Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r
202
1
, p
p.
273
~
285
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
1
.
pp
273
-
285
273
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Simplifi
ed casc
ad
e multip
hase DC
-
DC boost po
wer
conver
t
ers
for hig
h volta
ge
-
ga
i
n and low
-
rip
ple ap
plications
Pekik
Argo D
ahon
o
School
of El
ec
tr
i
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing and
Inform
at
i
cs,
Instit
ute of Te
ch
nology
Bandung
,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
16, 2
020
Re
vised Jan
12
, 2021
Accepte
d
Ja
n 2
4,
2021
Thi
s
pape
r
prop
oses
two
new
simpl
ified
c
asc
ad
e
mul
t
ipha
se
D
C
-
DC
boost
power
conve
rt
er
s
with
high
vol
t
age
-
ga
in
and
lo
w
ripple.
Al
l
si
mpl
ifica
ti
ons
red
uce
the
num
ber
o
f
active
sw
it
chi
ng
d
evice
s
from
2N
int
o
N
,
where
N
is
the
phase
numb
er.
Th
e
f
irst
sim
pli
ficat
ion
r
educes
th
e
nu
mbe
r
o
f
indu
ct
ors
from
2N
in
to
N
+1
and
in
crease
s
the
numb
er
of
diode
s
fro
m
2N
int
o
(
2N+1
).
The
s
ec
ond
simp
li
ficat
ion
r
educe
s
the
numb
er
of
i
nduct
ors
fro
m
2N
int
o
N+1
and
inc
r
ea
ses
t
he
numbe
r
o
f
d
iode
s
from
2N
int
o
(
3N+1
).
The
sec
ond
simpl
ifica
t
ion
n
ee
ds
inductors
with
smal
l
er
cu
rre
nt
ra
ti
ng
th
a
n
the
first
simpl
ifica
t
ion.
The
expr
essions
of
outpu
t
vo
ltage
as
a
func
tion
of
lo
ad
cur
ren
t
ar
e
der
i
ved
by
ta
king
i
nto
a
cc
ount
the
volt
ag
e
drops
ac
ross
the
induc
tors
and
s
witc
hing
power
devi
c
es.
Si
mul
a
t
ed
and
exp
erim
ent
a
l
r
esult
s
are
inc
lud
ed
to
show
the
bas
ic
p
erf
orma
n
ce
of
the
propos
ed
c
asc
ad
e
mul
ti
ph
ase
DC
-
DC boost
power conve
rt
ers.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
DC
-
DC con
vert
er
Boo
st c
onve
rte
r
M
ulti
phase c
onve
rter
High
vo
lt
a
ge
-
r
at
io
Ri
pp
le
a
nalysis
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Pekik A
r
go D
a
hono
School
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
a
nd
Inform
at
ic
s
In
sti
tute
of Tec
hnolog
y
Ba
ndung
Jl. G
a
nesa
N
o.
10, Ba
ndung 4
0132, I
ndonesi
a
Emai
l:
pad
a
ho
no@iee
e.
org
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
A
very
hi
gh
-
ga
in
ste
p
-
up
DC
-
DC
powe
r
c
onver
te
r
is
c
omm
on
l
y
us
e
d
i
n
phot
ovoltai
c
(
P
V)
an
d
f
uel
-
cel
l
power
ge
ner
at
io
n
sy
ste
ms.
In
a
micr
ocon
ver
te
r
,
for
exa
mp
le
,
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
of
eac
h
PV
modu
le
(abo
ut
36
-
42
Vd
c
)
has
to
be
increase
d
dire
ct
ly
into
400
Vd
c
.
By
us
i
ng
a
micr
ocon
ve
rter,
eac
h
mod
ule
has
own
MPPT
(m
aximum
powe
r
point
tra
cki
ng)
c
on
tr
oller
to
minimi
ze
the
e
ff
ect
s
of
s
had
i
ng.
Dep
e
ndin
g
on
t
he
numb
e
r
of
sta
c
ks
,
the
dc
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge
of
f
uel
cel
ls
is
al
s
o
ve
ry
lo
w
between
12
a
nd
60
V
dc
[
1].
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n
to
hi
gh
volt
age
-
gai
n,
high
e
ff
i
ci
ency
a
nd
mi
nimum
in
put
a
nd
outp
ut
rip
ples
are
desira
bl
e.
Hi
gh
volt
ag
e
-
gai
n
capab
il
it
ie
s
ar
e
usual
ly
obt
ai
ned
by
casc
adin
g
se
ver
al
two
or
m
or
e
DC
-
DC
bo
ost
power
co
nverter
s.
M
inim
um
i
nput
and
outp
ut
ri
pp
le
s
ca
n
be
obta
ined
by
us
i
ng
m
ulti
ph
asi
ng
or
i
nterleavi
ng
te
ch
nique.
A
ve
r
y
low
i
nput
c
urre
nt
ri
pp
le
is
nec
essar
y
to
ens
ur
e
the
lo
ng
li
fe
of
PV
m
odules
an
d
f
uel
cel
ls.
High
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
ca
n
be ob
ta
ine
d b
y usin
g
s
of
t
sw
it
chin
g
te
ch
ni
ques an
d
el
imi
nat
ing
t
he
is
olati
on
tra
nsfo
rme
r
.
Ca
scade
co
nne
ct
ion
of
se
veral
DC
-
DC
boost
power
c
onve
rters
to
inc
re
ase
the
reac
ha
ble
volt
age
-
gain
wer
e
disc
us
se
d
in
[
2]
-
[4].
T
hese
w
orks
hav
e
s
how
n
t
hat
dif
fer
e
nt
powe
r
co
nverte
r
s
can
be
ca
sca
ded
t
o
achieve
ce
rtai
n
properti
es.
Si
mp
li
ficat
ion
t
o
reduce
t
he
nu
mb
e
r
of
act
ive
switc
hing
devi
ces
was
pro
po
sed
in
[5]
-
[10
].
T
hes
e
works
are
li
mit
ed
to
sin
gle
-
phase
DC
-
DC
power
c
onve
r
te
rs.
Ca
scade
connecti
on
of
sever
al
mu
lt
iph
a
se
D
C
-
DC
boos
t
powe
r
c
onve
rters
to
re
du
ce
t
he
input
cu
rrent
rip
ple
we
re
al
so
pr
ese
nted
in
[
11]
-
[12].
B
y
casca
ding
se
ve
ral
m
ulti
ph
ase
DC
-
DC
boos
t
pow
er
c
onve
rters,
a
zer
o
i
nput
c
urre
nt
ri
pp
le
can
al
so
be
achieve
d
as
w
el
l
as
very
hi
gh
volt
age
-
gain
.
Ca
sca
ding
s
e
ver
al
m
ulti
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
powe
r
co
nverter
s,
howe
ver,
nee
ds
a
la
r
ge
num
be
r
of
inducto
rs
and
act
ive
s
wi
tc
hin
g
de
vices.
As
far
a
s
the
a
uthor
is
awa
re,
how
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
273
–
2
85
274
to
re
duce
the
c
ompone
nt
c
ount
of
ca
scade
mu
lt
iph
a
se
DC
-
DC
boost
po
w
er
c
onver
te
rs
ha
s
not
been
pr
opose
d.
Anothe
r
meth
od
to
i
ncr
ease
the
vo
lt
age
ga
in
is
by
usi
ng
a
dual
boos
t
to
po
l
ogy
[
13]
-
[
15].
I
n
this
c
ase,
t
he
inputs
of
t
wo
boos
t
c
onve
rters
are
c
onnecte
d
in
pa
rall
el
an
d
the
outp
uts
a
re
in
se
ries.
T
he
main
disad
va
ntage
of this a
ppr
oac
h
is t
hat the
re i
s no
c
ommo
n p
oin
t
betwee
n
t
he
in
put an
d o
utput t
ermi
nals
.
This
pa
per
pro
po
s
es
two
ne
w
simp
li
fied
cas
cade
m
ulti
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
powe
r
co
nverter
s
with
very
hi
gh
vo
l
ta
ge
-
gain
an
d
lo
w
i
nput
c
urre
nt
rip
ple.
All
sim
plific
at
ion
s
re
duce
t
he
num
ber
of
act
ive
switc
hing
pow
er
de
vices
fro
m
2N
int
o
N
,
wh
e
re
N
is
the
ph
a
se
num
be
r
.
The
first
sim
plific
at
ion
r
ed
uces
the
numb
e
r
of
in
duct
ors
from
2N
into
(N+
1)
and
inc
reases
the
num
be
r
of
diodes
f
rom
2N
int
o
(
2N+
1).
T
he
seco
nd
simpli
f
ic
at
ion
re
duces
the
numb
e
r
of
inducto
rs
fro
m
2N
i
nto
N+
1
a
nd
inc
rease
s
the
num
ber
of
di
odes
from
2N
int
o
(
3N+
1
)
.
The
e
xpressi
ons
of
outp
ut
volt
age
a
s
a
f
unct
ion
of
loa
d
cu
rr
e
nt
a
re
de
rive
d
by
t
akin
g
into
acco
unt
th
e
vo
lt
age
dro
ps
across
the
in
du
ct
or
s
a
nd
s
witc
hing
po
we
r
de
vices.
A
c
omparati
ve
e
va
luati
on
amo
ng
casca
de
m
ulti
ph
ase
DC
-
DC
boos
t
powe
r
c
onve
rt
ers
is
pro
vid
e
d.
Sim
ulate
d
a
nd
e
x
per
ime
ntal
res
ults
are
inclu
de
d
to
sho
w
the
ba
sic
performa
nce
of
the
propose
d
casca
de
mu
lt
iph
a
se
DC
-
DC
boost
power
conve
rters.
The
rest
of
the
pa
per
is
orga
ni
zed
as
f
ollows.
Sect
io
n
t
wo
discuss
the
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
cas
cade
si
ng
le
-
ph
a
se
a
nd
m
ulti
ph
ase
DC
-
D
C
boo
st
co
nve
rters.
Sect
io
n
t
hr
ee
disc
us
s
th
e
de
rivati
on
of
two
new
sim
plifie
d
casca
de
m
ulti
phase
DC
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
rter
s.
Sect
io
n
f
our
discuss
the
pe
rformance
c
ompa
rison
am
ong
t
he
casca
de
m
ulti
ph
ase DC
-
DC boo
st
po
wer
co
nverter
s.
Sect
io
n
five
disc
us
s
the
e
xperim
e
nta
l
res
ults
an
d
Se
ct
ion
six is the
concl
us
io
n.
2.
CONVE
NTI
ONAL C
ASC
AD
E
M
ULTI
PHA
SE D
C
-
D
C
P
OWER
CON
VERTER
S
Conve
ntion
al
casca
de
mu
lt
i
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
boost
po
wer
co
nverters
a
re
fi
rst
discu
ssed
he
re
.
Simpli
ficat
ion
of
the
se
c
onve
r
te
rs
a
re
disc
us
s
ed
i
n
the
nex
t
s
ect
ion
.
Fi
gure
1
sho
ws
the
ca
scade
co
nnect
ion
of
sing
le
-
phase
D
C
-
DC
bo
os
t
powe
r
c
onver
te
r
s
an
d
the
sim
pl
ifie
d
versi
on.
By
us
i
ng
t
he
c
ascade
c
onnect
ion
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 1(a),
the
volt
age
-
gain
un
der co
ntinuo
us
i
nduct
or cu
rr
e
nt
mode is
(1)
(
)
(
)
2
1
1
1
1
−
−
=
d
o
E
V
(1)
wh
e
re α
1
a
nd α
2
are
t
he
duty
c
ycles o
f
the
f
ront
a
nd
rea
r
c
on
ver
te
r
s
witc
hing p
owe
r
dev
ic
e
s,
re
sp
ect
ivel
y.
The
maxim
um
val
ue
of
du
t
y
c
ycle is u
nity.
Simpli
ficat
io
n
meth
od
of
ca
scade
d
c
onnec
ti
on
of
tw
o
D
C
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
rter
in
Fi
gure
1(
a
)
i
nto
the
one
as
s
ho
wn
in
Fi
gure
1(b)
was
disc
usse
d
in
[
5]
-
[10
].
As
it
is
s
hown
in
Fi
gure
1(b),
t
he
simp
li
fied
casca
de
si
ng
le
-
phase
DC
-
DC
boost
po
wer
conve
rter
nee
ds
just
on
e
act
ive
s
witc
hing
powe
r
de
vices
bu
t
t
he
numb
e
r of di
odes is i
ncr
ease
d
int
o
th
ree.
Und
e
r
c
onti
nuou
s in
du
ct
or
c
urr
ent
m
od
e
, t
he vo
lt
age
g
ai
n
is
(2)
(
)
2
1
1
−
=
d
o
E
V
(2)
L
o
a
d
o
v
d
E
d
i
1
L
1
Q
m
C
2
L
2
Q
o
C
(a)
d
E
L
o
a
d
o
v
o
C
Q
2
L
m
C
1
L
d
i
(b)
Figure
1. Ca
sc
ade c
onnecti
on
of single
-
phas
e D
C
-
DC
boost
co
nve
rters
,
(
a
)
casca
de
c
onne
ct
ion
of sin
gl
e
-
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
boos
t c
onve
rte
rs
, (b
)
si
mp
li
fi
ed
casca
de
si
ngle
-
ph
ase
D
C
-
DC bo
os
t c
onve
rters
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Simpli
fi
ed
casc
ad
e
mult
iphase
D
C
-
DC
boos
t
po
we
r
convert
ers for hi
gh vo
l
tag
e
-
gain
… (
Peki
k Argo
D
ahon
o
)
275
Th
us
,
t
he
volt
age
-
gain
of
si
mp
li
fied
casca
de
sin
gle
-
phas
e
DC
-
DC
boost
conve
rter
ha
s
a
qua
dr
at
ic
char
act
e
risti
c.
An
al
ys
is
a
nd
c
on
t
ro
l
t
his
qua
dr
at
ic
c
onve
rter
hav
e
bee
n
propose
d
i
n
[
16]
-
[
18].
Fo
r
t
he
sam
e
du
t
y
c
ycle,
the
ori
gi
nal
a
nd
s
impli
fied
casca
de
si
ngle
-
phas
e
DC
-
DC
bo
ost
powe
r
co
nver
te
rs
hav
e
a
vol
ta
ge
-
gain
that
is
hi
gh
e
r
tha
n
just
a
sing
le
-
phase
DC
-
DC
boost
powe
r
co
nv
e
rt
er.
T
his
casca
de
co
nnect
ion
can
be
exten
ded
to
more
tha
n
t
w
o
DC
-
DC
bo
o
st
po
wer
co
nv
e
rters
.
T
hough
casca
ding
sever
al
DC
-
D
C
boos
t
conve
rters
c
an
so
lve
the
volt
age
-
gain
pr
ob
le
m,
t
he
i
nput
a
nd
outp
ut
ri
pp
le
s
are
sti
ll
high.
I
n
si
ng
le
-
phas
e
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
co
nverter
,
the
rip
pl
es
are
usual
ly
reduce
d
by
i
nc
reasin
g
the
s
witc
hing
f
re
quen
cy
an
d/or
th
e
filt
er
siz
e.
It
has
bee
n
s
hown
i
n
the
li
te
ratur
e
that
mu
lt
iph
a
sin
g
or
inte
rleavin
g
is
a
n
e
ff
ect
ive
wa
y
to
reduce
t
he
input
an
d
ou
t
pu
t
c
urre
nt
ri
pp
le
s
with
ou
t
us
in
g
a
high
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
nor
a
la
rg
e
filt
er
[
19]
-
[
21].
Simi
la
rly,
in
orde
r
t
o
re
du
ce
the
in
pu
t
an
d
outp
ut
rip
ples
an
d
to
obta
in
a
high
volt
ag
e
-
gai
n,
tw
o
or
m
or
e
mu
lt
iph
a
se
D
C
-
DC
boos
t
powe
r
c
onve
rte
rs
ca
n
be
ca
sc
aded
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
2.
By
us
in
g
t
his
casca
de
connecti
on, t
he
volt
age
-
gain
is the sa
me as
gi
ven
by (1
).
T
he
phase
nu
mb
e
rs of
fro
nt and
rear mult
ip
has
e D
C
-
DC
bo
os
t
po
w
er
co
nverte
rs
i
n
Fi
gure
2
do
not
ha
ve
to
be
the
same.
I
f
the
duty
c
yc
le
of
t
he
fi
rst
sta
ge
conve
rter
is
se
le
ct
ed
const
ant
at
certai
n
valu
es,
the
in
pu
t
c
urren
t
ri
pp
le
c
an
be
al
m
os
t
e
qu
al
to
ze
ro
[20].
I
n
thi
s
case,
the
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
con
tr
ol
is
del
egated
int
o
th
e
rear
sta
ge
D
C
-
DC
bo
os
t
powe
r
co
nverte
r.
T
he
switc
hing
fr
e
quencies
of
th
e
fron
t
a
nd
rear
sta
ges
of
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
pow
er
c
onver
te
rs
do
no
t
ha
ve
t
o
be
the
same
a
nd
ca
n
be
opti
mize
d
to
ma
ximize
the
ef
fici
en
c
y.
Th
ough
the
in
pu
t
outp
ut
rip
ples
are
r
edu
ce
d
sign
ific
a
ntly
by
ca
scadi
ng
se
ver
al
m
ulti
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
boost
po
wer
co
nv
erters,
the
num
ber
s
of
in
duct
ors
a
nd
switc
hing
de
vices are
sig
nific
antly inc
rease
d.
The
sim
plifie
d
sing
le
-
phase
casca
de
DC
-
D
C
power
c
onve
rte
r
in
Fi
gure
1(b)
ca
n
al
so
be
exte
nd
e
d
into
the
m
ulti
phase
one
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
3.
Simi
la
r
to
c
onve
ntion
al
m
ulti
ph
ase
DC
-
DC
boost
co
nverters,
the
act
ive
s
witc
hing
de
vices
are
gated
by
id
entic
al
car
rier
sign
al
s
with
phase
di
ff
e
ren
ce
of
2π/
N
.
The
volt
age
-
gain
of
t
his
c
onve
rter
is
the
s
ame
as
gi
ven
by
(
2).
Th
ough
t
he
num
ber
of
act
ive
switc
hing
powe
r
de
vices
is
reduce
d
f
rom
2N
into
N
,
the
numbe
r
of
diodes
is
inc
rease
d
f
rom
2N
into
3N
an
d
t
he
nu
mb
e
r
of
el
ect
r
oly
ti
c
capaci
tors i
s in
creased
from t
wo into
N+
1
.
d
E
o
v
Lo
a
d
11
Q
12
Q
13
Q
M
Q
1
21
Q
22
Q
23
Q
N
Q
2
2
L
m
C
o
C
1
L
d
i
Figure
2. Ca
sc
ade c
onnecti
on
of m
ulti
ph
as
e
DC
-
DC bo
os
t
conve
rters
d
E
o
v
Lo
a
d
1
L
2
L
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
N
Q
m
C
o
C
d
i
1
D
s
D
2
D
o
I
Figure
3. Sim
pl
ifie
d
casca
de mult
iph
a
se
DC
-
DC
boos
t
con
ver
te
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
273
–
2
85
276
3.
SIMPLIFIE
D
C
A
SC
ADE
MULT
IPH
A
SE D
C
-
DC P
OWER
CON
VERT
ERS
3.1
.
Fir
st
sim
pli
ficat
io
n
As
the
duty
c
yc
le
s
of
t
ran
sist
or
s
i
n
Fi
gure
3
are
e
qu
al
s,
th
e
aver
a
ge
volt
ages
ac
ro
s
s
ca
pacit
or
s
Cm
are
e
qual
.
As
the
volt
ages
are
e
qual
,
t
he
capaci
to
rs
C
m
can
be
c
onnected
di
rectl
y
i
n
par
al
le
l.
If
these
capaci
tors
C
m
are
co
nnect
ed
in
pa
rall
el
,
the
inducto
rs
L
1
and
di
od
es
D
1
will
al
so
be
i
n
pa
rall
el
.
T
hus,
th
e
conve
rter
ca
n
be
sim
plifie
d
i
nto
t
he
first
si
mp
li
fied
casca
de
m
ulti
phase
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
conve
rter
as
show
n
i
n
Figure
4.
In
the
new
c
onver
te
r
of
Fi
gur
e
4,
t
he
num
be
r
of
in
duct
ors
is
re
duced
from
2N
int
o
(N+
1)
.
T
he
act
iv
e
switc
hing
po
w
er
de
vices
a
re
reduce
d
from
2N
i
nto
N
.
The
num
be
r
of
diodes,
ho
wever,
is
increa
sed
f
r
om
2N
into
(
2N+
1)
c
ompa
red
to
t
he
on
e
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2.
Si
mil
ar
t
o
c
onve
ntio
nal mu
l
ti
ph
ase
DC
-
D
C
bo
os
t
c
onve
r
te
r,
t
he
same
gatin
g
st
rateg
y
as
co
nventio
nal
m
ulti
ph
ase
dc
-
dc
boos
t
co
nverte
r
is
us
e
d
he
re
.
U
nd
e
r
co
ntinuo
us
inducto
r
c
urrent
mode,
t
he v
oltage
-
gain
is
(
3)
(
)
(
)
−
−
=
1
1
1
N
E
V
d
o
(3)
wh
e
re
the
ma
xi
mu
m
val
ue
of
duty
c
ycle
is
1/N
.
If
the
du
t
y
c
ycle
is
m
or
e
tha
n
1/N
,
the
in
pu
t
volt
age
will
be
sh
ort
-
ci
rc
uited
thr
ough the
acti
ve
s
witc
hing
de
vices.
As
the ma
xim
um d
uty
c
ycle is reduced
, th
e
phase n
umbe
r
c
an’
t be i
ncr
eas
ed
t
oo h
i
gh. In t
he
DC
-
DC
powe
r
co
nvert
er
of
Fi
gure
4,
the
num
be
r
of
inducto
rs
of
t
he
f
ront
sta
ge
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
powe
r
co
nvert
er
has
been
re
du
c
ed
f
rom
N
int
o
on
e.
Mo
reover
,
t
he
re
quire
d
in
du
ct
a
nce
to
en
su
re
co
ntin
uous
co
nductio
n
mode
is
al
so
1/N
s
mall
er
c
ompare
d
to
t
he
ori
gin
al
one.
In
this
case,
howe
ver,
the
re
quired
current
rati
ng
of
the
inducto
r wil
l b
e large
as th
e f
ront
DC
-
DC
boo
st
con
ver
te
r
works at t
he
lo
w vo
lt
age
side
.
Figure
5
s
hows
sim
ulate
d
resu
lt
f
or
the
conve
rter
in
F
igure
4
with
ph
a
se
num
be
r
of
tw
o.
T
he
conve
rter
wa
s
simulat
ed
by
usi
ng
P
SIM.
I
n
the
simulat
io
n,
it
is
assumed
t
hat
dc
vo
lt
a
ge
so
urce
is
12
V.
The
inducto
rs
L
1
a
nd
L
2
a
re
eq
ua
l
with
the
in
du
ct
ance
of
on
e
mH.
T
he
capa
ci
tors
C
m
an
d
C
o
are
e
qual
w
it
h
the
capaci
ta
nce
of
20
0
uF.
The
switc
hing
f
requen
c
y
is
5
kH
z.
In
the
sim
ul
at
ion
,
it
is
al
so
assu
me
d
t
ha
t
al
l
com
pone
nts
a
r
e
ideal
c
omp
onents
.
T
he
loa
d
is
ass
um
e
d
a
s
a
co
ns
ta
nt
re
sist
ance
of
100
O
hm.
Fig
ur
e
5
s
how
s
that
the
rip
ple
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
of
t
he
in
put
cu
rr
e
nt
is
tw
o
ti
mes
of
the
switc
hi
ng
de
vice
f
re
quenc
y.
T
he
du
t
y
c
ycle
of
0.4
1
is
use
d
to
obta
in
a
n
outp
ut
volt
age
of
12
0
V
dc.
As
the
in
pu
t
si
de
inducto
r
c
urrent
ripp
le
is
N
ti
mes
o
f
the s
witc
hing
de
vice f
reque
nc
y,
t
he
siz
e
of th
e inducto
r
ca
n be
reduce
d
sig
nificantl
y.
d
E
o
v
Lo
a
d
1
L
d
i
m
C
o
C
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
N
Q
2
L
1
D
s
D
2
D
o
I
Figure
4. First
simpli
fied c
asc
ade mult
ip
hase
D
C
-
DC
boos
t
conve
rter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Simpli
fi
ed
casc
ad
e
mult
iphase
D
C
-
DC
boos
t
po
we
r
convert
ers for hi
gh vo
l
tag
e
-
gain
… (
Peki
k Argo
D
ahon
o
)
277
118
119
120
121
122
VP1
22
24
26
28
I1
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
V1
0
.
1
7
8
2
0
.
1
7
8
4
0
.
1
7
8
6
0
.
1
7
8
8
0
.
1
7
9
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
V2
ta
ge
O
utput v
ol
current
Input
1
si
gnal
G
ate
2
s
ignal
G
ate
Figure
5. Sim
ul
at
ed
res
ult o
f f
irst si
mp
li
fie
d ca
scade t
wo
-
phase
DC
-
DC
boos
t
con
ver
te
r
3.2
.
Sec
on
d
si
mpli
ficat
i
on
As
it
was
prev
iou
sl
y
me
ntioned,
t
he
ave
ra
ge
vo
lt
a
ges
acr
oss
capaci
to
rs
C
m
are
eq
ual
when
the
dut
y
cycles
of
swit
chin
g
dev
ic
es
are
e
qual
.
T
hu
s
,
t
he
in
duc
tors
L
2
a
nd
D
2
will
be
c
onne
ct
ed
in
pa
rall
el
.
As
connecte
d
in
pa
rall
el
,
N
in
du
ct
or
s
L
2
a
nd
dio
de
s
D
2
can
be
re
placed
into
just
si
ng
le
in
du
ct
or
L
2
a
nd
sing
le
diode
D
2
as
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
6.
I
n
this
case,
howe
ver,
a
dd
it
ion
al
se
ries
diodes
a
re
require
d
to
pre
ven
t
c
urre
nt
s
fr
om
in
du
ct
ors
L
1
a
re
flo
wi
ng
th
rou
gh
th
e
un
desire
d
tr
ansisto
rs.
The
num
bers
of
inducto
rs
an
d
act
iv
e
switc
hing
po
w
er
de
vices
a
re
al
so
reduce
d
as
in
t
he
ca
se
of
Fig
ure
4.
The
num
be
r
of
diodes
,
how
ever,
is
increase
d
from
2N
into
(
3N+
1).
In
this
case,
ho
wev
e
r,
the
s
ing
le
i
nducto
r
is
w
orkin
g
on
t
he
high
volt
ag
e
sid
e
and,
there
f
or
e,
the
require
d
c
urre
nt
rati
ng
is
small
.
More
over,
the
ri
pp
le
frequ
e
nc
y
of
the
current
th
rou
gh
the
seco
nd
sta
ge
inducto
r
is
N
ti
mes
of
the
swi
tc
hin
g
fr
e
quen
cy
an
d,
the
re
fore,
the
re
quire
d
in
du
ct
a
nce
is
small
.
The v
oltage
-
ga
in is sti
ll
the sa
me as
giv
e
n b
y (
3)
.
Fig
ur
e
7
s
hows
sim
ulate
d
r
esult
for
the
c
onve
rter
in
Figure
6
with
phase
numb
e
r
of
tw
o.
I
n
t
he
simulat
ion,
the
sy
ste
m
data
is
the
same
as
t
he
us
ed
in
Fi
gure
5.
Fig
ur
e
7
shows
that
th
e
rip
ple
f
reque
ncy
of
the
in
put
c
urre
nt
is
t
wo
ti
mes
of
t
he
switc
hi
ng
dev
ic
e
f
requen
c
y
an
d
al
so
tw
o
ti
mes
of
the
i
nput
side
inducto
r
current
rip
ple.
The d
uty
c
ycle
of
0.41 is u
sed
to ob
ta
in
a
n o
utput v
oltage
of
120 Vdc.
It
ha
s
bee
n
me
ntion
e
d
that
t
he
ma
ximum
duty
cycle
will
be
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
reduce
d
w
he
n
t
he
phase
numb
e
r
is
high
.
I
n
orde
r
to
sol
ve
this
pr
ob
le
m,
an
eve
n
phase
num
ber
ca
n
be
obta
ine
d
by
pa
rall
el
ing
sever
al
simpli
fied
casc
ade
t
wo
-
ph
ase
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
co
nverter
s.
Fi
gure
8
s
hows
simpli
fied
casc
ade
f
our
-
phase
DC
-
DC
boos
t
co
nv
e
rter
that
i
s
obta
ine
d
by
pa
rall
el
ing
two
sim
plifie
d
casca
de
t
wo
-
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
conve
rters.
T
he
car
rier
sig
nals
f
or
the
fi
rst
a
nd
sec
ond
sim
plifie
d
casca
de
tw
o
-
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
c
onver
te
r
s
are
sh
i
fted
by
90o
in
orde
r
t
o
obta
i
n
fou
r
ph
a
se
DC
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
rter
cha
racteri
sti
c.
The
volt
age
gain
of
this co
nverter
is (4)
(
)
(
)
−
−
=
1
2
1
1
d
o
E
V
(4)
By
us
in
g
this
method,
the
m
aximum
du
t
y
c
ycle is
half
i
ns
te
ad of
one
fou
r
th.
The
pro
po
se
d
simpli
ficat
ion
appr
oach
can
al
so
be
ap
plied
to
c
ascade
c
onnecti
on
of
more
tha
n
tw
o
mu
lt
iph
a
se
DC
-
DC
boos
t
po
wer
c
onve
rters
.
Fig
ur
e
9
s
hows
the
e
xtensi
on
of
Fig
ur
e
4
wh
e
n
the
nu
mb
e
r
of
sta
ges
is t
hr
ee.
In this case
, the
volt
age
gain
unde
r
c
on
ti
nu
ous i
nducto
r
c
urren
t
mode is
(
5)
(
)
(
)
−
−
=
1
1
1
2
N
E
V
d
o
(5)
Extensi
on
of
the
sc
heme
in
Figure
6
into
more
tha
n
tw
o
sta
ges
will
ne
ed
m
or
e
i
nduc
tors
tha
n
t
he
extensi
on of F
i
gure
4. Th
us, e
xtensi
on of F
i
gure
4 is p
ref
e
rred
wh
e
n
t
he numbe
r of
sta
ges i
s more tha
n
t
wo.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
273
–
2
85
278
d
E
...
o
v
Lo
a
d
d
i
1
L
m
C
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
N
Q
o
C
2
L
1
D
s
D
2
D
b
D
o
I
Figure
6. Sec
ond si
m
plifie
d
c
ascade
mu
lt
ip
ha
se D
C
-
DC
bo
os
t c
onver
te
r
116
118
120
122
VP1
2
3
.
5
24
2
4
.
5
25
2
5
.
5
I1
10
11
12
13
14
I5
I6
0
0
.
2
0
.
4
0
.
6
0
.
8
1
V1
0
.
3
8
6
8
0
.
3
8
7
0
.
3
8
7
2
0
.
3
8
7
4
0
.
3
8
7
6
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
0
0
.
4
0
.
8
V2
ta
ge
Ou
tpu
t v
ol
curr
ent
In
pu
t
c
ur
ren
t
s
i
nd
uc
t
or
si
de
I
npu
t
1
s
i
gna
l
Ga
t
e
2
signal
Ga
te
Figure
7. Sim
ul
at
ed
res
ult o
f
s
econd
simpli
fi
ed
casca
de
t
wo
-
phase
DC
-
DC
boo
st
con
ver
te
r
d
E
o
v
Lo
a
d
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
Q
1
i
2
i
d
i
o
C
m
C
m
C
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
1
L
1
L
Figure
8. Sim
pl
ifie
d
casca
de
f
our
-
phase
DC
-
DC bo
os
t c
onve
rter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Simpli
fi
ed
casc
ad
e
mult
iphase
D
C
-
DC
boos
t
po
we
r
convert
ers for hi
gh vo
l
tag
e
-
gain
… (
Peki
k Argo
D
ahon
o
)
279
d
E
o
v
Lo
a
d
Figure
9. Sim
pl
ifie
d
thr
ee
-
sta
ges
casca
de m
ulti
ph
ase
D
C
-
DC bo
os
t c
onve
rter
4.
COMP
ARAT
IVE EV
AL
U
ATIO
N
4.1
.
Ou
tp
u
t v
olt
ag
e
analy
sis
The
outp
ut
vo
l
ta
ge
e
xpressio
ns
(1)
-
(
3)
ha
ve
bee
n
de
rive
d
by
ass
um
i
ng
th
at
the
vo
lt
a
ge
dro
ps
ac
ros
s
the
in
du
ct
or
s
and
switc
hing
powe
r
dev
ic
es
are
ne
gligible
.
I
f
the
se
vo
lt
a
ge
dro
ps
a
re
ne
glect
ed,
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
ca
n
be
inc
rease
d
up
t
o
i
nf
i
nitel
y.
I
n
pract
ic
es,
the
vo
lt
age
dro
ps
acro
s
s
t
he
i
nd
ucto
rs
an
d
swi
tc
hin
g
pow
e
r devices
will
li
mit
the max
im
um
outp
ut volt
age t
hat
can
be
ac
hieve
d.
The
e
xpressi
ons
of
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
by
ta
king
into
acco
unt
the
volt
age
dro
ps
acr
os
s
the
i
nducto
rs
a
nd
switc
hing
po
w
er
de
vices
can
be
obta
ine
d
by
us
in
g
sta
te
-
s
pa
ce
aver
a
ging
t
echn
i
qu
e
[
2
2].
The
obta
ine
d
r
esults
are
sho
wn
i
n
Table
1.
T
hese
expressi
on
s
a
re
valid
unde
r
con
ti
nu
ous
in
duct
or
cu
rr
e
nt
mode.
All
cap
aci
tors
wer
e
ass
um
e
d
as
ideal
ca
pacit
or
s
wit
h
no
pa
rasit
ic
co
mpo
nen
ts
.
All
i
nduc
tors
hav
e
the
same
resist
anc
es
of
R
L
.
All
act
ive
switc
hing
po
w
er
de
vices
a
nd
di
od
e
s
a
re
as
su
me
d
as
i
de
nt
ic
al
.
The
volt
age
dro
ps
acr
oss
th
e
switc
hing
de
vi
ces
duri
ng
c
onduct
ion
m
ode
a
re
re
pr
es
ented
by
a
c
on
sta
nt
c
omp
on
e
nt
plus
a
resist
ive
com
pone
nt.
V
Q
an
d
V
D
a
re
c
on
sta
nt
c
omponents
an
d
R
Q
and
R
D
a
re
resi
sti
ve
co
mpo
ne
nts
of
volt
age
dro
ps
acro
s
s the
transi
stors
a
nd
diodes,
r
es
pecti
ve
ly.
Table
1.
O
utpu
t vo
lt
age
e
xpre
ssion
s
Fig
u
re
Ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e expr
ess
io
n
2
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
o
D
Q
L
D
Q
d
o
I
N
R
R
R
V
V
E
v
4
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
−
+
−
−
+
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
=
3
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
o
D
o
L
o
Q
D
Q
d
o
I
N
R
I
N
R
I
N
R
V
V
E
v
4
3
2
4
2
4
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
−
−
+
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
=
4
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
o
Q
o
D
o
L
D
Q
d
o
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
R
I
N
N
N
N
R
I
N
N
N
N
R
N
N
N
V
N
N
N
V
N
E
v
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
−
−
+
−
−
−
+
+
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
=
6
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
o
Q
o
D
o
L
D
Q
d
o
I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
R
I
N
N
N
R
I
N
N
N
R
N
V
N
V
N
E
v
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
−
−
+
−
−
+
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
=
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
273
–
2
85
280
Ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
ex
pr
es
sio
ns
i
n
Table
1
f
or
th
e
first
a
nd
sec
ond
simpli
fie
d
co
nv
e
rters
are
plo
tt
e
d
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
10.
It
is
a
ss
um
e
d
that
t
he
act
ive
s
witc
hing
de
vices
are
M
O
SFET
S
(
IRFP24
0)
.
Acc
ordin
g
to
the d
at
a
s
heet,
the r
esi
sta
nce
o
f
IR
FP
240
is 18
m
Ω.
All
di
odes
are
RHR
P
3060 w
it
h
a
co
ns
ta
nt
volt
age
d
r
op o
f
0.9
V
a
nd
a
re
sist
ance
of
16
mΩ.
I
nduct
or
r
esi
sta
nces
are
assume
d
e
qu
al
to
50
mΩ
.
It
is
assume
d
t
hat
the
dc
input
vo
lt
ag
e
i
s
co
ns
ta
nt
at
12
V
dc.
T
he
no
l
oad
vo
lt
age
s
are
ass
um
e
d
the
same
at
120
Vd
c
.
T
his
fig
ur
e
sh
ows
t
hat
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
s
of
first
a
nd
s
econd
sim
plifi
ed
casca
de
m
ul
ti
ph
ase
DC
-
D
C
boos
t
c
onvert
ers
are
higher
t
han
th
e
ones
in
Fig
ur
es
2
a
nd
3.
The
vo
lt
age
dro
ps
of
first
s
impli
fied
c
onve
rter
are
al
most
not
change
d
w
hen
the
ph
a
se
num
ber
is
i
ncr
ea
se
d.
O
n
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
t
he
volt
age
dro
ps
of
t
he
seco
nd
si
m
plifie
d
conve
rter
a
re
increase
d
w
hen
the
phase
nu
mb
e
r
is
inc
rea
sed.
I
n
pract
ic
es,
the
i
nducto
rs
of
t
he
f
r
on
t
and
rea
r
sta
ges of t
he
si
mp
li
fied
con
ve
rters
will
b
e
dif
fer
e
nt and c
an
be op
ti
mize
d
t
o red
uce t
he vol
ta
ge
dro
ps
.
70
80
90
100
110
120
0
0
,
5
1
1
,
5
2
2
,
5
3
3
,
5
O
ut
put
vo
l
t
a
ge
(
V
)
L
oa
d
c
ur
re
nt
(A
)
F
i
g. 2
(t
w
o
-
pha
s
e
)
F
i
g.
2
(t
hr
e
e
-
ph
a
s
e
)
F
i
g. 3
(t
w
o
-
pha
s
e
)
F
i
g. 3
(t
hre
e
-
pha
s
e
)
F
i
g. 4
(t
w
o a
nd
t
hr
e
e
-
ph
a
s
e
)
F
i
g.
6
(t
w
o
-
pha
s
e
)
F
i
g. 6
(t
hre
e
-
pha
s
e
)
Figure
10. O
utp
ut
volt
age as
a f
un
ct
io
n of l
oa
d
c
urren
t
4.2
.
C
onducti
on
l
os
ses
The o
utput p
ower
of the
D
C
-
DC po
wer co
nverter
is (6
)
o
o
o
I
v
P
=
(6)
By
us
in
g
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
ex
pr
es
sio
n
in
Table
1
a
nd
(3),
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
powe
r
of
the
simpli
fie
d
casca
de mult
ip
hase
DC
-
DC
boos
t
power c
on
ver
te
r
, F
i
g
ure
3 for e
xam
ple,
is (7)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
o
L
D
Q
o
D
Q
o
d
o
I
N
R
R
R
I
V
V
I
E
P
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
o
L
D
Q
o
D
Q
o
d
o
I
N
R
R
R
I
V
V
I
E
P
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
=
(7)
The
i
nput c
urr
ent of t
he DC
-
DC po
wer co
nverter
is (8
)
(
)
2
1
−
=
o
d
I
i
(8)
Substi
tuti
ng (8
)
int
o
(
7), t
he
(
9) is obta
ine
d
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
o
L
D
Q
o
D
Q
d
d
o
I
N
R
R
R
I
V
V
i
E
P
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
−
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
o
L
D
Q
o
D
Q
d
d
o
I
N
R
R
R
I
V
V
i
E
P
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
−
−
+
−
+
−
−
=
(
9)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Simpli
fi
ed
casc
ad
e
mult
iphase
D
C
-
DC
boos
t
po
we
r
convert
ers for hi
gh vo
l
tag
e
-
gain
… (
Peki
k Argo
D
ahon
o
)
281
The p
ow
e
r
lo
ss
in
the
con
ver
t
er is
(10)
d
i
lo
s
s
P
P
P
−
=
(10)
The
c
onve
rter i
nput
powe
r
is
(
11)
d
d
i
i
E
P
=
(11)
By
us
in
g (8)
-
(
11), t
he (1
2) is
ob
ta
ine
d:
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
o
L
D
Q
o
D
Q
l
o
s
s
I
N
R
R
R
I
V
V
P
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
o
L
D
Q
o
D
Q
l
o
s
s
I
N
R
R
R
I
V
V
P
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
+
−
=
(12)
Eq
uation
(
12) shows t
hat the
vo
lt
age
drops a
cro
ss
the s
witc
hing
dev
ic
es a
nd in
du
ct
or
s ca
n be used
t
o
est
imat
e
the
c
onduct
io
n
l
os
se
s.
As
t
he
vo
lt
a
ge
dro
ps
i
n
the
simpli
fie
d
c
onver
te
r
s
a
re
bigger
tha
n
t
he
ori
gin
al
on
e
s,
t
he
c
onduct
ion
los
ses
a
re
al
s
o
bigger
.
As
it
h
a
s
bee
n
mentio
ne
d
be
fore,
the
i
nduc
tor
L
1
in
Fi
gure
4
or
the in
du
ct
or
L
2
in Fi
gure
6
ca
n be ma
de sma
ll
er and,
t
her
e
f
or
e
, th
e
con
du
c
ti
on
lo
sses ca
n be s
mall
er.
4.3
.
S
witchin
g
lo
sses
The
switc
hi
ng
losses
a
re
pro
portio
nal
t
o
the
op
e
rati
ng
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
c
urre
nt
[23]
-
[
27]
.
In
ge
ner
al
,
the
switc
hing l
os
se
s in
a
transi
stor ca
n be
w
ritt
en
as (1
3)
VI
Kf
P
s
sw
=
(13)
wh
e
re
K
is
a
c
on
sta
nt
that
de
pends
on
the
de
vice
cha
racter
ist
ic
s,
f
s
is
switc
hin
g
freq
ue
nc
y,
V
is
t
he
de
vice
op
e
rati
ng
volt
age,
a
nd
I
is
the
dev
ic
e
c
urren
t
.
By
usi
ng
a
simple
anal
ys
is,
the
ex
pr
es
sio
ns
of
s
witc
hing
losses
of cascade
d m
ulti
ph
ase
bo
os
t co
nv
e
rters
are give
n
in
Ta
ble
2.
These
exp
re
ssion
s
are
p
l
otted in
Fig
ure
11.
Figure
11
s
hows
that
t
he
fir
st
simpli
fie
d
c
onve
rter
has
hi
gh
e
r
s
witc
hi
ng
l
os
ses
tha
n
the
oth
e
rs.
Th
ough
t
he
se
cond
sim
plifie
d
c
onve
rter
ha
s
hi
gher
co
nduc
ti
on
l
os
ses
th
an
t
he
first
one
,
the
s
witc
hing
losse
s
are
small
er.
I
n
gen
e
ral,
the
pro
posed
mu
lt
ip
hase
DC
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
rter
s
ha
ve
a
small
er
co
unt
num
be
r
of
com
pone
nts
but
at
the
ex
pe
nse
of
hi
gh
e
r
lo
sses.
T
he
los
se
s
can
be
re
duc
ed
if
m
oder
n
wide
ba
ndga
p
powe
r
dev
ic
es
are use
d [26]
,
[27].
As
t
he
c
onduct
ion
a
nd
s
witc
hi
ng
l
os
ses
are
high
c
ompare
d
to
c
onve
ntio
na
l
casca
de
mu
l
ti
ph
ase
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
po
wer
c
onve
rter
s,
the
pro
pose
d
sim
p
li
fied
c
ascade
m
ulti
phase
DC
-
DC
powe
r
co
nvert
ers
are
su
it
able
only
f
or
l
ow
-
po
wer
app
li
cat
io
ns
s
uc
h
as
micr
oc
onve
rters
.
Th
ou
gh
t
he
losse
s
a
re
hi
gh,
the
propose
d
conve
rters
nee
d
a
small
er
c
ount
of
in
duct
or
s
an
d
ca
pacit
or
s.
I
n
some
cas
es,
the
in
du
ct
ors
a
nd
ca
pacit
ors
ta
ke
more
vo
l
um
e t
han the
semic
onduct
ors a
nd t
he
ass
ociat
ed c
on
t
ro
ll
ers
.
Table
2.
Sw
it
c
hing lo
sses
Fig
u
re
Ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e expr
ess
io
n
2
(
)
3
1
2
−
=
L
d
s
sw
I
E
Kf
P
3
(
)
(
)
−
−
=
2
1
4
L
d
s
sw
I
E
Kf
P
4
(
)
(
)
(
)
N
N
N
I
E
Kf
P
L
d
s
sw
+
−
−
−
=
1
1
1
2
2
6
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
1
1
1
2
2
+
−
−
−
=
N
N
N
I
E
Kf
P
L
d
s
sw
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
202
1
:
273
–
2
85
282
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
L
d
s
sw
I
E
Kf
P
d
o
E
v
2
Fig
.
3
Fig
.
ph
as
e)
-
(t
wo
4
F
ig
.
ph
ase)
-
(thr
ee
4
Fig
.
ph
ase)
-
(tw
o
6.
Fi
g.
pha
se)
-
(th
ree
6.
Fi
g.
Figure
11. Swi
tc
hin
g l
os
se
s
5.
EXPERI
MEN
TAL RES
UL
TS
A
s
mall
sim
plifie
d
ca
scade
m
ulti
ph
ase
DC
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
rter
s
ys
te
m
w
it
h
the
sche
me
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
4
was
c
on
st
ru
ct
e
d.
T
he
ph
as
e
num
be
r
N
is
two.
All
inducto
rs
ha
ve
identic
al
induc
ta
nce
of
5.1
m
H
an
d
resist
ance
of
0.3
O
hm
.
T
he
act
ive
switc
hing
de
vices
wer
e
im
pleme
nted
by
usi
ng
po
wer
M
O
S
FETs
(I
RFP
240)
wit
h
resist
ance
of
18
mΩ
.
A
T
LP25
0
gate
dr
iver
was
us
e
d
to
dr
i
ve
t
he
MOSFE
T.
All
di
od
es
(RHRP
3060)
hav
e
c
onsta
nt
vo
lt
age
dro
p
of
0.9
V
a
nd
re
sist
ance
of
16
mΩ.
T
he
swit
chin
g
f
reque
nc
y
was
mainta
ine
d
c
onsta
nt
at
10
kHz
duri
ng
the
exp
e
rime
nt.
T
he
dc
in
put
vo
l
ta
ge
is
al
so
ma
intai
ned
c
on
sta
nt
at
12
Vd
c
.
T
he
loa
d
is
a
var
ia
ble
re
sist
ance.
No
at
te
mp
ts
ha
ve
be
en
done
t
o
opti
mize
the
c
onve
rter
performa
nc
e
b
y
s
el
ect
ing
bette
r
inducto
rs
a
nd
semic
onduct
or
dev
ic
es
.
Figure
12
s
ho
ws
t
he
i
nput
c
urren
t
an
d
gate
sig
nal
wav
e
f
orms
of
si
mp
li
fi
ed
casc
ade
tw
o
-
phase
DC
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
rter.
It
ca
n
be
seen
that
t
he
i
nput
c
urre
nt
ri
pp
le
f
reque
ncy
is
twic
e
t
he
ga
te
sign
al
f
requen
c
y.
In this
fig
ur
e,
O
is t
he
zer
o p
oin
t
of cu
rr
e
nt
and
G
is t
he
ze
ro point
of g
at
e
sig
nal.
Figure
13
s
hows
the
in
pu
t
c
urren
t
ri
pp
le
a
s
a
f
unct
ion
of
volt
age
-
gai
n
wh
e
n
the
loa
d
resist
a
nce
is
fixe
d
at
100
O
hm
.
For
c
omp
ariso
n,
the
res
ult
of
sim
plifie
d
casca
de
sin
gl
e
-
phase
DC
-
D
C
boos
t
co
nve
rter
is
al
so
s
how
n.
In
this
fi
gure,
t
he
tria
ngle
an
d
sq
ua
re
mar
ks
are
ex
pe
riment
al
resu
lt
s
a
nd
li
nes
are
cal
c
ul
at
ed
resu
lt
s.
T
he
c
urre
nt
ri
pp
le
s
w
ere
cal
culat
e
d
by
a
meth
od
a
s
desc
ribe
d
i
n
[20].
It
can
be
seen
that
t
he
input
c
urren
t
ri
pp
le
of
sim
plifie
d
c
ascade
tw
o
-
phase
DC
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
rter
is
m
uch
s
mall
er
tha
n
t
he
si
ng
l
e
phase
on
e
.
Discre
pa
nc
ie
s
betwee
n
c
al
culat
ed
a
nd
measu
red
re
su
l
ts
are
possibl
y
du
e
to
the
nonl
inearit
y
of
ir
on
co
re
inducto
rs.
The
rip
ple can
b
e
re
du
ce
d f
ur
t
he
r by i
nc
reasin
g
t
he ph
a
se
numbe
r.
0
G
cur
re
nt
In
duct
or
sign
al
Gat
e
12.5 μs
/
div
Figure
12. In
put cu
rr
e
nt
(2 A/
div
)
and
gate s
ign
al
(5 V
/
div
)
w
a
veforms
Figure
14
sho
ws
the
ex
per
i
mental
an
d
cal
culat
ed
r
esults
of
volt
age
-
gain
as
a
f
unct
ion
of
duty
c
ycle
wh
e
n
t
he
loa
d
resist
ance
is
f
ixed
at
100
O
hm
.
Th
ough
t
he
re
sist
ance
of
i
nducto
rs
is
la
rg
e,
a
vo
lt
a
ge
-
gain
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.