Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
2
,
June
2020
,
pp.
6
6
7
~
6
7
6
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
2
.
pp
6
6
7
-
6
7
6
667
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Feasibili
ty anal
ysis of st
anda
l
one P
V power
ed batte
ry using
SEN for
smart
grid
Syed Zah
urul
Islam
1
, M
oha
mmad
Lut
fi
Oth
m
an
2
, Nor
man
M
ariun
3
,
Ha
shim
Hiza
m
4
,
Nu
r
A
yu
n
i
5
1
Dep
ar
t
m
ent
of Electrical E
ng
in
ee
ring
,
Fa
cul
ty
o
f
Elec
tr
ical & El
ec
tron
ic
s E
ng
ineeri
ng,
Univer
si
ti
Tun
Hus
sein
On
n
Mala
ysia
,
Ma
la
y
sia
2,3,4,5
Advanc
ed L
ight
ning, Power
and
En
erg
y
R
ese
arc
h
(A
LPER),
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Ele
ct
roni
cs
Engi
n
eering,
Facul
ty
of Engin
e
eri
ng
,
Univ
ersiti
Putra
Mal
aysia
,
Mala
ysi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
20
, 201
9
Re
vised
Dec
20
, 2
01
9
Accepte
d
Ja
n
28
, 2
0
20
In
Smart
Gri
d
(SG
)
communicati
on
netw
ork,
sensors
integra
t
ed
com
munica
ti
on
rad
ios
n
amely
Z
igBe
e
,
Wi
-
Fi
,
a
nd
Blu
et
ooth
ar
e
b
ec
o
mi
ng
urge
nt
and
cru
c
ia
l
par
t
o
f
SG
wire
le
ss
com
mu
nic
a
ti
on.
Sensor
nodes
ar
e
gene
ra
ll
y
b
at
t
er
y
powere
d.
Wit
h
the
enha
nc
ement
and
hu
ge
u
t
il
izati
on
of
sensor
te
chnol
o
gie
s,
ba
tt
e
rie
s
h
ave
not
b
ee
n
i
mprove
d
signif
i
ca
nt
ly
at
the
same
p
ac
e
.
Ho
weve
r,
b
atter
i
es
are
essential
to
power
th
e
sens
or
nodes
and
the
re
is
no
a
lt
er
nat
iv
e
of
thi
s
e
ner
gy
bank
.
Th
ere
fore
,
to
prov
i
de
sea
mless
power
to
the
no
des
is
a
ch
allen
ge
when
the
no
des
ar
e
meant
f
or
in
te
gra
ti
ng
distri
bute
d
r
enew
abl
e
gen
era
t
io
ns
for
y
ea
rs.
Nec
essitate
of
the
batter
y
rep
lace
m
ent
is
not
oft
en
cost
e
ffe
ctive
when
t
he
ba
tterie
s
ar
e
dra
ine
d
out
.
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
es
ent
s
a
fe
asibilit
y
study
of
sta
n
dal
one
Photovo
lt
aic
(PV
)
powere
d
ba
tt
ery
using
Sensors
-
rad
ios
integra
te
d
Em
bedd
ed
Node
(SEN)
for
SG
appl
icat
ion.
In
thi
s
study,
we
hav
e
ana
ly
ze
d
c
har
ging
cha
r
acte
risti
cs
of
a
lead
-
ac
id
ba
tt
ery
tha
t
c
an
b
e
re
ch
arg
ed
dur
ing
d
ay
ti
m
e
by
a
PV
m
odule
.
The
ai
m
of
thi
s
r
ese
a
rch
is
to
te
stify
t
he
two
simul
t
an
eous
jobs
-
(
i)
th
e
ba
tt
e
ry
is
suffic
ie
n
t
to
pow
er
Sensors
-
Zi
gB
ee
in
te
gra
te
d
Ar
duino
(SZA)
for
at
l
ea
st
one
day
oper
ation,
(i
i)
scrut
iny
the
o
pti
mal
si
ze
of
P
V
for
re
cha
rg
ing
the
ba
tt
ery
conside
ring
thr
e
e
diff
e
ren
t
d
ay
var
iations
-
ave
r
age
,
c
loudy,
an
d
full
ra
iny
day.
The
result
f
rom
re
al
d
ata
an
al
ysis
rev
ea
ls
th
at
the
modul
e
is
suffic
ie
n
t
to
rec
har
g
e
the
b
atter
y
on
an
avera
ge
d
ay;
howeve
r
,
it
is
not
suffic
i
ent
for
full
cl
oudy
or
fu
ll
r
ai
ny
day.
Fin
al
l
y,
a
mathem
at
i
c
al
model
is
obt
ai
ned
from
reg
ression
an
al
y
sis
tha
t
show
s
bat
t
ery
in
te
rn
al
resista
nc
e
is
ex
ponent
i
al
to
volt
ag
e
on
both
f
ull
cl
oudy
and
r
a
iny
day
,
bu
t
i
t is
li
ne
ar
on
ave
r
ag
e
day
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
Smart
gr
i
d
Wireless se
nso
r
Zigb
ee
r
a
dio
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sy
e
d
Za
hur
ul Isl
am,
Dep
t.
of Elect
r
ic
al
En
gi
neer
i
ng
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
&
Ele
ct
r
on
ic
s
Engine
er
ing
,
Unive
rsiti
Tun
Hu
ssei
n O
nn Mal
aysia,
Ba
tu Pa
hat, J
ohor,
M
al
a
ys
ia
Emai
l:
zahur
ul2
00
3_du@
ya
hoo.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
With
the
de
vel
opment
of
wi
r
el
ess
sens
or
a
nd
em
bedde
d
sy
ste
m
te
c
hnol
og
ie
s
,
Sma
rt
Gr
i
d
(
SG)
is
becomi
ng
m
or
e
popula
r,
w
he
reby
it
de
fin
es
of
al
te
rin
g
the
c
onve
ntio
nal
gri
d
by
a
moder
n,
aut
oma
te
d,
emer
ging, ro
bu
st, b
idi
recti
on
a
l, en
han
ce
sens
or
s
, Inter
net
of t
hings,
a
nd
wireless co
mm
un
ic
at
ion
tech
no
l
og
ie
s
[1
-
3].
He
fty
pri
ce
of
f
os
sil
f
uel
a
nd
it
s
us
age
c
rip
ple
our
e
nv
i
ronme
nt
in
t
he
se
ns
e
of
car
bon
emi
ssion
s;
therefo
re,
re
se
arch
e
rs
a
nd
te
c
hnologist
s
are
pay
i
ng
t
heir
ef
forts
to
en
ha
nc
e
the
tradit
io
n
powe
r
indust
ry
by
a
smart p
ower
syst
em
or
S
G
[
4]
.
A
ra
ng
e of
wi
red
a
nd w
irel
es
s
te
chnolo
gies are
rele
van
t
t
o
SG
c
ommu
nic
at
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
2
,
J
un
e
2020
:
6
6
7
–
6
7
6
668
netw
orks
i
nclu
ding
Ce
ll
ular
,
RF
M
e
sh,
WL
AN
80
2.11,
W
iMAX,
ZigBee
/Zi
gBeePRO,
M
c
M
iLL,
et
c.
wh
ic
h
are
inte
gr
at
ed
with
Se
nsors
-
r
adios
i
nteg
rated
E
m
be
dded
N
od
e
(SEN
)
[
3].
These
wireles
s
sens
or
te
ch
nolo
gies
hav
e
become
hi
gh
ly
scal
able
,
reli
able,
a
nd
lo
w
c
os
t
te
c
hnol
ogy
that
it
is
s
uitable
f
or
var
i
ou
s
S
G
a
ppli
cat
ion
s,
su
c
h
as
dist
rib
uted
re
ne
wab
le
ene
rgy
ma
nagement
sy
ste
m
[
3
-
5],
home
ene
rgy
man
age
me
nt
s
ys
te
m
[
6
,
7],
la
s
t
mil
e
commu
ni
cat
ion
[
8],
e
ne
r
gy
distri
bu
ti
on an
d
ma
nag
e
me
nt
[
9],
sma
rt
a
nd
a
uto
mati
c
m
et
ering
[
10],
p
l
ug
in
el
ect
rical
v
ehic
le
ch
ar
ging
ma
nag
e
ment
sy
ste
m [1
1]
.
SEN
is
on
e
of
the
pivotal
pa
rts
in
S
G
imple
mentat
io
n.
It
is
of
te
n
batte
r
y
-
pow
e
red.
It
is
un
li
kel
y
that
SEN
can
be
power
e
d
by
gr
i
d
li
ne
to
t
heir
re
mo
te
de
ploym
ent
sit
es,
f
or
e
xam
ple
distrib
uted
re
new
a
ble
ene
rgy
gen
e
rati
ons
–
a
sig
nificant
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
in
S
G
[3].
W
hile
powe
re
d
by
the
batte
r
y,
SE
N
can
be
pro
gr
es
sive
l
y
dama
ged
durin
g
t
h
ei
r
ope
rati
on
al
li
feti
me
due
t
o
i
nsuf
fici
ent
powe
r
s
up
ply
,
e
nerg
y
ba
nk
a
ging,
a
nd
desig
n
error
et
c.
[1
,
2,
12
].
SEN
pro
vid
es
a
vital
so
luti
on
i
n
the
a
pp
l
ic
at
ion
of
low
power
re
qu
ir
ement
.
G.
T
una
an
d
V.
C
.
Gun
gor
hav
e
di
scusse
d
exte
nsi
vely
on
dif
fe
ren
t
ty
pes
of
ba
tt
ery
an
d
e
nergy
ha
rv
est
in
g
t
echn
i
qu
e
s
f
or
SEN
app
li
cat
io
ns
.
T
he
pr
ob
le
m
of
powe
rin
g
co
pi
ou
s
batte
ries
i
n
in
dustry
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
s
is
highli
gh
te
d.
T
he
exten
d
of
batte
r
y
li
fe
has
been
pro
po
sed
by
e
ne
rgy
harvesti
ng
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
su
c
h
as
so
la
r
,
ra
dio
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
vib
r
at
ion
,
thermal,
an
d
a
ir
flo
w
w
her
e
so
la
r
e
ne
rgy
is
co
ns
ide
red
as
most
pro
f
ound
e
nerg
y
harv
est
ing
s
olu
ti
on
[
13].
A
sta
te
-
of
-
art
te
chn
iq
ue
was
ap
plied
by
[
14
]
to
a
nalyz
e
chargin
g
c
ha
ra
ct
erist
ic
s
of
a
comme
rcial
li
thium
batte
ry.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
e
xh
i
bit
t
ha
t
el
ect
ro
c
hem
ic
al
ph
e
nome
na
,
s
uch
as
t
hermal
ef
fects,
ra
te
-
capaci
ty
fea
tures,
and
cha
r
ge
rec
ov
e
r
y
ca
n
play
a
r
ole
in
WSN
desig
n
para
mete
rs
s
uc
h
as
powe
r
le
vels
and
pac
ket
siz
es.
A
simi
la
r
ty
pe
of
resea
rc
h
-
batte
ry
discha
rg
e
char
act
e
risti
cs
was
co
nducte
d
by
[
15]
.
Th
rough
the
e
xp
e
ri
mental
data,
the
a
ut
hors
e
val
uated
key
pe
rforman
ce
facto
rs,
s
uc
h
as
distance
betwee
n
tw
o
SEN
s
,
ch
an
nel
,
an
d
op
e
rati
ng po
w
er in
b
at
te
r
y pe
rformance
.
A
s
imulat
ion
-
ba
se
d
ene
rgy
sa
ving alg
or
it
hm f
or b
at
te
ry
in WS
N
was
pro
po
se
d
by
[
16
].
The
resea
rch
e
rs
fou
nd
e
xp
e
rime
ntall
y
that
duty
c
ycle
is
vital
facto
r
for
e
xten
ding
batte
ry
li
fe.
I
nc
rease
i
n
s
upplie
d
volt
age
ca
n
inc
reas
e
the
duty
c
ycl
e
of
the
batte
r
y,
wh
ic
h
i
n
fact
increases
the
ba
tt
ery
li
fe.
H
ow
e
ver,
the
source
of
the
sup
ply
volt
age
is
no
t
m
entione
d
by
th
e
auth
or
s
.
P
ower
at
ta
cks
ca
n
cau
se
the
SE
N
to
m
al
functi
on
su
c
h
as
it
is
unab
le
to
sen
d
t
he
pack
et
t
o
it
s
de
sti
ned
SEN.
Gelen
be
a
naly
zed
the
durati
on
of
bat
te
ry
de
pleti
on
du
e
to
dif
fer
e
nt
typ
es
of
at
ta
cks
[
12
]
.
T
he
si
mu
la
ti
on
w
ork
fi
nds
a
crit
ic
al
point
wh
e
re
P
V
sto
ps
to
pr
oduce
necessa
r
y
volt
age
f
or
t
he
SEN
due
t
o
i
ntermitt
ent
cl
imat
e.
At
t
his
point,
SEN
is
s
witc
he
d
to
get
po
we
r
f
rom
batte
r
y.
The
researc
h
pro
po
ses
to
r
e
place
the
dep
l
et
ed
batte
r
y,
howe
ve
r
do
i
ng
s
o
is
no
t
only
c
os
tl
y
bu
t
al
so
tro
uble
s
om
e.
Be
sid
es,
it
do
e
s
not
pro
vid
e
s
olu
ti
on
of
c
hargin
g
ba
tt
ery
f
or
SEN
i
n rem
ote locati
on.
Sensor
is
us
e
d
in
ot
her
fiel
ds
s
uch
as
res
pi
ratory
m
on
it
or
ing
syst
em
[
17
]
.
T
he
aut
hor
has
mai
nly
impleme
nted
a
protot
yp
e
t
o
read
i
nductanc
e
value
o
f
lu
ng
pha
ntom
co
nductive
mate
rial
us
in
g
ma
gnet
ic
sens
or
em
bedded
Ardu
i
no
.
With
t
he
dista
nce
var
ia
ti
on,
irregular
re
sp
i
rati
on
pa
tt
ern
s
are
obse
rv
e
d.
This
researc
h
has
not
discuss
e
d
an
y
powe
r
mana
geme
nt
of
the
sens
or
.
Katya
r
a,
S
.
et
al
pro
pose
a
new
arc
hi
te
ct
ur
e
cal
le
d
‘S
C
A
D
A
s
ys
te
m
in
-
c
onju
nction wit
h
WSNs
as
se
nsor
no
des’
f
or
e
ff
ic
ie
nt monito
rin
g
in
S
G
[2].
In
this
simulat
ion
-
bas
ed
desig
n,
SE
N
are
or
gan
iz
e
d
in
mes
h
netw
ork
to
polo
gy
a
nd
ZigBee
pro
t
oco
l
is
c
onside
red
for
data
trans
missi
on.
A
ren
e
wa
bl
e
energy
s
our
ce
is
integrated
for
anal
yzin
g
three
sce
nar
i
os.
The
sta
te
of
c
harge
of
t
he
batte
ry
is
obser
ve
d
w
hen
the
l
oad
is
f
ully,
pa
rtia
ll
y
an
d
c
omple
te
ly
not
s
upplied
by
the
re
ne
wab
le
so
urce.
Alth
ou
gh
the
e
ff
ect
iv
eness
of
the
a
r
chite
ct
ur
e
is
ve
rified
t
hro
ugh
ha
r
dware
im
pl
ementat
io
n,
th
ere
is
a
la
ck
of
real
da
ta
analysis
on
the
sta
te
of
c
ha
rg
e
of
t
he
batte
ry
.
S
of
twa
re
-
def
i
ned
sch
em
e
f
or
e
ne
rgy
e
f
fici
ent
data
gathe
rin
g
for
WSNs
-
bas
ed
SG
ap
plica
ti
on
is
propose
d
by
[18].
In
orde
r
t
o
im
pro
ve
real
ti
me
m
onit
or
i
ng
and
c
on
t
ro
l
of
energ
y
s
uppl
y
in
s
mart
ci
ti
es,
the
pr
opos
e
d
data
gathe
rin
g
te
chn
iq
ue
is
c
onside
red
as
a
dvance
d
QoS
c
ommu
ni
cat
ion
fr
a
me
work.
Mult
i
-
s
ource
ene
rgy
ha
r
vesting
mecha
nisms
f
or
WiFi
-
ba
se
d
SG
app
li
cat
io
ns
is
intr
oduce
d
by
the
simi
la
r
a
ut
hors
[
19].
T
he
m
ec
han
is
m
s
imulat
ed
in
Es
ti
Net
is
a
so
l
ution
–
energ
y har
vest
from
t
he
el
ect
r
om
a
gn
et
ic
wa
ve
s that e
xp
a
nds
the
netw
ork
li
f
et
ime of t
he S
EN.
Althou
gh
dif
f
eren
t
e
nergy
harvesti
ng
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
f
or
c
hargin
g
batte
ry
ha
ve
been
pro
po
se
d
by
researc
hers,
use
of
so
la
r
e
nergy
at
rem
ote
l
ocati
ons
is
f
ou
nd
the
mo
st
fe
asi
ble
an
d
reli
able
te
ch
nique.
M
a
ny
researc
hers
ha
ve
c
onsidere
d
mini
P
V
m
odul
es
to
se
rv
e
th
e
sp
eci
fic
pur
pose
[15
,
20
-
2
3
].
T
his
i
nd
ic
at
es
that
choosi
ng
rig
ht
capaci
ty
of
t
he
P
V
meet
s
t
he
e
nerg
y
de
man
d
a
nd
al
so
minimi
zes
th
e
cost
of
the
sy
ste
m.
A
rece
nt
re
sear
ch
s
hows
t
hat
80%
pe
rforma
nce
rati
o
(
3.93 kWh
per
kW
p
per
d
a
y)
w
as
a
chieve
d
in M
al
aysian
cl
imat
e
[20
].
These
rese
arc
hes
sup
port
t
o
exa
mine
the
rig
ht
siz
e
of
PV
f
or
c
hargi
ng
batte
ry
for
SE
N
app
li
cat
io
n
in
SG
.
Ba
sed
on
our
re
view
,
man
y
resea
rch
e
rs
hav
e
c
onside
r
ed
sens
or
i
n
var
i
ou
s
a
pp
li
c
at
ion
s
of
SG.
Howe
ver,
m
ost
of
it
has
not
consi
dered
t
he
energ
y
ma
na
geme
nt
of
th
e
sens
or
s
unde
r
dif
fe
ren
t
operati
ng
conditi
ons.
A
few
li
te
ratu
res
discuss
e
d
a
bout
batte
ry
c
ha
rg
i
ng
sta
tu
s
bu
t
the
re
is
a
la
ck
of
a
nal
ysi
s
on
the r
eq
uire
d
siz
e
of
P
V
for
a
SEN dr
ive
n
ba
tt
ery
i
n
t
he
a
pp
li
cat
ion
o
f
distr
ibu
te
d rene
wa
bl
e
ge
ner
at
io
n. Wh
il
e
consi
der
P
V
as
a
s
upplied
volt
age
for
chargin
g
batte
ry,
inter
mit
te
nt
cl
imat
e
factor
has
to
ta
ke
into
consi
der
at
io
n.
It
is
neces
sar
y
to
batte
r
y
c
hargin
g
c
har
act
eri
sti
cs
wh
il
e
it
is
dr
i
ving
a
SE
N
an
d
bein
g
c
ha
rg
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Feasibili
ty
an
al
ysi
s o
f st
an
da
l
on
e
PV
powe
re
d ba
tt
ery
us
in
g SEN f
or
Smart
G
rid
Sye
d
(
Z
ahurul
Islam
)
669
by
a
P
V
simu
lt
aneo
usl
y.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
a
Wi
-
Fi
integ
rat
ed
SE
N
is
pl
aced
i
n
the
di
stribu
te
d
l
ocat
ion
in
the
pur
pose
of
da
ta
c
ollec
ti
on
an
d
tra
ns
fe
r.
T
he
SE
N
is
powe
re
d
by
PV
c
onnected
bat
te
ry
.
Durin
g
th
e
data
trans
fer
,
batte
r
y
mig
ht
be
dr
a
ined
out
bu
t
ca
nnot
be
rec
harged
by
P
V
due
to
i
nsuf
fici
ent
sunli
ght.
E
ve
nt
ually,
the SE
N may
re
le
nt to funct
io
n.
Ther
e
a
re
t
hree
maj
or
pr
os
pu
rposes
of
chargin
g
batte
ry
by
P
V
in
app
li
cat
io
n
of
S
G.
First,
the
batte
ry
s
houl
d
delive
r
e
nerg
y
or
s
urge
ope
rati
ng
c
urren
t
to
the
loa
ds
as
pe
r
it
s
de
man
d.
Sec
ond,
th
e
batte
ry
s
houl
d
be
cha
r
ged
bas
ed
on
the
a
vaila
ble
so
la
r
i
rr
a
diance.
Thir
d,
the
reli
abili
ty
of
s
ys
te
m
s
ho
uld
be
maximize
d by
minimi
zi
ng the
r
isk
of
undesi
r
able d
isc
harge
of b
at
te
r
y.
2.
PV
S
YS
TE
M DESIG
N
&
ME
THODOL
O
GY
In
this
sect
io
n,
we
ha
ve
e
sti
mate
d
siz
e
of
ba
tt
ery
,
P
V
a
nd
oth
e
r
relat
ed
pa
rameters
base
d
on
m
od
el
s
from
ot
her
res
earche
rs.
T
hen
the
e
sti
mate
d
val
ues
a
re
va
li
dated
by
ou
r
ma
nu
al
cal
c
ul
at
ion
.
Sun
-
ho
ur
is
ob
ta
ine
d fro
m
colle
ct
ed data
on 20
13 by UP
M
.
2.1.
Ba
tt
ery
t
ypes
Fo
r
t
he
ene
r
gy
storing
purpo
se
by
so
la
r
sy
s
te
m,
dif
fer
e
nt
typ
es
of
batte
r
ie
s
are
us
e
d;
howe
ve
r
two
mo
st
co
mm
on
ty
pes
are
le
ad
-
aci
d
a
nd
ni
ckel
-
cad
mium
cel
ls
[24].
E
ach
ty
pe
of
ba
tt
ery
has
it
s
ow
n
char
act
e
risti
cs,
desi
gn,
a
nd
pros
a
nd
c
ons.
A
su
it
able
ty
pe
of
batte
ry
is
c
hosen
base
on
t
he
us
a
bili
ty,
c
os
t,
an
d
requireme
nt.
B
oth
t
yp
es
are
c
on
si
der
e
d
se
co
nd
a
r
y
ty
pe
batte
ry
;
howe
ver,
nickel
-
ca
dm
i
um
batte
r
y
is
s
uperi
or
to
le
ad
-
aci
d
in
te
rm
of
sta
nd
-
al
one
P
V
syst
em
as
nic
kel
-
c
admium
batte
r
y
has
lo
ng
e
r
li
fe,
le
ss
mai
ntenan
ce
cost, t
olerance
to ex
t
reme
disc
harge etc.
T
he dra
w
back o
f
th
is t
yp
e
is h
i
gh
e
r pr
ic
e.
2.2.
Zi
gBee
e
nergy c
on
s
um
pt
ion
m
od
el
E.
Ca
sil
ari
et
al.
hav
e
m
od
e
le
d
ene
r
gy
co
nsum
ptio
n
of
Z
igBee
at
dif
fe
r
ent
sta
ges
of
i
ts
operati
on
[24].
S
uc
h
sta
ges
a
re
c
onsid
ered
at
co
nsu
mp
ti
on
wh
e
n
sta
rt
-
up
ti
me,
associat
ion
wit
h
c
oor
din
at
or,
pac
ket
transmissi
on,
c
onnecti
on
lost
ti
me,
a
nd
sle
e
ping
m
od
e
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
co
nsu
mp
ti
on
of
thes
e
netw
ork
de
vi
ces
is
var
ie
d
f
rom
comme
rcial
man
uf
act
ur
i
ng
vend
or
s
.
Ta
ble
1
.
d
e
picts
the
ZigBee
current
c
ons
umpti
on.
If
the
operati
ng
volt
age
is
co
ns
ide
red
3.7
V
(m
os
t
ZigBee
with
micr
oc
ontrolle
r
r
uns
at
this
vo
lt
a
ge)
,
powe
r
consu
mp
ti
on
of ZigBee
can
be cal
culat
ed
at
each
of it
s stag
e of
op
e
rati
on.
Table
1
.
Power
cons
umpti
on a
t di
ff
e
re
nt stat
es of Zi
gBee m
odule
[24]
Stag
e of Oper
atio
n
Measu
red cur
rent,
(m
A
)
Vo
ltag
e (
V)
Po
wer
(
m
W
)
Start
u
p
1
7
.7
3
.7
6
5
.49
co
o
rdin
ato
r
ass
o
ciatio
n
2
6
.6
–
3
3
.8
9
8
.42
-
1
2
5
.06
Pack
et tr
an
s
m
iss
io
n
3
2
.5
1
2
0
.25
Co
n
n
ectio
n
los
t ti
m
e
9
.3
–
2
7
.6
3
4
.41
-
1
0
2
.12
Sleep
in
g
m
o
d
e
0
.00
0
7
5
0
.00
2
7
7
5
Ob
ta
ine
d
f
rom
datas
heet
of
Ardu
i
no
UNO,
sen
sors
(tem
pe
ratur
e
,
humid
it
y
an
d
LDR
),
and
ZigBee
,
the esti
mate
d
a
ppr
ox
imat
e
re
quire
d
c
urren
t c
on
s
umpti
on
for
SZA is
95
~
10
0mA.
2.3.
P
V and
b
attery
size es
timat
i
on
In
orde
r
to
est
imat
e
batte
ry
a
nd
PV
siz
e,
w
e
analyze
d
ma
themat
ic
al
models
w
hich
a
re
ver
ifie
d
by
man
ual
cal
cula
ti
on
,
s
how
n
in
Table
2.
T
he
current
c
onsumpti
on
f
or
A
r
du
i
no
boar
d
w
it
h
ZigBee
ra
di
o
an
d
three se
ns
ors
ha
ve
obta
ine
d
f
r
om
datasheet o
f
the r
es
pecti
ve
d
evice.
Acc
ordin
g
to the dat
asheet, the esti
mate
d
total
r
eq
uire
d
c
urren
t i
s
50m
A
. T
he
SZ
A
is
a
ssu
me
d
t
o be a
ct
ive 8h/ da
y w
hich yiel
ds 2
w
at
t
-
h/d
a
y.
Tw
o
ty
pes
of
l
ead
-
aci
d
batte
r
ie
s,
s
uch
as
sta
nd
a
r
d
rech
a
r
ge
able
a
nd
deep
cycle
A
G
M
t
yp
e
batte
ry
are
co
ns
i
der
e
d.
Taki
ng
t
he
c
oncer
n
of
inter
mit
te
nt
so
la
r
i
r
rad
ia
nce
a
vaila
bili
ty,
minim
um
2
da
ys
t
o
m
aximum
5 days
of
a
uton
omy
of b
at
te
r
y are c
on
si
der
e
d t
o
en
sure the
s
eaml
ess po
wer su
pp
l
y for
SZ
A.
Tw
o
ty
pes
of
so
la
r
cel
ls
are
us
e
d
–
c
rysta
ll
ine
and
a
morp
hous
sil
ic
on
thin
film
s
ol
ar
cel
l.
The
exp
e
rime
nt w
a
s con
du
ct
e
d
at
ALP
ER
, UP
M
pr
e
mises a
nd
was reco
r
ded 3.8
-
3.9
h
t
o
ac
hieve 100
0W
at
t/
m
2
.
Thr
ee
ty
pes
of
losse
s
a
re
co
nsi
der
e
d,
na
mel
y
ca
ble
an
d
co
nn
ect
io
n
loss
,
batte
ry
us
a
ge
const
raints,
and
a
dd
it
io
nal
PV
pa
nel
siz
in
g
f
or
c
ompens
at
ing
pow
er
lo
ss.
A
dd
it
io
nal
PV
pa
nel
siz
in
g
f
or
c
ompens
at
in
g
powe
r
loss
a
nd overall
s
ys
te
m
loss
a
re as
sum
ed
to
b
e
30%
a
nd 10%
r
es
pec
ti
vely.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
2
,
J
un
e
2020
:
6
6
7
–
6
7
6
670
Table
2.
E
sti
mati
on
on b
at
te
r
y
a
nd P
V
siz
e
base
d on cl
imat
e and SZ
A p
ower
r
e
qu
i
reme
nt
Item
Un
it
Valu
e
SZA
Sy
ste
m
No
m
in
al vo
ltag
e
V
5
Cu
rr
en
t con
su
m
p
tio
n
A
0
.05
Op
erating
tim
e
per
day
h
8
Energy
con
su
m
p
tio
n
per day
W
att
-
h
2
Battery
Sizing
Stan
d
ard lead
-
acid
b
attery
Deep
-
cy
cle
AGM
l
ead
-
acid
battery
Pref
e
rr
ed
day
s o
f
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
Day
2
5
Actu
al po
ss
ib
le us
ag
e ca
p
acity
%
60
60
Total u
sag
e in au
to
n
o
m
y
perio
d
A
-
h
0
.66
1
.66
Req
u
ired capacity
with
add
itio
n
al 40%
A
-
h
0
.92
4
2
.32
Req
u
ired capacity
with
sy
stem
lo
ss
1
0
%
A
-
h
/ auto
n
o
m
y
d
ay
1
.02
2
.55
So
lar
Pan
el S
izin
g
Flex
ib
le
m
o
n
o
-
cry
stallin
e
A
-
Si thin
f
il
m
Av
erage
m
o
d
u
le gen
erating
capacity
(peak
)
A
-
h
/7
V m
o
d
u
le
0
.52
0
.15
Av
erage su
n
-
h
o
u
r
recorded
at
U
PM
p
rem
ises
h
3
.8
3
.8
Total cu
rr
en
t per
m
o
d
u
le
A
-
h
/d
ay
1
.98
0
.57
Total requ
ired cur
r
en
t f
rom
6V b
atte
r
y
A
-
h
/d
ay
0
.33
0
.33
Mod
u
le r
eq
u
ired
Nu
m
b
er
0
.2
0
.58
Co
n
sid
ered add
itio
n
al los
s m
argin
%
30
30
Total m
o
d
u
le r
eq
u
ired (7V e
ach)
Nu
m
b
er
2
1
2.4.
Su
n
-
h
ou
r
A
n
alysi
s
We
ha
ve
anal
yzed
s
olar
ir
ra
diance
data
re
corde
d
at
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Pu
tra
M
al
aysia
(
UPM)
pr
e
mises.
The
a
naly
sis
r
esult
is
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
1
.
T
he
s
olar
irra
dia
nce
data
is
rec
orde
d
at
e
very
half
a
n
hour
i
nter
val
from
8am
to
6pm
f
or
10
h.
I
n
each
m
on
t
h,
we
ha
ve
cal
cu
la
te
d
maxim
um,
minim
um,
and
a
verage
s
un
-
hour
from
meas
ur
e
d
so
la
r
ir
rad
ia
nc
e.
T
he
highest
aver
a
ge
sun
ho
ur
is
ac
hieve
d
in
M
arc
h
a
nd
t
he
lo
west
sun
-
hour
is reco
r
ded in
Decem
ber. F
rom Fig
ure
1
, we
h
a
ve ob
ta
in
ed
the av
e
ra
ge
s
un
-
hour
3.8h.
0
2
4
6
8
1
0
1
2
M
o
n
t
h
o
f
y
e
a
r
D
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
h
o
u
r
)
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
,
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
s
u
n
-
h
o
u
r
a
t
U
P
M
p
r
e
m
i
s
e
s
i
n
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
3
M
i
n
s
u
n
-
h
o
u
r
M
a
x
s
u
n
-
h
o
u
r
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
s
u
n
-
h
o
u
r
J
a
n
F
e
b
M
a
r
A
p
r
M
a
y
J
u
n
J
u
l
A
u
g
S
e
p
O
c
t
N
o
v
D
e
c
Figure
1
.
Mo
nth
ly
min,
ma
x
a
nd av
e
ra
ge
s
un
-
ho
ur
at
UPM
, a
nalyze
d from
colle
ct
ed data
on 20
13
2.5.
Dee
p
Cycl
e a
nd
S
ta
n
dard Ba
tt
ery
Size
Calcul
ati
on
M
at
he
mati
cal
l
y,
we
ha
ve
de
rive
d
the
re
quire
d
siz
e
of
the
batte
r
y.
T
he
cal
culat
io
n
for
batte
ry
capaci
ty
de
no
t
ed by
A
-
h o
btained fr
om (
1)
[25]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Feasibili
ty
an
al
ysi
s o
f st
an
da
l
on
e
PV
powe
re
d ba
tt
ery
us
in
g SEN f
or
Smart
G
rid
Sye
d
(
Z
ahurul
Islam
)
671
=
×
ℶ
×
×
(1)
The
pa
rameter
s
of
(
1)
a
re:
is
de
note
d
as
the
numb
e
r
of
aut
onomo
us
day
that
ba
tt
ery
nee
ds
to
suppo
rt
8h
/
day
;
(w
at
t
-
h)
is
the
e
ne
rgy
co
nsum
ptio
n
per
da
y;
ℶ
an
d
φ
(%
)
are
e
ffi
ci
ency
f
or
batt
ery
a
nd
in
ver
te
r
resp
ect
ivel
y;
a
nd
(V
)
is
the
ba
tt
ery
no
minal
vo
lt
age
.
Si
nce
the
SZ
A
is
DC
powe
red,
no
i
nv
e
rter
is
us
e
d.
The
val
ue
f
or
rest
of
the
paramet
ers
of
(
1)
can
be
obta
in
ed
from
Ta
ble
2
wh
ic
h
yield
s
mi
nimum
re
qu
i
red
deep
c
ycle
a
nd
sta
ndar
d
batte
ry
capaci
ti
es
s
hould
be
2.77A
-
h
a
nd
1.1
1A
-
h.
T
hese
ma
themat
ic
al
ly
obta
ined
resu
lt
s a
re a
ppr
ox
imat
el
y
simi
la
r
to t
he
ma
nu
al
calc
ulati
on
s
ta
te
d
in Ta
ble
2.
2.6.
P
V
Size
Ca
lc
ul
at
i
on
The
s
uitable
ca
pacit
y for m
on
o
-
c
rysta
ll
ine an
d t
hin fil
m
P
V pan
el
s
can
be o
btained
from 2
which
is
sta
te
d
as
fo
ll
ows:
=
ℶ
×
×
ℎ
×
(
1
−
)
(2)
wh
e
re
(w
at
t
-
h)
peak
a
nd
ℎ
(h)
re
fer
P
V
ca
pacit
y
a
nd
t
otal
su
n
-
ho
ur
of
the
da
y
re
sp
e
ct
ively.
T
he
ov
e
rall
loss
cal
culat
ion
a
nd
fa
ct
or
s
t
hat
ef
fec
t
on
P
V
ge
ne
ra
ti
on
yield
(m
odule
s
urface
te
mp
e
ratur
e
,
pos
sible
par
ti
al
sh
a
ding
,
so
il
in
g,
a
nd
t
olera
nce)
a
re
de
no
te
d
as
.
Si
nc
e
M
al
a
ys
ia
is
a
tro
pical
co
un
try
a
nd
ha
s
al
way
s
exp
e
rience
of
high
a
m
bient
t
empe
rature
with
cl
oudy
cl
imat
e,
we
ha
ve
ca
lc
ulate
d
t
he
va
lues
of
f
or
m
ono
-
cry
sta
ll
ine
an
d
thin
film
PV
are
60%
an
d
30%
res
pecti
vel
y
base
d
on
our
em
pirical
a
nal
ys
is.
T
her
e
fore
,
the
capaci
ti
es
of
mono
-
cr
ys
ta
ll
ine
a
nd
t
hin
fi
lm
PV
pa
nels
can
be
cal
cu
la
te
d
2.0
8
w
at
t
-
h
a
nd
1.1
9
watt
-
h
resp
ect
ivel
y. T
his calc
ulati
on
al
so
s
upports
our
ma
nu
al
esti
mati
on
,
r
e
ferre
d
to
Ta
ble 2.
2.7.
P
V and
B
attery
Co
n
fig
urati
on
Ba
sed
on
mat
hemati
cal
anal
ys
is
as
well
as
man
ual
cal
culat
ion
,
t
he
P
V
pa
nels
a
nd
batte
ries
ar
e
sel
ect
ed
w
hose
co
nf
i
gurati
ons
are
mentio
ne
d
in
Ta
ble
3
a
nd
Ta
ble
4
respec
ti
vely.
Acc
ordi
ng
to
t
he
ba
tt
ery
man
uf
act
ur
e
r,
i
ts l
ife sp
an
is
s
ensiti
ve
to tem
per
at
ur
e.
Since
M
al
aysia’
s ave
rag
e
da
y
ti
me temperat
ur
e is
3
5
℃,
the b
at
te
r
y
s
ho
uld
be re
placed
in
e
very
3 yea
rs
in
the c
onte
xt
o
f
M
al
a
ys
ia
’s
cli
mate
.
Table
3.
C
ry
sta
ll
ine an
d t
hi
n
fi
lm PV
con
fig
urat
ion i
n STC
*
Typ
e of pan
el
Vo
c (
V
)
Isc (
A
)
Max p
o
wer (watt
)
Ef
fic
ien
cy
(
%)
Price
(un
it)
Manu
facturer
Mon
o
-
crys
tallin
e
7
.38
0
.55
3
1
2
.8
USD5
0
.5
Libeliu
m
A
-
Si thin
f
il
m
21
0
.13
2
4%
USD2
2
.72
So
larvo
ltaic
*
Stan
d
ard T
em
p
e
ra
tu
re
Co
n
d
itio
n
(
STC):
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
,
A
M
1
.5, 25
℃
Table
4.
L
ead
aci
d
batte
r
y
c
onfi
gurati
on
Typ
e of battery
Cap
acity
Mod
el
Price
Manu
facturer
Deep cy
cle
6
V 2.8
Ah
NP2
.8
-
6
USD2
0
.60
Stan
d
ard
6
V 1.3
Ah
MH26
8
6
6
USD6
.00
3.
EXPERI
MEN
TAL SET
UP
The
sel
ect
ed
P
V
is
co
nnect
e
d
to
t
he
6V
ba
tt
ery
to
moni
tor
it
s
cha
r
ging
ch
aracte
risti
cs
w
hile
the
batte
ry
powe
rs
the
SZ
A
sim
ultaneo
us
ly
.
Ac
r
os
s
the
6V
1.3
Ah
le
a
d
-
aci
d
ba
tt
ery
,
we
ha
ve
co
ns
i
der
e
d
the
SZ
A
as
a
loa
d
that
monit
or
s
data
at
every
10
se
c.
N
o
sle
epi
ng
an
d
hib
e
r
natin
g
m
ode
a
re
c
onside
red
.
T
he
sens
or
s
integrate
d
to
Ardu
i
no
are
t
empe
rature
-
humidit
y
(
HSM
-
20G)
an
d
Li
ght
De
pe
nd
e
nt
Sensor
(L
DR
-
5527)
.
Figure
3
s
hows
the e
xp
e
rime
nt
al
setup
.
Anothe
r
node
,
ZigBee
a
ssim
il
at
ed
on
Was
pmote
em
be
dded
boar
d
moni
tors
batte
r
y
sta
tus
at
e
very
10
sec.
De
scri
ption
of
t
wo
ty
pes
of
nodes
is
ex
plaine
d
in
Table
5.
B
oth
nodes
sent
the
data
to
co
ntr
ol
centre
us
in
g
IEEE
80
2.15.4
s
upport
ed
2.4
GH
z
Zi
gBee
c
ommu
ni
cat
ion
.
I
n
the
co
ntr
ol
ce
ntre
,
a
Lab
VIEW
base
d
gr
a
phic
al
use
r
interface
is
de
ve
lop
e
d
f
or
rece
iving
a
nd
furth
er
a
nalysis
of
ba
tt
ery
sta
t
us
.
T
hr
ee
diff
e
re
nt
t
yp
e
s
of
da
ys
wer
e
c
on
si
der
e
d,
su
c
h
as
s
unny
-
cl
oudy,
f
ully
cl
ou
dy,
an
d
fu
ll
y
r
ai
ny
wh
ic
h
ar
e
denote
d
as
th
e
best,
aver
a
ge, an
d
t
he
wor
st ca
se r
e
sp
ect
ively
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
2
,
J
un
e
2020
:
6
6
7
–
6
7
6
672
Table
5.
Desc
ription o
n n
od
e
typ
e
Typ
e of no
d
e
Descri
p
tio
n
SZA
o
r
Sens
o
rs
-
Zi
g
Bee in
teg
rated Ar
d
u
in
o
–
co
n
sid
ered as SE
N or load
f
o
r
the b
attery
Ardu
in
o
em
b
ed
d
ed
bo
ard, tem
p
er
atu
re
-
h
u
m
id
ity
,
an
d
li
g
h
t dep
en
d
en
t
sen
so
rs,
ZigB
ee. It
r
eads
te
m
p
eratur
e,
hu
m
id
ity
,
an
d
L
D
R an
d
sen
d
s
to
the g
ateway th
r
o
u
g
h
ZigB
ee c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
ZigB
ee a
ss
im
ilate
d
Was
p
m
o
te em
b
e
d
d
ed
bo
ard
Ded
icated for
m
o
n
ito
ring
battery
stat
u
s at every 1
0
sec.
Figure
3. Ex
pe
rimental
set
up
–
Lea
d
aci
d batt
ery
powe
rs SZ
A wh
il
e it
is
be
ing
c
ha
rg
e
d b
y PV
. T
he batt
er
y
sta
tus is m
onit
or
e
d b
y
a
node
, call
ed
Zi
gBee
assimi
la
te
d W
aspm
ote em
be
dd
e
d b
oard.
4.
RESU
LT
A
N
ALYSIS
4.1.
C
ha
r
ac
te
ri
stics of B
att
ery
Int
ern
al
R
esi
sta
n
ce
on
A
verage,
C
l
ou
d
y and R
ainy
D
ay
Figure
4(a)
s
hows
the
c
har
ac
te
risti
c
diag
ra
m
betwee
n
volt
age
a
nd
inte
rnal
resist
ance
of
the
batte
ry
wh
il
e
it
was
be
ing
cha
r
ged
by
t
he
PV.
T
he
aver
a
ge
da
y
re
su
lt
il
lustrate
s
th
at
the
inter
na
l
resist
ance
is
trul
y
li
near
with
it
s
volt
age.
It
is
simi
la
r
c
har
a
ct
erist
ic
s
to
st
and
a
r
d
inte
rn
a
l
resist
ance
m
od
el
.
Howe
ver,
the
char
act
e
risti
c
analyses
durin
g
cl
oudy
a
nd
rai
ny
day
s
s
how
diff
e
re
nce.
The
co
mp
a
risons
a
mong
thes
e
ty
pes
o
f
days
a
re d
e
picte
d
i
n
Fig
ur
e
4
(
b)
a
nd
(c
)
t
hat il
lustrate
inter
na
l
resist
ance
c
ha
ng
e
s w
it
h
volt
age non
-
li
nea
rly
on
bo
t
h
cl
ou
dy
an
d
rain
y
day
s
.
T
his
c
hange
occ
urred
bet
ween
aver
a
ge
a
nd
cl
oudy
-
rain
y
days
due
t
o
te
m
pe
ratur
e
and
s
olar
irra
di
ance
va
riat
ion
s
.
T
he
mea
n
s
ol
ar
ir
ra
diance
w
as
rec
orde
d
75.
66
W/m
2
on
cl
oudy
a
nd
rain
y
da
y,
wh
ic
h
is
not su
ff
ic
ie
nt t
o
mai
ntain the
mi
nimu
m
6V
volt
age
of the
batte
r
y.
Fr
om t
he
an
al
ysi
s o
f
the
non
-
l
inear
be
hav
i
or
of
cl
oudy a
nd ra
iny
da
ys
, we
can
der
i
ve
the
fo
ll
owin
g reg
r
ession
equ
at
io
ns
:
[Cloud
y]
:
(
)
=
∈
+
(3)
[Rai
ny]:
(
)
=
(4)
The
co
ns
ta
nts
∈
=
−
0
.
753
,
=
50
.
21
,
=
17
.
21
,
=
−
0
.
1289
for
(
3)
a
nd
=
29
.
67
,
=
−
0
.
2116
for
(
4)
a
re
achieve
d
f
rom
the
re
gr
es
sio
n
analysis
of
Fi
gure
4.
Since
cl
oudy
or
rainy
da
y
may
a
pp
e
a
r
intermit
te
ntly,
the
batte
r
y
w
il
l
sh
ow
the
s
imi
la
r
cha
ract
erist
ic
s
of
(
3)
an
d
(
4)
for
c
loudy
a
nd
rainy
day
resp
ect
ivel
y.
S
o,
we
ca
n
c
onstruct
a
per
io
di
c
exte
nsi
on
of
or
f
unct
io
ns
us
i
ng
F
ouri
er
se
ries,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Feasibili
ty
an
al
ysi
s o
f st
an
da
l
on
e
PV
powe
re
d ba
tt
ery
us
in
g SEN f
or
Smart
G
rid
Sye
d
(
Z
ahurul
Islam
)
673
cal
le
d
′
(
)
or
′
(
)
res
pecti
vely
.
As
the
functi
on
or
can
be
re
pe
at
ed
in
eve
ry
ti
me
interval,
f
irst
a
functi
on
∅
(
)
can
be
d
e
fine
d
as
(
5).
∅
(
)
=
∫
(
)
−
∞
−
∞
(5)
wh
e
re
=
2
. In
t
he
l
imi
t,
→
∞
, t
her
e
f
or
e
(
6) an
d (7)
can
be ob
ta
i
ne
d fo
ll
owe
d by (
5) as
fo
ll
ows:
(
)
=
li
m
→
∞
′
(
)
=
1
2
∫
∅
(
)
−
+
∞
−
∞
(6)
(
)
=
li
m
→
∞
′
(
)
=
1
2
∫
∅
(
)
−
+
∞
−
∞
(7)
Eq
uation
(
6)
a
nd
(
7)
are
the
ne
w
per
i
od
ic
rec
on
st
ru
ct
e
d
mathe
mati
cal
models
of
cl
oudy
a
nd
rai
ny
days
resp
ect
ivel
y from
non
-
per
io
di
c form.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
4. (a
)
C
har
act
erist
ic
s
grap
h of i
nter
na
l resist
ance
vs
.
vo
lt
age;
data
duri
ng b
at
te
r
y
c
harge
by P
V. (
b)
Com
par
is
on ana
lysis o
f
i
nternal
r
esi
sta
nce
be
tween
rain
y
a
nd a
ver
a
ge, cl
ou
dy and a
ve
rag
e
, and rai
ny a
nd
cl
oudy d
a
ys. (c
)
Co
mp
a
rison
analysis
of in
te
rn
al
resist
ance
amo
ng av
e
ra
ge
, clo
udy, an
d r
ai
ny
da
ys
4.2.
C
ha
r
ac
te
ri
stics of B
att
ery
C
h
arg
in
g State
on A
ver
ag
e
, Clou
dy a
nd Rainy
D
ay
On
the
cl
ou
dy
da
y,
the
i
niti
al
cha
rg
e
of
batte
ry
was
40
-
50%
(a
bove
4V)
wh
e
n
the
ex
pe
riment
was
init
ia
te
d.
Data
colle
ct
ed
on
this
da
y
from
11:4
5am
t
o
2pm
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
5(
a
).
Since
SZ
A
r
equ
i
re
s
minimu
m
5V
t
o
op
e
rate,
it
st
arted
t
o
functi
on
after
12pm
wh
e
n
t
he
c
harge
reache
d
t
o
5V.
S
om
et
ime
s
SZ
A
stoppe
d
w
orki
ng
beca
us
e
ins
uffici
ent
volt
age
of
t
he
batte
ry,
for
insta
nc
e
af
te
r
12pm
to
1pm
a
nd
1.5
0pm
to
2pm.
Fig
ure
5(
a)
s
how
s
t
hat
t
he
cha
rg
e
of
t
he
ba
tt
ery
has
r
eached
t
o
5V
on
l
y
24%
of
to
ta
l
ti
me,
wh
e
re
as
the
4
4
.
5
5
5
.
5
6
6
.
5
6
8
10
12
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
V
]
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
-
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
b
y
P
V
P
a
n
e
l
o
n
a
R
a
i
n
y
d
a
y
4
4
.
2
4
.
4
4
.
6
4
.
8
5
5
.
2
5
.
4
10
11
12
13
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
[
]
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
-
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
b
y
P
V
P
a
n
e
l
o
n
a
C
l
o
u
d
y
d
a
y
6
.
2
6
.
2
5
6
.
3
6
.
3
5
6
.
4
6
.
4
5
6
.
5
6
.
5
5
7
.
8
8
8
.
2
8
.
4
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
-
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
b
y
P
V
P
a
n
e
l
o
n
a
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
d
a
y
4
5
6
7
7
7
.
5
8
8
.
5
9
9
.
5
10
1
0
.
5
11
1
1
.
5
12
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
[
]
R
a
i
n
y
V
s
.
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
d
a
y
R
a
i
n
y
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
V
]
C
l
o
u
d
y
V
s
.
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
d
a
y
C
l
o
u
d
y
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
R
a
i
n
y
V
s
.
C
l
o
u
d
y
d
a
y
R
a
i
n
y
C
l
o
u
d
y
4
4
.
5
5
5
.
5
6
6
.
5
7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
V
]
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
R
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
[
]
R
a
i
n
y
V
s
.
C
l
o
u
d
y
V
s
.
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
d
a
y
R
a
i
n
y
C
l
o
u
d
y
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
2
,
J
un
e
2020
:
6
6
7
–
6
7
6
674
rest
of
ti
me
it
was
remai
ned
within
4V.
If
the
batte
r
y
is
not
fu
ll
y
c
harge
d,
7.8
V
P
V
is
un
a
ble
t
o
rec
ha
rg
e
the
batte
ry
up t
o
it
s full
level
on the clo
udy da
y.
Durin
g
t
he
rai
ny
day,
t
he
int
ia
l
vo
lt
age
of
the
batte
r
y
was
5.6
V
a
nd
t
he
chargin
g
co
ndit
ion
of
the
batte
ry w
as
simil
ar to
cl
oudy
d
a
y.
Since s
ol
ar irradia
nce
w
as ins
uffici
ent,
t
he
SZ
A was s
witc
hed off
ma
nu
al
ly
sever
a
l
ti
mes
t
o
protect
it
fro
m
unde
r
vo
lt
ag
e
op
e
rati
on.
T
his
al
so
helps
t
he
batte
r
y
to
be
recuperate
d.
Figure
5(b)
il
lustrate
s
the
scena
rio
.
O
n
the
a
ve
rag
e
day,
the
first
ha
lf
of
the
da
y
was
fu
ll
s
unny
an
d
the
rest
ha
lf
wa
s
fluctuati
ng
bet
ween
s
unny
a
nd
cl
oudy
.
The
sta
rting
volt
ag
e
of
the
batte
r
y
was
6.5
V.
T
he
e
xperime
nt
al
res
ul
t
is
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
5(c)
that
sta
te
s
the
volt
age
of
the
batte
ry
di
d
not
dro
p
t
o
unable
op
erati
on
sta
te
of
SZ
A.
The
re
su
lt
sho
ws
that
the
PV
modu
le
is
s
uff
ic
ie
nt
to
charg
e
the
batte
r
y
on
this
day.
Fig
ur
e
5(
c
)
e
xp
l
ores
th
e
maxim
um
volt
age is
obai
ne
d betwee
n 11
a
m
to 12
30pm.
1
1
0
0
1
1
5
0
1
2
0
0
1
2
5
0
1
3
0
0
1
3
5
0
1
4
0
0
4
4
.
2
4
.
4
4
.
6
4
.
8
5
5
.
2
5
.
4
T
i
m
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
V
]
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
b
y
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
(a)
0
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
3
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
6
0
0
3
.
5
4
4
.
5
5
5
.
5
6
C
l
o
c
k
T
i
m
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
V
]
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
b
y
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
o
n
a
R
a
i
n
y
D
a
y
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
s
d
a
y
t
i
m
e
X
X
I
n
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
z
o
n
e
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
b
o
a
r
d
S
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
z
o
n
e
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
b
o
a
r
d
X
:
s
w
i
t
c
h
e
d
o
f
f
m
a
n
u
a
l
l
y
(b)
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
3
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
6
0
0
1
7
0
0
6
.
2
6
.
2
5
6
.
3
6
.
3
5
6
.
4
6
.
4
5
6
.
5
6
.
5
5
C
l
o
c
k
T
i
m
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
V
]
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
b
y
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
o
n
a
n
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
D
a
y
S
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
z
o
n
e
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
b
o
a
r
d
S
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
z
o
n
e
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
b
o
a
r
d
C
l
o
u
d
y
S
u
n
n
y
L
e
s
s
S
u
n
n
y
S
u
n
n
y
C
l
o
u
d
y
(c)
Figure
5. Cha
r
ging
batte
ry by
7
.
8V P
V o
n
(a
)
cl
ou
dy d
a
y
(11:4
5am
t
o 2pm
); (b)
r
ai
ny
da
y (
9.15
a
m to
3.15pm
); (
c
)
a
ver
a
ge da
y
(
10
.15am t
o 5.00p
m)
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pap
e
r
pr
esents
a
n
e
xp
erimental
data
analy
sis
of
ba
tt
ery
c
hargin
g
c
har
act
e
risti
cs
w
hile
it
is
dr
i
ving
a
SE
N
an
d
bei
ng
c
ha
rg
e
d
by
a
PV
simult
ane
ou
sl
y.
T
he
siz
e
of
t
he
batte
r
y
a
nd
PV
we
re
deter
mined
from
el
ect
rical
sp
eci
ficat
io
ns
of
t
he
S
ZA
,
s
un
-
hour
dat
a,
ba
tt
ery
ca
pacit
y
model,
a
nd
nu
mb
e
r
of
a
uton
omous
days
f
or b
at
te
r
y
to
sup
port a
n SEN
. T
he
S
E
N
is c
onsidere
d
as a
loa
d
that
co
al
esce
d
A
r
duin
o
em
be
dd
e
d b
oard,
te
mp
erat
ur
e
-
hu
midit
y
s
ens
or,
LDR
,
a
nd
Zi
gBee
rad
i
o.
T
he
SEN
is
de
no
te
d
as
S
ZA
w
hich
m
onit
or
s
the
env
i
ronme
ntal
par
a
mete
rs
of
the
distri
bu
te
d
ren
e
wa
ble
ge
ner
at
io
n
sit
e.
Anothe
r
node,
Was
pmote
em
bedde
d
bo
a
r
d
a
nd Zig
Be
e
ra
dio
is
use
d
f
or
m
onit
or
i
ng
th
e b
at
te
r
y
sta
tus.
Both
no
des
rea
d
an
d
se
nd d
at
a
t
o
the
c
on
t
ro
l
centre
at
e
very
10
sec
via
ZigBee
gate
w
ay.
At
c
on
tr
ol
centre
,
a
La
bVIE
W
based
G
UI
a
ppli
cat
ion
is
impleme
nted
t
o
a
nalyse
the s
ens
or
data
rece
ived
t
hro
ugh
Z
igBee
g
at
e
way.
The
outc
om
e
of
t
he
researc
h
il
lustrate
s
t
he
batte
r
y
c
harac
te
risti
cs
on
three
dif
fer
e
nt
da
ys
-
ave
ra
ge
,
cl
oudy
a
nd
rai
ny
day.
On
t
he
ave
rage
day,
inter
nal
resist
ance
of
the
ba
tt
ery
is
pe
rf
ect
ly
li
nea
r
a
gain
st
it
s
vo
lt
age
.
Howe
ver,
it
is
qu
it
e
non
-
li
near
on
c
loudy
a
nd
rai
ny
da
ys.
T
he
re
gr
essi
on
m
od
el
equ
at
i
on
s
f
or
cl
oudy
and
rain
y
day
s
are
obta
ine
d
f
rom
it
s
sing
le
day
res
ults.
Con
si
de
ri
ng
i
ntermitt
ent
ap
pea
ran
ce
of
cl
oudy
an
d
rain
y day
s
all
over
the
year, t
he
equati
ons are
fur
the
r
e
xpres
sed
t
hroug
h
F
ourier
p
e
rio
dic s
eries.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Feasibili
ty
an
al
ysi
s o
f st
an
da
l
on
e
PV
powe
re
d ba
tt
ery
us
in
g SEN f
or
Smart
G
rid
Sye
d
(
Z
ahurul
Islam
)
675
Durin
g
the
re
al
data
anal
ys
i
s
of
the
batte
ry
c
ha
rg
i
ng
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs,
we
obser
ve
d
t
hat
th
e
sel
ect
e
d
batte
ry
is
u
na
bl
e
to
powe
r
c
onti
nuously
to
the
S
ZA
on
cl
oudy
a
nd
r
ai
ny
da
ys
.
We
le
t
the
batte
r
y
c
ha
rg
e
d
from
40%
to
85%
of
it
s
vo
lt
a
ge
on
cl
oudy
day
by
the
P
V
befo
re
the
l
oa
d
SZ
A
is
c
onne
ct
ed
to
t
he
ba
tt
ery
.
Howe
ver,
t
he
batte
ry
c
ou
l
d
not
powe
r
t
he
S
ZA
m
or
e
tha
n
75%
o
f
total
e
xp
e
rime
ntal
ti
me
du
e
t
o
i
ns
uffici
ent
so
la
r
ir
rad
ia
nc
e.
O
n
the
rain
y
da
y,
t
he
ba
tt
ery
was
init
ia
ll
y
cha
rg
e
d
at
5.6V.
Alth
ough
the
S
ZA
c
ould
be
powe
red
at
the
beg
i
nn
i
ng
of
the
ex
pe
riment,
it
was
switc
he
d
off
seve
ral
ti
mes
du
e
t
o
lowe
r
tha
n
mi
ni
mum
v
oltage
.
O
n
th
e
ot
her
ha
nd,
t
he
S
ZA
wa
s
operati
ng
on
a
ve
rag
e
da
y
with
ou
t
an
y
powe
r
fail
ure.
The
ba
tt
ery
al
way
s
re
main
ed
at
it
s
nominal
vo
lt
ag
e
of
6.25V,
ob
se
r
ve
d
from
the
7
hours
e
xperim
ent
on
that
da
y.
T
he
batte
ry is s
uffici
ent to powe
r t
he
SZ
A.
Fo
r
SEN
i
n
di
stribu
te
d
re
ne
wab
le
ap
plica
ti
on
in
w
hic
h
data
tra
nsmi
ssion
from
the
re
mo
te
t
o
co
ntr
ol
centre
is
not
m
uch
urge
nt
with
the
ti
me.
T
he
refor
e
,
the
co
ns
ide
red
batte
r
y
mi
gh
t
be
us
e
d
to
po
wer
t
he
SZA.
In
c
rease
the
P
V
ca
pacit
y
ma
y
s
olv
e
t
he
cl
oudy
a
nd
rai
ny
day
cha
rg
i
ng
pro
blem
bu
t
it
will
no
t
on
l
y
be
powe
r
su
r
plu
s
on
a
ve
rag
e
a
nd
f
ull
sun
ny
day
but
al
so
c
os
tl
y.
The
re
fore,
w
e
sug
gest
im
pro
ving
t
he
ba
tt
ery
performa
nce.
Thro
ugh
e
xten
sive
real
batte
r
y
c
hargin
g
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs,
we
ex
pect
the
ma
themat
ic
al
model
to
ser
ve
as
a
re
f
eren
ce
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
resea
rc
h
i
n
desig
ning
a
n
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
bat
te
ry
i
n
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
distribu
te
d
ren
e
wa
ble g
e
ne
rati
on.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENT
The
a
uthors
would
li
ke
to
than
k
Ger
a
n
Pu
tra
Be
rimpa
k
(
GP
B
),
Un
i
ver
sit
y
P
utra
M
al
aysia
for
t
he
su
pp
or
t
by a R
esearch
Gra
nt, No.
967170
0
a
nd Wo
ng Chai
Jen for
her co
nt
ribu
ti
on i
n for
matt
ing
t
his ar
t
ic
le
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
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Erd
em
and
V
.
Gungor
,
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n
th
e
li
fe
ti
m
e
analysis
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ene
rgy
h
arv
esti
ng
s
ensor
no
des
in
smar
t
gr
id
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ironm
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ren
e
wable
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ene
r
at
io
n
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smart
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el
ess
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n
et
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la
ysia
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pec
t
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a
nce
th
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im
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rnational
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urnal
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anc
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te
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era
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h
Int
ernati
onal
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ere
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ecent
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l
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mobi
le
hybr
id
o
pti
c
al
wire
l
ess
a
cc
ess
n
et
work
r
outi
ng
enha
n
ceme
nt
,
"
Bul
l
et
in
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
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in
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al
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"
Co
mm
uni
ca
t
i
on
for
Distribu
ted
Rene
wab
le
Ge
ner
ations
(DRG
s):
A
r
evi
ew
on
t
he
pen
et
r
at
ion
to
Smart
Grids (SG
s),
"
2012
IE
EE I
nte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
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Pow
er
and
En
ergy
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R.
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epl
oy
in
g
wire
l
ess
sensor
net
works
-
bas
ed
smar
t
grid
f
o
r
smart
meter
s
moni
tor
ing
an
d
cont
rol",
Int
ernati
onal Journal
o
f
Comm
unic
ati
on
Syste
ms
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N.
Saxen
a,
I.
Hus
sain,
B.
Sin
gh,
and
A.
Vya
s,
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em
en
tat
ion
of
a
Grid
-
I
nte
gra
te
d
PV
-
Bat
t
ery
Sys
tem
f
or
Reside
ntial
and
Elec
tr
ical
Ve
h
i
cl
e
Applicati
ons
,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Indust
rial
Elec
tronic
s
,
vol.
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no.
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pp.
6592
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6601
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E.
Ge
le
nb
e
and
Y.
Murat
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"
Batt
ery
a
tt
a
cks
on
s
ensors
,"
Inte
rnat
ional
S
ymposium
on
Computer
and
Informatio
n
Sci
en
ce
s,
Se
curity
Workshop
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Springer
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te
rn
a
ti
on
al
Publishing
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b.
2018
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G.
Tuna
and
V.
Gungor,
"
En
er
gy
har
vest
ing
a
nd
batter
y
techn
ologi
es
for
poweri
ng
wir
el
ess
s
ensor
net
works
,
"
Industrial
Wire
l
ess Se
nsor
Net
w
orks
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38,
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2016
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C.
Park
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K.
L
ahi
ri
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and
A.
Raghuna
th
an,
"
Bat
tery
d
ischa
r
ge
ch
ar
ac
t
eri
sti
cs
of
wire
le
ss
sensor
nodes:
an
expe
ri
me
nt
al
an
al
ysis,
"
2005
Se
cond
Annual
I
E
EE
Comm
unic
at
ions
Soci
e
ty
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Sen
sor
and
Ad
Hoc
Comm
unic
ati
ons and
Ne
tworks,
2
005.
IE
EE SE
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440,
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20
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W.
Guo, W.
M.
Hea
ly, a
nd
M. Z
hou,
"
Bat
t
ery
dis
cha
rge
cha
r
acte
r
isti
cs
of
wir
el
ess
sensors
in
buil
di
ng
appl
i
ca
t
ions,
"
Proce
ed
ings
of
2012
9th
IE
EE
Int
ernati
onal
Confe
renc
e
on
Net
working
,
S
e
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and
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Apr 2012.
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Yasin,
T.
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U.
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ashe
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"
Sim
ula
ti
on
-
b
ase
d
ba
tt
ery
l
ife
pre
d
ic
t
ion
t
ec
hn
ique
in
wire
le
ss
senso
r
net
works
,"
NFC
IEF
R
Journal
of Engi
ne
ering
and
Scientific Resea
rch,
vol
.
6
,
pp
.
1
66
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72,
Oct
2018
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
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11
, N
o.
2
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J
un
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–
6
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I.
Mut
ta
k
in,
D.
Abraha
m,
R
.
Al
fan
z,
and
R.
Ro
hma
di
,
"
Respiration
Monitori
ng
Sys
te
m
of
Lun
g
Phanto
m
Us
ing
Magne
tic
Sensor
,"
Bulle
ti
n
o
f El
e
ct
rical E
ng
ineering
and
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cs
(BEEI)
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e
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ent
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r
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i
able
dat
a
gat
h
eri
ng
u
sing
interne
t
of
software
-
def
ine
d
mobi
le
sinks
for
WSNs
-
base
d
smart
gr
id app
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ons,
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ere
d
Wi
re
le
ss
Sen
sor
Network
b
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sed
Smar
t
Grid
Applic
a
ti
ons,
"
2
019
7th
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erna
ti
onal
Istanbu
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t
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r
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Sol
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PV
Sys
te
m
unde
r
Net
Ene
rgy
Met
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ng
Scheme
at
Univer
sity
Buil
d
ings
,"
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
E
lectric
a
l
Enginee
ring
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fo
rm
ati
cs
(B
EE
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F.
Yild
iz,
"P
otentia
l
Amb
ie
nt
E
ner
gy
-
Harve
stin
g
Source
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and
Te
chn
ique
s
,
"
The
Journal
of
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chnol
ogy
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ies
,
vol.
35
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09.
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Z.
G.
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Y.K.
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n,
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n,
"Rev
ie
w
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e
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h
arv
esti
ng
and
energy
m
an
age
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ent
for
sus
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ai
nab
le
wire
l
ess
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,
"
In
2011
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EEE
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th
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l
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renc
e
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on
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B
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ry
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rte
r
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it
e
ct
ure
:
A
Sol
a
r
Inve
rt
er
for
Seamless
Battery
Int
egr
a
ti
on
wi
th
Partial
-
Pow
er
DC
–
DC
Optim
i
ze
r
,
"
IEEE
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a
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ons
on
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la
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J.
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odel
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ng
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nt
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on
in
802.
15.
4
/Z
igB
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e
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mi
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"O
ver
vi
ew
of
cur
ren
t
and
futur
e
en
erg
y
stor
age
technologies
for
el
e
ct
ri
c
power
a
ppli
c
at
ions
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"
Renewable and
Sus
tai
nable E
n
ergy
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v
ie
ws
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.