Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r
202
1
, pp.
170
8
~
17
19
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.
i
3
.
pp
170
8
-
17
19
1708
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Simplifi
ed casc
ad
e multip
hase DC
-
DC buck
power con
verte
r
for low
voltag
e
l
arge
curr
ent appli
cations:
part I
-
--
stea
dy
-
s
tate
analysis
Anand
Banne
t
G
an
ese
n, Nu
ng
ky P
rame
s
wa
ri
,
F
ala
h
K
ha
ri
sm
a Nur
az
iz
, J
ih
ad
Fur
qa
ni,
A
r
windr
a
Rizqia
wan, an
d Pekik
A
r
go
Dahono
School
of El
ec
tr
i
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing and
Inform
at
i
cs,
Instit
ute of Te
ch
nology
Bandung
,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
M
a
y
2
7,
20
21
Re
vised Jul
1
,
20
21
Accepte
d
J
ul
2
3,
20
21
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
ese
nts
a
new
simpl
i
fie
d
c
asc
ad
e
multipha
se
DC
-
DC buc
k
power
conve
rt
er
suita
b
le
for
low
volta
ge
and
la
rg
e
cu
rre
nt
app
li
c
at
ion
s.
Casc
ade
conne
c
ti
on
ena
b
le
s
ver
y
low
vo
lt
ag
e
ra
ti
o
wi
th
out
using
v
ery
smal
l
du
ty
cyc
l
es
nor
tra
n
sforme
rs.
L
arg
e
cur
ren
t
with
ver
y
low
ripple
cont
en
t
is
ac
hi
eve
d
by
usi
ng
the
mu
lt
iph
a
se
te
chn
ique.
T
he
proposed
con
ver
te
r
n
ee
d
s
smal
ler
nu
mbe
r
of
com
p
onent
s
c
ompa
red
to
conv
ent
ion
al
ca
sc
ade
multipha
se
DC
-
DC
buck
po
wer
conve
rt
ers.
Thi
s
p
ape
r
al
so
pre
sents
us
efu
l
ana
lysis
of
the
proposed
DC
-
DC
buck
pow
er
conv
erter
wit
h
a
me
thod
to
o
pti
mize
the
phase
and
ca
sc
a
de
numbe
r
.
Sim
ula
ti
on
and
experim
ental
r
esult
s
are
in
cl
ud
ed
to
ver
ify
the
b
asic
per
forma
n
c
e
of
th
e
propo
sed
DC
-
DC
buck
power
conve
rt
er.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Buck
Ca
scade
DC
-
DC
Co
nve
rter
Larg
e
Cu
rr
e
nt
M
ulti
phase
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
An
a
nd Ba
nn
et
Gan
e
sen
School
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
a
nd
Inform
at
ic
s
In
sti
tute
of Tec
hnolog
y
Ba
ndung
Jal
an Ganesa
no. 1
0,
Ba
ndun
g 4
0132, I
ndone
sia
Emai
l:
an
an
db
ann
et
gan
e
sen
@gmai
l.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
A
ste
p
-
dow
n
DC
-
DC
po
wer
co
nv
e
rter
is
commo
nly
us
e
d
in
DC
pow
er
s
upplies,
D
C
vo
lt
a
ge
regulat
ors,
DC
wel
der
s
,
a
nd
c
at
hodic
protect
ion
syst
ems.
I
n
some
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
,
t
he
re
qu
i
r
ed
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge
is
very
lo
w
at
ve
ry
la
r
ge
outp
ut
current.
Mo
re
ov
e
r,
t
he
al
lowe
d
o
utput
c
urre
nt
rip
ple
s
houl
d
be
ve
ry
l
ow
to
not
dama
ge
t
he
i
nt
ern
al
c
omp
onents.
I
n
gen
e
r
al
,
a
ste
p
-
dow
n
DC
-
DC
power
co
nverter
can
be
cl
assi
fied
a
s
isolat
ed
a
nd
non
-
isolat
ed
D
C
-
DC
powe
r
c
onve
rter
[1]
.
A
s
eff
ic
ie
ncy
is
very
im
portant
,
the
non
-
isolat
ed
on
e
is
the
mo
st
c
om
m
only
us
e
d.
Se
ver
al
DC
-
DC
power
c
onve
rters
with
very
l
ow
vo
lt
age
rati
os
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
po
se
d
in
th
e
li
te
ratur
e
[2]
-
[
10]
.
T
he
m
ost
common
m
et
hod
to
ac
hieve
a
ve
ry
l
ow
vo
lt
age
rati
o
is
by
casca
ding
sev
eral
co
nventi
onal
DC
-
DC
buck
power
c
onve
r
te
rs
.
How
ever,
the
num
ber
of
c
omp
onents
is
increase
d
wh
e
n
the
casca
de
d
co
nv
e
rters
a
re
increase
d.
Dif
fer
e
nt
meth
ods
to
sim
plify
ca
scade
DC
-
DC
bu
c
k
powe
r
c
onver
t
ers have
b
ee
n pro
po
se
d
i
n
th
e li
te
ratur
e
[11
],
[12
]
.
To
ac
hieve
la
r
ge
ou
t
pu
t
c
urr
ent
rati
ng
with
r
ed
uce
d
ri
pple
co
ntent
,
th
e
mu
lt
ip
hase
t
echn
i
qu
e
is
commo
nly
us
e
d
[
13]
-
[
21]
.
If
sever
al
m
ulti
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
bu
c
k
powe
r
c
onve
rters
are
connecte
d
i
n
c
ascade
then,
both
ve
r
y
l
ow
volt
age
rati
o
a
nd
ve
ry
small
ri
pp
le
c
onte
nt
can
be
a
chieve
d.
I
n
thi
s
case
,
howe
ve
r,
the
requ
ire
d
act
ive
and
pas
sive
c
ompone
nts
nu
mb
e
r
will
be
very
high.
T
hi
s
pa
per
pr
e
sen
ts
a
new
simp
li
fied
casca
de
mu
lt
i
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
buc
k
powe
r
conve
rter
for
very
l
ow
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age
a
nd
la
rg
e
ou
t
pu
t
current
app
li
cat
io
ns
. V
ery
lo
w vo
lt
ag
e rati
o
is o
btained b
y
casca
di
ng
se
ve
ral DC
-
DC buck
powe
r
co
nv
e
rters
. In
o
r
der
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Simpli
fi
ed
casc
ad
e
mult
iphase
D
C
-
DC
buck
po
we
r
convert
er for l
ow v
oltag
e
…
(
An
and
Ba
nn
et
G
an
ese
n
)
1709
to
re
du
ce
the
require
d
c
omp
on
e
nts,
t
he
si
mp
li
fied
ve
rsi
on
of
casca
de
sing
le
-
phase
DC
-
DC
buc
k
powe
r
conve
rter
is
use
d.
In
orde
r
to
increa
se
th
e
curre
nt
capa
bili
ty
an
d
to
reduce
the
rip
ple
co
ntent,
s
ever
al
sim
plifie
d
ca
sc
ade
sin
gle
-
pha
se
are
c
onnect
ed
in
pa
rall
el
and
operate
d
as
a
casca
de
mu
lt
iph
ase
DC
-
DC
buck
powe
r
co
nvert
er.
In
orde
r
t
o
re
duce
f
urt
he
r
the
require
d
numb
e
r
of
com
pone
nts,
t
he
re
su
lt
in
g
c
ascade
mu
lt
iph
a
se
D
C
-
DC
buc
k
powe
r
c
onver
te
r
is
then
sim
pli
fied.
O
utpu
t
vo
lt
age
a
nal
ys
is
of
the
propose
d
conve
rter
is
a
nalyze
d
by
co
ns
ide
rin
g
vo
lt
age
drops
acr
os
s
act
ive
a
nd
passi
ve
co
mpon
e
nts.
The
obta
ined
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
expressi
on
s
ar
e
us
e
f
ul
to
determine
the
c
ondu
ct
io
n
losse
s
and,
t
her
e
fore,
the
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y.
Ba
s
ed
on
t
he
c
onduc
ti
on
losses
,
t
he
re
quire
d
pha
se
numb
e
r
an
d
casca
ded
nu
mb
e
r
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
DC
-
D
C
buc
k
powe
r
c
onve
rter
ca
n
be
determine
d.
Se
ve
r
al
cal
culat
ed
a
nd
e
xp
e
rime
ntal
res
ults
a
re
i
nclu
ded
t
o
s
ho
w
t
he
basic
performa
nce
of the
pro
pose
d
DC
-
DC
buck p
ower
co
nverter
.
This
pa
per
is
a
rr
a
ng
e
d
int
o
fi
ve
sect
ions.
I
n
sect
ion
2,
the
pro
po
se
d
DC
-
DC
buck
pow
er
co
nv
e
rter
topolo
gies
a
re d
eri
ved
a
nd
e
xpla
ined
in
d
et
ai
l.
Sect
ion 3
t
he
or
et
ic
al
ly
a
nal
yzes
t
he
c
onve
rter wher
e
the
o
ut
pu
t
vo
lt
age
,
to
geth
er
with
t
he
po
wer
l
os
s
cal
cul
at
ion
,
a
re
disc
us
se
d.
T
he
op
t
imi
zat
ion
of
th
e
ph
a
se
num
be
r
an
d
the
casca
de
num
ber
is
al
so
prese
nted
in
this
sect
io
n.
The
pro
pose
d
co
nverte
r
c
hose
n
desig
n
a
nd
the
exp
e
rime
ntal
r
esults
are
pres
ented
i
n
sect
io
n
4
to
pro
ve
t
he
a
nalysis
i
n
sect
ion
3.
Fina
ll
y,
the
c
oncl
usi
on
is
dr
a
w
n
in
the la
st sect
ion
.
2.
PROP
OSE
D DC
-
D
C
B
U
C
K PO
WER
C
ONVERTE
R
This
sect
io
n
di
scusses
the
de
r
ivati
on
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
DC
-
DC
bu
c
k
powe
r
c
onve
rter.
Th
e
disc
us
sio
n
is
sta
rted
by
di
scussing
the
c
onve
ntion
al
D
C
-
DC
bu
c
k
power
c
onve
rt
er
and
casca
de
D
C
-
DC
bu
c
k
power
conve
rter.
T
he
discuss
i
on
is
then
f
ollow
e
d
by
si
mp
li
fie
d
casca
de
m
ulti
phase
DC
-
DC
buck
powe
r
c
onver
te
r
towa
rd
s
t
he
propose
d
DC
-
D
C
bu
c
k
powe
r
conve
rter.
He
re,
the
disc
us
s
ion
ne
glect
s
the
ef
fects
of
vo
lt
age
dro
ps
ac
ro
s
s th
e ac
ti
ve
a
nd p
a
ssive c
ompone
nts.
2.1.
Conv
e
nt
i
on
al
DC
-
D
C buck
power c
onvert
ers
Figure
1
(a
)
s
hows
a
co
nventi
on
al
sin
gle
-
phase
DC
-
DC
buck
powe
r
c
onve
rter.
T
hough
a
MOS
FE
T
has
been
u
se
d
as
the
act
ive
s
witc
hing d
evic
e,
in p
racti
ce
w
e
can u
se o
the
r
act
ive
switc
hi
ng
d
e
vices d
ep
end
i
ng
on the a
ppli
cat
ion
.
Un
der co
nt
inu
ous
con
du
c
ti
on
m
ode, t
he vo
lt
age
r
at
io
is
(1)
,
=
(1)
with
=
(2)
wh
e
re
V
o
is
th
e
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age,
E
d
is
the
i
nput
vo
lt
a
ge,
a
nd
α
is
t
he
duty
cycle,
T
ON
is
the
O
N
-
pe
rio
d
of
t
he
switc
h
a
nd
T
S
i
s
the
s
witc
hing
per
i
od
of
the
transist
or
,
res
pe
ct
ively.
T
he
du
ty
cycle
α
ca
n
be
var
ie
d
f
rom
zero
to
unit
y
a
nd,
t
her
e
fore,
the
outp
ut
volt
age
c
an
be
var
ie
d
f
r
om
ze
r
o
to
E
d
.
In
pract
ic
e,
ho
wev
e
r,
t
he
duty
c
ycle
cannot
be
m
a
de
to
o
l
ow
du
e
to
the
mi
nimu
m
tu
rn
-
off
ti
me
of
the
s
witc
hing
dev
ic
e.
T
hu
s
,
the
minimu
m
vo
lt
age
r
at
io
is
li
mit
ed.
In
order
to
i
ncrea
se
the
ou
t
put
cu
rr
e
nt
rati
ng
and
to
decre
as
e
the
ri
pp
le
c
onte
nt,
se
v
eral
s
ing
le
-
phase
DC
-
DC
buc
k
powe
r
c
onver
t
ers
ca
n
be
c
onnecte
d
in
pa
r
al
le
l
and
op
e
r
at
ed
as
a
m
ulti
ph
ase
DC
-
DC
buck
powe
r
co
nv
e
rt
er,
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
1
(b).
I
f
the
phase
numb
e
r
is
N
,
bo
t
h
cu
rr
e
nt
rati
ng
an
d
ri
pp
le
f
r
equ
e
nc
y
will
incr
ease
N
ti
mes compa
re
d
to
sin
gle
-
ph
a
se D
C
-
DC
buc
k powe
r
c
onve
rter.
2.2.
Ca
sc
ad
e
DC
-
DC buc
k po
w
er con
ver
ters
In
or
der
to
im
pro
ve
t
he
vo
lt
age
-
rati
o
ca
pa
bili
ty,
se
ver
al
DC
-
DC
bu
c
k
powe
r
c
onve
rters
ca
n
be
connecte
d
i
n
c
ascade
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
2
(a
),
in
w
hich
t
he
grey
-
col
or
e
d
show
s
t
he
ca
scade
co
nf
i
gur
at
ion
.
I
f
al
l t
ran
sist
ors a
re
op
e
rated
at
the sa
me
du
t
y
c
ycle, the
volt
ag
e rati
o
is
(
3)
,
=
(3)
wh
e
re
M
is
th
e
num
ber
of
c
ascade
d
c
onve
rters.
F
or
t
he
s
ame
duty
cycl
e,
the
obta
ine
d
volt
age
rati
o
will
be
small
er
com
pa
red
to
a
si
ngle
-
sta
ge
DC
-
D
C
bu
c
k
po
wer
conver
te
r.
T
he
method
in
Figure
2
(a)
c
an
be
exten
ded
i
nto
the
mu
lt
ip
ha
se
one
an
d
t
he
res
ult
is
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
2
(b).
Thi
s
topolo
gy
is
name
d
conve
ntion
al
c
ascade
mu
lt
ip
hase
(CCM
)
DC
-
DC
buc
k
powe
r
c
onver
t
ers.
The
CC
M
DC
-
DC
bu
c
k
powe
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
170
8
–
17
19
1710
conve
rters
ha
ve
the
sa
me
a
ve
rag
e
outp
ut
volt
age
as
(
3),
with
eac
h
s
witc
h
is
act
iv
at
ed
by
simi
la
r
ca
rr
ie
r
sign
al
s
on
pha
se
dif
fer
e
nce
of
2π/
N
,
w
her
e
N
is
the
num
be
r
of
phases
.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
the
phase
num
ber
s
of
each
sta
ge
do
no
t
ha
ve
to
be
the
sa
me.
M
or
eov
e
r,
the
du
t
y
cycle
of
eac
h
sta
ge
does
not
hav
e
to
be
the
same.
Both casca
de n
umber
and
pha
se num
ber can
be op
ti
mize
d
t
o
ac
hieve a
cer
ta
in cr
it
erio
n.
2.3.
Simpl
ifie
d cas
cade m
ultiph
ase
(
S
C
M)
D
C
-
DC buc
k po
w
er con
ver
ters
In
orde
r
t
o
re
du
ce
the
re
qu
i
red
act
iv
e
s
witc
hin
g
de
vices
,
a
sim
plifie
d
ver
si
on
of
cas
cade
si
ng
le
-
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
bu
c
k
powe
r
c
onve
rter
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
3
(a
)
wa
s
propose
d
[
11]
.
T
his
c
onve
rter
ca
n
a
lso
be
config
ur
e
d
int
o
the
m
ulti
ph
a
se
one,
as
s
ho
wn
in
Fi
gure
3
(
b)
.
T
he
ob
ta
i
ned
outp
ut
volt
age
e
xpressio
n
is
sti
ll
the same
as
give
n by (
3). T
his
conve
rter ca
n pro
du
ce
a
very
low volt
age
ra
ti
o
with
ve
ry lo
w
ri
pple
conte
nt.
Eve
n
thou
gh th
e compone
nt num
ber
of
acti
ve
sw
it
chin
g
de
vices in F
ig
ure
3
(b)
is lo
wer
t
han
the
one
in
Fig
ure
2
(b)
,
the
re
qu
i
rem
ent
of
el
ect
r
ol
ytic
capaci
to
rs
is
hi
gh
e
r.
It
ha
s
bee
n
sho
wn
in
t
he
li
te
ratu
r
e
[
22]
-
[25]
that
el
ect
r
oly
ti
c
capaci
t
ors
are
the
mo
st
unreli
able
c
omp
on
e
nt
in
po
wer
el
ect
r
onic
sy
ste
m
a
nd,
t
he
refor
e
,
the used
of ele
ct
ro
lyti
c ca
pacit
or
s
must
b
e
m
inimi
zed.
(a)
(b)
Figure
1. (a
)
c
onve
ntion
al
sin
gle
-
ph
ase
D
C
-
DC buc
k p
ow
e
r
c
onver
te
r,
(b)
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
mu
lt
iph
a
se
DC
-
DC
bu
c
k p
ow
e
r
c
onve
rter
(a)
(b)
Figure
2. (a
)
c
onve
ntion
al
ca
scade si
ng
le
-
phase
DC
-
DC
buck
po
wer co
nverter
, (b
)
c
onven
ti
onal
casca
de
mu
lt
iph
a
se
(CCM)
DC
-
DC
buck
po
wer co
nverter
D
(
1)
L
oa
d
+
V
O
_
L
S
(
1)
E
d
S
(
1)
C
(
1)
D
(
M
)
L
S
(
M
)
S
(
M
)
D
(
1)
_1
L
S
(
1
)
_
1
E
d
S
(
1)
_1
C
(
1)
_1
D
(
1)
_2
D
(
1)
_N
L
S
(
1)
_1
S
(
1)
_1
C
(
1)
_2
L
S
(
1)
_1
S
(
1)
_1
C
(
1)
_N
D
(
M
)
_1
L
S
(
M
)
_1
S
(
M
)
_1
D
(
M
)
_2
D
(
M
)
_N
L
S
(
M
)
_2
S
(
M
)
_2
L
S
(
M
)
_N
S
(
M
)
_N
L
oa
d
+
V
O
_
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Simpli
fi
ed
casc
ad
e
mult
iphase
D
C
-
DC
buck
po
we
r
convert
er for l
ow v
oltag
e
…
(
An
and
Ba
nn
et
G
an
ese
n
)
1711
(a)
(b)
Figure
3. (a
)
si
mp
li
fied
casca
de
si
ng
le
-
phas
e D
C
-
DC
buck
pow
e
r
c
onve
rter, (b) sim
plifi
ed
casca
de
mu
lt
iph
a
se
(SC
M
) DC
-
DC
buck
po
wer co
nverter
2.4.
New sim
pli
fie
d ca
s
cade
mul
tiphase (
NSC
M) D
C
-
D
C
b
u
ck p
ow
er
con
vert
ers
Since
the
du
t
y
cycle
of
switc
he
s
per
phase
is
equ
al
,
al
l
a
ve
ra
ge
volt
ages
of
capaci
tors
on
F
igure
3(b
)
will
be
e
qual
.
Wh
e
n
the
volt
ages
a
re
i
den
ti
c,
al
l
capaci
t
ors
that
a
re
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
in
pa
rall
el
can
be
re
place
d
with
on
l
y
a
si
ng
le
c
apacit
or.
Co
nse
qu
e
ntly,
al
l
di
od
e
s
D
ON
,
di
odes
D
OFF
an
d
i
nduct
or
s
L
P
ca
n
al
so
be
re
place
d
with
on
l
y
a
si
ng
le
com
pone
nt
ea
ch.
T
his
sim
pl
ifie
d
sc
he
me
i
s
name
d
a
s
a
new
sim
plifie
d
casca
de
mu
lt
i
ph
a
se
(N
SC
M)
DC
-
DC
buc
k
po
we
r
co
nverter
,
w
hich
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
4.
Th
e
vo
lt
a
ge
rati
o
of
t
he
ne
w
sc
he
me
is
sh
ow
n by (
4),
=
−
1
(4)
wh
e
re
N
is
the
numb
e
r of p
ha
ses. In
t
his cas
e, the ma
xi
mum d
uty cycle
is li
mit
ed
to
1/N
.
NS
C
M
DC
-
D
C b
uck po
wer
conve
rters
ha
ve
sw
it
chi
ng me
chan
is
ms as
fo
ll
ow
s:
1)
Wh
e
n
switc
h
S
1
is
ON
(
othe
r
s
witc
hes
ar
e
OF
F
),
al
l
dio
de
s
D
ON
an
d
seco
nd
a
ry
diodes
(e
xclu
ding
D
SEC1
)
will
be
forw
a
r
d
biased
,
mea
nwhile
t
he
remai
ning
diodes
will
be
re
ver
se
biase
d.
Cu
rr
e
nt
will
flo
w
in
tw
o
directi
on
s:
from
DC
sour
ce
E
d
to
inducto
r
L
P
and
from
diod
e
D
ON
to
capac
it
or
C
.
T
hen,
bo
t
h
cu
rr
e
nts
s
um
u
p
a
nd
cha
rg
e
in
duct
or
L
S1
,
befor
e reac
hin
g
t
he
loa
d.
Ot
her
sec
onda
ry
i
nducto
rs
will
discha
rg
e
their
curre
nts to
the
load.
2)
Wh
e
n
s
witc
h
S
1
is
OFF
(
oth
e
r
switc
hes
a
re
al
so
OF
F
),
al
l
diodes
D
OFF
a
nd
sec
onda
r
y
diodes
will
be
forw
a
r
d
biased
.
Diodes
D
ON
will
be
re
vers
e
biase
d.
T
he
load
will
on
l
y
recei
ve
disc
ha
rg
e
d
cu
rr
e
nts
from
t
he
sec
on
dary i
nducto
rs. Both
mec
han
i
sms
will
b
e
repea
te
d
f
or o
t
her
switc
hes.
A
c
omparis
on
of
co
mpo
ne
nts
am
ong
c
onve
ntio
nal
cas
cade
m
ulti
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
buck
po
wer
conve
rters/C
CM
(F
ig
ure
2
(
b)),
sim
plifie
d
c
ascade
mu
lt
ip
ha
se
DC
-
DC
bu
ck
powe
r
c
onve
rters/SC
M
(
Figure
3(b)),
a
nd
the
pro
po
se
d
casca
de
m
ulti
ph
ase
DC
-
DC
buck
powe
r
co
nvert
ers/NSC
M
(
Figure
4)
is
re
pr
esented
in
Ta
ble
1.
T
he
pro
posed
c
onve
rter
has
t
he
le
ast
num
be
r
of
c
omp
on
e
nts
c
ompa
red
to
tw
o
o
ther
c
ascad
e
mu
lt
iph
a
se
to
polo
gies.
It
s
hould
be
note
d
that
this
c
onve
rter
is
t
he
dua
l
of
the
co
nve
rter
t
hat
has
be
en
pro
po
se
d
i
n
[26]
.
D
O
F
F
(
1)
L
oa
d
+
V
O
_
L
P
(
1)
E
d
C
(
1)
D
S
E
C
L
S
S
D
O
N
(
1)
S
N
D
O
F
F
(
1)
_1
L
oa
d
+
V
O
_
L
P
(
1)
_1
E
d
C
(
1)
_1
D
S
EC
_1
L
S
_1
S
1
D
O
N
(
1)
_1
D
O
F
F
(
1)
_2
D
O
N
(
1
)
_
2
D
O
F
F
(
1)
_N
D
O
N
(
1)
_N
L
P
(
1)
_2
L
P
(
1)
_N
C
(
1)
_1
C
(
1)
_1
S
2
D
S
EC
_2
D
S
EC
_N
L
S
_2
L
S
_N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
170
8
–
17
19
1712
Figure
4. Ne
w si
mp
li
fied c
asc
ade mult
ip
hase
(
N
SCM
) DC
-
DC buc
k p
ow
e
r
c
onver
te
r
Table
1.
C
omp
ariso
n of n
umb
er
of
c
omp
on
e
nts in
each
cas
cade m
ulti
phas
e co
nv
e
rter
(
2
-
casca
de
N
-
pha
se)
Co
n
v
erter
Na
m
e
No
.
o
f
Co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
Ind
u
cto
rs
Cap
acito
rs
Dio
d
es
Switch
es
CCM
2
N
N
2
N
2
N
SCM
2
N
N
3
N
N
NSCM
N
+1
1
N
+2
N
3.
CONVE
RTER
ANALY
SIS
This
sect
io
n
di
scusses
t
he
outp
ut
volt
age
analysis
of
the
casca
de
m
ulti
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
buck
power
conve
rters
to
polo
gies,
w
hich
are
c
onve
ntio
nal
casca
de
m
ulti
ph
ase
(CC
M
)
,
sim
plifie
d
casca
de
mu
lt
iph
a
se
(S
CM
),
a
nd
t
he
new
sim
plifie
d
casca
de
mul
ti
ph
ase
(
NS
C
M
)
DC
-
DC
bu
c
k
pow
er
c
onve
rters.
T
he
dis
cussion
is
then
f
ollo
w
ed
by
der
ivi
ng
the
c
onduct
io
n
lo
sses
of
NSC
M
DC
-
DC
buck
po
wer
co
nverter
s.
This
s
ect
ion
ends
after
t
he
op
ti
miza
ti
on
of
the
numb
e
r
of
casca
de
s
an
d
the
num
ber
of
ph
a
ses
de
sire
d
f
or
t
he
N
SC
M
DC
-
DC buc
k p
ow
e
r
c
on
ver
te
r,
ba
sed o
n
c
onduct
ion
l
os
ses
.
3.1.
Out
p
ut v
olt
ag
e a
n
alysi
s
All
outp
ut
volt
age
e
quat
io
ns
i
n
sect
ion
2
ha
ve
bee
n
de
rive
d
by
ne
glect
in
g
volt
age
dro
ps
acr
os
s
th
e
diodes,
i
nduct
or
s
,
an
d
s
witc
hing
dev
ic
es.
In
fact,
the
vo
lt
age
dro
ps
ac
ro
ss
switc
hi
ng
de
vices,
diod
es,
an
d
inducto
rs wil
l r
edu
ce
the
ma
ximu
m
outp
ut
volt
age th
at
ca
n b
e obtai
ned.
In
the
de
rivati
on
of
ave
ra
ge
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age,
it
is
ass
um
e
d
that
the
volt
ag
e
dro
p
acr
os
s
t
he
t
ran
sist
or
durin
g
c
onduct
ion
ca
n be
re
presented
as
(5)
=
+
(5)
and the
volt
age
drop ac
ross th
e d
io
de d
ur
i
ng
cond
uction as
(
6)
=
+
(6)
wh
e
re
V
Q
is
th
e
on
-
sta
te
drop
volt
age
of
the
act
ive
switc
h,
R
Q
is
the
on
-
s
ta
te
dr
ai
n
-
to
-
s
ource
re
sist
ance
,
i
Q
is
the
c
urren
t
fl
owin
g
i
n
t
he
sw
it
ch,
V
D
is
diod
e
f
orwa
rd
vo
lt
a
ge,
R
D
is
the
dio
de
inte
rn
al
re
sist
ance
a
nd
i
D
is
t
he
current
flo
wing
i
n
the
d
io
de.
Th
e resista
nce
s
of
i
nducto
rs
are
ass
um
e
d
th
e
same
as
R
L
.
N
ote
that
al
l
ca
pacit
ors
are ass
um
e
d
i
de
al
w
it
h no pa
r
asi
ti
c com
po
ne
nts.
By
us
in
g
the
sta
te
-
sp
ace
av
e
r
agin
g
meth
od,
the
a
ver
a
ge
ou
tpu
t
volt
age
un
der
c
on
ti
nu
ou
s
co
nductio
n
mode
can
be
de
te
rmin
e
d.
T
he
resu
lt
s
are
s
ho
wn
i
n
Table
2,
wh
e
re
it
is
assume
d
that
the
numb
e
r
of
sta
ge
s
is
equ
al
t
o
tw
o. T
his c
on
ce
pt ca
n be e
xten
ded
easi
ly for casc
aded n
umbe
r mo
re th
a
n
t
wo.
Ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
ex
pr
essi
ons
in
Ta
ble
2
are
then
plo
tt
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
5.
It
i
s
assu
med
that
the
act
ive
switc
hing
de
vi
ces
are
M
O
SF
ETS
(m
odel
F
CH023N
65S3)
.
Accord
i
ng
t
o
t
he
datashee
t,
the
resist
an
ce
of
FCH02
3N6
5S3
is
18
mΩ.
A
ll
diodes
a
re
model
M
UR
1560
G
w
it
h
a
c
on
sta
nt
vo
lt
ag
e
dro
p
of
0.6
V
a
nd
a
resist
ance
of
18.
4
m
Ω.
Ind
uc
tor
resist
ances
are
as
sume
d
equ
al
t
o
30
m
Ω.
It
is
ass
ume
d
that
the
D
C
input
vo
lt
age
is c
on
s
ta
nt at 312 V
.
Figure
5
s
how
s
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
as
a
f
unct
ion
of
ou
t
put
cu
rr
e
nt.
As
the
loa
d
inc
re
ases,
NS
CM
conve
rter h
as hi
gh
e
r
ste
ep
ness
com
pa
red
to S
CM
a
nd
CC
M
,
ind
ic
at
in
g
th
at
NS
C
M
p
r
oduc
es
hi
gh
con
du
c
ti
on
D
O
F
F
(
1)
L
oa
d
+
V
O
_
L
P
(
1)
E
d
C
(
1)
D
S
EC
1
L
S
1
S
1
D
O
N
(
1)
D
S
EC
2
D
S
E
C
(
N
)
L
S
2
S
2
L
S
(
N
)
S
N
I
O
I
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Simpli
fi
ed
casc
ad
e
mult
iphase
D
C
-
DC
buck
po
we
r
convert
er for l
ow v
oltag
e
…
(
An
and
Ba
nn
et
G
an
ese
n
)
1713
losses.
This
ste
epn
e
ss
decr
ea
ses
as
t
he
numb
e
r
of
phase
dec
rease.
The
ave
rag
e
outp
ut
volt
age
of
NSC
M
decr
ease
s f
ast
e
r
tha
n
the
o
t
hers b
ec
a
us
e it
w
a
s assumed
that
al
l i
nd
uct
or
s
ar
e the same
. In pr
act
ic
e, t
he
c
urre
nt
rati
ng of the
pri
mary in
du
ct
or (
L
P
)
of
NS
C
M mu
st be
lo
wer an
d,
t
her
e
fore,
h
as
the s
mall
est
r
esi
sta
nce.
Ba
sed on
t
he
s
ame volt
age
ra
ti
o,
Fig
ur
e
6 shows t
hat
NS
C
M
has
s
mall
er
du
t
y
c
ycle co
m
par
e
d
to
tw
o
oth
e
r
fig
ur
es
.
As
t
he
num
ber
of
phases
inc
r
eases,
t
he
max
imum
duty
c
yc
le
dec
reases.
Fo
rt
unat
el
y,
a
small
du
t
y
c
ycle
is
e
nough
to
ac
hieve
t
he
desire
d
low
outp
ut
vo
l
ta
ge.
T
his
sma
ll
du
t
y
c
ycle
c
an
be
i
ncr
ea
se
d
by
adjustin
g
t
he
s
witc
hing
te
c
hniqu
e,
which
is l
eft f
or futu
re investi
gatio
n.
Table
2.
O
utpu
t vo
lt
age
e
xpre
ssion
s
of CC
M, SC
M
, a
nd
NSC
M
Co
n
v
erter
Na
m
e
Ou
tp
u
t Voltag
e E
x
p
ressio
n
CCM
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
1
(
)
11
o
d
D
Q
L
Q
D
o
V
E
V
V
R
R
R
I
N
=
−
−
−
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
−
−
SCM
(
)
(
)
(
)
22
22
12
11
o
d
D
Q
L
Q
D
o
V
E
V
V
R
R
R
I
N
=
−
+
−
−
+
+
+
−
−
NSCM
(
)
(
)
(
)
22
2
2
2
3
12
1
1
2
o
d
D
Q
L
Q
D
o
V
N
E
N
V
V
N
R
R
N
N
R
I
N
=
−
+
−
−
+
+
+
+
−
−
Figure
5. O
utput v
oltage
as a
functi
on
of
outpu
t
current
Figure
6. V
oltage
rati
o
as a
fu
nction o
f d
uty
cycle
3.2.
Conv
er
ter
power lo
ss
analy
sis
3.2.1.
C
onduc
tion l
os
ses
The
outp
ut po
wer o
f
a
DC
-
D
C b
uck po
wer
conve
rter is
m
entione
d
i
n (7)
=
(7)
wh
e
re
P
o
is
th
e
outp
ut
powe
r,
V
o
is
the
a
ve
rag
e
outp
ut
volt
age,
an
d
I
o
is
the
a
ver
a
ge
ou
t
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nt
of
the
conve
rter.
By
us
in
g
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge
e
xpressi
on
in
T
able
2
a
nd
(
7)
,
the
outp
ut
po
wer
of
the
ne
w
si
mp
li
fie
d
casca
de mult
ip
hase
(NSCM
) DC
-
DC buc
k p
ow
e
r
c
onve
rter
, as
s
how
n
i
n
F
igure
6,
is
(
8)
(
)
(
)
(
)
22
2
2
2
3
2
12
1
1
2
o
d
o
D
o
S
o
L
S
D
o
P
N
E
I
N
V
I
V
I
N
R
R
N
N
R
I
N
=
−
+
−
−
+
+
+
+
−
−
(8)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
170
8
–
17
19
1714
The
i
nput c
urr
ent (
I
d
) o
f
the
DC
-
DC po
wer
conve
rter is
wri
tt
en
in (9)
=
2
(9)
By s
ub
sti
tuti
ng
(9)
i
nto
(
8)
,
th
e (
10)
is
obta
in
ed
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
2
2
3
2
12
1
1
2
d
o
d
D
o
S
o
L
S
D
o
P
E
i
N
V
I
V
I
N
R
R
N
N
R
I
N
=
−
+
−
−
+
+
+
+
−
−
(10)
The
power
l
oss
(
P
loss
)
of
the
conve
rter
is
th
e
diff
e
re
nce
be
tween
the
i
nput
and
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r,
wh
ic
h
is
sh
ow
n
in (1
1)
=
−
(11)
M
ea
nwhile
, the
conv
e
rter i
np
ut po
wer (
P
i
)
i
s me
ntion
e
d
i
n (12)
=
(12)
By
us
in
g (10)
-
(12), the
(1
3)
i
s obtai
ne
d
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
2
2
3
2
12
1
1
2
l
o
s
s
D
o
S
o
L
S
D
o
P
N
V
I
V
I
N
R
R
N
N
R
I
N
=
+
−
+
+
+
+
+
−
+
(13)
The
(
13)
s
hows
that
volt
ag
e
dr
op
s
ac
ross
the
in
duct
ors,
di
odes,
an
d
powe
r
s
witc
he
s
ca
us
e
the
cond
uction
l
osse
s
to
occ
ur.
Fi
gure
7
pl
ots
th
e
com
par
is
on
of
c
onduct
io
n
losses
betwee
n
CC
M
,
SC
M
,
a
nd
t
he
NS
C
M
.
NS
C
M
has
hi
gh
e
r
cond
uction
los
ses
c
ompare
d
to
tw
o
oth
e
r
c
ascade
mu
lt
ip
hase
t
opolog
y,
due
t
o
la
rg
er
numb
e
r
of
us
e
d
di
odes.
In
pr
act
ic
e
,
the
re
sist
anc
e
of
t
he
pri
m
ary
in
duct
ors
(
L
P
)
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
conve
rter
is
lo
wer
t
han
the
ot
her
s
beca
us
e
t
he
c
ur
ren
t
rati
ng
is
hi
gh
e
r
a
nd
the
re
qu
i
red
inducta
nce
is
s
mall
er.
Th
us
, t
he
total
cond
uction l
osse
s w
il
l be
just
the sa
me as t
he
o
the
rs, o
r
e
ve
n
lo
we
r.
3.2.2.
S
witchi
ng
l
os
ses
Sw
it
chin
g
lo
ss
es
of
t
he
co
nverter
de
pend
on
s
om
e
paramet
ers,
wh
ic
h
are:
in
pu
t
volt
age
(
E
d
),
switc
hing
f
re
quenc
y
(
f
s
),
c
urr
ent
flo
w
on
th
e
switc
h
(
I
sw
)
,
and
t
he
inte
rn
a
l
switc
h
cha
rac
te
risti
cs
(r
ise
ti
me/
t
r
and tu
rn
-
off
cr
os
s
ov
e
r
ti
me/
t
cf
).
Ba
sed
on
t
he
li
te
ratur
e
re
view
[
27],
[
28]
,
the
switc
hi
ng
lo
ss
es
eq
uatio
n
f
or
CC
M
,
SC
M
a
nd
NS
C
M
is
show
n
in
(
14)
.
I
n
this
e
xpr
ession,
K
1
is
th
e
sum
of
t
r
an
d
t
cf
,
w
hile
K
2
is
the
s
um
of
c
urr
ent
-
li
nea
r
dep
e
nd
e
nt
rise ti
me a
nd c
urren
t
-
li
near d
epende
nt tu
rn
-
off
c
ro
ss
over
ti
me.
=
1
2
(
1
+
2
2
)
(14)
The
(14
)
s
how
s that al
l DC
-
D
C b
uck po
wer
conve
rters
ha
ve
the sa
me s
witc
hing lo
sses.
3.3.
Conv
er
ter
opt
im
iz
at
ion
Com
par
is
on
be
tween
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
phase
s
an
d
ca
scades
is
do
ne
t
o
fi
nd
the
op
ti
m
um
topol
ogy
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
c
onve
rter.
Tabl
e
3
sho
ws
the
var
ia
nts
to
be
op
ti
mize
d.
T
he
opti
miza
ti
on
i
s
do
ne
based
on
the
requireme
nts
of the
con
ver
te
r
as in Ta
ble
4,
with the
s
pe
ci
f
ic
at
ion
of t
he
c
ompone
nts in
Table
5.
The
gra
ph
in
F
ig
ure
8
s
hows
the
c
omparis
on
of
c
onduct
io
n
l
os
ses
in
eac
h
va
riat
ion
of
casca
des
a
nd
ph
a
ses u
nder
f
ull
load
a
nd h
a
lf
load
co
ndit
ion
s.
As
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
casca
des
increases
,
the losses
al
s
o
inc
r
ease.
M
ea
nw
hile,
w
hen
the
numb
e
r
of
ph
ase
s
i
nc
reases,
the
los
s
es
de
crease
.
A
mongst
the
vari
ants,
t
he
2
-
ca
s
cade
4
-
phase to
polo
gy h
a
s the
lo
w
est
conducti
on
losses. This
to
po
l
ogy wil
l t
he
n be e
xp
e
rime
nted f
ur
the
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Simpli
fi
ed
casc
ad
e
mult
iphase
D
C
-
DC
buck
po
we
r
convert
er for l
ow v
oltag
e
…
(
An
and
Ba
nn
et
G
an
ese
n
)
1715
Figure
7. Co
nduction l
os
se
s
Table
3.
Six
va
riat
ion
s t
o fin
d t
he
opti
mum t
opol
ogy
No
.
No
.
o
f
Cas
cades
No
.
o
f
Ph
ases
1.
2
2
2.
3
3.
4
4.
3
2
5.
3
6.
4
Table
4.
C
onve
rter
s
pecifica
ti
on
s
No
.
Co
n
v
erter
’
Sp
ecifica
tio
n
Valu
e
1.
Inp
u
t Voltag
e
(31
1
.12
7
±
1
0
%) V
2.
Ou
tp
u
t Voltag
e
1
0
V
3.
Ou
tp
u
t Cu
rr
en
t
5
0
A
4.
Ou
tp
u
t Power
5
0
0
W
Table
5.
C
onve
rter c
ompone
nt
s
Co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
Valu
e
Ind
u
cto
rs
L
= 1
m
H;
R
L
= 30
m
Ω
Switch
es
R
S
= 18
mΩ
Dio
d
es
V
D
= 0.8
5
V;
R
D
=
1
.84
m
Ω
Cap
acito
r
4
7
0
µF; 4
0
0
V
DC
Switch
in
g
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
1
0
kHz
Figure
8.
Co
nduction l
os
se
s
of the
six
a
nal
yz
ed varia
nts
4.
EXPERI
MEN
TAL RES
UL
TS
The
ch
os
e
n
sc
hemati
c
desig
n
from
sect
io
n
3
can
be
se
en
i
n
Fig
ur
e
9.
T
his
sc
hem
at
ic
is
the
n
exp
e
rime
nted,
with
the
set
up
as
show
n
in
Fi
gure
10.
The
pri
mar
y
in
du
ct
or
(
L
P
)
has
a
n
i
nductance
of
2.6
m
H
with
a
n
i
nter
na
l
resist
ance
of 0
.
9
Ω
, w
hile
t
he
seco
ndar
y
i
nduct
or
on each
phase (
L
S1
,
L
S2
,
L
S3
,
an
d
L
S4
)
i
s
1.0
3
mH
with
a
n
i
nt
ern
al
re
sist
anc
e
of
0.5
Ω.
MOSFE
Ts
(F
CH
023N6
5S3)
wi
th
an
inter
nal
r
esi
sta
nce
of
18
mΩ
are
us
e
d
as
act
ive
switc
he
s.
To
dr
iv
e
the
M
O
SFET
s,
four
dr
i
ver
s
m
odel
TLP35
0
are
us
e
d.
Ultrafas
t
dio
de
s
M
UR
1560
G
a
r
e
us
e
d
i
n
the
t
opolog
y,
w
hich
has
0.6
V
a
s
the
dr
op
volt
ag
e
with
an
inter
nal
resist
a
nce
of
18.
4
mΩ.
T
he
switc
hing
f
reque
ncy
of
10
kH
z
is
use
d
in
al
l
the
exp
e
rime
nts.
T
he
input
vo
lt
a
ge
was
dow
ns
cal
ed
to
100
V,
with
fixed
al
um
i
num
resist
ors
as
th
e
load
resist
an
ce.
N
o
at
te
mp
t
s
ha
ve
be
en
done
t
o
sel
ect
bette
r
inducto
rs
to
im
pro
ve
c
onver
te
r per
forma
nce.
Figure
11
s
ho
ws
the
volt
age
rati
o
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
c
onve
rte
r,
in
w
hich
th
e
measu
re
d
res
ul
ts
are
very
cl
os
e
to
t
he
c
al
culat
ion
s.
Fi
gure
12
sho
w
s
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
as
a
f
unct
ion
of
ou
t
put
cu
rr
e
nt,
whic
h
is
ob
ta
ine
d
from
changin
g
the
l
oad
resist
ance
on
fixe
d
du
t
y
cycle
of
0.1
25.
M
eas
ur
e
d
re
s
ults
are
al
so
cl
os
e
to
th
e cal
culat
io
n resu
lt
s. Fi
gure
13 sho
ws
th
e c
onduct
ion l
os
s
es of the
con
ve
rter as
t
he fu
nc
ti
on
of
t
he
c
onver
te
r
vo
lt
age
rati
o.
Ov
e
rall
,
these
fig
ur
es
ha
ve
s
how
n
that
the
cal
culat
ion
ob
t
ai
ned
from
t
he
form
ulas
in
S
ect
ion
3
hav
e
bee
n
pro
ven
rig
ht.
The
meas
ur
e
d
re
s
ults
hav
e
s
ma
ll
differe
nces
with
t
he
cal
cu
la
ti
on
ones
du
e
to
inaccu
racy
of
measu
rin
g
in
duct
ors’
re
sist
ance.
Fig
ure
14
s
hows
outp
ut
cu
rr
e
nt
wa
veform
with
the
rip
ple
wav
e
f
or
m
. T
he
se f
ig
ures
pro
ve
the c
onve
rter
clai
m for
la
rg
e
outp
ut curre
nt
with lo
w o
ut
pu
t rip
ple.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
170
8
–
17
19
1716
Figure
9. Tw
o
-
casca
de fo
ur
-
phase sc
hemati
c
d
esi
gn
Figure
10. E
xp
erimental
set
up
Figure
11. V
oltage
reducti
on
r
at
io as a fu
ncti
on of
du
t
y
c
ycle
Figure
12. O
utp
ut
volt
age as
a f
un
ct
io
n of o
utput
current
D
O
F
F
(
1)
L
oa
d
+
V
O
_
L
P
(
1)
E
d
C
(
1)
D
S
E
C
1
L
S
1
S
1
D
O
N
(
1)
D
S
E
C
2
D
S
E
C
3
L
S
2
S
2
L
S
3
S
3
L
S
4
S
4
D
S
EC
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Simpli
fi
ed
casc
ad
e
mult
iphase
D
C
-
DC
buck
po
we
r
convert
er for l
ow v
oltag
e
…
(
An
and
Ba
nn
et
G
an
ese
n
)
1717
Figure
13.
C
ondu
ct
io
n
l
os
ses
as a fu
nction o
f vo
lt
age
rati
o
Figure
14. O
utp
ut c
urre
nt w
a
veform
(orang
e
-
colo
red)
with t
he
e
nlar
ged ou
tpu
t
rip
ple w
a
ve
form
(b
l
ue
-
c
olored
)
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
ne
w
sim
plif
ie
d
casca
de
m
ulti
ph
ase
DC
-
DC
bu
c
k
po
w
er
c
onve
rter
f
or
lo
w
volt
age
l
arg
e
c
urren
t
app
li
cat
io
ns
ha
s
bee
n
pro
pose
d
in
this
pa
per.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
c
onve
rter
ha
s
ve
ry
high
volt
age
re
du
ct
i
on
rati
o
with
s
mall
er
num
ber
of
c
omp
on
e
nts.
O
utput
volt
age
a
naly
s
is,
us
e
f
ul
to
est
imat
e
the
c
onduct
ion
los
ses,
i
s
al
so
pr
ese
nted
.
E
ve
n
t
houg
h
co
nd
uction
l
os
ses
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
conve
rter
are
hi
gh
e
r
tha
n
the
conve
ntion
al
c
ascade
mu
lt
iph
a
se
DC
-
DC
bu
c
k
pow
er
co
nverter
,
the
s
witc
hing
losses
is
lo
we
r.
Op
ti
m
um
nu
mb
e
r
of
casca
des
a
nd
numb
e
r
of
pha
ses
is
prese
nted
i
n
this
pa
per.
E
xp
e
rime
ntal
resu
lt
s
sho
wing
t
he
basic
performa
nce
ha
ve
bee
n
include
d. Sele
c
ti
on
of the
opti
mal com
po
nent
s f
or t
he pr
opose
d
c
onve
rters
is u
nd
e
r
in
vesti
gation.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
wi
sh
to
t
hank
the
Korea
M
idla
nd
P
ow
e
r
Co
mpa
ny
f
or
par
ti
al
fun
ding
of
this
researc
h.
E
xperime
ntal
facil
it
ie
s
pr
ovi
ded
by
the
S
chool
of
Ele
c
tric
al
En
gin
ee
rin
g
a
nd
I
nfo
rmati
cs,
Insti
tute
of
Tech
no
l
ogy
Ba
ndung, a
re
gr
e
at
ly appr
eci
at
e
d.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
R.
Sw
arn
kar
,
H.
K.
Verm
a
and
R.
N.
Pat
el,
“Co
mp
arati
ve
an
al
y
sis
of
isol
ated
a
nd
non
-
isolated
bi
-
direct
ion
al
DC
-
DC
conve
rt
ers
for
DC
mi
cro
gr
id,
”
2019
3rd
I
nte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Rece
nt
D
ev
e
lopme
nts
in
Control
,
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omation
& P
ower
Engi
n
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g
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M.
Amiri,
H.
F
a
rza
nehf
ard
,
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Adib
,
“A
non
isola
te
d
ultrahig
h
step
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DC
-
DC
conve
rt
er
with
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vol
ta
g
e
stress,”
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EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
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amire
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anc
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rt
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A
re
e
xam
in
at
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,
”
20
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anspor
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it
ch
e
d
-
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DC
-
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Convert
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r
c
el
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”
INTE
LEC
'86
-
Inte
rn
ati
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ec
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municat
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“Switc
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te
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rsion
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g
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”
IEEE
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ansacti
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ct
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ad
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“
Tra
nsformer
le
ss
quadr
atic
-
bas
ed
high
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epdown
DC
-
DC
conve
r
t
er
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g
e,”
IET
Powe
r
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ct
ronics
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ess
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ep
-
down
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-
DC
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rt
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”
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r
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-
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ver
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wi
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it
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h
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ar
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e
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.