S
T
S).
L
a
r
g
e
-
sc
al
e
I
S
TS
a
pplica
tions w
e
r
e
found to a
c
hie
v
e e
n
e
r
gy
a
nd ca
rbon sa
v
i
ngs
ra
nging fr
om
35 –
75
G
J
and 2 – 5 tonne
s of CO
2 per
kWt
h
,
de
pendin
g
on the
g
eo
g
ra
phic
a
l loc
a
ti
on.
[44]
2018
V
a
r
i
ous
T
h
e e
c
onom
i
c
ana
l
ysis of
dif
f
e
r
e
n
t
drier
s
ha
s bee
n
d
i
scusse
d
in this a
r
ti
cle.
Tabl
e
2
.
P
a
st
st
ud
y
o
n
e
nvi
ro
n
m
e
n
ta
l
a
n
a
l
ysi
s
o
n
s
o
l
a
r
d
r
yi
ng
sy
st
ems
R
e
f
.
Ye
ar
S
o
la
r
D
r
y
e
r
T
y
pe
Dr
ying
ma
te
ria
l
s
I
ndica
tor
Fi
ndings
[51]
2011
H
ybrid
P
V
T
G
r
e
e
nhouse
M
i
nt le
ave
s
C
O
2 m
i
t
i
gati
on o
v
e
r
t
h
e
li
fe
time
Net
mitiga
tion over
lif
et
i
m
e
E
a
rne
d
carbon c
r
edit
CO
2 m
iti
gation i
s
140.97 t
ons a
nd ea
rne
d
c
r
e
d
it of
704.
85 -
2819.
4 US
D.
[40]
2016
M
odif
i
ed
gr
ee
nho
us
e
dr
yer
Pota
to
chips
E
m
bodie
d
ene
r
gy
E
n
e
r
gy payba
ck ti
m
e
C
O
2 e
m
ission
C
O
2 m
i
t
i
gati
on p
e
r
k
W
h
E
a
rne
d
carbon c
r
edit
E
m
bodie
d
e
n
er
gy is 480.
277 an
d 628.
73
kWh
f
o
r
passive
and a
c
tive
m
ode,
r
e
spe
c
ti
vely.
A
nnual C
O
2 em
ission is 13.
45
a
nd
17.
6 kg f
o
r pa
ssive
a
nd ac
tive
mode,
r
e
spe
c
ti
vely.
T
h
e
aver
age
E
P
B
T
,
car
b
on
m
i
t
i
gati
on, a
nd ea
r
n
e
d
ca
rbon c
r
e
d
it for
pa
ssive dr
yer
is 1.04 yea
r
, 32.
36 tons
,
a
nd
375 U
S
D
whil
e a
c
t
i
v
e
drye
r
is 1.
3 year,
33.
9
tons,
a
nd 39
3 U
S
D
,
r
e
spe
c
ti
vel
y
.
[46]
2014
m
odif
i
e
d
gr
ee
nho
us
e
dr
yer
under
ac
t
i
v
e mo
d
e
Tom
a
to
E
E
EP
BT
CO
2
em
is
sion
C
a
r
bon m
itiga
tion
E
a
rne
d
credit
E
m
bodie
d
e
n
er
gy is 628.
728
7 kWh.
L
o
w
E
P
B
T
of 1.
14 yea
r
s.
A
nnual C
O
2 e
m
ission
is 17.
6 kg,
w
ith net
CO2 m
i
tigat
ion of
38.
06
tons.
E
a
r
n
e
d
c
a
r
bon cr
e
d
i
t
var
i
e
s
fr
o
m
176 -
706 U
S
D
.
[52]
2017
I
ndire
ct
S
D
Fe
n
ugr
e
e
k
E
E
EP
BT
CO
2
em
is
sion
CO
2
mitiga
tion
C
a
r
bon c
r
edit
E
m
bodie
d
e
n
er
gy of t
h
e dr
yer
is
1081.
8
kWh
.
E
P
BT
of
4.
36 yea
r
s
,
a
nnual
C
O
2
e
m
ission of
85.46 kg, a
nd CO2
m
itig
a
tion of
391.
52 k
g
.
The
ea
r
n
e
d
ca
rbon c
r
e
d
it range
s
f
r
om 660 -
2061 US
D.
[47]
2018
I
ndire
ct
c
a
bine
t SD
Ve
ge a
nd
fr
uits
A
m
ount of
CO
2
produ
c
e
d
A
m
ount of
CO
2
re
duc
tion
Ra
nge of
CO
2 re
d
u
cti
o
n
f
r
o
m
20500 -
40300
kg per
m
onth f
o
r d
i
f
f
e
rent c
r
op a
t
12
0 kg and
960 kg.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
, Vol.
11
,
No
.
2
,
Jun
e
2
020
: 10
11
–
1
0
18
1
016
Embod
ie
d
en
erg
y
(
E
E)
is t
h
e
t
o
ta
l e
n
ergy
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d t
o
p
r
odu
ce
an
y ite
ms
, th
i
n
g
s
, or s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
[40
]
.
I
t
i
s
a varia
b
le
c
o
mm
o
n
l
y
use
d
i
n
en
vi
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
anal
ysi
s
, to det
e
rmi
n
e
h
o
w mu
ch e
n
e
r
gy
i
s
a
ssoci
at
e
d
wi
t
h
p
r
od
u
c
i
n
g a unit o
f
sy
ste
m
b
y
t
a
k
i
n
g
in
t
o
acco
un
t th
e
e
n
erg
y
u
s
e
d
in ex
tra
c
t
i
o
n
,
p
r
o
c
e
s
sin
g
,
ma
nu
f
a
c
t
ur
ing
,
and t
r
an
sp
ort
i
ng
o
f
t
h
e
ma
te
ri
al
s
[5
2]. T
h
e ca
l
c
ul
at
io
n
s
o
n
EE se
r
v
e
a
s
a
n
i
ndi
c
a
t
o
r
of t
h
e
o
v
era
ll
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ta
l
imp
a
ct
s
of
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s a
n
d sy
stems
,
as th
e
en
erg
y
c
o
n
s
ume
d
co
rr
e
l
a
t
e
s
to C
O
2
p
r
od
uct
i
on
w
h
i
c
h
cont
ri
b
u
te
s to
GH
G emissi
on
. In a
n
al
y
s
is, E
E
c
a
l
c
ul
at
i
on requi
re
s
t
h
e
qu
a
n
ti
fi
c
a
t
i
on
of
t
h
e mat
e
ri
al
s use
d
i
n
t
h
e co
nst
r
uct
i
o
n an
d mai
n
t
e
n
a
nc
e o
f
the
dryer
ove
r
it
s ent
i
r
e
li
fe
t
i
me. The
ma
ss
va
l
u
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
di
ffe
re
n
t
mat
e
ri
al
s
were
t
h
e
n
mult
i
p
li
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
e
m
bo
di
ed
e
n
e
r
gy
c
o
e
ffi
ci
ent
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
rre
s
p
o
ndi
n
g
ma
t
e
ri
al
s
(E
EC),
usu
a
l
l
y e
x
p
r
e
sse
d
i
n
MJ kg
-1
t
o
gi
ve t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
EE
fo
r the
o
v
e
r
al
l eq
ui
pme
n
t
[5
3]
.
Ene
r
g
y
P
a
y
b
ac
k Ti
me
(E
PB
T
)
is
the
t
i
me
re
qui
red
t
o
pa
y
b
a
ck t
h
e
EE
,
ca
n
be
ca
lc
ula
t
e
d
a
s
(1
6)
Ca
rbo
n
cr
ed
it
is
a
too
l
th
at
re
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
n
y
t
r
a
d
ab
le
cer
tif
ic
at
e or
p
e
rmit th
a
t
gr
a
n
ts th
e
r
i
gh
t for
busi
n
e
s
se
s o
r
i
ndust
r
i
e
s t
o
e
m
i
t
one
t
o
ne
o
f
c
a
rb
on
o
r
ca
rb
o
n
di
oxi
de
e
qui
va
le
nt, w
h
i
c
h
i
s
e
s
se
nti
a
l
i
n
t
h
e
appl
i
cat
i
o
n of
e
m
issi
on
t
r
a
d
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
oach
[5
4]. T
h
e
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e a
way
t
o
re
duce
gree
nho
u
s
e e
f
fe
ct
e
m
iss
i
ons
on
an i
n
du
stria
l
scal
e
b
y
ca
ppi
n
g
t
o
ta
l
an
nual
emi
s
si
on
s an
d
l
e
t
t
i
ng the
marke
t
a
ssig
n
a
mone
ta
ry
[5
1
]
.
C
a
rb
on
credi
t
m
o
del
is com
m
o
n
ly
us
ed t
o
c
a
l
c
ul
at
e
t
h
e c
a
rb
on
mit
i
gat
i
on
i
n
vol
ve
d w
i
t
h
t
h
e
usa
g
e
of
sol
a
r d
r
y
e
rs, as
w
e
ll
as
th
e
ea
rn
ed
c
a
rbo
n
c
r
ed
it
a
sso
c
i
a
t
ed
. Th
e ov
e
r
all
CO
2
mit
i
g
at
io
n
ove
r
drye
r li
fe
t
i
me is cal
c
u
l
a
te
d
as
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
c
e
o
f
to
ta
l CO
2
mit
i
g
at
ion a
n
d tot
a
l
CO
2
e
m
iss
i
on
CO2
2
2
(1
7)
whe
r
e
is th
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
th
erma
l ou
tpu
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
of th
e
dry
e
r,
is
th
e
d
r
y
e
r
li
fe
time,
an
d
is
t
h
e CO
2
mi
t
i
ga
t
i
on
per k
W
h
o
f
t
h
e
d
r
ye
r. T
h
e
e
q
ua
t
i
on
fo
r
X
i
s
g
i
ven a
s
f
o
ll
o
w
s
0.9
8
(1
8)
whe
r
e t
h
e fi
rst
t
e
rm
a
c
c
ount
s
fo
r p
o
we
r co
n
s
umpt
i
o
n
l
o
ss,
(1
0%)
,
an
d se
c
o
n
d
t
e
rm
for
ener
gy l
o
ss du
e
to
tr
ansmissi
on a
n
d distributi
o
n,
(4
5%). T
h
e
r
e
f
ore, a
t
gi
ve
n
and
v
a
lu
es
,
th
e a
m
oun
t o
f
C
O
2
mi
t
i
ga
ti
on
o
f
t
h
e
sy
st
em, X
is d
e
te
rm
i
n
ed
to
b
e
2.
01
kg.
Fr
om
the
qu
antif
ie
d
n
e
t
lif
et
i
m
e
C
O
2
mi
ti
gat
i
on of
t
h
e
drye
r
syst
e
m
, ea
rne
d
ca
rb
o
n
c
r
edi
t
can
be
c
a
l
c
u
l
at
ed
b
y
mu
l
tip
ly
in
g th
e v
a
lu
e
w
i
th
the
c
o
st o
f
ca
rbon
cr
ed
i
t
, D
wh
ic
h
r
a
n
g
e
s from U
S
D
5
-
20
p
e
r t
o
n of
CO
2
.
2
(1
9)
A
simpl
e
r
en
vi
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
ana
l
ysi
s
wa
s
perf
orme
d b
y
El
ha
g
e
et
a
l
. who
st
udi
e
d
t
h
e
am
o
unt
of C
O
2
re
duc
t
i
o
n
i
n
re
l
a
t
i
on t
o
pe
rce
n
ta
ge
of s
o
l
a
r
dr
yer
usa
g
e
,
m
a
ss
of
dryi
n
g
sa
mple
an
d
t
y
p
e
o
f
fo
od
bei
n
g
d
r
i
e
d
un
de
r
Le
bane
se
cl
i
m
a
t
e
.
By
qua
nt
i
f
yi
n
g
t
h
e amo
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
erg
y
c
onsum
pt
ion
pe
r
mo
nt
h
o
f
t
h
e
drye
r
,
th
e
amoun
t
o
f
CO
2
p
r
od
uce
d
,
an
d
am
ou
nt
of
re
d
u
ct
i
o
n i
n
C
O
2
emission
,
2
by
t
h
e
sy
st
em
is qu
anti
fi
ed
as
,
(2
0)
,
2
,
2
(2
1)
whe
r
e
i
s
t
h
e a
m
ount
of
C
O
2
pro
duce
d
from
1 k
W
h
e
l
ect
ri
ci
t
y
w
h
i
c
h di
ffe
r
s
fr
om o
n
e
pl
ac
e
to
a
not
her.
4.
CO
NCL
U
S
I
O
NS
S
o
l
a
r
dryi
n
g
i
s
a
hi
g
h
l
y
p
o
t
e
n
t
ia
l appl
i
cat
i
o
n
o
f
sol
a
r t
h
erm
a
l
te
ch
nol
o
g
y.
The
use
of s
o
la
r dr
ye
rs
for
dryi
n
g
o
f
ag
ric
u
lt
ura
l
p
r
od
u
c
e
a
s
we
ll
as
po
ul
t
r
y a
n
d m
a
rine
p
r
od
uc
ts
res
u
l
t
s
i
n
hi
g
h
er
prod
uct
q
u
al
it
y
t
h
rou
g
h
be
tt
er c
ont
rol
of
dryi
ng p
r
oc
es
s.
On
e app
r
o
a
ch t
o
ev
alu
a
te
t
h
e
t
h
erm
a
l
p
e
rfo
rman
ce
o
f
so
la
r d
r
y
e
r
s
i
s
do
ne
t
h
ro
u
g
h
ene
r
g
y
a
n
a
l
ysi
s
w
h
i
c
h i
s
di
sc
usse
d i
n
det
a
i
l
i
n
thi
s
re
vie
w
.
S
o
l
a
r
d
r
ye
rs a
l
so
c
ont
rib
u
t
e
t
o
envi
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
con
s
erva
t
i
on
, a
s
it
re
d
u
ces t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
dema
n
d
i
n
the
fo
o
d
p
o
st
-ha
r
vest
i
n
g se
ct
or. T
o
e
v
al
uat
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
IS
SN:
208
8-8
6
9
4
Ener
gy-e
c
o
no
mi
c-e
n
vi
ro
nme
n
t
a
l
an
al
ysis
of sol
a
r
dry
i
ng s
y
st
em:
a re
vi
ew
(W
a
n
Nurl
ai
la Y
u
sr
a
M
a
t
Desa
)
1
017
t
h
e fina
nci
a
l
sa
vin
g
s
an
d
e
n
vi
ro
nme
n
ta
l i
m
p
a
ct
, ec
onomi
c
and
e
n
viro
nme
n
ta
l a
n
a
l
ysi
s
s
u
i
t
a
bl
e for sol
a
r
dr
y
e
r
sy
st
em
s w
e
r
e
ou
tl
in
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
re
v
i
ew
.
A
C
KNOW
LE
D
G
E
M
EN
TS
The
a
u
th
ors
w
oul
d
l
i
ke
t
o
t
h
a
n
k
the
U
K
M
f
o
r f
u
ndi
ng
U
K
M
-Si
m
eda
r
by
(K
K
-
2
0
1
4
-
01
4).
RE
FERE
NC
E
S
[1]
A.
Tiw
a
ri,
“A
R
e
view on
S
o
lar
D
r
ying
of Agri
c
u
ltural
P
r
od
uce
,
”
J. Fo
od
Pr
oces
s
.
T
ech
no
l.
, v
o
l.
7,
no.
9,
2
0
16.
[2]
A.
Fudholi, M.
H
.
Rusla
n
,
M.
Y.
Oth
m
a
n
, M.
Y
a
hy
a
,
A. Z
a
h
a
r
i
m
,
K. S
o
p
i
an
. "
C
ollector
e
ffi
cien
cy
o
f
the
do
ubl
e-pa
ss
solar
air
co
llect
ors
with
f
i
n
s
. P
r
o
c
eed
in
gs
of
the
9
t
h WS
EA
S
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l Con
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
on SYS
T
E
M
S
C
IENCE and
SIMULA
TION i
n
E
N
GINEERING
(ICOSSSE
’
10)
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
2
010, Oc
to
be
r 4
-
6, pp
.
42
8-3
4
,
20
1
0
.
[3]
A. F
u
d
h
o
l
i,
K
.
S
o
p
i
an," R
e
vi
ew
on
ex
ergy
an
d
e
n
ergy
an
aly
s
is o
f
so
lar
air h
e
a
t
er
,”
I
n
t
e
rn
at
io
n
a
l
J
o
urna
l
of
P
o
wer
Electro
nics a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
stem
s
(I
JPED
S)
, vo
l.
9
,
no
.
1
,
pp.
4
2
0
-
426
,
2
0
1
8
.
[4]
A.
F
u
d
holi,
K
.
S
o
pian,"
R
e
v
i
e
w
on
s
o
lar co
ll
ec
tor
for ag
ricu
ltural
p
r
odu
c
e
, "
Intern
atio
nal
J
o
ur
na
l of Po
w
e
r
Electro
nics a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
stem
s
(I
JPED
S)
, vo
l.
9
,
no
.
1
,
pp.
4
1
4
-
419
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
M
.
Z
o
h
r
i,
N. Nu
ra
to
,
A.
Fud
h
o
l
i
,
" Ph
ot
ov
ol
ta
ic
-t
he
rm
a
l
(PVT) system
wi
th and
wi
thout fi
ns
collector
: t
h
eoretical
appro
ach
, "
I
n
t
e
r
na
tiona
l Jo
urn
a
l of
Power E
l
e
c
tr
on
ics
a
n
d
D
r
i
ve
S
y
stems (IJ
PEDS
)
,
v
o
l.
8,
no.
4, p
p
.
17
56
-176
3,
201
7.
[6]
M.
Zohr
i
,
N
.
Nurato,
L
.
D.
Ba
kti, A. Fu
d
h
o
li,
"
E
x
e
r
g
y
a
s
se
ssm
e
n
t
of
ph
ot
ov
olt
a
ic th
e
r
ma
l
wi
th V-gro
o
v
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r;
th
eo
r
e
ti
c
a
l s
t
u
d
y
,
"
TE
LKOMNI
KA (Te
l
ec
ommu
n
i
c
a
ti
on
Compu
ting E
l
ec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
nd Con
t
ro
l)
, v
o
l
.
16
, n
o
.
2
,
pp
.
55
0-
57,
20
18
.
[
7
]
N.S
.
Na
zr
i,
A.
F
u
d
hol
i,
M
.
H.
R
u
s
l
an
,
K.
S
o
p
i
an
,
"
M
athe
mat
i
c
a
l
mod
e
lin
g
of
p
h
o
t
ov
ol
ta
i
c
th
e
r
mal-
th
er
mo
el
ec
t
r
ic
(PV
T
-TE
)
ai
r col
l
ect
o
r,
"
In
tern
at
ion
a
l Jo
ur
na
l o
f
Po
wer
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s
and
D
r
ive S
y
stem
s
(IJPEDS)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
no
.
2
,
pp.
795
-80
2
, 20
18
.
[8]
N.F
.
M
.
Ra
za
li,
A
.
F
u
dho
li,
M
.
H
.
Ruslan
, K
.
S
o
p
i
an,
"
Review
o
f
water-nano
f
lu
id
bas
e
d ph
oto
v
o
l
t
a
ic
/ther
m
al
(P
V/
T)
s
y
st
e
m
s,
"
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l
J
o
urna
l
o
f
Ele
ct
ri
c
a
l an
d
Co
mpu
t
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(IJ
E
CE
)
,
vo
l 9
,
n
o
. 1, p
p
. 13
4-1
4
0
, 20
19
.
[9
]
A.
Fud
h
o
li,
M.F. Mu
st
ha
fa
,
K.
Sop
i
a
n
,
"
Re
v
i
ew of sol
a
r ph
otov
ol
t
a
ic
/
t
he
rma
l
(P
V/
T)
a
i
r c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
,"
In
t
e
rnational
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
E
l
e
c
tric
a
l
a
nd Comp
ut
e
r
E
ngin
e
e
r
i
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
,
vol. 9
,
n
o
.
1, p
p
.
12
6-13
3,
20
19.
[1
0]
N.
F.
M. Ra
za
l
i
,
A.
Fud
h
o
l
i,
M
.
H.
Ru
sla
n
,
K.
So
p
i
a
n
,
"
E
xpe
rime
n
t
stu
dy
o
f
wa
te
r
ba
se
d ph
oto
v
o
lta
ic
-
t
h
e
rm
a
l
(PV/T)
coll
ecto
r
,"
Int
e
r
n
a
t
ion
a
l
Jou
r
na
l
of
Ele
c
tri
c
al an
d Co
mp
uter Eng
i
neer
in
g
(IJ
ECE)
, v
o
l
.
9
,
no
. 1
,
p
p
.
118
-12
5
,
201
9.
[1
1]
A.
Fud
h
o
l
i
,
M.
F
.
Mu
st
ha
fa
,
K.
So
p
i
a
n
,
"
E
n
e
rgy a
n
d
e
x
e
r
gy ana
l
ysis of
a
i
r b
a
se
d p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
aic
the
r
m
a
l
(P
VT)
coll
ecto
r
: a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,"
In
te
rna
tio
nal
J
o
u
r
n
a
l o
f
El
ec
t
r
i
c
al a
nd Co
mpu
t
e
r
E
ngin
e
e
r
in
g
(IJEC
E)
,
vo
l.
9,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
10
9-
1
1
7
,
20
19.
[
1
2]
N
.
F.
M. R
a
za
li,
A.
Fud
h
o
l
i
,
M.
H
.
R
u
sl
a
n
,
K.
S
opia
n
,
"
E
l
e
ctr
i
ca
l c
h
arac
te
rist
ic of
p
h
o
t
o
v
ol
taic ther
mal collector
with
wa
t
e
r-m
u
l
ti
walle
d ca
rb
on na
n
o
tub
e
na
n
o
flu
i
d
flo
w
,
"
Ind
o
n
e
sia
n
Jour
na
l of El
ectrical
En
gin
eer
ing
a
nd Comp
ut
er
Scien
c
e
, v
o
l
.
13
,
n
o
.
1,
p
p
.
32
4-3
3
0
,
20
19
.
[13
]
N.S
.
Nazr
i,
A
.
F
u
dh
oli,
M
.
H.
Ru
s
l
an,
K
.
S
o
pian
,
"
E
xpe
rime
n
t
a
l
stud
y of
p
hoto
v
o
lta
i
c
t
h
e
r
m
a
l-t
h
erm
o
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c (PVT
-
TE)
air
collecto
r
,"
In
tern
atio
na
l
J
o
ur
na
l of
Po
we
r El
ectro
ni
cs an
d
D
r
ive
S
y
stem
s
(IJPED
S)
, vo
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3,
pp
.
140
6
-
141
2,
20
18
.
[14
]
A. F
udh
oli, K
.
S
opian,
"
R
&D
o
f
ph
otovo
lta
i
c
th
er
mal
(P
VT)
sy
ste
m
s: an
ov
erv
i
ew
,
"
In
te
rn
at
io
na
l J
o
urna
l
o
f
P
o
wer
Electro
nics a
n
d
Dr
ive S
y
stem
s
(I
JPED
S)
, vo
l.
9
,
no
.
2
,
pp.
8
0
3
-
10,
20
18.
[1
5]
M
.
Mu
st
a
p
ha,
A
.
Fu
dh
ol
i, C.
H.
Ye
n
,
M.
H.
Ru
sla
n
, K.
S
o
pian
, "
R
eview o
n
en
erg
y
an
d
ex
ergy
a
n
aly
s
is o
f
air
an
d
water
b
a
sed p
h
o
t
o
vol
ta
i
c
th
e
r
ma
l
(
P
VT)
co
ll
ecto
r
,
"
Inte
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l J
o
urna
l of
Po
we
r Ele
c
t
ron
i
c
s
and
Dri
v
e Sy
st
e
m
s
(IJ
PE
D
S
)
,
vol
. 9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
13
83
-1
38
9,
20
18
.
[16
]
A.
Ibrah
i
m,
S
.
M
a
t,
A
.
F
.
Ab
du
llah
, A
.
F
u
dho
li
, K
.
S
o
pian
,
(20
1
8
),
"
O
utdo
or
p
e
rforman
ce
ev
alu
a
tion
of
bu
ild
i
n
g
in
tegr
at
ed ph
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
th
er
m
a
l
(
B
IPVT) s
o
lar coll
ector
wit
h
spiral
flow
abs
o
rb
e
r
con
f
ig
ur
ation
s
,
"
I
n
ter
nat
io
na
l
Jour
na
l
o
f
Pow
e
r
El
e
c
tr
on
ics
an
d
D
r
ive S
y
st
ems
(
I
J
PE
DS)
,
vo
l.
9
,
no
.
4
,
pp
. 19
18
-19
25,
20
18
.
[17
]
A. F
u
dho
li,
M
.
K
.
B.M
.
Al
i,
M.
M
ohammad
,
M
.
Y.
Oth
m
an
, M
.
H
.
Rus
l
an
,
K.
So
pian,
"
S
olar dr
y
i
ng
tech
no
lo
gy
: an
overv
iew
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
iona
l Jo
urn
a
l
of
Pow
e
r
Electr
o
nics an
d
D
r
iv
e
S
y
st
ems (IJ
PEDS
)
, vo
l.
9
,
no
.
4,
pp
.
180
4-1
8
1
3
,
201
8.
[18
]
A. F
u
d
h
o
l
i
,
K
.
S
opian,
M
.
Gab
b
as
a, B.
B
a
k
h
ty
ar, M
.
Yahy
a,
M.H. Rus
l
an
, S.
M
a
t
,
"Te
c
hno
-
econ
o
m
i
c
of
so
lar
drying sys
t
ems
w
i
th wat
e
r base
d sola
r
colle
cto
r
s in
M
a
lays
ia
: a
rev
i
ew.
"
Re
ne
w. S
u
sta
i
n. E
n
e
r
gy
Rev
.
,
v
o
l
.
51
, p
p
.
809
-82
0
, 20
15
.
[19
]
M.
Yah
y
a,
A.
F
udh
oli,
H
.
Hafiz
h
, K
.
S
o
pi
a
n
, "
C
omp
a
ris
on
of
s
o
lar dry
e
r
and
s
o
lar-as
s
isted h
e
at p
u
mp
dry
e
r
f
o
r
cassav
a
,"
.
Sol
.
Ene
r
g
y
,
vo
l.
13
6,
p
p
. 60
6-61
3
,
20
16.
[20
]
A. F
u
dh
oli,
K. S
o
pian,
B.
Bakh
ty
ar, M
.
G
a
bb
a
s
a,
M
.
Y
.
Ot
hm
a
n
,
M.
H.
R
u
s
l
a
n
,
"
R
e
v
ie
w
o
f
so
la
r
d
r
y
i
n
g
sy
s
t
e
m
s
wi
th
ai
r b
a
sed
solar
coll
ectors i
n
Malaysi
a
,"
R
e
n
e
w
.
S
u
s
ta
in.
En
erg
y
Re
v.
,
vo
l.
51
,
pp
. 1
191
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0
4
,
2
015
.
[21
]
M.
Y
a
hy
a, A. F
u
d
h
o
l
i, K
.
S
o
p
i
a
n
, "P
erfo
rm
an
ce
an
d e
c
on
om
ic a
n
alys
es o
n
so
la
r
-
ass
i
s
t
ed h
e
at pu
mp flu
i
d
i
sed
b
e
d
dryer
in
tegr
ated
w
i
th b
i
o
m
as
s
fur
n
ace
fo
r r
i
c
e
d
r
y
i
ng
,"
So
l. Ener
g
y
,
v
o
l. 17
4, pp
. 1
0
58
-1
06
7,
20
18.
[2
2]
K.
Ha
nse
n
a
nd
B.
Va
d
M
a
thie
se
n, “
C
om
p
r
e
h
e
n
siv
e
a
s
se
ss
m
e
nt
of
th
e role a
n
d p
o
tential for solar
ther
mal
in
futur
e
energy syste
m
s,”
Sol
. Ener
gy
, v
o
l. 1
6
9
,
no
. M
a
r
c
h,
pp
. 1
44–
15
2
,
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A.
Kyl
ili, P.
A.
Fokai
d
es,
A.
Ioan
ni
des,
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o
girou, “Envi
r
onment
al
assessment of sol
a
r
thermal
systems f
o
r
th
e in
dus
tr
i
a
l
s
e
c
t
o
r
,”
J.
Cle
a
n. Pro
d
.
,
vo
l.
17
6
,
pp.
99
–1
09,
20
18.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
: 2
088
-8
6
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec
&
Dr
i
S
y
st
, Vol.
11
,
No
.
2
,
Jun
e
2
020
: 10
11
–
1
0
18
1
018
[24
]
A.
Sreek
um
ar a
n
d K
.
Raj
a
rajes
w
a
ri,
“Acc
eler
at
ed fo
od
pro
c
essing
throu
g
h
s
o
lar
drying
s
y
stem
,” in
In
t
e
rn
a
t
i
onal
Conferen
c
e
on
Mech
ani
cal, M
a
t
er
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ls
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d
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e
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l
e
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gy
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P.
Sin
g
h
,
V.
Sh
r
i
v
a
st
a
v
a
,
a
nd
A.
Ku
ma
r,
“
R
e
c
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
pme
n
ts
i
n
gree
nh
ou
se so
la
r
dryi
ng
: A
re
v
i
e
w
,”
Renew.
Sus
ta
in
. E
n
erg
y
Rev
.
,
vo
l.
82
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o
.
S
e
p
t
e
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ber
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250
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26
2, 2
0
1
8
.
[26
]
A. F
u
d
h
o
l
i,
K
.
S
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pian, M
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H
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Ru
s
l
an
,
M
.
A
.
A
l
g
h
o
u
l,
an
d
M
.
Y
.
S
u
laiman
, “R
evi
e
w of
so
la
r d
r
ye
rs
fo
r
ag
r
i
cul
t
u
r
a
l
and m
a
rine
prod
ucts,”
Re
n
e
w. S
u
st
ai
n.
En
e
r
gy
R
e
v
.
,
vo
l.
14
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o
.
1
,
p
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0,
20
10.
[27
]
A.
Sh
arm
a
, C
.
R. Ch
en
, an
d
N
.
V
u
L
a
n, “S
o
l
ar-en
e
rg
y
dry
i
ng
sy
st
ems:
A rev
i
ew
,”
Ren
e
w
.
S
u
stain.
En
ergy
Re
v.
, v
o
l.
13,
no
. 6
–
7
,
pp
.
1
1
8
5–1
21
0,
20
0
9
.
[2
8]
A.
Fu
dh
ol
i,
R.
Ye
nd
ra
, D. F.
Ba
sri,
M
.
H. R
u
s
l
an
,
an
d
Ka
m
a
ruzz
am
an S
o
p
i
an
, “Energ
y
and
ex
erg
y
an
aly
s
is
of
hyb
rid
so
lar
dryi
ng
sy
stem,
”
Co
n
t
e
m
p
.
En
g.
Sc
i.
,
v
o
l
.
9,
no.
5,
p
p
. 2
1
5
–
2
2
3
,
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11.
[2
9]
T
.
B
o
ro
ze
,
H.
De
sm
ori
e
ux
, J.
M.
Mé
o
t
,
C. M
a
rou
z
é, Y. Az
ou
m
a
,
a
n
d K. Na
po
,
“
I
nve
nt
ory a
nd
c
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
iv
e
chara
c
teristics o
f
dry
e
rs u
s
ed
in
th
e
su
b-Sa
ha
ra
n z
o
n
e
:
Crit
e
r
ia
in
flu
e
nci
n
g
dr
y
e
r c
h
oic
e
,
”
Re
ne
w.
Su
sta
i
n.
En
e
r
gy
Rev
.
,
vol
. 4
0
,
pp
.
12
40
–1
259
,
2
0
1
4
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]
S
.
K. S
a
ns
aniwal,
V
.
S
h
a
r
ma
, and
J. M
a
th
ur
, “En
e
rgy
and
ex
erg
y
an
a
l
ys
es
of v
a
riou
s typ
i
ca
l so
lar en
erg
y
applicat
io
ns
: A
compreh
e
nsive
revi
ew
,”
Ren
e
w. S
u
stain.
En
ergy
Rev
.
,
n
o
.
Jul
y
, pp.
0–
1
,
20
1
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]
T. K. Ch
an
d, M
.
K. M
o
h
a
n
t
y
,
an
d R. C.
M
o
ha
nty,
“An
O
v
erv
i
ew of S
o
lar
En
ergy
an
d
its App
l
ic
ation
in
S
o
lar
Dr
yer
s
wi
th
B
r
ie
f
C
o
ncep
t o
f
En
e
r
gy
and
En
erg
y
Anal
ys
is
,”
In
t
.
J.
R
e
s
.
, v
o
l
.
2,
no
.
1,
pp
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7
0
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7
,
20
15.
[32
]
R. K
u
m
a
r,
“A
c
r
itic
al
r
e
view
o
n
en
ergy
, ex
ergy,
ex
erg
o
e
c
on
omi
c
and
econ
o
m
ic
(4-E)
analys
is
of th
e
r
ma
l
p
o
we
r
pla
n
ts
,
”
Eng
.
Sci
.
T
ech
no
l.
a
n
In
t.
J
.
, vo
l.
20,
no.
1
,
p
p
. 2
8
3
–
2
92,
20
17
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[3
3]
B.
O.
Bo
laj
i
, “Exe
rg
e
tic
Ana
l
ysis of So
la
r E
n
e
r
gy d
r
yi
ng
Syste
m
s,
”
Nat.
Resour.
, vo
l. 0
2
, no
.
0
2
,
p
p
.
92
–9
7, 2
0
1
1
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[34]
Y. B
a
rad
e
y, M. N.
A.
Haw
l
ad
e
r
,
A.
F
.
Is
mail, M
.
H
r
airi,
an
d M
.
I
.
Rap
i
,
“
S
o
l
ar d
r
ying
of
fruits
an
d
veg
e
tables
,”
v
o
l
.
5, no
.
1
,
pp
.
2–
6
,
20
16.
[3
5]
M
.
Ya
hy
a, A. F
u
dh
ol
i, a
n
d
K
.
Sop
i
a
n
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
an
d
e
x
e
r
gy a
n
a
l
yse
s
o
f
sol
a
r-a
s
si
st
e
d
fl
u
i
di
ze
d b
e
d
dry
i
ng
i
n
te
gr
ated
with biom
ass
fur
n
ace
,”
Re
ne
w. Ene
r
gy
, v
o
l
.
10
5,
pp.
22
–2
9
,
201
7
.
[
3
6]
A
.
Fud
h
o
l
i
, M.Y
.
Ot
hm
a
n
,
M.H.
R
u
sl
a
n
,
S.
Ma
t, “
P
r
o
sp
ect
an
d Future of
Sol
a
r Dryer
fo
r
Agri
cultu
r
al
and
Mar
i
ne
Pr
od
uc
t
: P
e
r
s
pe
ct
iv
e
M
a
l
a
y
s
ia
,
”
L
a
t
e
st T
r
end
s
Re
new
.
En
er
gy
En
v
i
ro
n. In
fo
rm
at
i
c
s Pr
osp
ect
, pp
.
14
1–
14
9.
[37
]
M. K
u
m
a
r, S
.
K.
S
a
ns
an
iw
al,
and
P
.
Khatak
,
“P
rog
r
es
s
in
so
lar
d
r
yers
fo
r
dr
y
i
n
g
v
a
rio
u
s
co
mmo
dit
i
es
,”
Renew
.
Sus
ta
in
. E
n
erg
y
Rev
.
,
vo
l.
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p
.
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4
6
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60,
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16
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[3
8]
A.
Li
ng
a
y
at
,
V.
P. Ch
a
n
d
r
am
oha
n
,
a
n
d
V.
R. K
.
Ra
ju,
“Design
,
D
e
ve
lopmen
t
a
n
d
P
e
rfo
rm
anc
e
o
f
Ind
i
re
ct
Ty
p
e
Sol
a
r Dryer
for Bana
na Dryi
ng
,” in
Ener
gy
P
r
o
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l
.
10
9
,
201
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[39
]
S
.
A
bub
akar,
S
.
U
m
aru
,
M
.
U. K
a
isan,
U. A.
Um
ar,
B
.
Asho
k
,
a
nd K. Na
nt
h
a
g
opa
l
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
op
me
nt a
n
d p
e
rfo
rma
n
c
e
compar
iso
n
of mixed
-
mod
e
so
lar crop
dry
e
rs w
i
th and
w
i
tho
u
t th
erma
l sto
r
ag
e,”
Ren
e
w
.
E
n
er
gy
, v
o
l
.
1
28,
p
p
.
285–
2
9
8
,
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18.
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O.
Prak
ash,
A.
Kumar, and V. La
gu
ri, “P
erfo
rman
c
e
of
mo
dif
i
ed
gr
eenh
o
u
s
e
d
r
y
e
r wi
th
th
er
mal
en
erg
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e,”
Ener
gy Repo
rts
,
v
o
l. 2
,
p
p
.
155
–1
62
, 20
16
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[4
1]
T
.
Pha
h
o
m
, S
.
P
h
o
u
n
g
c
h
a
n
da
ng,
a
n
d W.
L.
Ke
rr,
“Effec
t
s of
ste
a
m
-m
ic
ro
wa
v
e
b
l
a
n
c
h
in
g a
n
d
d
i
ffe
re
n
t
dr
yi
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
se
s
on
d
r
yin
g
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
ri
stic
s a
n
d
q
u
al
it
y a
ttri
b
u
t
e
s
o
f
T
h
unbe
rg
ia
l
a
uri
f
ol
ia
L
i
n
n
.
l
e
a
v
e
s
,”
J
.
S
c
i.
Fo
od
Ag
ri
c
.
,
vol. 9
7
,
no
. 1
0
,
p
p
.
32
11–
32
19
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0
1
7
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[4
2]
D.
I.
On
wud
e
,
N.
Ha
sh
i
m
, R. B.
Ja
ni
us,
N.
M. Na
wi
, a
n
d K. Ab
d
a
n,
“
M
od
el
in
g the
Th
in
-L
a
y
e
r
Dryi
ng
o
f
Frui
ts a
n
d
Vegetables: A R
e
vi
ew,
”
C
o
m
p
r
.
Rev
.
Fo
od S
c
i.
F
o
od
Sa
f.
,
vo
l.
15
,
no
.
3
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p
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9
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–
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18,
20
16
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3]
A.
Ab
usog
lu
a
n
d
M.
Ka
n
o
g
l
u
,
“Ex
e
rg
oec
o
no
m
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
a
n
d
o
p
tim
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
of c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
hea
t
a
nd p
o
we
r
pro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
:
A revi
ew
,”
Ren
e
w.
Su
stain
.
Ener
gy R
e
v
.
, vo
l. 1
3
,
no
.
9,
p
p
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2
9
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30
8,
20
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A. A
.
M
a
th
ew
an
d T
.
V
e
n
u
g
o
p
al, “S
ol
ar po
w
e
r d
r
ying
sys
t
e
m
:
a
comp
reh
e
ns
iv
e
asses
s
men
t
o
n
types
,
tr
en
ds
,
performan
ce and
econ
o
m
ic
ev
alu
a
tion
,”
Int.
J
.
A
m
b
i
en
t Energ
y
, p
p
. 1–
24
,
20
18
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[45
]
A. ELkh
adr
a
ou
i,
S
.
Ko
ol
i,
I.
Ha
md
i, and
A. F
a
r
h
at,
“
E
xp
er
imen
tal in
v
e
s
t
iga
t
ion
an
d
econ
o
m
i
c
e
v
alua
tio
n
of
a
n
e
w
m
i
x
e
d-m
o
d
e
sola
r gree
n
h
o
u
s
e
drye
r fo
r dry
i
n
g
of re
d pe
pp
e
r
a
nd
gra
p
e
,
”
Renew. Energy
, vo
l.
77,
p
p
.
1
–8,
2
0
1
5
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[46
]
O. P
r
akas
h an
d
A. K
u
mar, “E
nviron
o
mical
an
alysis an
d
m
a
th
ematic
al
model
ling
fo
r
to
m
a
to
flakes
d
r
ying
in
a
m
o
d
i
fi
e
d
g
r
ee
nho
use
d
r
y
e
r un
de
r a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ode
,”
I
n
t.
J.
Food
En
g
.
,
vo
l.
10
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
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669
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81
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0
1
4
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[4
7]
H.
El Ha
g
e
,
A.
He
re
z
,
M
.
Ra
mad
a
n, H.
Baz
z
i, and
M. Kh
a
l
e
d
,
“An
in
ve
sti
g
a
t
i
on on so
la
r d
r
y
i
n
g
:
A re
vie
w
wi
th
econo
m
i
c an
d en
vironmen
tal
ass
e
ssmen
t,”
En
er
gy
,
v
o
l.
1
5
7
,
pp.
8
15–
82
9,
20
1
8
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[48
]
P
.
P
u
ro
hit and T. C.
K
a
nd
p
a
l,
“S
olar
crop
d
r
y
e
r
f
o
r
sav
i
n
g
com
m
e
rcial fue
l
s:
A te
chn
o
-eco
no
mic ev
alu
a
tio
n
,
”
Int
.
J.
A
m
bi
ent Energy
,
vol.
2
6
,
no.
1,
p
p
.
3
–12
, 2
0
0
5
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[49
]
M.
Kek
e
,
M
.
Abd
u
lbas
hir,
F
.
S
a
lako
, S
.
Kayo
de,
A.
Ifeo
lu
wa
,
a
n
d A
.
Ad
efila, “Qua
lit
a
tiv
e
p
e
rforman
ce
an
d
econo
m
i
c
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
lo
w
co
st so
lar fish
d
r
iers
in
S
u
b-S
a
haran
Afr
i
ca
,”
vo
l.
2,
no
.
1,
pp
. 6
4
–
6
9
,
20
14
.
[5
0]
M
.
Li
u, S.
Wa
ng,
a
n
d K.
L
i
,
“
S
t
u
d
y
of
th
e
So
lar
En
e
r
gy
Dryi
ng De
vi
c
e
a
n
d
Its
App
l
i
c
ati
o
n i
n
Tra
d
it
i
ona
l C
h
i
n
ese
M
e
di
c
i
ne
in
Dryin
g
,
”
In
t
.
J. Cl
in.
Med
.
,
no
. A
p
r
i
l,
p
p
.
271
–2
80
,
2
0
1
5
.
[5
1]
S.
Na
ya
k, A. K
u
m
a
r, J. M
i
shra,
a
n
d
G. N.
Tiwa
ri
, “
D
ryi
ng
an
d te
st
in
g of
min
t
(M
e
n
t
h
a pi
p
e
ri
ta
)
b
y
a h
y
b
r
id
pho
to
vo
lta
i
c-
th
e
r
mal (P
V
T
)-bas
e
d
g
r
eenh
ous
e
dr
y
e
r,”
Dr
y. T
ech
n
o
l.
,
vol
. 2
9
,
no
. 9
,
pp
. 1
0
0
2–1
00
9
,
201
1.
[5
2]
V.
Sh
riv
a
sta
v
a
an
d
A. Ku
ma
r,
“
E
m
b
od
ie
d e
n
e
r
gy a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
of th
e in
di
re
c
t
so
l
a
r
d
r
yi
ng
u
n
i
t
,
”
I
n
t.
J.
A
m
bi
e
n
t E
n
e
r
g
y
,
vol. 3
8
,
no
. 3
,
pp
. 2
8
0
–28
5
,
20
17
.
[53
]
M. H
a
san
and
T. A
.
G
.
L
a
ng
rish
,
“Dev
elop
men
t
of
a
su
sta
i
na
bl
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
og
y
for l
i
fe
-c
yc
le
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
ce
e
v
a
l
ua
ti
o
n
o
f
so
la
r drye
r
s
,”
So
l.
En
e
r
gy
, v
o
l
.
13
5,
pp
.
1–
13
,
2
016
.
[5
4]
M
.
Lu
xm
o
r
e,
C. Ta
u
y
a
n
a
s
he
,
a
n
d
M.
L
a
wre
n
c
e
,
“
C
a
r
bo
n Fin
a
nc
in
g for Re
ne
wa
ble
En
e
r
gy
P
r
oje
c
ts
i
n
Zi
m
b
a
b
we
–
A Ca
se
o
f
Chi
p
en
d
e
ke
Mic
r
o-Hydro
S
c
he
me
,”
Int
.
J.
Sci. R
e
s
.
,
vo
l.
2
,
no.
9
,
pp.
3
70–
37
4,
20
1
3
.
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