In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
1, Mar
ch 20
19,
p
p.
178~
1
9
4
IS
S
N
: 2088-
86
94,
D
O
I
:
10.11
59
1
/ij
ped
s
.
v10
.
i
1.pp
1
78-
19
4
178
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Unified pow
er quality c
ondi
tion
er supplie
d by fuel cell system
via SEPIC conve
r
ter
Bena
b
i
d S
l
i
m
a
n
e,
A
bdelk
h
a
l
e
k
O
t
hma
n
e,
B
en
A
b
d
elk
a
d
e
r
Abda
lla
h
Depart
m
e
nt
o
f Elect
ri
cal
o
f E
ngin
eeri
n
g
, Tah
ri Mo
h
am
m
e
d Bech
ar
Universit
y
, A
l
g
eria
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
Jun
22
,
2
0
18
Re
vise
d S
e
pt 3
0,
201
8
Ac
ce
p
t
ed
Oc
t
1
5
,
2
018
Th
is
p
a
p
er
p
res
e
nt
s
a
co
mb
in
ed
operat
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
Unified
P
o
w
e
r
Q
uality
Condi
t
ioner
(UPQC)
w
ith
F
uel
cell
sy
s
t
e
m
(
FC
)
.
T
he
p
r
o
po
se
d
sy
s
te
m
con
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
a
series
i
nv
erter,
a
s
h
u
nt
i
n
v
ert
e
r
an
d
a
F
u
el
cell
t
hat
is
c
on
nected
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
D
C
l
i
n
k
o
f
U
P
Q
C
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
b
a
c
k
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
w
h
e
r
e
it
i
s
a
S
E
P
I
C
con
v
ert
e
r.
T
h
e
m
ean
p
urpo
se
f
o
r
u
sing
t
h
e
S
E
P
I
C
co
nv
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
ens
u
ri
ng
a
cons
tan
t
D
C
li
nk
vo
lt
age
val
u
e
an
d
to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
F
C
s
y
st
e
m
in
terv
enin
g
on
ly
i
n
th
e
case
w
h
en
t
h
e
D
C
lin
k
energy
i
s
i
n
suffi
ci
ent.
Ex
cept
i
ng
t
his
c
a
se,
t
h
e
F
C
s
ystem
will
b
e
in
t
he
s
t
a
ndb
y
s
t
a
t
e
.
To
v
alidat
e
th
e
pro
pos
ed
t
o
p
ol
ogy
,
s
e
veral
s
a
gs
o
f
so
urce
vol
tage
h
ave
b
e
e
n
a
pp
li
ed,
at
the
po
in
t
o
f
c
o
mmo
n
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
(
PCC).
Th
e
simu
la
tio
n
r
e
su
lt
s
fr
om
MATLAB
/
SI
M
U
LINK a
r
e
di
sc
u
s
se
d
to
v
e
r
ify
th
e
pro
p
o
s
e
d
top
olog
y.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
Fu
el
c
el
l
sy
stem
(
FC
S
)
SEPIC
Series AP
F
S
hun
t A
P
F
UPQC
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
Be
nab
i
d S
l
im
ane
,
D
e
pa
rtme
nt
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
of E
ng
i
n
ee
ri
ng,
Tahri
Mo
ha
mm
ed
B
e
c
har
Uni
v
er
si
t
y
,
BP
417
Ro
u
t
e
de K
enadsa,
08
00
0 Bec
h
ar,
A
l
ge
ria.
Em
ail:
bena
b
i
d
e
tt
@
y
ah
o
o
.fr
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
The
e
x
i
s
t
i
ng p
o
w
e
r
dis
t
r
i
bu
t
i
on
netw
orks fa
c
e
huge
p
o
o
r p
o
w
e
r q
ua
li
ty pr
o
b
l
em
s an
d rea
c
ti
ve pow
e
r
requ
ire
m
e
n
t
d
u
e
t
o
i
ncre
as
ed
u
se
o
f
n
o
n
li
ne
ar
a
n
d
i
nd
uc
t
i
ve
l
oa
d
s
[
1]–
[
4]
.
N
e
vert
heles
s
,
t
h
e
sam
e
adva
nc
em
en
t
i
n
pow
er
e
lec
t
r
o
n
i
c
de
v
i
c
e
s o
f
fer
s
s
o
l
uti
o
n
s
f
or
r
e
ac
tive
p
o
w
er
c
ompe
nsa
t
i
o
n
a
n
d pow
e
r
qua
l
i
t
y
impro
v
e
m
e
n
t
in
t
he
f
or
m
of
a
c
tive
pow
er
f
il
t
e
rs
(
A
P
F
s
).
T
he
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
A
P
F
s
a
r
e
s
h
u
n
t
a
n
d
s
e
r
i
e
s
A
P
F
.
T
h
e
s
h
u
n
t
A
P
F
s
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
r
e
a
c
t
i
v
e
po
we
r
co
mp
en
sati
on
.
Th
e
s
e
ri
e
s
A
PFs
are
use
d
t
o
c
o
m
p
en
sate
v
ol
tage
r
e
l
ate
d
p
rob
l
em
s,
s
u
c
h
as
vol
ta
g
e
h
a
rm
oni
c
s
,
sags
,
sw
ells,
un
ba
lanc
e
s
,
fl
ic
ker
, e
tc.
Th
e
UPQC
i
s
t
h
e
mo
st
w
id
ely
u
s
ed
a
c
t
iv
e
po
we
r
f
i
lt
e
r
i
n
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
ne
tw
or
ks
t
o
so
l
v
e
bo
th
c
urrent
and
vo
l
t
age
r
e
l
a
ted
di
st
u
r
ba
n
c
e
s
s
im
ul
t
a
neo
u
s
l
y
[5].
I
t
i
s
t
he
inte
gr
at
ion
of
s
hu
n
t
a
n
d
s
e
r
ies
A
P
F
s
t
hrou
g
h
a
com
m
on
D
C
l
i
n
k
capa
c
i
tor.
U
P
Q
C
has
b
e
e
n
w
ide
l
y
stud
ie
d
t
o
e
lim
i
na
te
o
r
m
i
t
i
ga
te
t
he
d
isturb
a
n
ces
p
r
op
a
g
a
t
e
d
from
t
h
e
sou
r
ce
s
i
d
e
an
d t
h
e
oth
e
r
l
o
ad
s
i
n
t
e
rc
on
n
e
c
t
e
d [6]
.
In the
n
o
rm
al o
pe
rati
on
o
f U
P
Q
C
,
t
h
e
shu
n
t
A
P
F
con
t
ro
l
c
i
rcui
t
ca
lc
ul
a
t
e
s
t
he
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
c
u
rre
n
t
s
com
p
en
sat
i
on
a
n
d
g
en
e
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
i
nv
ert
e
r
p
u
ls
es
t
o
pow
er
c
ircu
i
t
s
(shun
t
A
P
F
)
.
The
ser
i
e
s
A
PF
c
om
pens
ate
s
t
he
h
arm
on
ics
a
nd
t
h
e
all
othe
r
v
o
lta
ge
di
st
urba
nces.
The
arr
a
ngem
e
n
t
o
f ser
i
es a
nd
shu
n
t
f
i
lte
rs a
re
i
n
t
erch
a
n
g
eab
l
e
.
I
n
g
eneral,
when a UPQC
is use
d
i
n
a
p
ow
er
dis
t
r
ibu
t
io
n s
y
s
t
em
,
the
ser
ie
s fil
t
e
r
is ins
t
a
lle
d a
h
ea
d o
f
the
s
h
u
n
t
f
i
l
t
er.
The
r
e
are
m
a
ny
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
teg
i
es
r
ep
orted
in
t
he
l
i
t
e
r
at
u
r
e
to
c
on
tro
l
t
he
U
P
Q
C
for
po
w
e
r
qua
l
ity
i
mpr
ove
me
nts,
t
he
m
os
t
c
o
mm
on
o
f
w
hi
c
h
a
re
t
h
e
i
nsta
nt
a
ne
ou
s
a
c
ti
ve
a
n
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
pow
er
t
heo
r
y
(P
Q
me
t
h
o
d
)
pr
opose
d
b
y
F
u
j
i
t
a
a
nd
A
k
a
g
i,
s
ym
me
tric
c
om
po
ne
nt
t
r
a
nsform
ati
o
n,
s
ync
hro
n
ous
r
e
f
e
r
enc
e
fra
m
e
(
S
RF)
theory,
and
u
n
it
te
mplat
e
t
ech
n
i
que
(
U
TT)
e
tc.
The
ser
i
e
s
A
P
F
s
ystem
s
n
ee
d
cer
t
a
i
n
t
y
t
o
p
r
o
v
ide
ac
ti
ve
pow
er
i
nto
the
pow
er
s
yste
m
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
the
loa
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
l
e
v
el
dur
in
g
v
o
lta
ge
s
a
g
.
A
t
t
he
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
,
th
e
power
f
l
ow
i
n
the
se
ries
A
PF
syst
em
h
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
U
n
i
f
i
e
d p
o
w
er qu
a
l
i
t
y
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
one
r sup
p
l
ie
d
by
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
syste
m
v
i
a
SEPIC c
onve
r
ter
(Ben
ab
i
d
Sl
im
a
n
e)
17
9
drast
i
ca
ll
y
inc
r
ea
se
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
he
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
sa
g.
T
h
u
s,
a
dd
i
t
i
o
n
al
e
ner
g
y
s
ourc
e
s
ne
e
d
t
o
be
a
dde
d
i
n
to
t
he
series
A
PF
s
yste
m
D
C
-l
in
k.
I
n
t
h
e
la
tes
t
d
ec
ade
d
u
e
to
t
he
e
xtr
em
e
r
i
se
i
n
the
pr
ice
of
f
ossil
f
u
els
and
env
i
ro
nm
en
tal
po
l
l
u
tio
n a
s
soc
i
a
t
e
d
w
it
h t
h
e
use of n
uc
le
ar
a
nd
f
o
ss
i
l
fue
ls
[
7].
A
fuel
c
el
l
is
a
d
ev
ice
t
h
at
d
i
r
ec
tly
c
o
nvert
s
the
c
h
em
i
c
a
l
e
ne
rg
y
of
f
ue
l
to
e
le
ctr
i
c
e
n
ergy.
R
e
c
e
n
t
adva
nc
es
i
n
th
e
fue
l
c
e
l
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
s
i
gn
i
f
ica
n
tly
i
m
p
ro
v
e
d
t
h
e
t
ec
hni
c
a
l
a
n
d
eco
no
mi
ca
l
ch
ara
c
t
e
ri
st
i
c
s
o
f
th
i
s
t
e
c
h
no
l
o
g
y
.
Env
i
ro
nm
enta
l
frie
n
dli
n
e
ss,
p
ra
ctica
l
l
y
n
o
i
se
free
o
p
er
at
i
o
n,
a
nd
very
h
i
g
h
effic
i
e
n
c
y
com
b
i
n
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
f
ore
c
a
s
te
d
sh
ift
t
o
g
a
s
e
o
us
f
ue
l
s
m
a
k
e
fue
l
c
e
lls
a
v
e
r
y
so
un
d
c
o
mpe
t
i
t
or
o
n
t
h
e
fu
tur
e
elec
tr
ici
t
y
m
a
r
k
et
s
[
8
],
[
9].
Howe
ver,
F
C
ca
n
c
a
u
se
t
he
n
e
g
at
iv
e
effec
t
s
on
the
e
x
i
s
ti
ng
pow
er
s
ystem
s
.
That
is,
som
e
p
ote
n
t
i
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
m
i
gh
t
be
o
c
c
ur
red
suc
h
a
s
vo
l
t
ag
e
v
ari
a
ti
o
n
,
pro
t
ec
ti
on,
h
arm
o
n
i
cs
,
an
d
perso
nne
l
sa
fe
ty.
T
h
e
F
C
i
s
i
n
t
e
rfa
c
e
d
i
n
the
A
C
a
n
d
D
C
di
st
r
i
b
ute
d
s
ys
tem
b
y
u
si
ng
p
ow
e
r
e
lec
t
ro
ni
c
circ
u
i
ts.
The
D
C
v
olta
g
e
m
us
t
be
lim
i
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
i
n
a
n
a
c
c
e
pta
b
le
r
a
nge
duri
n
g
stea
d
y
s
tate
a
nd
d
y
n
am
ic
con
d
i
t
i
on
s by
usin
g
su
ita
b
l
e
con
t
ro
l strate
g
i
es.
Th
is
p
aper
p
r
opos
e
s
a
c
omb
i
ned
o
p
era
t
ion
sys
t
e
m
o
f
U
P
Q
C
a
nd
fue
l
cel
l
,
w
hi
ch
i
s
con
n
ect
ed
t
o
th
e
dc
l
i
n
k.
T
he
a
dva
n
t
age
of
t
h
e
p
ro
po
sed
sys
t
em
o
ver
t
h
e
U
P
Q
C
i
s
to
c
omp
e
n
s
at
e
t
h
e
vo
l
t
a
g
e
i
nt
erru
pt
ion
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
t
he
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
a
g
,
ha
rmon
ics.
T
he
o
p
e
rati
on
o
f
the
p
r
op
os
ed
s
yste
m
w
a
s
verifie
d
t
hr
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
l
atio
ns
w
ith
M
A
TLA
B/S
i
m
u
l
i
n
k.
F
ig
ur
e
1
sh
ow
s gene
ral
co
nfi
gur
ati
o
n of
t
h
e
UPQC – F
C
syst
e
m.
F
i
gur
e 1.
G
e
n
era
l
conf
igura
tion
o
f
t
he
U
P
Q
C
–
F
C
system
2.
T
H
E COMPREHE
NS
IVE
THEO
RETICAL
B
AS
IS
2.1.
Mod
e
lin
g
a
n
d
ch
aract
eristic
s
of FC
stac
k
A
fuel
c
e
ll
i
s
a
n
elec
troc
he
m
i
ca
l
de
vi
c
e
t
hat
c
o
n
v
er
t
s
c
he
mic
a
l
e
ner
g
y
int
o
e
lec
t
ric
a
l
ene
r
g
y
,
by
me
ans
o
f
a
c
he
m
i
cal
r
e
act
i
o
n
i
n
a
n
elec
tro
l
y
t
e,
g
enera
t
ing
wa
t
e
r
[1
0],
[1
1
]
a
nd
he
a
t
a
s
w
a
ste
[
1
2].
Th
er
e
ar
e
ma
ny
ty
pes
of
f
ue
l
ce
lls,
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
i
ate
d
m
ai
n
l
y
b
y
t
he
e
lectr
o
l
y
t
e
used.
A
s
c
hem
a
t
i
c
d
i
a
g
ra
m
of
a
g
ene
r
i
c
f
ue
l
ce
l
l
i
s
show
n
i
n
F
igure
2.
F
i
gure
2.
S
che
m
a
t
ic
d
iagra
m
of
fuel c
el
l [10
]
I
n
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
sy
s
t
em
,
a
P
E
M
F
C
i
n
t
he
O
h
m
ic
P
olariz
at
io
n
Re
g
i
o
n
[13]
i
s
used bec
ause
t
he
y
sh
ow
ade
qua
te
o
p
e
r
a
ti
on
c
h
ar
acte
r
i
s
t
i
cs
f
or
t
he
vol
ta
ge
,
c
u
rre
n
t
a
n
d
pow
er
l
e
v
el
s
un
der
co
n
s
i
d
era
tio
n.
P
EMF
C
i
s
em
ergin
g
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
os
t
prom
isin
g
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
w
he
n
dea
l
in
g
w
i
t
h
t
he
r
ep
lac
e
m
e
nt
o
f
foss
il
f
ue
l
s
f
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
nt
J
P
ow
E
l
e
c
&
Dr
i
S
y
st,
Vol.
10,
N
o.
1
,
Mar
c
h
2
0
1
9
:
17
8
–
194
18
0
el
ec
t
r
i
c
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
erat
ion
.
T
he
f
ue
l
ce
ll
c
on
si
st
s
o
n
t
h
e
s
t
a
ck
o
f
90
0
e
l
emen
ts
w
i
t
h
a
n
o
m
i
n
al
p
o
w
er
o
f
50
k
W
at
a
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
625
V
w
i
t
h
a
maxi
mu
m
ef
f
i
c
i
en
cy
o
f
55
%
.
T
he
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
m
ode
l
is
d
eve
l
ope
d
in
the
to
o
l
b
o
x
“
Si
m
P
o
w
erS
y
st
e
m
s”
o
f
Ma
t
l
ab
/
Sim
u
lin
k
[14
]
.
The
PEM
FC
i
s
p
r
ef
e
r
re
d
op
e
r
a
t
ed
i
n
th
e
Oh
mi
c
r
e
gi
on
beca
u
s
e
of
t
he
b
e
tter
eff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
[
15]
.
O
n
e
di
sa
dva
nta
g
e
of
t
he
f
uel
ce
lls
i
s
tha
t
t
he
v
o
l
ta
ge
i
s
n
o
t
co
n
s
t
a
n
t
b
u
t
v
ar
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
ak
en
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
e
l
l
.
The
n
,
t
h
e
use
of
p
ow
er
e
lec
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
c
on
ver
t
e
r
s
is
e
s
s
en
t
i
al
t
o
i
n
t
erf
a
ce
the
PE
M
F
C
wi
th
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
ric
sys
t
em
s
r
e
ga
r
d
less
o
f
t
he
cel
l
oper
a
t
i
ng
po
i
n
t.
T
he
M
C
S
I
all
o
w
s
t
o
ad
j
u
s
t
t
he
c
ur
r
e
n
t
t
a
k
en
f
r
o
m
the
c
e
l
l
t
o
ge
t
as
c
l
o
se
a
s
p
o
ss
ib
le
t
o
th
e
zo
ne
o
f
m
a
x
i
mum
eff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
[
1
6
]
.
The
F
C
s
ar
e
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
in
s
eries
t
o
g
iv
e
suff
i
c
ie
n
t
D
C
vo
lta
ge,
i
t
r
esu
lts
i
n
a
F
C
s
tac
k
.
The
FC
s
ta
c
k
c
an
b
e
m
o
de
led
as
a
c
o
n
t
r
o
lle
d
v
o
l
ta
ge
s
o
u
r
c
e
E
in se
r
ies w
ith a
c
onstan
t
r
esista
nce
Rfc
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Figure
3.
F
i
gur
e
3.
F
u
e
l
ce
ll
s
t
a
ck
m
od
e
l
The
co
ntr
o
l
l
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge
s
our
ce
ca
n
be
r
epr
e
sente
d
a
s
:
EE
N∙A
∙l
n
(
1
)
a
nd
F
C
s
ta
c
k
o
ut
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge
a
s
V
fc
E
R
fc
∙i
fc
(2
)
wh
ere
E
0c
i
s
the
open
cir
c
u
it
volt
a
ge,
N
i
s
the
nu
mbe
r
o
f
cells
i
n
the
sta
c
k,
A
i
s
the
Tafe
l
slo
p
e
,
i
0
i
s
t
h
e
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
c
u
rren
t
r
es
ulti
ng
f
ro
m
t
h
e
con
tin
u
a
l
b
ack
wa
rd
a
nd
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
f
l
ow
o
f
e
l
ec
t
r
ons
f
r
o
m
a
n
d
to
t
h
e
el
ec
t
r
o
l
yt
e
at
n
o
l
o
ad
.
R
fc
i
s
t
h
e
inter
n
a
l
r
e
s
is
tan
c
e
of the
F
C stack.
i
fc
is th
e
FC
s
tac
k
cu
r
ren
t
an
d
V
fc
is th
e FC
stac
k
vo
l
t
a
g
e.
T
he
T
af
e
l
S
lo
pe
,
exc
h
a
nge
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
n
d
t
he
ope
n
c
ir
cu
i
t
v
ol
ta
ge
a
r
e
a
ffe
cted
by
var
i
a
t
i
ons
i
n
tem
p
er
at
ur
e
and
par
t
ial
pr
ess
u
r
e
s
of
h
y
d
r
oge
n
and
o
x
y
g
e
n.
The
y
ca
n
be
re
presen
te
d as
:
E
OC
K
∙
E
n
(
3
)
i
0
z∙
F∙
kP
H2
P
O2
R∙
h
exp
∆
G
RT
(
4
)
A
∙
∙
∙
(
5
)
wh
ere
E
n
i
s
the
Ne
rnst
v
o
l
ta
ge
,
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
o
d
yna
mic
s
v
ol
ta
ge
o
f
the
ce
ll
s
a
n
d
d
epe
n
ds
o
n
t
h
e
tem
p
era
t
ur
e
and
pa
r
t
i
a
l
pr
e
s
s
u
r
e
s
of
r
e
actan
ts
i
ns
ide
t
h
e
stac
k
and
is
g
i
v
e
n
a
s
:
E
n
0
,
2
2
9
T
298
44,43
z∙F
R∙
T
z∙
F
ln
P
H2
∙P
O2
1
2
(
6
)
wh
ere
α
i
s
the
c
h
ar
ge
t
r
a
nsfer
coe
f
fic
i
e
n
t
,
w
h
i
c
h
d
e
p
e
nds
o
n
the
t
ype
o
f
u
sed e
l
ectro
de
s an
d
cata
l
ys
ts.
T
i
s
t
h
e
ope
r
a
ti
n
g
t
em
per
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
,
P
H2
i
s
the
par
t
i
a
l
pr
essur
e
o
f
hydr
oge
n
inside
t
he
s
tack,
P
O2
i
s
t
h
e
p
a
rt
ial
pr
essur
e
o
f
ox
yge
n
i
n
s
i
de
t
h
e
s
ta
ck,
F
i
s
th
e
Bo
ltzm
a
nn’
s
c
o
ns
tan
t
(
1,
3
8
x
1
0-
2
3
j
/
K
)
,
h
i
s
t
h
e
P
l
an
k’s
c
o
n
s
ta
nt
(
6,
62
6
x
1
0
-
34
Js)
.
∆G
i
s
the
size
of
t
he
a
c
tiva
tio
n
ba
r
r
i
er
,
w
h
ic
h
depe
n
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
t
y
pe
o
f
e
l
ectro
de
a
nd
ca
ta
l
y
st
u
s
e
d,
z
i
s
the
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
oving
elec
t
r
o
n
s
and
K
i
s
t
h
e
vo
lt
age
con
s
ta
n
t
a
t
nomi
n
a
l
oper
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
it
i
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
U
n
i
f
i
e
d p
o
w
er qu
a
l
i
t
y
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
one
r sup
p
l
ie
d
by
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
syste
m
v
i
a
SEPIC c
onve
r
ter
(Ben
ab
i
d
Sl
im
a
n
e)
18
1
The mode
lin
g of
P
EMF
C
is
b
a
sed
o
n
t
he
(
1)
~
(
6). The exp
e
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
m
easured
voltage-c
urrent
(
V-
I
)
cha
r
ac
t
e
ris
tic
o
f
N
e
dS
tac
k
1
00
k
W
P
EMF
C
i
s
use
d
t
o
d
r
ive
t
h
e
Ma
tla
b/Sim
u
l
i
n
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
the
F
C
s
tac
k
.
Fi
g
u
r
e 4
sho
w
s t
h
e V-I an
d
P-I ch
a
r
ac
t
e
ri
sti
c
o
f FC
St
a
ck
.
F
i
gure
4.
T
he vo
l
tage-
c
urr
e
nt
and
pow
er-
c
urr
e
nt c
h
a
rac
t
eri
s
ti
c
o
f
f
ue
l
cel
l stac
k
F
our
p
o
i
n
t
s
a
r
e
t
a
ke
n
o
n
t
h
e
V
-
I
c
urve
f
or
d
eter
mi
ni
n
g
t
he
p
ar
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
E
o
c
,
i
o
,
N
,
A
a
n
d
R
f
c
.
T
h
e
s
e
po
int
s
c
orre
spo
n
d t
o
c
ur
rent
a
nd
v
o
l
t
a
ge
at
m
a
xim
u
m o
p
era
tin
g p
oi
nt
(Ima
x
,
Vmi
n
a
nd
to
cu
rre
n
t
and
vo
lt
ag
e
at
n
om
ina
l
o
pe
ra
t
i
ng
po
i
n
t
(Inom
,
V
nom)
,
a
nd
vo
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
0
A
cur
r
ent
(E
o
c
)
a
nd
v
o
lta
g
e
a
t
1A
c
ur
rent
(
V
1
)
.
t
h
e
FC
st
a
ck
pa
r
amet
ers ex
t
r
a
c
t
ed
f
ro
m t
h
e Ne
d
s
t
a
c
k
. Th
e
fol
l
o
w
ing formula
tions are
d
erived
f
rom
(
1
)
-
(
2)
1
∙∙
0
(
7
)
∙∙
0
∙
(
8
)
∙
∙
0
∙
(
9
)
S
o
lv
i
ng eq
ua
ti
ons (
7
)
~ (9), w
e
ge
t
∙
(
1
0
)
1
1
(
1
1
)
0
1
(
12)
The
r
ef
ore,
from
the
four
p
o
i
nts
o
n
t
he
p
ola
r
i
z
at
ion
c
u
r
v
e,
t
he
va
l
u
es
o
f
Io,
R
f
c
a
n
d
N.
A
a
r
e
der
i
v
e
d.
The
m
a
ter
i
a
l
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s
K,
Δ
G
and
α
a
r
e
c
a
l
cu
la
te
d
f
oun
d
e
d
o
n
t
he
p
o
l
ar
i
z
at
i
o
n
cur
v
e
a
t
n
om
i
n
a
l
oper
a
tin
g
con
d
i
t
i
on
s
s
i
d
e
w
a
ys
w
i
t
h
s
o
m
e
a
d
d
i
t
i
ona
l
pa
ram
e
te
rs,
suc
h
a
s
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
of
f
ue
l
an
d
a
i
r
,
s
u
ppl
y
p
r
e
ssu
res a
n
d
t
e
mp
era
t
u
r
es, t
h
e l
o
w h
eat
in
g
v
a
lu
e
e
f
fi
c
i
en
cy
o
f
the
s
t
ack etc.
[
17]-
[
19].
2.2.
Mod
e
lin
g
a
n
d
ch
aract
eristic
s
of U
PQC
The
UPQC
d
evic
e
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
a
s
er
i
e
s
and
s
h
u
n
t
a
ct
ive
po
wer
fil
t
e
r
(
A
P
F
)
w
i
t
h
a
m
u
t
u
a
l
D
C
l
i
n
k
ca
paci
t
o
r.
T
he
c
om
p
e
nsa
tio
n
ca
pa
bil
i
t
y
o
f
U
P
Q
C
d
e
v
ic
e
is
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
o
f
DC
l
i
nk
vo
lta
ge s
tab
i
lit
y.
2.2.
1.Shun
t
a
ctive
powe
r
fi
l
t
er
The
para
lle
l
ac
tive
p
o
w
e
r
fil
t
e
r
(
PA
PF)
con
t
rol
s
t
r
a
te
g
y
i
s
ba
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
S
R
F
de
tec
t
i
o
n
me
thod
[
2
0]
.
F
i
gure
5 sh
ow
s
t
h
e
P
A
P
F
strate
g
y
c
o
n
t
ro
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
17
8 –
19
4
18
2
F
i
gure
5.
T
he
P
AP
F
stra
tegy
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
Thi
s
m
et
h
o
d
i
s
a
do
pt
ed
t
o
co
mp
e
n
sa
t
e
h
armo
n
i
c
c
u
rre
n
t
s
an
d
re
ac
t
i
ve
c
ur
re
nt
s
a
s
w
el
l
a
s
t
o
r
e
g
u
l
at
e
the
c
o
mm
on
d
c
-link
ca
pa
ci
t
o
r
vol
ta
ge.
The
pri
n
ci
p
l
e
of
t
h
i
s
tec
h
n
i
q
ue
i
s
describe
d
be
l
o
w
.
T
he
t
hr
ee-
pha
se
l
o
a
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
i
L
a
,
i
L
b
a
n
d
i
L
c
a
re
t
r
a
nsform
ed
from
three
phase
s
(
a
bc)
reference
f
r
am
e
t
o
t
w
o
phase’s(α-β)
st
a
tio
na
ry re
f
e
r
enc
e
fram
e
c
urr
e
nts iα a
nd i
β
us
i
n
g
:
i
α
i
β
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
0
√
3
2
√
3
2
i
La
i
Lb
i
Lc
(
13)
U
s
in
g
a
P
LL,
c
os(
θ
e
s
t
)
a
n
d
s
in(θe
s
t)
can
b
e
ge
nera
t
e
d
fr
om
t
he
ph
a
s
e
vo
lt
ag
e
sou
r
c
e
u
sa
,
u
s
b
and
usc.
T
he
i
α
and
iβ cur
rents e
x
p
r
essi
on
in (d-
q) re
f
e
r
ence
fram
e
a
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
b
y:
i
d
i
q
si
n
θ
est
c
o
s
θ
es
t
co
s
θ
es
t
sinθ
est
i
α
i
β
(
14)
The
c
u
rrent
i
d
i
s
t
rans
form
ed
t
o D
C
a
nd
harm
onic
com
pon
e
n
ts
u
si
ng
a
l
ow p
a
ss f
i
lt
e
r
i
d
i
q
i
̅
d
i
̃
d
i
q
(
15)
The
e
xpr
ession
o
f the
re
fer
e
nc
e
cur
r
entiα
_re
f
a
nd iβ
_refare
gi
v
en
b
y
i
α_r
e
f
i
β_r
e
f
sin
θ
es
t
c
o
s
θ
est
co
s
θ
est
s
i
n
θ
es
t
1
i
d
i
q
(
16)
i
α_r
e
f
i
βr
e
f
sinθ
est
c
o
s
θ
es
t
c
o
s
θ
es
t
sinθ
est
i
̅
d
i
̃
d
i
q
(
1
7
)
The
c
o
rrespo
n
d
en
t r
e
fe
renc
e
curre
nts
i
n
t
he (
abc)
fr
a
m
e
a
re giv
e
n
by:
i
a_
ref
i
b_
r
e
f
i
c_
ref
2
3
10
1
2
√
3
2
1
2
√
3
2
i
α_
r
e
f
i
β_
re
(
18)
F
i
nal
l
y,
the
c
o
m
pensa
t
i
o
n cur
r
ents ica
,
i
c
b a
nd
icc
are
gi
ve
n
b
y:
i
ca
i
cb
i
cc
i
a_r
e
f
i
b_
re
f
i
c_re
f
i
La
i
Lb
i
Lc
(
1
9
)
F
o
r
re
gula
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
D
C
lin
k
v
o
l
t
a
ge
U
dc,
an
d
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
ti
n
g
t
he
i
n
ve
rter
l
osses,
a
p
r
o
port
i
on
a
l
in
t
e
gral (P
I
)
volta
ge c
o
n
tr
ol
ler is use
d. The c
on
tro
l
lo
o
p
be
m
ade
u
p
o
f the
com
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
e
t
ween t
he
m
e
a
sur
e
d
vo
lta
ge
(
U
d
c
1
+U
dc
2)a
n
d
t
h
e
refere
nce
vol
ta
ge
U
dc_re
f
.
The
l
o
o
p
ge
nera
t
e
s
c
o
rresp
on
d
i
ng
c
u
rrent
I
dc
_r
ef
a
s
gi
ve
n by
:
I
dC_re
f
K
P
∙∆
U
DC
K
I
∆U
DC
∙d
t
(
20)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
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o
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El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
U
n
i
f
i
e
d p
o
w
er qu
a
l
i
t
y
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
one
r sup
p
l
ie
d
by
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
syste
m
v
i
a
SEPIC c
onve
r
ter
(Ben
ab
i
d
Sl
im
a
n
e)
18
3
2
.
2
.
2
.
Shu
nt
Ac
t
i
v
e Pow
e
r Fi
l
t
er
The
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
teg
y
u
sed
to
e
xtrac
t
t
he
r
e
f
ere
n
ce
v
o
l
tage
s
of
se
ries
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
wer
fil
t
er
(
S
A
PF)
i
s
base
d
on t
h
e
PQ
me
t
ho
d
[21].
Series
activ
e
p
o
w
e
r
filte
r stra
t
e
g
y co
ntr
o
l,
a
s
show
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
6.
F
i
gure
6.
S
e
r
ies
acti
v
e
pow
er
f
i
l
t
e
r
stra
t
e
g
y con
t
ro
l
The
gri
d
three
-
pha
se
v
o
lta
ge s
ourc
e
i
s
assum
e
d to be
s
y
mmetric
an
d
no
t
d
i
st
orted
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
∑
√
2
∞
1
∑
√
2
2
3
∞
1
∑
√
2
2
3
∞
1
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
(
2
1
)
Whe
r
e
Un
and
θ
n
ar
e
r
espec
t
i
v
e
l
y
the
roo
t
me
a
n sq
uar
e
(rms) vol
tage
a
n
d
i
ni
t
i
a
l p
h
ase
an
gle,
n
i
s
the harm
oni
c
order.
W
h
en
n=1
,
it m
e
a
n
s
thr
e
e
-
phase
f
un
da
m
e
ntal
v
o
l
tage
source
:
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎢
⎡
√
2
1
1
√
2
1
2
3
1
√
2
1
2
3
1
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎥
⎤
(
2
2
)
F
r
om
(
22) is
t
r
ansform
e
d
i
n
t
o
(α-
β) refe
r
e
n
c
e
f
ra
me
32
√
3
∑
∞
1
∑
∞
1
(
2
3
)
32
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
0
√
3
2
√
3
2
(
24)
The
thr
ee-
phas
e
p
os
it
ive
fund
a
m
e
n
t
a
l cur
r
ent te
mpl
a
te
i
s
co
ns
tr
ucte
d
as:
2
3
2
3
2
3
(
2
5
)
F
r
om
(
25) is
t
r
ansform
e
d
t
o
(
α-β) re
fer
e
nce
fram
e
32
(
2
6
)
Acc
o
rdi
n
g
to t
he
i
n
s
ta
n
t
ane
o
u
s
r
ea
cti
v
e po
we
r the
o
ry [22
]
,
the
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
17
8 –
19
4
18
4
(
2
7
)
Whe
r
e
A
C
a
nd
D
C
com
pon
e
n
t
s
a
re
incl
u
d
e
d
(
2
8
)
Whe
r
e
p an
d
q ar
e
p
a
ssed thro
ug
h
low
pass-fil
t
er
(
LPF
)
a
nd D
C
c
ompone
n
t
i
s
g
o
tte
n by
√
3
1
1
1
1
(
2
9
)
A
c
c
o
rdi
n
g
to
R
ef.
[24]
,
t
r
ansform
a
ti
o
n
is m
a
de
(
3
0
)
The
D
C
c
om
p
one
n
t
s
of
a
nd
(
3
1
)
The
fu
n
d
am
en
t
a
l vo
l
t
ag
es
i
n(
α-β)
refere
nce fr
am
e are:
1
(
3
2
)
The
thr
ee-
phas
e
f
un
dam
e
n
t
al
v
o
l
tage
s
are
spec
i
f
i
e
d by
u
af
u
bf
u
c
f
C
23
u
αf
u
βf
√
2
U
1
si
n
ω
t
θ
1
si
n
ω
t
θ
1
2π
3
si
n
ω
t
θ
1
2π
3
(
3
3
)
Whe
r
e
C
⎣
⎢
⎢
⎡
10
1
2
√
3
2
1
2
√
3
2
⎦
⎥
⎥
⎤
(
34)
2.3.
D
C
Lin
k
V
ol
t
age C
on
trol
I
t
i
s
ass
u
m
e
d
t
h
at
t
he
D
C
b
u
s
i
s
not
c
on
ne
c
t
e
d
t
o
a
ny
ba
tter
y
s
t
o
r
a
ge
s
yste
m.
T
he
refo
r
e
,
the
t
o
ta
l
ene
r
g
y
n
ee
de
d
for
c
o
mpe
n
sa
tin
g
a
sa
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
ma
y
d
i
sc
harge
t
h
e
D
C
c
a
p
aci
t
o
r.
T
his
ene
r
gy
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
con
s
um
ed
f
r
o
m
the
A
C
g
rid
thro
ug
h
the
p
a
r
a
ll
e
l
A
P
F
by
c
o
n
t
rol
l
i
ng
th
e
signa
l
Ic,
l
os
o
r
ID
C
a
p
p
r
op
riate
l
y
.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
t
h
e
D
C
bu
s
vol
t
a
ge
c
on
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
go
v
e
rn
s
t
h
e
powe
r
P
DC_
r
e
f
tha
t
i
s
t
h
e
i
m
age
of
t
he
c
ur
rent
I
c
,
lo
s
F
i
gure
7.
F
i
gure
7.
D
irect
c
urr
e
nt b
us c
on
t
r
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
U
n
i
f
i
e
d p
o
w
er qu
a
l
i
t
y
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
one
r sup
p
l
ie
d
by
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
syste
m
v
i
a
SEPIC c
onve
r
ter
(Ben
ab
i
d
Sl
im
a
n
e)
18
5
The
D
C
b
u
s
v
olta
ge
p
asses
t
h
ro
ug
h
a
P
I
c
ontr
o
l
l
er
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
it
i
s
a
dde
d
t
o
t
he
o
sc
i
l
la
ti
ng
p
ow
er
o
r
curr
ent
tha
t
c
al
cula
te
d
in
t
he
s
hu
n
t
A
P
F
c
ont
rol
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
as
s
ho
wn
i
n
Figu
re
5
.
Le
t
t
h
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
erro
r
ΔVDC
betwee
n the
refere
nce
DC bu
s
vo
lta
ge
a
n
d
m
ea
sured
DC
capa
c
i
t
o
rs
vo
l
ta
ge
b
e de
fi
ned,
a
s
follow
s
[
2
3
]
:
∆
(
3
5
)
Adj
u
s
tin
g
t
h
e
gai
n
s
of
P
I
com
p
ensa
tors,
a
fa
st
t
ra
ck
in
g
a
nd
z
e
r
o
s
t
e
a
dy
s
t
a
t
e
error
s
c
an
b
e
ach
ie
ve
d.
The
v
o
lta
ge
e
rror
h
as be
e
n r
e
g
u
la
te
d
by a
P
I
con
tro
l
ler,
then
,
we h
av
e:
_
∆
∆
(
36)
2.4.
SEPIC
co
nv
erter mo
del
ling
A FCS i
s
i
nt
egra
t
e
d
with
S
EPIC, wh
i
c
h
c
hop
s
th
e
D
C
i
np
ut
t
o
t
h
e
des
ire
d
ou
t
put
v
o
ltage
. The p
ow
er
circ
u
i
t
of t
he
S
EP
IC is show
n
in F
igure
7. S
ing
l
e
-
en
de
d pri
m
ary
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
ce
conver
t
e
r
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n F
i
g
u
re
8.
F
i
gur
e 8.
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
ende
d
prima
r
y in
d
u
cta
n
c
e
c
on
verte
r
The
con
v
erte
r
ou
tpu
t
v
o
lta
ge
i
s
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
ed
b
y
con
t
ro
lli
ng
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
r
a
tio
o
f
the
sw
itc
h
1
t
ha
t
c
a
n
be
st
e
ppe
d up
/d
o
w
n. In thi
s
pr
o
pos
ed
t
o
p
o
l
o
gy,
t
he
S
EP
IC
i
s desi
gn
e
d
f
or
a
n
o
u
t
p
ut
vo
l
t
a
ge vary
i
ng
fro
m
(V
D
C
-ΔV
D
C
:
V
DC
+
ΔVDC).
2.5.
Prop
osed
m
e
t
h
o
d
or
mod
el
A
s
t
he
p
re
sen
t
s
ys
t
e
m
i
s
d
es
igne
d
for
ut
iliz
i
ng
t
h
e
FC
g
e
n
e
r
ato
r
for
c
o
ntr
o
lli
n
g
t
he
D
C
vol
ta
ge
o
f
the
U
P
Q
C
,
S
E
P
I
C
conve
r
t
er
i
s
use
d
t
o
m
a
i
n
ta
i
n
t
he
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
at
t
he
r
e
q
u
i
re
d
leve
l.
A
P
I
c
ont
r
o
lle
r
is
u
sed
for
c
o
n
t
ro
ll
ing
the
S
E
PIC
ou
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tage.
Whe
r
e
by
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
ny
cha
n
ge
i
n
t
h
e
D
C
l
in
k
v
o
lta
ge,
t
h
e
S
E
PI
C
con
v
er
t
e
r
w
ill i
n
je
c
t
t
he
d
iffe
r
e
nce
be
tw
ee
n
the
refere
nce
a
nd
th
e
m
e
a
s
ure
d
v
olta
g
e
(ΔV
D
C)
a
nd
if
t
he
re
i
s
n
o
cha
nge
i
n
m
e
a
s
ur
ed
V
D
C
v
o
lta
ge
,
t
h
e
P
I
c
on
tro
l
ler
adj
u
s
t
s
the
d
u
t
y
cyc
l
e
ac
cord
i
n
gl
y
and
ma
in
tai
n
s
V
D
C
con
s
ta
n
t
a
cros
s
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
or
.
In
t
his
case
,
t
he
o
u
t
pu
t
S
E
P
I
C
v
olta
ge
h
as
t
he
s
am
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
as
t
he
D
C
l
i
n
k
vo
lta
ge
t
ha
t
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
exc
h
a
nge
b
e
t
w
e
en
t
he
S
EP
IC
c
o
nve
rt
er
a
n
d
t
h
e
UPQC
D
C
li
nk
cap
aci
t
o
r.
There
f
ore
,
t
he
F
C
gener
a
t
o
r
w
ill
be
i
n
s
t
a
n
d
b
y
m
od
e
.
T
he
M
A
TLA
B
S
imuli
n
k
i
m
p
l
em
enta
ti
on
o
f
S
EPIC
con
v
er
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
c
lo
se
d l
o
op c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
s
s
how
n
in F
ig
ure
9.
F
i
gure
9. F
uel c
e
ll s
y
stem
u
ni
t
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st, Vol. 10,
N
o.
1, Mar
c
h 2
0
1
9
:
17
8 –
19
4
18
6
3.
RESULT
S
A
N
D
ANALY
S
IS
To
i
l
l
us
t
r
ate
t
h
e
capa
b
il
i
t
y
of
t
he
U
P
Q
C-F
C
f
or
v
ol
t
a
g
e
s
ag
m
it
i
g
a
t
i
on,
a
t
hre
e
-ph
a
se
s
ys
t
e
m
is
con
s
i
d
ere
d
.
T
h
e
pr
op
ose
d
U
P
Q
C-P
C
m
ode
l
is
s
imu
l
a
t
e
d
b
y
MA
TLA
B
S
imul
i
n
k
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
ure
10,
t
o
com
p
en
sate
s
e
v
er
al
s
a
g
v
o
l
t
a
ge
d
ee
ps
59%
,
79
%
a
nd
9
9
%
a
cc
ordi
ng
t
o
the
reference
vol
t
a
g
e
(
2
2
0
V
)
.
The
to
t
a
l
si
m
u
la
ti
on
peri
o
d
i
s
2
s
.
In
M
A
T
L
A
B
Sim
u
li
nk
th
e
series
p
a
rt
o
f
t
h
e
U
P
Q
C
i
s
simula
te
d
t
o
b
e
in
opera
tio
n
on
l
y
w
hen
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
ol
ta
ge
d
i
ffers
f
r
o
m
its
nom
ina
l
v
a
l
ue
(
2
2
0V
)
.
W
h
e
n
the
Fue
l
C
e
lle
S
y
s
tem
(F
CS
)
gener
a
te
s
exce
ssi
ve
p
o
w
e
r
,
the
sh
un
t
pa
rt
o
f
t
h
e
U
P
Q
C
w
i
l
l
op
era
t
e
to
i
nj
e
c
t
thi
s
p
o
w
er
i
nt
o
g
r
id
.
The
si
m
u
lat
i
on par
a
m
e
ters
o
f the
pro
pose
d
sys
te
m
are
show
n Table
1
o
n
A
ppe
nd
i
x
.
F
i
gure
1
0
. S
yst
e
m
syno
ptic
s
chem
e
A
s
p
r
e
sente
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
11
th
r
ee
diff
ere
n
t
sa
g
vol
ta
ge
d
ee
p
s
a
r
e
a
ppl
ied
d
u
ri
ng
t
h
e
pe
r
i
o
d
1
s
–
1.6
s
at
t
he
s
our
ce
si
de.
The
s
e
sa
gs
a
re
a
pp
li
e
d
i
n
the
ca
se
w
he
n
the
U
P
Q
C
is
s
t
a
nda
l
one
i
s
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
g
ure
11(
a)
and
F
i
g
u
re
11(
b)
p
resents t
h
e
ca
se w
he
n the
U
P
Q
C
is supp
l
i
ed b
y
F
C
S
.
F
i
gur
e 1
1
.
S
ource
vol
t
a
ge
(
a) U
P
Q
C
st
a
nda
l
one,
(b)
UP
Q
C
s
upp
l
i
e
d by
F
C
sys
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
El
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
U
n
i
f
i
e
d p
o
w
er qu
a
l
i
t
y
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
one
r sup
p
l
ie
d
by
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
syste
m
v
i
a
SEPIC c
onve
r
ter
(Ben
ab
i
d
Sl
im
a
n
e)
18
7
The
loa
d
v
o
l
t
a
ges
a
r
e
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
12.
F
rom
the
sim
u
l
a
ti
on
r
es
ults,
it
is
o
bserve
d
t
h
at
t
he
l
oa
d
vo
lta
ge
s
ar
e
u
n
a
f
fe
cte
d
by
the
v
o
lta
ge
v
a
r
i
a
ti
o
n
i
n
the
c
a
s
e
w
h
en
t
he
U
P
Q
C
i
s
f
ee
ded
by
F
C
S
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gure
1
2
(b)
.
A
lmost
th
e
sa
m
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
a
re
f
o
r
t
he
c
a
s
e
w
h
en
t
he
U
PQC
wo
r
k
s
witho
u
t
FCS
u
n
l
ess
the
case
o
f
99
% of t
he
vol
tage
sa
g
i
s
sho
w
n
in F
i
g
ure
1
2
(
a).
(a)
(b)
F
i
gure
1
2
.
Load
vol
tage
(a
)
U
P
Q
C standa
l
o
n
e
,
(
b
) U
P
Q
C
sup
p
l
ie
d
by F
C
system
The
Fig
u
re
13
pr
esen
ts
t
h
e
U
PQ
C
inje
cte
d
v
o
l
tage
s
for
t
h
ree
sa
g
d
egre
e
s
(
59%,
79%
a
nd
99%)
for
the
U
P
Q
C
o
pe
ra
t
i
on
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
F
CS
i
s
conne
cted
o
r
no
t
.
A
s
c
a
n
be
seen
f
r
o
m
these
re
su
l
t
s
,
the
UPQC-FC
S
i
s
able
t
o
pro
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
re
q
u
i
r
e
d
vol
tage
c
o
m
po
nen
t
s
f
o
r
di
ffe
r
e
n
t
c
a
s
es
r
ap
i
d
ly
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gure
1
3
(a
).
T
he
F
i
gure
1
3
(b)
s
h
ow
s
the
sam
e
r
esul
ts
u
n
l
e
s
s
for
t
h
e
ca
se
o
f
9
9
%
th
e
UPQC
i
s
h
a
rdly
i
nj
ec
t
e
d
t
h
e
n
e
cessa
ry
vo
lta
ge t
o c
o
m
p
e
n
sate t
ha
t
vo
l
t
a
g
e
sag.
F
i
gure
1
3
.
Injec
t
ed v
o
l
t
a
ge
(
a)
U
P
Q
C
sup
p
li
ed
by F
C
s
yste
m
, (b)
U
P
Q
C
st
a
n
da
lo
ne
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.