Internati
o
nal
Journal of P
o
wer Elect
roni
cs an
d
Drive
S
y
ste
m
(I
JPE
D
S)
Vol
.
5
,
No
. 2, Oct
o
ber
2
0
1
4
,
pp
. 26
1~
26
7
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
6
9
4
2
61
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJPEDS
Electrical Discharge Machining Flyback Converter using
UC3842 Current Mode P
WM Controll
er
Naz
r
iah
Mah
m
ud*,
Az
li Yahya*, Trias
Androm
ed
a**
* F
acul
t
y
of
Bio
s
cienc
e
and M
e
d
i
ca
l Eng
i
ne
ering
,
Universi
ti
Tekn
ologi Ma
la
ysia
** Faculty
of
Electr
i
cal
Engineer
i
ng, Univ
ersiti Teknologi Malay
s
ia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received J
u
n
2, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Au
g
27
, 20
14
Accepted
Sep 10, 2014
This paper
presents a curr
ent m
ode Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
controlled Fly
b
ack conver
t
er
usi
ng UC3842
for Electr
i
cal Discharge
Machining
curr
ent g
e
nera
tor
c
ontrol
circu
it.
Circuit
sim
p
lici
t
y
and
high
efficiency
can b
e
achieved b
y
a Fly
b
ack conver
t
er with current
mode PWM
controller. Th
e b
e
haviors of
th
e s
y
stem
'
s
oper
a
tio
n is an
aly
z
ed
an
d discussed
b
y
var
y
i
ng th
e
load res
i
s
t
ance
. M
a
tl
ab s
o
fware is
us
ed to s
i
m
u
late t
h
e
Fl
y
b
ack conver
t
er where a prot
ot
y
p
e has been built and test
ed to verif
y
its
performance.
Keyword:
Electrical Discharge Mac
h
ini
n
g
Flyback c
o
nve
rter
Flyback c
o
nve
rter
Pu
lse Wid
t
h
M
o
du
latio
n
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Azli Ya
hy
a,
Facu
lty of Electri
cal Engineering,
Un
i
v
ersiti Tekn
o
l
o
g
i
Malaysia,
8
131
0 UTM Sk
ud
ai,
Joho
r
,
Malaysia.
Em
a
il: azl
i@fke.u
t
m
.
my
1.
INTRODUCTION
El
ect
ri
cal
Di
schar
g
e M
achi
n
i
ng
(E
DM
) i
s
a wel
l
kn
ow
n
n
o
n
-
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
onal
m
achi
n
i
ng t
e
c
hni
que si
nce
m
o
re t
h
an fi
ft
y
y
ears. Ad
va
nt
ages
of E
D
M
over t
r
adi
t
i
onal
m
e
t
hods
are m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
. Any
hi
gh
-st
r
e
ngt
h an
d
wear-resista
n
t materials can
be m
achin
ed, s
i
nce the hardness of the workpi
ece ha
s no effect on the proces
s.
Mach
in
ing
p
e
rform
a
n
ce o
f
EDM is determin
ed
b
y
th
e
characte
r
istic of
electrical discha
rge
puls
e. The
machining
perform
ance hi
ghli
ghte
d
here
is t
h
e
productiv
ity and s
u
rface i
n
tegrity. Prod
uc
tivity referred
as the
material re
m
o
v
a
l rate (MRR
) wh
ile su
rface in
teg
r
ity is exp
r
essed
t
h
ro
ugh
surface ro
ugh
n
e
ss [1
]. Disch
a
rg
e
current is
selected as t
h
e
m
o
st im
portant electri
cal
pul
se
pa
ram
e
ters f
o
r e
v
al
u
a
t
i
ng t
h
e
m
a
chi
n
i
n
g
p
e
rf
or
m
a
n
ce [
2
].
MRR increase with increas
e
i
n
di
scha
rge
curre
nt
w
h
i
l
e
ro
ug
h su
rf
ac
e i
s
pro
d
u
ced
wi
t
h
hi
g
h
d
i
sch
a
rg
e curren
t [3
]. Lin
et
al. [4
] ag
reed th
at, in
cr
easing
d
i
sch
a
rg
e curren
t
will cau
se
m
o
re en
erg
y
to
b
e
di
scha
rge
d
an
d
cause
m
o
re va
po
ri
zi
n
g
a
n
d
m
e
l
t
i
ng
on
t
h
e m
achi
n
i
n
g
area.
On
t
h
e
ot
her
p
a
per
by
C
h
e
H
a
ro
n
et
al
. [
5
]
s
h
o
w
s t
h
at
m
a
t
e
ri
al
rem
oval
rat
e
n
o
t
onl
y
depe
n
d
e
nt
on
t
h
e
di
a
m
et
er of
t
h
e
el
ect
ro
de
but
al
so
wi
t
h
t
h
e su
p
p
l
y
of
c
u
r
r
ent
.
The
o
p
e
n
gap
v
o
l
t
a
ge
and
t
h
e
di
scha
r
g
e
vol
t
a
ge
nee
d
t
o
st
ay
s c
o
ns
t
a
nt
d
u
ri
n
g
di
s
c
har
g
e
pr
ocess i
n
o
r
d
e
r t
o
c
ont
r
o
l
t
h
e di
sc
har
g
e c
u
r
r
ent
fo
r re
q
u
i
r
e
d
m
achi
n
i
ng
pe
rf
orm
a
nce. Desi
gni
ng
po
we
r
g
e
n
e
rator
wh
ich
can
stab
ilize th
e vo
ltag
e
is th
e m
a
in
o
b
j
ect
iv
e in
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r.
Fl
y
b
ack co
n
v
e
r
t
e
r i
s
t
h
e
m
o
st
co
m
m
onl
y
used SM
PS ci
rc
u
i
t
for l
o
w
out
p
u
t
po
wer a
ppl
i
cat
i
on. T
h
e
o
v
e
rall circu
it to
po
log
y
o
f
t
h
is co
nv
erter is si
m
p
ler
t
h
an
ot
he
r SM
PS ci
rcui
t
s
beca
use
of i
t
s
o
u
t
p
ut
po
we
r
lev
e
l less th
an
1
5
0
W
.
A study b
y
Odu
lio
et. al [
6
]-[7
] h
a
s
p
r
op
o
s
ed
t
h
e
f
l
yb
ack
con
v
e
r
t
er
fo
r ED
M du
e to
its
lo
w po
wer
applicatio
n
.
Here, th
e
circ
ui
t
p
r
o
pos
ed
co
nsi
s
t
s
of
a
po
wer
ci
r
c
ui
t
an
d a
co
nt
rol
ci
rc
ui
t
whi
c
h
use
to delive
r
t
h
e
brute
force
nee
d
ed to rem
ove t
h
e m
a
terial.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
2
,
O
c
t
o
b
e
r 201
4 :
2
61 –
26
7
26
2
C
u
r
r
ent
m
ode cont
rol
i
s
i
m
plem
ent
e
d t
h
r
o
u
gh t
w
o c
ont
rol
l
o
o
p
s,
nam
e
ly cur
r
ent
c
ont
r
o
l
l
oop a
n
d a
v
o
ltag
e
loo
p
.
Cu
rren
t con
t
rol lo
op
m
o
n
ito
r th
e indu
ctor
or
tr
an
sfor
m
e
r
p
r
im
ar
y cu
rre
nt inform
ation,
creates
th
e v
o
ltag
e
con
t
ro
lled
cu
rrent so
u
r
ce. Vo
ltag
e
con
t
ro
l l
oop
m
o
n
ito
rs th
e co
nv
erters
o
u
t
p
u
t
vo
ltag
e
(flyb
ack
co
nv
erter), an
d con
s
tan
tly prog
ram
th
e con
t
ro
lled
cu
rren
t co
n
t
ro
ller (UC38
42) to reg
u
l
at
e th
e
ou
tpu
t
voltag
e
at
a gi
ve
n
set
p
o
i
n
t
.
UC
3
8
4
2
has
b
een
pr
op
ose
d
as t
h
e i
n
t
e
grat
ed P
u
l
s
e
W
i
dt
h M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
on
(P
W
M
)
fo
r E
D
M
beca
use
i
t
p
r
ov
id
es an
inex
p
e
n
s
i
v
e con
t
ro
ller
with
g
ood
electrical
p
e
rform
a
n
ce o
f
cu
rren
t m
o
d
e
op
eration
.
In
add
itio
n,
UC
3
8
4
2
i
s
opt
im
i
zed for e
ffi
ci
ent
po
we
r se
que
nci
n
g
of
DC to
DC con
v
erter wh
ich
is
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ted
in
th
is
pape
r.
Thi
s
pa
pe
r co
v
e
rs a cl
ose
d
l
o
op c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
de co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d f
l
y
b
ack co
n
v
ert
e
r. M
O
SFET i
s
use
d
as t
h
e
switching element where UC
3842 is used as the curre
nt
m
ode
P
W
M
contr
o
ller. M
A
TL
AB soft
w
a
re is
ad
op
ted to
simu
late th
e
b
e
h
a
vio
r
s
of th
e conv
erter.
2.
PROP
OSE
D
CIRCUIT
Fi
g.
1
sh
o
w
s t
h
e
po
r
o
p
o
se
d
ci
rcui
t
f
o
r
E
D
M
p
o
we
r
gene
rat
o
r
.
It
i
s
c
o
m
pos
ed
o
f
Fl
y
b
a
c
k c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
ci
rcui
t
wi
t
h
v
o
l
t
a
ge co
nt
rol
c
i
rcui
t
an
d c
u
r
r
e
nt
m
ode P
W
M
cont
r
o
l
l
e
r
u
s
i
ng
UC
3
8
4
2
.
Al
l
com
pone
nt
s are
assum
e
d t
o
be
i
d
eal
. T
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
pri
n
ci
pl
e of
fl
y
b
ac
k
d
i
ffers
f
r
om
ot
her
SM
PS t
o
p
o
l
o
gy
st
r
u
ct
ur
e. Th
e
out
put
v
o
l
t
a
ge
and
cu
rre
nt
ca
n
be ad
j
u
st
ed
b
y
al
t
e
ri
ng t
h
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cl
e of t
h
e m
a
i
n
swi
t
c
h t
h
r
o
ug
h t
h
e
fee
dbac
k
co
n
t
r
o
l circu
it
[
8
].
U
C
3842
has b
e
en
im
p
l
emen
ted
to
g
e
n
e
r
a
te PW
M
in
t
h
e
p
r
op
o
s
ed
ci
r
c
u
it.
Fi
gu
re
1.
C
i
rcu
i
t
di
agram
of
c
u
r
r
ent
m
ode c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
d fl
y
b
ac
k c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
2
.
1
.
Flyba
c
k C
o
nv
ert
er
T
o
po
logy
Fig
u
r
e
2
and
3 sh
ow
s t
h
e equiv
a
len
t
cir
c
u
it
o
f
M
o
d
e
1
an
d Mo
d
e
2
o
p
e
r
a
tio
n
cor
r
e
spond
ing
to
the
Switch
either i
n
th
e on
or
o
f
f
state resp
ectiv
ely.
Fi
gu
re 2.
M
o
d
e
1;
whe
n
Swi
t
ch on
Fi
gu
re 3.
M
o
d
e
2;
whe
n
Swi
t
ch of
f
Figure
2 [9] shows
a pa
rasitic-elem
e
nts-free
flyback
when s
w
itch (S
W) is
closed. T
h
e pri
m
ary of the
tran
sform
e
r is d
i
rectly con
n
e
cted
to
t
h
e i
n
pu
t vo
lta
ge.
T
h
us, t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
acr
o
ss
t
h
e pri
m
ary
inductor L
p
is
eq
u
a
l to th
e inp
u
t
v
o
ltage.
Du
ri
n
g
t
h
is ti
m
e
, th
ere is
n
o
c
u
r
r
ent
fl
owi
ng i
n
t
h
e seco
n
d
ary
si
de i
n
duct
o
r
.
Du
ri
n
g
t
h
e o
n
t
i
m
e, t
h
e di
o
d
e a
n
o
d
e
swi
n
g
negat
i
v
e
,
t
h
u
s
bl
ocki
ng
t
h
e cu
rre
nt
f
r
o
m
ci
rcul
at
i
ng i
n
t
h
e sec
o
nda
r
y
si
de
.
Th
e
ou
tpu
t
capacito
r su
pp
lies
en
erg
y
to th
e
ou
tpu
t
lo
ad
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
El
ect
ri
cal
Di
sc
har
ge
Mac
h
i
n
i
n
g
Fl
yb
ack C
o
nvert
e
r
usi
n
g
UC
3
8
4
2
C
u
rre
nt
M
ode…
(
N
a
zri
ah
Ma
h
m
u
d
)
26
3
Figure
3 [9] shows
a
pa
rasitic-elem
e
nts-free
flyback
whe
n
s
w
itch (S
W)
is ope
ne
d. Whe
n
the
s
w
itc
h
is tu
rn
ed
off, th
e vo
ltag
e
acro
ss t
h
e prim
a
r
y in
du
ctor
rev
e
rses, in
an
atte
m
p
t to
k
eep
th
e am
p
e
re-tu
r
n
s
co
nstan
t
. Howev
e
r, as th
e seco
nd
ary d
i
od
e
n
o
w sen
s
es a p
o
s
itiv
e
v
o
ltage o
n
its ano
d
e
, allo
wing
curren
t to
flo
w
fr
om
the trans
f
orm
e
r. Th
e secon
d
ary
-
side-tra
ns
fo
rm
er ter
m
in
al
is n
o
w b
i
ased
to
th
e o
u
t
pu
t vo
ltag
e
, V
out
,
by
ne
gl
ect
i
n
g
t
h
e di
ode
f
o
r
w
ar
d
dr
o
p
. T
h
e ene
r
gy
fr
om the tra
n
sformer core
recharges the
capacitor a
nd
su
pp
lies th
e load
.
2
.
2
.
UC
384
2
St
ructure
Fi
gu
re 4 [
1
0]
sho
w
s t
h
e st
r
u
ct
ural
bl
ock
di
ag
ram
of UC
38
4
2
. Th
e st
ruct
ur
e consi
s
t
of
6 m
a
i
n
bl
ocks
.
Fully com
p
ens
a
ted E
r
ror Am
plifier
is provide
d
(A) with
access
to
in
verting i
n
put
and output. T
h
e
non-
i
nve
rt
i
ng i
n
p
u
t
i
s
i
n
t
e
rnal
l
y
f
i
xed at
t
h
e
ref
e
rence
v
o
l
t
a
ge
of
2.
5
V
an
d
not
pi
n
n
e
d
o
u
t
.
The
u
nde
r-
v
o
l
t
a
ge
lock
out
(B) e
n
sure
that V
cc
i
s
ade
quat
e
t
o
m
a
ke
UC
3
8
4
2
f
u
l
l
y
ope
rat
e
be
fo
re e
n
abl
i
n
g t
h
e
out
put
st
a
g
e. Th
e
o
s
cillato
r (C)
freq
u
e
n
c
y is fix
e
d
b
y
ex
ternal ti
min
g
cap
acito
r, C
T
and
t
i
m
i
ng resi
st
o
r
, R
T
. Th
e o
s
ci
llato
r
co
nv
erts th
e trian
g
l
e wav
e
form in
to
rectan
gu
lar pu
lse
train co
n
t
ro
llin
g
the o
p
e
ratin
g
con
d
ition
s
of th
e d
i
g
ital
circu
it form
in
g
th
e sh
ap
e of th
e o
u
t
pu
t pulses (E). Th
e circu
it co
nsist o
f
RS flip-fl
op
and
lo
g
i
c gate. Th
e
cu
rren
t sen
s
e co
m
p
arato
r
(D)
en
sures on
ly
a
sing
le p
u
l
se app
ears at th
e ou
tpu
t
during an
y
g
i
v
e
n
o
s
cillato
r
cycle. Th
e ou
tp
u
t
co
n
tinu
e
s
u
n
til th
e vo
ltage at th
e cu
rre
n
t
sen
s
e ex
ceed
s th
e v
o
ltag
e
v
a
lu
e at th
e co
mp
arat
or
i
nve
rt
i
n
g
i
n
put
.
T
h
e UC
3
8
4
2
P
W
M
(F
) has a
si
n
g
l
e
t
o
t
e
m
-
pol
e
o
u
t
p
ut
wh
i
c
h
ca
n be o
p
e
r
at
ed
t
o
± 1 A pea
k
fo
r
dri
v
in
g a M
O
SFE
T.
Fi
gu
re 4.
UC
3
8
4
2
bl
oc
k di
ag
ram
2.
3. Wor
k
i
n
g
Pri
n
ci
pl
e
o
f
t
h
e Feedback Control
Circuit
There a
r
e t
w
o
l
oop i
m
pl
em
ent
e
d by
usi
n
g UC
38
4
2
na
m
e
l
y
vol
t
a
ge
feed
bac
k
l
o
o
p
and cu
rr
ent
feed
bac
k
l
o
o
p
.
Vol
t
a
ge
fee
dbac
k
l
o
op c
o
nsi
s
t
of re
fere
nce v
o
l
t
a
ge o
f
2.
5 V a
nd
err
o
r am
pl
i
f
i
e
r. It
i
s
con
n
ect
ed
wi
t
h
peri
phe
ral
c
o
m
pone
nt
s
by
C
O
M
P
a
n
d F
B
pi
n
w
h
e
r
e t
h
e
gai
n
an
d
b
a
nd
wi
dt
h
of
t
h
e err
o
r
a
m
p
lifier can
b
e
ad
ju
sted. R
e
feren
ce
v
o
ltag
e
of cu
rr
ent com
p
arator
is the
acq
ui
re
d
v
o
l
t
a
ge f
r
o
m
part
i
a
l
vol
t
a
ge
o
f
R
re
si
st
ance aft
e
r
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
o
f
er
r
o
r am
pl
i
f
i
e
r
passes t
h
r
o
ug
h
2R
.
Current
feedba
ck loop consist
of
pe
ripheral current
sam
p
ling circuit a
n
d internal curre
nt
com
p
arator
wh
ere
referen
c
e vo
ltag
e
is acq
u
i
red fro
m
partial v
o
ltag
e
o
f
ou
tpu
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
error
amp
lifier. Ou
tpu
t
pu
lse
will b
e
cu
t
o
ff if co
m
p
arin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
wi
th
DC
feedb
a
ck
v
o
ltag
e
d
i
rectly.
W
i
d
t
h of ou
tpu
t
p
u
l
se
can
b
e
reache
d
by c
h
a
ngi
ng gai
n
of e
r
ror am
plifier of
pa
ram
e
ters of curre
nt fe
e
d
back sam
p
ling
circuit.
Th
e con
t
ro
l ci
rcu
it co
n
s
ist
o
f
fo
llo
wi
n
g
co
m
p
on
en
t as shown in
Figu
re 5.
1) Resista
n
ce
R
s
is used a
s
the c
u
rrent se
nsor.
Whe
n
SW
tu
rn
on
, th
e cu
rren
t
flow thro
ugh
th
e Rs;
once
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
at
pi
n
3
reac
h
e
s t
h
e t
h
res
h
ol
d
val
u
e,
cu
rre
n
t
l
i
m
i
t
i
ng occ
u
r.
2
)
Oscillato
r timin
g
cap
acito
r, C
t
i
s
charge
d by
V
ref
thro
ugh R
t
and discha
rged
by an internal current
source where
F
s
= 1.72
/R
t
C
t
. R
t
and C
t
det
e
r
m
i
n
e bot
h
osci
l
l
a
t
o
r f
r
eq
ue
nc
y
and
m
a
xim
u
m
dut
y
cy
cl
e.
B
F
E
B
B
A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
2
,
O
c
t
o
b
e
r 201
4 :
2
61 –
26
7
26
4
Fi
gu
re
5.
C
o
nt
r
o
l
ci
rc
ui
t
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
The
res
u
l
t
s
i
s
di
vi
de
d i
n
t
o
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on res
u
l
t
an
d e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
al
res
u
l
t
.
B
o
t
h
a
r
e
di
scusse
d i
n
t
h
e s
u
b-
sect
i
on bel
o
w.
3.
1.
Si
mul
a
ti
o
n
Res
u
l
t
I
n
t
h
is section
,
si
m
u
latio
n
r
e
sults o
f
th
e pr
oposed
cir
c
u
it ar
e
p
r
esen
ted and
d
i
scu
s
sed. Th
e
si
m
u
latio
n
have been done
using
MATL
AB/SIMULIN
K as shown in
Figure 6. Entire c
ontrol circui
t is replaced by
error
com
p
arat
or
fo
r
vol
t
a
ge
fee
d
b
ack l
o
op a
n
d P
W
M
ge
nerat
o
r
sub
s
y
s
t
e
m
for
P
W
M
co
nt
r
o
l
l
e
r. I
n
t
h
i
s
st
ud
y
,
t
h
e
an
alysis is d
one b
y
v
a
rying
th
e lo
ad
resistor in
ord
e
r to
st
u
d
y
th
e co
nsisten
c
y o
f
th
e
ou
tpu
t
vo
ltag
e
o
b
t
ai
n
bef
o
re
an
ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
cond
uct
e
d.
The
l
o
a
d
r
e
si
st
or
vari
e
d
fr
om
92.
1
Ω
t
o
10
14
.5
Ω
.
Fi
gu
re
6.
M
a
t
l
a
b ci
rc
ui
t
f
o
r
fl
y
b
ack c
o
nve
rt
e
r
Fig
u
re 7
illu
strated
th
e wav
e
fo
rm
o
f
o
u
t
pu
t v
o
ltag
e
du
ring
si
m
u
latio
n
.
The o
u
t
pu
t vo
ltage regu
lated
in
b
e
t
w
een 98
V to 99
V
wh
ich
is t
h
e requ
ired
v
o
ltag
e
.
Tabl
e 1
di
sc
u
ssed
t
h
e
a
v
era
g
e of o
u
t
p
ut
vol
t
a
ge
an
d o
u
t
p
ut
cu
rre
nt
respect
i
v
el
y
.
S
i
nce
o
u
t
p
ut
vol
t
a
ge
has
be
en st
a
b
i
l
i
zed, t
h
e
out
p
u
t
cu
rr
ent
ca
n
be a
d
j
u
st
ed
by
va
ry
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
res
i
st
or
wi
t
h
out
c
h
an
gi
n
g
t
h
e v
o
l
t
a
ge
. T
h
us, t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
can st
ay
s i
n
t
h
e
re
qui
re
d
ra
nge
i
n
or
der
t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
re
q
u
i
r
ed
di
schar
g
e c
u
rre
nt
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
El
ect
ri
cal
Di
sc
har
ge
Mac
h
i
n
i
n
g
Fl
yb
ack C
o
nvert
e
r
usi
n
g
UC
3
8
4
2
C
u
rre
nt
M
ode…
(
N
a
zri
ah
Ma
h
m
u
d
)
26
5
Fi
gu
re
7.
O
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge
d
u
ri
ng
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on
Tabl
e 1. Vari
at
i
on o
f
out
put
c
u
r
r
ent
a
n
d out
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge d
u
ri
ng
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on
Resistance
(
Ω
)
Outp
ut Curr
ent
(A)
O
u
t
p
ut
V
o
lt
age
(V)
92.
1
1.
0740
98.
82
122.
9
0.
8073
99.
04
155.
0
0.
6414
99.
20
184.
3
0.
5402
99.
29
312.
3
0.
3200
99.
49
379.
2
0.
2639
99.
54
477.
1
0.
2102
99.
60
1014.
5
0.
0998
99.
69
3.
2. E
x
peri
me
ntal
Res
u
l
t
Since sim
u
lation usi
ng Matlab shows positive respon
se, thus e
xpe
rim
e
nt is
conducte
d to verify the
p
e
rf
or
m
a
n
ce of
th
e f
l
yb
ack
co
nv
er
ter
as i
llu
str
a
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Th
e
U
C
38
42 now
is i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ted
as
sw
itch
i
ng
m
o
du
le fo
r f
l
yb
ack
co
nv
er
ter
.
Fig
u
re 9
illu
st
rates th
e Pu
lse
W
i
d
t
h
M
o
du
l
a
tio
n
(PWM)
wav
e
fo
rm
m
e
a
s
u
r
ed
fro
m
th
e o
u
t
p
u
t
p
i
n
(
P
in 6)
o
f
U
C
38
42
. Th
e m
eas
u
r
ed
f
r
e
qu
en
cy
is 21
.8
kH
z.
Fi
gu
re
8.
Ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
al
set
up
Fi
gu
re
9.
P
u
l
s
e
W
i
dt
h M
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
on
(P
W
M
)
w
a
vef
o
rm
The o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
a
ge and
out
pu
t
curre
nt
m
easure
d
fr
om
t
h
e
expe
ri
m
e
nt
are t
a
bul
at
ed i
n
T
a
bl
e 2. T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
a
ried
in
th
e
ran
g
e
of
9
1
V to
11
1 V, wh
ich
is still in
th
e requ
ired ran
g
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-86
94
I
J
PED
S
Vo
l.
5
,
No
.
2
,
O
c
t
o
b
e
r 201
4 :
2
61 –
26
7
26
6
Tabl
e 2. Vari
at
i
on o
f
out
put
c
u
r
r
ent
a
n
d out
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
ge d
u
ri
ng
ex
pe
ri
m
e
nt
Resistance
(
Ω
)
Outp
ut Curr
ent
(A)
O
u
t
p
ut
V
o
lt
age
(V)
92.
1
0.
99
91.
2
122.
9
0.
75
92.
2
155.
0
0.
60
93.
0
184.
3
0.
51
94.
0
312.
3
0.
31
96.
8
379.
2
0.
26
98.
6
477.
1
0.
21
100.
2
1014.
5
0.
1
1
1
1
1
.
6
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
The per
f
o
r
m
a
nce
of fl
y
b
ac
k con
v
e
r
t
e
r has been si
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
usi
n
g
M
A
TL
AB
an
d
t
h
e
co
rres
p
on
di
n
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
s are tabu
lated
.
Th
e resu
lts h
i
gh
lig
h
t
ed
th
e sign
if
ican
t o
f
cu
rren
t
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
ro
l wh
ich
con
s
ist o
f
two
f
eedb
a
ck
loop
n
a
m
e
l
y
cu
rr
en
t
f
e
ed
b
a
ck
l
o
op and
vo
ltag
e
f
e
ed
b
a
ck loo
p
alo
n
g
w
ith a co
ntr
o
ller
U
C
3842
f
o
r
obt
ai
ni
ng
re
g
u
l
at
ed o
u
t
p
ut
of
1
0
0
V
.
T
h
e
ha
rd
ware
m
odel
has
bee
n
c
onst
r
uct
e
d. T
h
e
p
u
l
ses ge
nerat
e
d
fr
om
th
e con
t
ro
ller
UC38
42
wh
ich u
s
es Pu
lse
W
i
d
t
h
M
o
du
lation
techn
i
qu
e,
d
r
iv
e th
e gate o
f
th
e MOSFET t
o
work
as t
h
e s
w
i
t
c
h.
The
o
u
t
p
ut
v
o
l
t
age d
u
r
i
n
g si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on a
n
d
e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
i
s
fo
un
d t
o
be c
o
n
s
t
a
nt
an
d
st
abl
e
.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
The a
u
t
h
ors
wo
ul
d l
i
k
e
t
o
ackn
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
t
h
e fi
na
nci
a
l
sup
p
o
rt
of R
e
search M
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
C
e
nt
re
(RMC) Un
i
v
ersiti Tek
n
o
l
og
i
Malaysia.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
M Gostim
irovic, P Kovac, B Skoric, M
Sekulic.
Effect of electr
i
cal pulse pa
r
a
meters on the machining performance
in EDM.
Indian
Journal of Engin
eering
&
Materials Sciences
. 20
12; 18: 411-415.
[2]
O Ey
er
cioglu
,
MV Cakir, K Gov.
Influence of machining parameters on the su
rface integri
t
y in small-hole
ele
c
tri
c
al
discharge mach
ining
. P
r
o
ceed
in
gs
of the Ins
t
it
ution of M
e
cha
n
ica
l
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i
neers
,
P
a
rt B:
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ourna
l of Eng
i
ne
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g
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e. 20
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[3]
K S
a
ndeep. Cu
rrent Res
e
arch
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l
ec
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e
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achining
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[4]
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ng char
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i
u
m
allo
y
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i–6Al
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ination proc
e
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s
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y
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; 104
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[5]
CH Che Haron,
BMd Deros, A
Ginting,
M Fauziah. Investigatio
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achining
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e
ters
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st
eel using
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f
Ma
terials Processing
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. 200
1; 116: 84-87.
[6]
CMF Odulio, LG Sison, MT Escoto.
Regen
e
rative clamp
as reset winding in flyba
ck co
nverters for EDM
applications
.
in I
ndustrial Techno
log
y
. I
E
EE ICIT '
0
4
.
2004
IEEE
International
Co
nference on
. 200
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[7]
CMF Odulio, LG Sison, MT Es
coto.
Energ
y
-sav
ing Fl
ybac
k Con
verter
for EDM
Applica
tion
s. TENCON 2005 2005
IEEE Region
10. 2005.
[8]
J Yang, S Yi, F
Yang, C Jiang,
X Wang, F Yan
g
. Fly
-
back Mod
e
Constan
t
Curr
ent LED Driver
.
Applied
Mechan
ics
and Materia
l
s. 2
014; 530-531: 1
093-1099.
[9]
C Basso. Simulations and
Practical De
signs o
f
Fly
b
ack Conv
erter
.
2008
.
[10]
UC3842/3/4/5 P
r
ovides Low-Co
st Current-Mode Cont
rol. 1999
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Texas Instrumen
t
s Incorporated
.
BIOGRAP
HI
ES
OF AUTH
ORS
Nazriah
Mahm
ud is a gradu
a
t
e
st
udent of Univ
ersiti Teknolog
i
Malay
s
ia
, Mal
a
y
s
ia. She holds
a degree in Bio
m
edical Eng
i
neering in 2011. Sh
e is currently
pu
rsuing her docto
rate stud
y
in
Biom
edica
l
Eng
i
neer
ing a
t
Univ
ersiti
Tekno
logi
Mala
ysia
sinc
e
Septem
ber 201
1 until
now.
Her curren
t
r
e
search
ar
eas in
clude Electric
al Discharge
Mach
ini
ng (EDM), Power Supply
design and
Micr
o-pitting
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PED
S
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
6
9
4
El
ect
ri
cal
Di
sc
har
ge
Mac
h
i
n
i
n
g
Fl
yb
ack C
o
nvert
e
r
usi
n
g
UC
3
8
4
2
C
u
rre
nt
M
ode…
(
N
a
zri
ah
Ma
h
m
u
d
)
26
7
Azli Yah
y
a
is a senior lecturer
in Univer
siti
Teknologi Malay
s
i
a
since 1998 un
til now. He
holds a degree
in Electro Mechanical Power
S
y
s
t
em
and M
a
s
t
er’s
Degree i
n
Elec
tronic
Production from Glamorgan University
, UK. He
is a doctorate of
Loughborough University
,
UK s
p
eciali
z
in
g in El
ectron
i
c
and El
ec
tric
al
Engine
ering
.
His
areas
of r
e
s
earch
es
are
Analog/Digital Circ
uit De
sign,
Elec
tric
a
l
Disc
ha
rge
Ma
chin
ing
and Power Supp
ly
Design.
T
r
ias
Andromeda is a lectur
er in
Diponegoro
University
, Semaran
g
, Indonesia Sin
ce 1999
. He
graduated from
Gadjah Mad
a
U
n
iv
ersity
, Y
o
g
y
akarta,
Indon
esia.
He holds Degr
ee in
contro
l
ele
c
troni
cs
and
M
a
s
t
er in
el
ec
tr
onics
s
i
gn
al
.
He
is
curr
ently
pur
suing his
doctor
a
te stud
y
in
Electri
cal
Engin
eering
at Univ
er
siti
T
e
kno
logi
Malay
s
i
a
sin
c
e June 2008
. His
curr
ent
resear
ch
areas in
clud
e
Electrical Disc
h
a
r
g
e Mach
ining
(EDM), Power Supply
d
e
sig
n
, artificial
intel
ligen
ce
con
t
rol and
m
odelin
g.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.