Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r
2020
, pp.
1188
~
1196
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
1
.i
3
.
pp
1188
-
1196
1188
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Inducti
on m
otor rotor
ba
rs
t
ype effe
cts towards
ener
gy
efficie
nc
y, econ
om
ic and envi
ronm
en
t
Yanaw
at
i
Yah
ya, Mo
hd Kh
ai
ri
l Ra
hm
at
Rene
wabl
e Ene
r
gy
Resea
r
ch La
b
ora
tory
(R
ENER
AL),
E
lectr
i
cal Engineering
Se
c
ti
on,
Britis
h
Mal
aysia
n
Inst
it
ut
e,
Univer
siti
Kuala L
umpur
,
Ma
la
y
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
1
1
, 201
9
Re
vised
Dec
2
2
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Ja
n
11
, 2
0
20
Now
ada
ys,
the
r
ota
ti
ng
mot
or
is t
he
most
d
em
or
a
li
z
ed
machin
e
fo
r
the
glob
al
Motor
industry.
Comfort
of
pra
c
ti
c
e,
start
-
up
,
smal
l
,
weightines
s,
Inc
r
ea
sed
eff
icienc
y
,
low
ma
intenan
ce
an
d
in
expe
nsiv
e
f
or
e
ac
h
power
rat
ing
th
at
gene
ra
ll
y
m
eets
the
ne
ce
ss
ary
fe
at
ure
s
for
indust
rie
s.
Eff
icient
improveme
n
ts
are
inspe
ct
ed
wi
th
coppe
r
for
th
e
ro
tor
b
ars
s
lo
t.
Us
ual
ly
,
the
c
o
pper
loss
in
the
induction
m
otor
Ro
tor
divi
s
ion
cont
ribu
te
s
to
the
loss
of
e
ner
gy.
Th
e
rese
arc
h
work
was
pla
nned
a
n
e
w
rotor
design,
by
im
prove
d
rot
or
bar
s
type
slot,
siz
e
and
de
sign.
Th
ese
t
asks
were
inspe
ct
e
d
using
two
app
roa
che
s,
in
par
ticula
r
,
Moto
rSolve
(IM)
and
ca
l
cul
a
ti
ons
in
t
heor
y.
One
set
o
f
simul
a
ti
on
has
show
n
a
signifi
c
ant
in
crease
in
ene
rgy
eff
i
cienc
y
for
a
n
ew
rotor
fra
m
e
design.
Ca
lc
ul
ations
in
the
ory
a
re
used
MA
T
L
AB.
As
a
resul
t
,
the
se
n
ew
designs
hav
e
improved
ene
rgy
e
f
fic
i
enc
y
by
77
%
as
co
mpa
red
to
i
ts
74%
exi
sting
d
esign.
The
r
esult
s
prov
ed
to
b
e
using
MA
TL
AB.
For
ene
rgy,
cost
savings
and
emi
ss
ion
red
uct
ion
(
ER),
new
d
esign
rotor
fra
me
h
as
bee
n
save
d
154KWH/ye
ar
,
utilit
y
bi
ll
R
M
60.
20/Ye
ar
and
0
.
113
CO
2
tons/years
int
e
nd
ed
for
individual
ly
mot
or
.
Final
ly,
th
e
est
i
ma
t
ed
cost
aime
d
at
100
,
000
pie
c
es
of
new
ro
tor
b
ars
pa
tt
ern
i
nduct
ion
mot
o
r
and
ind
icate
s
this
price
was
kept
al
most
RM6 mi
l
li
on
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ba
r
de
sig
n
Ba
r
siz
e
Cost sa
ving
Emissi
on r
e
du
ct
ion
Energ
y
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
Energ
y
sa
ving
Ind
uction m
otor
Rotor ba
r
t
yp
e
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Yan
a
wati
Y
a
hya,
Re
new
a
ble E
ne
rgy
Re
sea
rch
Lab
or
at
or
y
(R
ENER
AL),
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng Secti
on, B
riti
sh
M
al
aysian
Insti
tute,
Un
i
ver
sit
i K
ua
la
Lu
m
pur, 5
3100
G
ombak
, Sel
ango
r Mala
ys
ia
.
Emai
l:
y
ana
wa
ti
yah
ya
@
yaho
o.
c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Thr
ee
Ph
as
e
I
nductio
n
M
ot
or
evaluati
on
is
infl
uen
ce
d
by
s
om
e
f
eat
ur
e
s
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
with
va
rio
us
ty
pes
of
ro
t
or
bars
th
at
reduce
ene
r
gy
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y.
The
in
duct
ion
M
ot
or
is
t
he
in
sta
ll
at
ion
with
var
i
ou
s
t
yp
e
s
of
r
otor
bar
s
can
distu
r
b
c
urren
t
a
nd
vo
lt
age
use
du
e
to
re
duce
power
l
os
s
a
nd
e
nerg
y
ef
fici
ent
facto
rs.
The
r
otati
ng
mo
to
r
ide
ntifie
d
by
mean
s
of
the
"as
yn
c
hro
nous
mo
t
or
"
,
the
gr
eat
est
c
ommo
nly
us
e
d
el
ect
ric
mo
to
r
in
the
man
uf
act
ur
i
ng
div
isi
on.
In
ge
ner
al
,
the
ro
ta
ti
ng
m
achi
ne
is
low
-
pri
ced
a
nd
eas
y
t
o
sust
a
in
a
s
e
quat
ed
to
ot
her
el
ect
ric
machines.
T
he
r
otati
ng
machi
ne
is
com
plete
d
of
s
ta
ti
c
par
t
(stat
or)
a
nd
ro
ta
ti
ng
par
t
(
r
oto
r
).
W
ind
in
g
sta
tor
i
nvolv
es
of
a
se
qu
e
nce
of
l
ow
resist
a
nce
t
hat
are
f
oreve
r
fo
c
us
e
d
on
m
otor
fr
a
m
e.
T
he
ro
ta
ti
ng
(
ro
t
or)
com
pr
ise
s
i
nt
o
2
ty
pes,
na
me
ly
wou
nd
an
d
sq
ui
rr
el
ca
ge
r
otor.
The
r
otati
ng
an
d
sta
sti
c
pa
rt
is
disc
onnected
thr
u
ai
r
s
pace
(o
t
her
s
name
is
ai
r
ga
ps)
t
ha
t
co
ns
e
nt
ro
t
or
f
ree
r
otate
[
1].
A
ca
ge
r
otor
in
vo
l
ves
of
a
co
re
cylinde
r
la
mi
na
ti
on
that
has
a
par
al
le
l
slot
on
th
e
oute
r
dia
mete
r.
Be
si
de
that,
the
co
pper
or
al
um
i
niu
m
bar
s
is
locat
ed
in
e
very
ba
rs
slot.
A
sq
ui
rr
el
-
ca
ge
r
otor
co
ns
ist
s
of
an
e
xpos
e
d
brass
ba
r,
a
sli
ghtl
y
lo
ng
e
r
tha
n
the
ro
t
or
that
has
been
stra
pped
into
t
he
sl
ot.
T
he
dif
fer
e
nt
e
nds
mer
ge
with
tw
o
c
opp
e
r
brass
ri
ng
al
l
s
hortc
ut
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ind
uction m
otor rot
or
bars ty
pe
ef
fe
ct
s tow
ards e
ner
gy
ef
fi
ci
ency,
ec
onomic
…
(Ya
naw
ati Yahy
a
)
1189
bar
s
c
onsist
ing.
Entire
str
uct
ure
ba
r
an
d
fina
l
ring
resem
ble
the
cage
of
t
he
squirrel
[
2].
I
nductio
n
m
otor
loss
involves
of
los
s
of
resist
a
nce
in
ro
t
or
ca
ge,
iro
n
loss
,
fr
ic
ti
on
&
winda
ge
losses,
a
nd
oth
e
r
l
os
ses.
C
oppe
r
a
n
d
al
u
miniu
m
ai
med
at
eac
h
le
g
rou
nd
at
20
o
C
are
10.
37
and
16.06
di
sti
nctly.
B
y
t
he
side
of
this
s
te
p,
t
he
simi
la
r
cu
rr
e
nt
nee
ds
,
in
c
on
ver
ti
ng
c
oppe
r
with
al
um
i
nium
is
a
dec
reas
e
in
th
e
los
s
of
re
sist
ance.
T
hese
Im
pr
essi
on
le
d
to
delive
r
a
c
oppe
r
ba
rs
in
t
he
non
-
al
um
in
ium
r
otor
ba
rs
structu
re.
T
hu
s,
increa
sed
m
achine
eff
ic
ie
nt
due
to
the
detai
l
that
co
pper
powe
r
co
nducti
vity
is
a
pprox
imat
el
y
60%
higher
c
ompar
ed
t
o
al
um
iniu
m
[3].
I
nductio
n
m
ot
or
r
otor
met
hod
is
a
nother
m
et
hod
for
inc
re
asi
ng
r
otati
ng
machine
ef
f
ic
ie
ncy.
To
wards
dev
el
op
i
ng
the
e
valuati
on
of
the
r
otati
ng
machi
ne
ro
t
or
ba
rs
ca
n
be
se
par
at
ed
into
s
om
e
par
t
s
of
the
ro
t
or
bar
s
,
the
numb
e
r
of
ro
t
or
bars
an
d
di
amet
er
ba
rs.
A
imi
ng
t
o
dist
ype
the
s
ame
rot
or
bar
s
,
if
s
m
al
l
iron
loss
vo
l
um
e
wi
th
re
duced
la
m
i
nation
t
hick
ne
ss
will
le
ad
t
o
increase
r
otati
ng
mac
hin
e
e
ffi
ci
ent.
Acc
ordi
ng
to
simulat
ed
resul
ts,
it
sh
ows
that
the
e
ntire
typ
es
of
ba
r
ha
s
more
ef
fici
ent
with
1.2
%
relat
ive
to
exter
na
l
ro
ta
ti
on
an
d
i
nt
ern
al
ba
rs
th
at
77
%
an
d
76
%
res
pecti
vely
[4].
As
a
resu
l
t,
for
the
w
ho
l
e
typ
e
bars
is
s
uitable
towa
rd
s
t
he
e
ffi
ci
ent
imp
r
ov
e
ment
of
r
otati
ng
mac
hin
e.
T
he
n,
the
fig
ur
e
of
flat
-
r
ounded
r
otor
is
a
ff
ect
ed
b
y
the
in
du
ct
io
n
mo
to
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
.
Earl
y
resea
rc
her
s
ha
ve
been
sta
te
d
that
w
he
n
inc
reasin
g
t
he
nu
mb
e
r
of
r
ounded
bar
s
ca
n
inc
rea
se
ene
r
gy
ef
fici
ent
an
d
dec
res
e
po
wer
loss
c
ompari
ng
to
re
du
ce
the
qua
nt
it
y
of
rou
nds
ba
rs
i
n
the roto
r part
[
5].
M
ore
ov
e
r,
t
he
ro
t
or
bar
s
slot
dimensi
on
will
increase
t
he
ef
fici
ency
a
fter
w
ard
ref
e
rr
i
ng
t
o
the
earli
er
researc
her.
Af
t
e
r
inc
reasin
g
t
he
ro
t
or
ba
r
sl
ots
dimens
i
on,
it
will
decr
ea
s
e
the
lo
sses
of
powe
r
in
the
r
otati
ng
machine
du
e
t
o
t
he
i
ncr
ease
in
t
he
r
oto
r
ba
r
c
onduct
ivit
y.
This
mea
ns
that
w
hen
los
ing
po
wer
re
duce
i
n
inducti
on
m
ot
or
ef
fici
ency
becomes
more
eff
e
ct
ive
[6].
I
n
a
co
nce
pt
intende
d
to
de
sign
an
d
a
nal
ysi
s
f
or
ro
ta
ti
ng
mac
hin
e
an
d
gen
e
rat
or
s
,
the
M
ot
orSo
lve
I
M
soft
war
e
c
onsume
s
a
li
mit
ed
co
mpon
e
nt
of
the
decisi
on
to
ve
rif
y
the
pa
tt
ern
de
sig
n
a
nd
a
nal
ys
is
are
pr
eci
se
.
It
c
onsu
mes
a
dec
orat
ion
that
is
ba
sed
on
us
e
rs
w
it
h
a
simple
hol
der
of
va
rio
us
e
ditable
r
otor
and
sta
tor
pa
r
ts.
The
re
is
a
num
ber
of
a
sp
ect
s
that
ca
n
be
a
justi
ficat
ion
in
to
a
m
otor
des
cripti
on
t
hat
is
a
l
os
s
of
i
ron,
in
du
ct
a
nces
le
akag
e
,
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y,
dee
p
ba
r
ef
fects,
slop
i
ng,
final
eff
ect
an
d
e
ff
e
ct
o
f
c
hangin
g
mo
to
r
feat
ur
e
s
du
e
t
o
the
fe
d
phase
i
nv
e
rter
[
7].
Subse
quently
assessi
ng
the
r
otati
ng
mac
hine
patte
rn
via
M
ot
or
s
ol
ves
I
M
sim
ulate
process
it
will
con
ti
nue
to
ver
i
fy
th
e
patte
rn
with
method
hy
po
t
hetic
al
ly
mat
h
so
l
ves
via
MATL
AB.
The
determi
nation
of
res
po
ns
ibil
it
y
this
te
chn
iq
ue
is
t
o
ver
if
y
t
he
in
duct
ion
m
oto
r
c
age
that
has
r
espectable
e
va
luati
on
i
n
te
r
ms
of
ef
fici
en
cy
an
d
pro
ving
the
fi
r
st
simulat
ed
re
su
lt
s
pr
ocess.
The
n,
t
he
meth
od
of
mathe
ma
ti
c
in
the
ory
ha
s
in
pro
gress
via
the
M
A
TLAB
pro
gr
a
mm
in
g
e
quivale
nce
te
ch
ni
qu
e
.
Ca
lc
ulati
on
s
su
c
h
as
impe
dan
ce
of
s
ta
tor,
ro
t
or
&
ai
r
ga
p,
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
po
wer
loss
ha
ve
bee
n
s
pec
ifie
d.
Deter
minati
on
of
this
mathemat
ic
is
to
ve
rif
y
t
he
resu
lt
s
M
A
TLAB
.
Ac
cordin
g
t
o
the
mathemat
ic
al
cal
culat
ion
s,
w
hich
will
be
ne
fit
in
desig
n
a
nd
ve
rif
y
the
r
otati
ng
mo
to
r
via
M
A
TLAB
sim
ulati
on
[8].
This
data
is
the
n
i
nv
e
sti
gated
t
he
br
ea
kdow
n
of
machi
nery
energ
y
consu
mp
ti
on,
peak
an
d
off
-
pe
ak
proce
dure
com
portme
nt,
powe
r
fact
or
a
nd
ene
r
gy
co
nsum
ptio
n
of
c
ertai
n
tren
ds
.
The
e
ne
rg
y
i
nspect
io
n
res
ults
we
re
prese
nted
t
hat
the
uppe
rm
ost
el
ect
rical
ene
rgy
-
us
i
ng
mac
hin
e
ry
was
an
el
ect
ric
m
otor,
pum
ps
an
d
ai
r
co
mpr
essors.
T
his
re
search
st
udy
m
entions
t
hat
a
r
ound
64
%
el
e
ct
rical
energ
y
w
as u
se
d
in
pea
k
hour
s
thr
u
t
he
in
du
stry
a
nd
the
av
er
age
po
wer
f
a
ct
or
r
eache
d
from
0.8
8
to
0.9
2.
T
his
researc
h
w
as a
ssessed
t
he
ene
rgy
an
d bil
l savin
gs
cons
um
i
ng
high effic
ie
ncy
elec
tric
m
otor side
way
s
with th
e
prof
it
pe
rio
d
[
9]
.
T
oday
,
t
he
el
ect
rici
ty
is
an
im
porta
nt
t
o
e
voluti
on
a
nd
de
velo
pm
e
nt
.
I
n
co
ntra
st,
i
n
t
he
process
of
el
e
ct
rici
ty
gen
e
ra
ti
on
by
fu
el
,
a
numb
e
r
of
to
xic
by
-
pro
du
ct
s
aff
ect
the
c
onser
vatio
n
of
natu
ral
ecos
ys
te
ms.
F
ur
t
her
m
ore,
th
e
use
of
el
ect
ri
cal
eq
uip
m
ent
du
e
to
gas
f
ueled
a
nti
-
e
nv
ir
onme
nt
al
s
o
e
ffec
ts
on
human
h
eal
th
a
nd
cl
imat
e.
Thi
s
stu
dy
fo
c
us
es
on
the
est
imat
ed
e
ne
rgy
c
ons
umpti
on,
e
ne
rgy
sa
ving,
reduc
ti
on
of
gr
ee
nhouse
ga
s
e
missi
on
s
f
or
t
he
us
e
of
home
util
iz
at
ion
s
in
M
al
aysia
betwee
n
1999
a
nd
20
15.
T
he
ou
tc
om
es
from
this
resea
rch
s
tudy
s
hows
t
ha
t
a
la
rg
e
am
o
unt
of
ene
r
gy
ca
n
be
save
d
a
nd
that
a
la
rg
e
a
moun
t
of to
xic emissi
on
s
ca
n be c
ontrolle
d
[10
]
.
Emissi
ons
in
the
us
e
of
the
process
of
pro
du
ci
ng
ad
ve
rs
e
eff
ect
s
on
th
e
en
vir
onment
that
af
fect
human
healt
h,
the
gr
ow
t
h
of
orga
nisms
a
nd
cl
imat
e
cha
nge.
E
nergy
s
a
vin
gs
as
mu
c
h
a
s
possible
t
o
c
ut
th
e
gen
e
rati
on
of
el
ect
rici
ty
fr
om
powe
r
plant
s.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly,
the
C
O
2
re
du
ct
io
n
a
nd
a
dd
it
io
nal
pro
duct
ions
from
the
oils
use
d
by
t
he
e
ne
rgy
pa
rtit
ion
c
an
budget
[
11]
.
T
he
c
ooli
ng
t
ow
e
r
is
sin
gle
of
the
sig
nific
ant
in
indu
stria
l
se
r
vices
a
nd hou
si
ng f
aci
li
ti
es.
T
he
se r
esearc
h
pa
per
e
valuati
ons
the
e
nerg
y
e
ff
i
ci
ent,
ec
onomi
c
a
nd
conser
vational
prof
it
s
of
co
ol
ing
to
wer
.
T
he
energy
-
sa
ving
proce
dures
with
the
use
of
high
-
ef
fici
ent
mo
to
r
and
va
riable
spe
ed
dr
i
ve
wer
e
us
e
d
t
o
sa
v
e
more
e
nergy.
At
50
%
loa
d
c
onditi
on,
us
in
g
high
-
ef
fici
ent
mo
to
r,
reducti
on
of
e
missi
ons
is
ab
ou
t
6.97
to
n
of
CO
2
,
38,
400
kg
of
S
O
2
,
18,
109
kg
of
N
O
x
an
d
4,6
01
kg
of
C
O.
the
num
be
r
of
util
it
y
bill
s
can
be
sa
ve
d
by
us
in
g
high
-
e
ff
i
ci
ency
mo
t
or
a
nd
ap
ply
V
SD
s.
Ca
n
be
co
nc
lud
e
d
that
us
i
ng
the
var
ia
ble
s
peed
dr
i
ve
a
nd
hi
gh
-
ef
fici
ent
m
otor,
t
he
ec
onom
i
c
an
d
e
missi
on
s
can
be
sa
ved
[
12].
The
proce
ss
of
th
ree
phase
ro
ta
ti
ng
machi
ne
is
f
ounde
d
up
on
the
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
of
Far
aday’s
Law
a
nd
the
Lor
e
ntz
F
orce
on
a
r
od.
The
on
e
set
of
el
ect
romag
nets
in
a
n
AC
in
du
ct
io
n
m
otor
is
desi
gn
e
d
i
n
the
sta
tor
due
to
the
AC
s
uppl
y
relat
ed
t
o
the
sta
to
r
windin
gs
.
T
he
al
te
rn
at
ing
na
ture
of
vo
lt
a
ge
s
upply
i
nduces
a
n
el
ect
ro
ma
gn
et
i
c
f
orce
(E
M
F
)
i
n
t
he
r
otor
as
Le
nz’
s
la
w
pri
nciple,
wh
ic
h
i
s
gen
e
rati
ng
a
no
t
her
set
of
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1
1
88
–
11
96
1190
el
ect
ro
ma
gn
et
s
;
it
s
cal
l
as
in
du
ct
io
n
m
otor.
Like
mo
st
m
ot
or
s
s
o
a
n
AC
in
duct
ion
m
ot
or
has
a
fixe
d
ou
te
r
portio
n
an
d
cal
le
d
as
the
sta
to
r,
a
nd
a
r
otor
t
hat
r
otate
insid
e
of
m
otor
wit
h
a
ca
refull
y
a
nd
bet
ween
of
them
hav
e
ai
r
gap
.
Virtuall
y,
t
he
a
ll
el
ect
rical
mot
or
s
are
us
in
g
the
ma
gn
et
ic
fi
el
d
ro
ta
ti
on
to
ro
ta
te
t
he
r
otor
[
13].
Charles
I.
Hub
ert
i
n
his
bo
ok
“El
ect
ric
M
ac
hin
es:
The
ory
,
Op
e
rati
on,
A
ppli
cat
ion
s,
Ad
j
us
tme
nt
a
nd
c
ontr
ol”
fou
nd
that
the
three
-
phase
s
qu
i
rr
el
ca
ge
r
otati
ng
mac
hin
e
was
c
reate
d
by
Ni
ko
la
Tesl
a
in
1888
[
14]
.
It
involves
n
o
el
ect
ric
co
ntact
s
to
t
he
ro
ta
ti
ng
pa
rt
a
nd
the
t
r
ansmissi
on
en
ergy
from
the
sta
ti
on
ar
y
par
t
to
t
he
ro
ta
ti
ng
pa
rt
is
by
mean
s
of
e
le
ct
ro
ma
gn
et
ic
inducti
on.
A
r
otati
ng
mag
net
ic
fiel
d
is
pro
duced
by
a
sta
ti
on
a
r
y
windin
g,
i
nduc
ed
a
n
al
te
rn
at
i
ng
emf
an
d
c
urre
nt
in
the
ro
t
or
pa
rt.
T
he
ro
ta
ti
ng
fl
ux
or
known
as
r
otati
ng
fiel
d
is
pro
duce
d
by
t
hr
ee
phase
cu
rrent
in
sta
tor
wi
nd
i
ng
c
oils
that
will
be
li
nk
e
d
to
t
he
r
otati
ng
fie
ld
t
hat
pro
du
ce
d
by
a
mag
net
swee
pi
ng
ar
ound
the
ro
t
or
.
The
r
otati
ng
fiel
d
that
cuts
the
ro
t
or
bar
s
in
te
r
m
c
ounter
cl
ockwise
(CCW)
swe
ep
ar
ound
t
he
r
oto
r
bar
s
.
Acc
ordin
g
t
o
Le
nz’s
la
w
th
at
the
volt
age,
cu
rr
e
nt,
a
nd
fl
ux
are
ge
ner
at
e
d
by
the
relat
ive
m
otion
betwe
en
a
c
onduct
or
(
ro
t
or
ba
rs
ma
te
rial
),
a
nd
m
a
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
an
d
ha
ve
directi
on
t
o
oppo
s
e
the
relat
ive
mo
ti
on.
He
nce,
to
ve
rif
y
the
Le
nz’s
la
w
so
the
c
onduc
tors
m
us
t
dev
e
lop
a
mecha
nical
f
orce
a
nd
ha
ve
same
directi
on
as
in
dicat
ed
by
the
ro
ta
ti
ng
flu
x
(CCW
)
.
It
is
beca
use
th
e
gen
e
rated
flu
x
due
to
ro
t
or
bar
c
urren
t
m
us
t
be
cl
oc
kwise
(C
W
).
T
he
di
recti
on
of
r
otor
ba
r
c
urre
nt
t
hat
pro
du
ces
by
CW
flu
x
is
de
te
rmin
e
d
by
the
rig
ht
-
hand
r
ule
[
14].
T
EC
Ele
ct
ric
M
ot
or
s
i
n
t
he
ir
M
ot
or
Ca
ta
log
ue
2013
me
ntion
t
hat
the
mo
t
o
rs
a
re
cat
egorized
th
rou
gh
rou
ghne
ss
an
d
ef
fici
en
ct
.
The
y
are
f
a
ct
ory
-
made
via
sta
te
o
f
t
he
a
pp
a
ratu
s
to
ex
act
ing
stand
a
r
ds
in order
to
ce
rtify
pr
esentat
ion
a
nd co
nsi
ste
ncy. A
broa
d
div
e
rsity
is
ac
cessi
ble
to
s
uit
agr
ic
ultur
al
a
nd
in
dustria
l
te
nd
e
rs
su
c
h
a
s
co
mpress
or
s
,
powe
r
lo
oms,
su
ga
r
cane
cr
ushers
,
rice
mil
ls,
and
Industri
al
ap
pa
ratus
[15].
V
TU
e
-
Lear
ning
Ce
ntre
exte
nded
their
a
nalys
is
and
rev
eal
e
d
that
a
pro
per
num
be
rs
of
ro
t
or
ba
rs
slots
are
desi
gnat
ed
i
n
relat
io
n
to
t
he
sta
to
r
slots
num
ber
or
el
se
disag
reeable
e
ff
ect
s
will
be
fou
nd
at
t
he
sta
rting
of
th
e
mo
t
or
.
The
coggin
g
a
nd
c
raw
li
ng
a
re
th
e
two
sp
ect
acl
es
that
ex
per
ime
ntal
du
e
to
unsu
it
a
ble
co
mb
i
natio
n
of
num
ber
of
r
otor
bar
s
slots
an
d
sta
t
or
slots.
Th
us
,
this
stu
dy
ai
ms
t
o
in
ves
ti
gate
the
be
st
i
mp
le
me
nt
a
nd selec
ti
on
of
nu
mb
e
r
betwee
n st
at
or
slots
an
d
r
otor
bar
s
sl
ots
to
ge
t
the
best
r
ot
or
i
nductio
n
m
otor
in
te
rm
s
of
high
ef
fici
ency
with
mi
nimu
m
t
he
losse
s
[16].
Seve
ral
st
ud
ie
s
hav
e
at
te
m
pted
to
de
scribe
a
bout
Nati
on
al
Ele
ct
rical
M
a
nufactu
rer
s
A
sso
ci
at
io
n
(
NE
M
A
)
desig
n
fo
r
cl
a
ssific
at
ion
a
nd
pe
rformance
char
act
e
risti
cs.
Be
zesk
y
&
Kr
ei
tz
er
f
ound
that
the
pe
rformac
e
char
act
e
risti
c
f
or
al
l
desig
n
s
uch
as
Desig
n
A
s
hows
ha
ve
low
sli
p
an
d
hi
gh
ef
fici
encies
,
Desi
gn
B
ha
s
high
e
ff
ic
ie
ncies,
l
ow
sli
p,
va
riabl
e
tor
qu
e
,
co
ns
t
ant
tor
que
an
d
horse
powe
r
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
,
D
esi
gn
C
t
o
ass
ist
the
high
sta
rting
to
rque
re
qu
i
reme
nts,
hi
gh
e
r
l
os
s
es
a
nd
lo
wer
e
f
fici
ency
c
omp
ared
to
desig
n
B
an
d
Desi
gn
D
a
re
us
e
d
in
high
st
arti
ng
to
rque
or
high
i
ne
rtia
l
oads
[17].
C
ompa
red
to
Cha
rles
I
.
H
ub
e
rt
a
rgue
t
hat
th
e
D
esi
gn
A
has
higher
bre
akdo
wn
to
rque
with
highe
r
st
arti
ng
cu
rr
e
nt,
Desig
n
B
ser
ves
as
the
basi
s
f
or
c
ompa
ris
on
of
mo
to
r
perform
ance
wit
h
ot
he
r
desi
gn,
Desig
n
C
ha
s
hi
gh
e
r
locke
d
r
otor
to
rque,
l
ow
e
r
br
e
akdo
wn
t
orq
ue
wi
th
higher
sta
rtin
g
to
rque,
Desig
n
D
ha
s
high
er
l
ock
e
d
r
otor
t
orqu
e
a
nd
high
sli
p
a
nd
Desig
n
E
was
hi
gh
eff
ic
ie
nc
y,
lo
w
er
l
ock
e
d
r
otor
to
rque
[
18].
P
resen
tl
y,
Ali
E
madi
exte
nd
e
d
their
a
nalysis
about
Desi
gn
A
has
high
to
rque,
l
ow
sli
p
with
hi
gh
l
ock
e
d
am
pe
res,
Desig
n
B
has
no
rmal
to
rque
a
nd
sli
p
with
no
rmal
lo
cked
ampe
res,
Desi
gn
C
has
hi
gh
tor
qu
e
,
no
rmal
sli
p
with
nor
mal
locke
d
a
m
per
es
an
d
Desi
gn
D
has
high
locke
d
ro
t
or
t
orq
ue wit
h
hi
gh sli
p [19
].
The
ec
osp
her
e
aspects
acute
energ
y
c
rises
pro
duced
by
t
he
nee
d
for
re
ne
wab
le
ene
rgy
s
ources.
T
he
i
ncr
ease
i
n
de
man
d
a
nd
co
nse
rv
at
io
nal
iss
ue
s
co
ntr
olled
t
o
a
n
inc
rease
i
n
ren
e
wa
ble
e
nerg
y.
So
la
r
e
nerg
y
is
increasin
g
a
nd
us
e
d
by
man
y
countries
but
outp
ut
po
wer
is
no
t
c
onsta
nt
due
to
tw
o
ra
dia
ti
on
a
nd
te
mp
e
ratur
e
factors.
MPPT
al
gorith
m
is
us
e
d
t
o
i
ncr
ea
se
ov
e
rall
e
ff
i
ci
ency
.
Pertu
r
b
a
nd
detect
in
g
t
he
m
os
t
c
ommo
nly
us
e
d
M
PP
T
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
du
e
to
sim
plici
ty
[
20]
.
T
his
pap
e
r
pro
vid
es
a
n
over
view
of
t
he
three
phase
5l
evel
pack
e
d
U
cel
l
(PUC5
)
i
nv
e
r
te
r
fe
d
Feedi
ng
Motor
I
nduc
ti
on
from
re
ne
wab
le
ene
rgy
so
urces
f
o
r
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s
a
nd
water
pum
ps
s
pecified
in
ag
r
ic
ultur
al
sect
ors.
I
nverter
P
U
C5
re
quires
a
minimu
m
num
ber
of
semic
onduct
or
de
vices,
t
he
P
V
pan
el
an
d
only
one
ca
paci
tor
i
n
eac
h
pha
se.
T
he
res
ults
sho
w
good
dynamic
performa
nce
in
differe
nt
co
nd
it
ion
s
[2
1]
.
I
nduction
m
oto
r
s
are
syst
ems
th
at
op
e
rate
at
th
ei
r
sp
ee
ds
,
but
there
are
ap
plica
ti
ons
that
re
quire
sp
ee
d
ope
rati
on.
T
he
re
is
c
ontr
ol
of
the
s
peed
meth
od
of
i
nductio
n
mo
to
r
te
chn
iq
ues
.
A
powe
rful
to
ol
us
e
d
to
c
ontrol
the
in
du
ct
io
n
mo
to
r
a
nd
the
con
t
ro
ll
er
s
ys
t
em
pe
rforman
ce
will
be
im
prov
e
d.
M
at
he
mati
cal
models
of
c
ontrolle
rs,
e
nc
oded
in
MATL
AB.
M
odel
in
g
and
co
ntr
ol
will
be
sh
ow
n
by
le
ss
tha
n
one
sta
te
of
resist
a
nce
[22].
This
paper
pro
poses
a
Direct
To
rque
Con
tr
ol
(
DTC)
fi
ve
-
ph
a
se
mo
t
or
dri
ve
with
re
du
c
ed
t
orq
ue.
T
he
meth
od
prese
nted
he
re
is
ba
sed
on
the
D
T
C
DTC
back
st
epp
i
ng
cl
assic
al
wor
ks
by
co
ntin
uousl
y
s
witc
hing
f
r
equ
e
nc
y
i
nvert
er.
This
met
hod
si
gnific
antly
increases
t
he
t
orq
ue
of
t
orq
ue
an
d
flu
x
an
d
im
prov
e
the
dyna
mics
of
the
dri
ve
by
ma
ki
ng
it
le
ss
sensiti
ve
to
distu
rb
a
nce
lo
a
d
tor
qu
e
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
met
hod
wa
s
de
velo
pe
d
a
nd
desig
ne
d
usi
ng
M
at
la
b
/
SIM
UL
INK
to
dem
onstr
at
e
the
eff
ect
ive
ness a
nd p
e
rfo
rma
nc
e of
DTC
-
Ba
c
ks
t
ep
ping
[23
].
M
a
ny
the
or
ie
s
and
st
ud
ie
s
ha
ve
bee
n
pro
po
sed
to
ex
plain
the
bar
s
m
at
erial
f
or
th
ree
ph
ase
s
qu
i
rr
el
cage
i
nductio
n
mo
to
r
ro
t
or.
K
enn
et
h
G.
Bu
din
sk
i
& M
ic
hae
l
K.
B
udins
ki
a
rgue
d
that
t
he
coppe
r
mate
rial
s
are
widely
us
ed
for
bus
bar
s
,
wir
ing
te
rmi
nals,
and
the
c
ondu
ct
or
ba
r
simi
la
rity.
The
re
is
pure
co
pper
wi
th
e
ve
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ind
uction m
otor rot
or
bars ty
pe
ef
fe
ct
s tow
ards e
ner
gy
ef
fi
ci
ency,
ec
onomic
…
(Ya
naw
ati Yahy
a
)
1191
higher
c
on
du
ct
ivit
y
if
the
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
wa
rr
a
nt
s
the
ext
ra
c
ost
.
I
n
s
um
ma
r
y,
the
c
oppe
r
a
nd
c
opper
al
loys
are
ind
is
pen
sa
ble
eng
i
neer
i
ng
m
at
erial
s
[24
].
S
imi
la
rly,
the
e
arly
t
heories
of
Co
wie,
B
render
,
&
Pete
rs
f
ocused
on
al
umi
nium
has
bee
n
t
he
un
i
ver
sal
co
nd
ucto
r
mate
rial
at
the
squir
rel
cage
in
duct
io
n
mo
t
or
a
nd
mo
stl
y
bec
au
se
ea
se
t
o
man
ufact
ure
by
pr
ess
ure
di
e
cast
ing.
Shor
t
li
feti
me
of
die
cast
in
g
w
it
h
a
hi
gh
e
r
m
el
ti
ng
coppe
r
will
cause
high
pro
duct
ion
c
os
t
a
nd
pre
ven
te
d
th
e
coppe
r
r
otor
from
at
ta
inin
g
a
place
i
n
integ
ral
horse
powe
r
m
otors.
Be
ca
us
e
of
it
s
hi
gh
e
r
e
le
ct
ric
al
conduct
ivit
y
co
mp
a
r
ed
to
al
um
i
nium.
T
he
c
oppe
r
in
the
ro
t
or
ba
rs
ca
n
be
reduces
e
ne
rgy
l
os
ses
[25
]
.
Co
pper
De
ve
lop
me
nt
Assoc
ia
ti
on
I
nc.
&
I
nter
national
C
oppe
r
Associ
at
ion
in
their
in
vestig
at
ion
was
me
nt
ion
s
t
hat
the
su
bst
it
ute
co
pper
with
al
umi
niu
m
in
the
“s
qu
i
rr
el
cage”
str
uctu
r
e
of
in
du
ct
io
n
mo
t
or
r
oto
r
is
a
wa
y
t
o
im
pro
ve
the
el
ec
tric
al
energy
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
i
nductio
n
mo
to
r.
T
he
c
oppe
r
r
oto
r
a
ppeared
to
be
th
e
best
ap
proac
h
a
nd
m
uc
h
m
or
e
co
st
ef
fect
ive
tha
n
i
ntr
oducin
g
amo
rph
ou
s
ir
on
la
minati
on
s
or
superc
onduct
in
g
windin
gs
.
T
he
mo
to
r
modell
ing
by
a
numb
e
r
of
man
uf
act
ur
e
rs
had
s
how
n
tha
t
in
du
ct
io
n
m
ot
or
s
r
otor
ba
rs
with
co
pper
-
co
ntainin
g
r
otors
w
ould
yield
overall
loss
re
du
ct
io
ns
f
r
om
15%
to
20%
co
mp
a
red
to
the
al
umi
niu
m
.
It
is
because
t
he
c
oppe
r
has
the
hi
gh
e
s
t
el
ec
tric
al
condu
ct
ivit
y
co
m
par
e
d
to
t
he
al
um
iniu
m
whic
h
are
5
.
96
×
10
7
/
an
d
3
.
77
×
10
7
/
at
20
C
[26].
M
ore
ov
e
r,
th
rough
the
us
e
of
higher
c
onduct
ivit
y
c
oppe
r
wi
th
bette
r
ste
el
sh
ows
that
t
he
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
i
nductio
n
mo
t
or
ca
n
be
im
pro
ved.
T
o
mainta
in
sat
isfact
or
y
performa
nce
by
way
sta
rting
to
rque,
cu
rr
e
nt
a
nd
m
otor
desig
n
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
ha
ve
been
dev
el
ope
d
a
nd
al
s
o
sh
a
ping
of
ro
t
or
ba
rs
t
o
pr
ese
nt
a
pprop
riat
e
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
depen
de
nt
of
impe
dan
ce
.
Ec
onomi
cal
man
uf
act
ur
e
of
ca
st
coppe
r
m
otor
r
ot
or
s
is
made
possib
le
by
a
dvance
s
in
cast
in
g
te
chnolo
gy
[
27]
.
This
stu
dy
a
nd
researc
h
ai
ms
are
in
vestigat
i
ng
t
he
NE
M
A
desig
n
th
ree
-
ph
a
se
i
nductio
n
m
otor
ro
t
or
f
or
rou
nd
ba
rs
ty
pe
with
hi
gh
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y,
lo
wer
los
ses
,
a
nd
save
e
nerg
y.
I
nductio
n
Moto
r
in
vesti
gatio
n
an
d
a
nalysis
by
al
te
rin
g
the
typ
e
of
bar
s
,
mate
rial
s,
de
sign
s
an
d
siz
es
f
or
the
pur
pose
of
e
nhancin
g
i
nduction
M
ot
or
ef
fici
ency
.
T
he
te
chn
i
qu
e
us
ed
is
the
c
omp
utati
on
a
l
theo
ry
reso
l
ve
d
via
a
simula
te
d
MATL
AB.
Sim
ulate
d
s
oft
war
e
is
cast
off
i
n
t
his
st
udy
na
mely
M
ot
orSo
l
ve
(IM)
a
nd
MA
TLAB
sim
ulati
on
.
T
he
re
so
l
ution
of
sim
ul
at
ion
an
d
co
m
pu
ta
ti
onal
t
heory
is
to
c
ompa
re
t
he
resu
lt
s a
mon
g
t
wo app
ro
ac
hes
in
te
r
ms
of inc
reased
rotat
ing machi
ne
c
omp
et
encies ha
ve b
een
pr
ese
nted
.
2.
MOTO
RSOL
VE (
I
M
)
S
OF
TWARE
SI
M
UL
ATIO
N
: R
OTOR
PART
C
H
A
RACTE
RIS
TI
C’S
This
sect
io
n
pr
ese
nts
the
works
an
d
m
et
hods
that
ha
d
bee
n
done
in
the
resea
rch
project
.
Perfo
rma
nce
a
nalysis
on
the
0.5
Hp
3
-
phas
e
inducti
on
mot
or
with
dif
fer
e
nt
r
otor
bar
s
de
sign
ha
ve
bee
n
done
us
in
g
w
hich
a
re
Moto
rSolve
I
M
s
of
t
war
e
and
MATL
AB
.
T
he
sim
ulate
a
nd
c
omparis
on
a
re
sta
rted
us
in
g
finite
eleme
nt
method
(F
E
M)
software
whic
h
is
M
ot
orSo
l
ve
IM a
nd
MAT
LAB. T
he pa
ra
mete
rs
that a
re
fixe
d
value
w
hich
a
re
gen
e
ral,
sta
tor
a
nd
c
oil
w
ind
in
g
set
ti
ng.
The
var
ia
ble
value
is
the
rot
or
set
ti
ng
w
hi
le
the
respo
nd
i
ng
va
riable
is
t
he
r
esult
of
i
nduc
ti
on
mo
t
or
.
T
he
var
ia
ble
pa
rameters
in
r
ot
or
set
ti
ng
s
uc
h
as
thickne
ss,
bar
mate
rial
,
co
re
mate
rial
,
ba
r
typ
e
,
ba
r
diame
te
r
an
d
en
d
rin
gs
.
T
his
sim
ul
at
ion
is
do
ne
unti
l
the
good
pe
rfo
rma
nce
of
in
duct
io
n
m
otor
in
te
r
m
of
the
e
ff
ic
i
ency,
power
fa
ct
or
,
t
orq
ue
an
d
losse
s
obta
in
ed.
In
add
it
io
n,
a
cal
culat
ion
for
th
e
equ
i
valent
ci
rcu
it
is
cal
culat
ed
an
d
co
mp
a
red.
All
the
an
al
ytica
l
cal
culat
ion
of
sta
tor,
r
otor
&
ai
r
gap
i
mp
e
dan
ce
,
ef
f
ic
ie
ncy
,
powe
r
facto
r,
tor
que
a
nd
l
os
ses
we
re
sp
eci
fied.
T
he
determi
nation
of
this
anal
ytica
l
math
is
t
o
validat
e
t
he
sim
ulati
on
re
su
lt
.
Fi
gure
1
de
monstrati
ons
t
he
requirin
g
of
t
he
r
otor
ty
pical
f
or
3
-
phase
r
otati
ng
m
oto
r
via
M
ot
orSo
l
ve
(IM
)
s
oft
ware.
T
he
bars
ty
pe
a
n
d
cor
e
dimensi
on
we
re
c
ha
ng
e
d
base
d
on
de
s
ign
an
d
a
nalys
is.
T
he
re
pr
ese
ntati
ve
dif
fer
e
nt
in
t
he
ro
ta
ti
ng
par
t
as d
esi
gn
at
e i
n Fi
gure
1.
Figure
1
.
Re
qu
iring t
he
ro
ta
ti
ng p
a
rt
via m
oto
rs
olv
e
(
I
M
)
Othe
r
tha
n
t
ha
t,
the
bar
br
i
dg
e
an
gle,
ba
r
sp
aci
ng,
br
i
dge
dep
t
h,
bri
dge
gap
width,
bif
ur
c
at
ion
thickne
ss,
c
or
e
thickne
ss,
in
ne
r
diamet
er
a
nd
oute
r
diamet
er
are
al
so
mus
t
be
cha
ng
e
ac
cordin
gly
as
s
how
n
in
Table
1.
T
able
1
s
hows
the
va
lue of
par
a
met
ers
in
s
pecify
i
ng the
roto
r
ty
pi
cal
f
or
3
-
phase
ind
uctio
n mot
or.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1
1
88
–
11
96
1192
Table
1
.
T
he
va
lue of
par
a
me
te
rs
in
sp
eci
f
yi
ng the
r
oto
r
p
a
rt ty
pical
for
3
-
ph
a
se in
duct
io
n
m
otor
Para
m
eters
Valu
es
Para
m
eters
Valu
es
Brid
g
es d
ep
th
4
.78
6
m
m
Brid
g
e gap
width
0
.5mm
Inn
er
Dia
m
ete
r
1
6
.7mm
Ou
ter
d
iam
eter
6
6
.0mm
Ro
to
r
Mater
i
al
M23
5
Ro
to
r
Thick
n
ess
M
o
d
el 1
0
.35
m
m
Bar M
aterial
Co
p
p
er
Ro
to
r
Thick
n
ess
M
o
d
el 2
0
.50
m
m
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
This
sect
io
n
presents
the
outc
om
e
of
perfor
mance
e
val
uation
of
0.5
Hp,
t
hr
ee
-
phase
in
duct
ion
m
otor
with
dif
fere
nt
r
otor
ba
rs
ty
pe.
The
pe
rfo
rma
nc
e
resu
lt
of
thr
ee
ph
ase
i
nduc
ti
on
m
otor
has
been
done
by
us
in
g
M
ot
orSo
l
ve
(IM)
s
of
twa
re
and
M
AT
LA
B
w
hich
incl
ud
e
sim
ulati
on
a
nd
the
oret
ic
al
cal
culat
ion
.
The
inducti
on
mo
t
or
with
r
ound
r
otor
ba
r
an
d
pa
rall
el
r
ound
sta
tor
was
c
ho
s
en
f
or
t
his
de
sig
n.
Ac
co
r
ding
to
Dau
t I
. et al., the
us
a
ge of
thi
s slot p
at
te
rn
f
or
ro
t
or
bar
s
due to it has a
di
screte ‘starti
ng
b
ar
’
iso
la
te
d
f
rom the
main
body
of
the
c
onduct
or
ba
r
by
a
‘lea
kage
slot’,
is
relat
ed
to
m
otors
w
it
h
high
c
ondu
ct
ivit
y
mate
rial
in
the
ro
t
or
ca
ge
[
5]
.
In ad
diti
on, th
i
s roto
r bar desi
gn h
a
s a
higher
lock
e
d r
oto
r
to
rque a
nd a
high slip
.
3.1.
The asse
ssme
nt
outcom
es
f
or tw
o
p
atter
ns thru
m
otor
so
lve
(I
M)
The
ro
ta
ti
ng
ba
rs
ty
pe
patte
r
n
is
e
valuated
via
eval
uation
gr
a
ph
in
te
r
ms
of
ef
fici
ency
dev
el
opmen
t
for
bo
t
h
ro
t
or
bar
s
slot
patte
r
ns
via
the
M
ot
or
S
ol
ve
(
I
M
)
.
The
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
char
t
li
ne
ve
rs
us
s
pee
d
for
t
wo
r
otor
bar
s
slot
patte
r
ns
was
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
2.
Figure
2
.
The
gr
a
ph li
ne of
ef
fici
ency ve
rs
us spee
d for
both
rotor ba
rs sl
ot
desig
n
By
refferi
ng
to
Fig
ure
2,
it
disp
la
ys
the
c
hart
li
ne
of
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
ver
s
us
s
pe
ed
f
or
bot
h
ro
t
or
bar
s
slo
t
patte
rn
su
c
h
as
current
a
nd
ne
w
de
sig
n.
Ac
cordin
g
to
Fig
ur
e
2,
t
h
e
c
hart
li
ne
disp
la
ys
the
ene
rgy
e
ff
i
ci
ency
for
t
he
pro
po
se
d
new
patte
rn
is
inc
rease
t
o
77
%
as
li
ke
ne
d
to
t
he
c
urre
nt
patte
rn
of
74%
.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
ne
w
patte
rn
has
a
n
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
inc
r
ease
of
4
%
li
ken
t
o
the
c
urr
ent
patte
r
n.
It
is
du
e
to
t
he
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
of
e
n
er
gy
is
rev
e
rse pr
oport
ion
at
e to
the
lo
sses. Dec
reasi
ng the t
otal l
oss, the
ef
fici
ent
of ene
rgy wil
l be
rise.
3.2.
The asse
ssme
nt
verify
outc
ome
am
ong
m
otors
olv
e
(I
M) &
MA
TL
AB
fo
r
t
he
ne
w
p
attern
Tern
(
1
)
disp
la
ys
t
he
c
onnecti
on
am
ong
co
re
loss
an
d
e
ff
ic
i
ency
of
r
otati
ng
ma
chi
ne.
Th
e
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of the
ro
ta
ti
ng
machine
ca
n b
e f
ounded
v
ia
(
1
)
as
belo
w:
,
=
×
(
100%
)
=
(
+
×
7
46
)
×
100%
(
1)
Wh
e
re
is ef
fi
ci
ency
,
P
OUT
is ou
t
pu
t
powe
r,
P
IN
is i
nput po
wer, P
CORE LOSS
is cor
e
loss p
ower a
nd
Hp
is
horse
power
(
0
.
5
)
.
The
ef
fici
en
cy
value
will
be
aff
ect
e
d
f
rom
the
inc
rease
or
an
y
co
re
lo
ss
base
d
on
(
1
)
.
New
patte
r
n
pr
opos
al
s
a
re
an
al
ys
ed
with
a
s
et
si
mu
la
te
res
ult
an
d
MATL
AB
that
are
pr
escribe
d
in
te
r
ms
of
energ
y
ef
fici
en
cy.
C
har
t e
ff
ic
i
ency to
wards t
he
s
pee
d of
both sim
ulati
on
s
has bee
n
s
how
n i
n
Fig
ure
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ind
uction m
otor rot
or
bars ty
pe
ef
fe
ct
s tow
ards e
ner
gy
ef
fi
ci
ency,
ec
onomic
…
(Ya
naw
ati Yahy
a
)
1193
Figure
3
.
Cu
rve
cha
rt of e
ff
ic
i
ency ve
rs
us
s
pe
ed fo
r
tw
o so
f
tware
Figure
3
s
how
s
the
c
urve
of
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
(%
)
ver
s
us
s
peed
(rpm
)
f
or
bot
h
both
s
of
tw
are.
Accor
ding
t
o
Figure
3,
w
he
n
sp
ee
d
reac
he
s
at
1425
r
pm
s
hows
the
value
of
i
nductio
n
mo
t
or
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
for
Moto
rS
ol
ve
(IM)
is
77
%.
The
res
ult
of
e
nerg
y
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
was
ve
rif
ie
d
with
MATL
A
B
simulat
io
n
i
s
73%
.
Acc
ord
ing
to
the
c
urve
grap
h
outc
om
e
is
t
he
pro
posed
ne
w
patte
r
n
has
incr
eased
the
energ
y
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
a
nd
will
pr
oduce
range v
al
ue
f
r
om
76
%
to 7
8
%.
It
is
beca
use
,
base
d
on
(
1
)
,
the
ef
fici
ency
is
inv
erse proporti
onal
to
t
he
losses
(core lo
ss)
. Wh
en red
ucin
g
t
he
v
al
ue
of t
otal l
os
s,
the e
ff
ic
i
ency val
ue wil
l i
ncr
ease
.
4.
ANALY
SIS
The
flu
x
distr
ibu
ti
on
patte
r
ne
d
z
one
f
or
the
r
oto
r
fr
am
e
is
on
t
he
rot
or
co
re.
T
he
rate
of
fl
ux
distrib
ution
f
or the n
e
w
patte
r
n
is
accu
rate 0.97
T alt
hough t
he
cu
rr
e
nt p
at
t
ern
is acc
ur
at
e
1.22
T. Inten
de
d
f
or
a
good
pa
tt
ern
desig
n,
c
or
e
de
ns
it
y
fl
ux
val
ue
can
e
xceed
more
tha
n
1
T.
It
is
due
to
the
densi
ty
of
fl
ux
m
or
e
than
1
T,
flu
x
go
i
ng
t
hro
ugh
a
ven
ti
la
ti
on
hole
that
is
axis
of
t
he
co
re
r
ot
or.
I
n
the
mea
ntime,
a
re
duct
ion
in
areas
f
or
th
e
flu
x
movem
en
t
mu
st
be
c
onsidere
d.
It
c
onfirms
the
ne
w
patte
rn
is
a
good
patte
r
n
desig
n
com
par
e
d
t
o
th
e cu
rr
e
nt p
at
te
r
n.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4
.
Distri
bu
ti
on
flu
x for
two r
oto
r
b
a
rs patt
ern
, (
a
).
Ne
w
Rot
or Bars
P
at
te
rn
, (b
). Exi
sti
ng
R
otor Ba
rs
Patt
ern
Figure
4
dis
pla
ys
a
distrib
utio
n
flu
x
for
tw
o
ro
t
or
ba
rs
patte
rn.
B
y
refferi
ng
t
o
th
e
Fi
gure
4,
the
flu
x
distrib
ution
va
lue
nea
rby
the
sh
aft
are
a
is
lowe
r
tha
n
fl
ux
den
sit
y
in
the
Ba
r's
r
oto
r
a
r
ea
of
0.2
T
f
r
om
the
interi
or
an
d
0.97
exteri
or
f
or
the
ne
w
patte
rn.
T
he
val
ue
of
t
he
c
urren
t
flu
x
patte
r
n
is
0.3
T
of
I
nteri
or
a
n
d
1.22
T
o
n
the
ou
tsi
de.
Du
e
to
if
t
he
r
ef
us
al
an
d
the
le
ngth
s
are
i
ncr
easi
ng,
t
he
ma
gnet
flu
x
val
ue
a
nd
a
flu
x
distrib
ution
wi
ll
be
reduce
d.
A
ma
gn
et
ic
ci
r
cuit
refusal
is
connecte
d
to
t
he
le
ngth,
cr
oss
-
cat
chme
nt
ar
ea
and
su
bst
ance
permeabil
it
y
.
Fig
ur
e
5
e
xpres
sion
s
t
he
r
oto
r
bar
s
ty
pe
patte
rn
us
ed
i
n
des
ign
in
g
the
th
re
e
-
phas
e
ro
ta
ti
ng
mac
hi
ne.
Ba
se
d
on
F
igure
5,
it
s
c
onfirmati
ons
t
hat
t
he
r
otor
c
or
e
flu
x
distri
buti
on
ma
xim
um
va
lue
is
consu
min
g
as
(
2
)
as
belo
w:
Rotor C
ore
M
a
te
rial
Flux D
e
nsi
ty,
=
1
(
2
−
2
1
)
3
(
2)
Wh
e
re;
1
=
Φ
2
=
−
ℎ
3
=
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
1
1
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
2020
:
1
1
88
–
11
96
1194
B
rcm
will
no
t
exceed
100
kilo
li
nes/in
2
(1
T
).
Unv
olati
le
ven
ti
la
ti
on
axes
t
hro
ugh
the
ro
t
or
c
or
e
.
T
he
reducti
on
of
a
r
eas
for
th
e
flu
x
m
oveme
nt
will
be
meas
ured
.
It
c
onfirm
s
that
increa
sing
t
he
dimens
ion
bar
dep
t
h (d
r1
) of
r
otor
bar
t
yp
e
wi
ll
r
ise
the roto
r
c
or
e
flu
x dist
rib
ution o
f 3
-
phase
ro
ta
ti
ng
machine
.
(a
)
(b)
Figure
5
.
The
r
otor
bar
s
ty
pe
f
or tw
o
patte
rn
s
,
(a
).
Ne
w
R
oto
r
Bars
Ty
pe P
at
te
rn
, (b
). Exi
sti
ng
R
otor Ba
rs
Ty
pe
Patt
er
n
5.
NEW
ROTO
R
BA
RS P
ATTE
RN
:
ENE
R
GY & C
OST
SAVIN
G
AND
E
MIS
SI
ON RED
U
CTIO
N
The
am
ount
of
m
on
e
y
ke
pt
de
pendin
g
on
th
e
siz
e
of
m
otor
,
a
nnual
hour,
rise
e
nerg
y
e
ffi
ci
ency
a
nd
quota
util
it
ie
s
cares.
T
he
new
ba
rs
desi
gn
ha
s
inc
rease
d
nea
rly
4
%.
Its
co
nf
ir
mati
ons
t
he
ty
pe
of
new
de
sign
ro
t
or
bar
s
hav
e
improv
e
d
rise
energy
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
a
nd
re
du
ce
d
the
co
pper
l
oss.
I
n
M
al
a
ys
ia
,
the
us
e
fu
l
nes
s
bill
from
Te
na
ga
Nasio
na
l
Be
r
ha
d
(T
NB)
,
the
normal
fact
ory
ta
riff
is
38.
0
sen
/
kWh
.
T
he
lowerm
os
t
m
on
t
hly
care
is
RM
7.2
0
f
or
t
he
ove
r
al
l
mo
nth
l
y
c
onsum
ption
more
tha
n
20
0kWh
/
m
onth.
Ann
ual
ene
rgy
savin
gs
(A
E
S)
t
hru sw
app
i
ng a
new r
otor
bar
s
p
at
te
r
n was
pr
es
ente
d
as
(
3
)
bel
ow.
=
ℎ
×
×
0
.
746
×
[
100
−
100
]
=
0
.
5
×
1
×
0
.
746
×
[
100
74
−
100
76
.
92
]
=
.
(
3)
Wh
e
re;
AE
S
is
the
an
nu
al
e
nerg
y
savi
ng
s
,
hp
is
ho
rsepow
e
r,
L
is
loa
d
facto
r,
hr
is
the
year
l
y
op
e
rati
ng
hours,
E
std
is
the
c
urren
t
r
oto
r
ef
f
ic
ie
nt
(%)
an
d
E
ee
is
the
ne
w
patte
r
n
desig
n
ro
t
or
ef
fici
ent
(%).
The
a
nnual
bi
ll
saving
s
(
kWh
savings)
was
achieve
d
t
hru
m
ulti
ply
w
it
h
operati
ng
hours
with
sta
te
d
load
a
s
(
4
)
as
be
low.
ℎ
=
×
ℎ
=
8064ℎ
×
0
.
0191
=
(
4)
Wh
e
re;
ℎ
is
the
exp
ect
e
d
a
nnua
l
bill
savin
gs
(RM),
AES
is
t
he
a
nnual
e
nergy
sa
vings
a
nd
hr
is
24
×
336
w
orki
ng
days. T
otal c
ost
sav
in
gs
(TCS
)
th
rou
gh
(
5
)
a
s b
el
ow.
=
(
×
12
×
ℎ
ℎ
)
+
(
ℎ
×
ℎ
)
=
.
(5)
To
prov
i
de
lo
w
volt
age
i
ndust
rial
ta
riff
is
r
eff
e
red
t
o
ta
rif
f
D
,
a
m
on
t
hly
dema
nd
cha
rge
is
RM7.2
0
and
e
ne
rgy
ch
arg
e
is
R
M
0.3
80
/
kWh.
T
he
amo
un
t
of
e
missi
on
t
hat
can
be
decre
ase
associat
ed
with
th
e
above e
ne
rgy
s
avin
g
ca
n be
predict
able
via th
e
(
6
)
a
s
belo
w:
=
×
=
154
ℎ
×
0
.
73159
2
=
.
⁄
(6)
Wh
e
re;
ER
is
the
Emissi
on
Re
du
ct
io
n
(kg
),
AES
is
Ann
ual
E
nergy
Sa
ving
(kW
h)
a
nd
E
F
is
the
Emissi
on Fact
or (kg
/
kWh
)
~
for Mal
aysia is
0
.
7315
9 kg
C
O
2/kWh
.
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
stu
dy
ai
m
s
to
pro
ve
the
qu
a
ntit
y
of
ene
rgy
sa
vings
co
ns
umi
ng
with
i
ncr
easi
ng
e
ne
r
gy
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
mo
to
rs.
This
new
patte
r
n
is
rep
la
ce
d
as
a
sample
in
as
sessme
nt.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
possible
ben
e
fits
and
chall
enges
in
c
arryin
g
ne
w
pa
tt
ern
s
f
or
the
industr
y
te
nder
wer
e
disc
us
se
d.
T
his
w
ork
ha
s
co
nf
ir
med
t
hat
a
la
rg
e
numb
e
r
of
e
nergies
ca
n
be
ke
pt
if
in
crease
ef
fici
en
t
mo
to
r
is
re
placed
f
or
i
ndus
t
rial
mo
to
rs.
T
he
ne
w
ro
t
or
ba
rs
ty
pe
desi
gn
was
consi
der
e
d
in
this
re
searc
h
with
4
%
i
ncrea
se
the
ef
fici
ency
tha
n
the
current
patte
rn,
wh
ic
h would
d
ec
reas
e the m
otor lo
s
s qua
ntit
y. A
s
et
o
f si
mu
la
te
d o
utcome
s for
new p
at
te
r
n proposals
hav
e
been
pr
oved
wit
h
M
A
T
LAB.
Its
t
hat
i
nd
ic
at
es
t
he
m
at
h
cal
culat
io
n
of
MATL
AB
pro
ves
t
hat
si
mu
la
te
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Ind
uction m
otor rot
or
bars ty
pe
ef
fe
ct
s tow
ards e
ner
gy
ef
fi
ci
ency,
ec
onomic
…
(Ya
naw
ati Yahy
a
)
1195
resu
lt
s
f
rom
Moto
rSolve
(
IM)
ha
ve
bee
n
m
odifie
d
becau
s
e
the
er
ror
val
ue
is
belo
w
6%
.
I
nten
de
d
at
sa
ving
energ
y
a
nd
co
sts,
the
ne
w
rot
or
bars
ty
pe
de
sign
has
be
en
save
d
154
K
WH
/
year
an
d
RM
60.20/yea
r
util
it
y
bill
per
mo
t
or.
Last
but
no
t
l
east
,
an
e
sti
mate
d
pri
ce
of
10
0,000
ne
w
r
ot
or
ba
rs
ty
pe
de
sign
s
was
co
nsi
der
e
d
and prese
nted
t
hat the
val
ue w
as
ke
pt a
pproxi
mate
ly RM
6 m
il
li
on
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
t
o
th
ank
the
P
rinci
pal
Re
searc
her
of
U
niv
e
rsiti
Ku
al
a
L
ump
ur’s
Re
ne
wa
bl
e
Energ
y
Re
sea
r
ch
La
borato
r
y (RENER
AL
),
f
or the tec
hn
ic
a
l and fi
nan
ci
al
su
pp
or
t.
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induc
t
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mo
tor
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r
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wab
l
e
ene
rgy
app
li
c
at
i
ons
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,
Inte
rnat
io
nal
Journal
of
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r
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e
ct
roni
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fiv
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-
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tor
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rive
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”,
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rnational
J
ournal
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Pow
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El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
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JP
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tt
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
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Ele
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mprovi
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BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Yan
a
wati
Bi
nti
Yahya
ha
s
been
a
Post
-
D
octo
ral
Re
sear
cher
at
the
D
epar
tme
nt
of
Ele
ct
rical
Engineerin
g
i
n
U
niv
e
rsity
Ku
al
a
Lu
mpur
(
U
niKL
)
Brit
ish
M
al
a
ys
ia
n
In
sti
tute
in
M
al
aysia
sinc
e
Ja
nu
a
r
y
20
19.
She
recei
ved
her
Ph.D
in
Ele
ct
rica
l
En
gin
eeri
ng
S
ys
te
m
in
U
ni
ve
rsity
of
M
al
a
ys
ia
Perlis
(
UniMap
)
M
al
a
ys
i
a.
s
he
recei
ved
her
MSc
in
El
ect
rical
Eng
i
ne
erin
g
S
ys
te
m
a
nd
B.E
ng.
(
H
ons)
i
n
Ind
us
tri
al
Ele
ct
ro
nic
En
gin
eeri
ng
f
r
om
U
niv
e
rsity
M
al
aysia
Perli
s
in
M
al
ay
sia
.
Sh
e
receive
d
he
r
Diploma
in
I
nd
us
tria
l
Ele
c
tro
nics
Tec
hn
ology
at
U
nive
rsity
Tech
nology
M
al
aysia
(
UT
M
)
.
He
r
researc
h
i
ntere
st
is
in
Ele
ct
ri
cal
M
ac
hin
e
D
esi
gn,
ene
r
gy
po
li
cy
,
e
nerg
y
secu
rity
a
n
d
modell
ing
us
i
ng F
EM.
Ir
.
Dr.
Mo
hd.
Kh
ai
ril
is
th
e
Pr
incip
al
Re
searche
r
of
Un
i
ver
sit
i
K
ua
la
Lumpur’s
Re
new
a
ble
E
ne
rgy
Re
searc
h
Lab
or
at
or
y
(
RENERA
L)
H
e
has
ob
ta
ine
d
his
P
hD
.
an
d
M
Sc.
i
n
Ele
ct
r
ic
al
Power
E
nginee
rin
g
from
U
niv
e
rsity
of
Strathcl
yde,
U
K
a
nd
BE
ng
degree
from
U
niv
e
rsity
of
S
outham
pton,
U
K.
He
al
s
o
has
obta
ine
d
M
B
A
(M
a
r
k
et
ing)
from
Un
i
ver
si
ti
Pu
tra
M
al
a
ys
ia
.
His
rese
arch
i
nterest
inclu
des
reli
abi
li
ty
study
of
el
ect
rical
po
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,
re
ne
wab
le
e
nerg
y
and
e
nerg
y
ef
fici
ency
ma
na
ge
ment.
He
has
publishe
d
ma
ny
a
rtic
le
s
an
d
researc
h
fin
dings
i
n
j
our
nals
and
has
prese
nt
ed
in
ma
ny
internati
onal
c
onfer
e
nces
.
P
r
ior
t
o
joi
ning
the
higher
e
du
cat
io
n
in
dustry,
he
ha
s
involve
d
i
n
va
rio
us
desi
gn,
instal
la
ti
on
,
te
sti
ng
a
nd
c
om
missi
on
i
ng
of
el
ect
rical
sy
ste
ms
mai
nly
i
n
t
he
integ
rated
el
ect
rical
bac
k
-
up
po
w
er
s
uppl
y
sy
st
ems.
He
has
worked
w
it
h
eng
i
neer
s
a
nd
te
chn
ic
al
personnel
at
va
riou
s
le
vels
in
the
Un
it
e
d
Kingdom
,
A
ust
rali
a,
Ne
w
Ze
al
and
,
t
he
Ph
il
ipp
ine
s,
Sin
ga
pore
an
d
M
al
aysia.
He
is
a
Pr
ofessi
on
al
E
ng
i
neer
with
t
he
B
oard
of
E
ng
i
neer
s
M
al
aysia
(BE
M),
a
nd
a
C
har
te
r
ed
En
gin
eer
(
CE
ng)
w
it
h t
he In
sti
tuti
on
of E
ng
i
neer
i
ng and T
e
chnolo
gy
(I
ET
),
UK.
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