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in
g
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
ea
ch
s
w
i
tch
in
g
MO
SF
E
T
al
w
a
y
s
co
n
d
u
ct
s
f
o
r
1
8
0
˚
(
o
r
h
alf
c
y
cle)
r
eg
ar
d
les
s
o
f
th
e
p
u
ls
e
w
id
th
o
f
th
e
q
u
as
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
w
av
e
s
o
t
h
at
th
i
s
s
w
itc
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
r
es
u
lt
s
i
n
eq
u
alizi
n
g
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tr
ess
in
ea
ch
ac
ti
v
e
d
ev
ice.
C
ascad
e
d
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
is
p
ap
er
.
2
.
2
.
Adv
a
nt
a
g
es o
f
Ca
s
ca
ded
H
-
bridg
e
M
L
I
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
C
HB
M
L
I
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
ar
e
[
3
]
:
i.
Stairc
ase
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
q
u
a
lit
y
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
etic
co
m
p
ac
tib
il
t
y
.
ii.
Mo
d
u
lar
it
y
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l c
an
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
.
iii.
R
eq
u
ir
es le
s
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
s
.
iv
.
Dr
a
w
s
in
p
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t
w
it
h
lo
w
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
2
.
3
.
Dis
a
dv
a
nta
g
es o
f
Ca
s
ca
ded
H
-
bridg
e
M
L
I
T
h
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
C
HB
ML
I
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ar
e
[
3
]
:
i.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
es
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izat
io
n
o
f
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
d
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
.
ii.
Nee
d
s
s
ep
ar
ate
d
c
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
r
ea
l p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
t
h
u
s
it
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
s
o
m
e
w
h
at
li
m
ited
.
2
.
4
.
T
y
pes
o
f
Ca
rr
ier
ba
s
ed
SPWM
T
ec
hn
iqu
e
s
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
ML
I
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
in
th
e
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e,
t
w
o
s
ig
n
als ar
e
u
s
ed
,
o
n
e
is
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
th
e
o
th
er
is
c
ar
r
ier
s
ig
n
a
l [
8
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
a
p
p
lied
ca
r
r
ier
b
ased
P
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
th
e
C
HB
-
M
L
I
b
y
u
s
in
g
m
u
lti
p
le
ca
r
r
ier
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
a
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
al
r
ef
er
en
ce
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
[
1
0
-
12
]
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
Y
lev
el
o
u
tp
u
t is (
x
-
1
)
,
w
h
er
e
x
is
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
r
ef
er
en
ce
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
h
a
s
p
ea
k
a
m
p
l
itu
d
e
A
m
a
n
d
a
m
o
d
u
lati
n
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
f
m
.
T
h
e
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
s
h
av
e
a
p
ea
k
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
A
c
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
c
.
T
h
e
s
i
n
u
s
o
id
a
l
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
i
g
n
a
l
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
all
th
e
tr
ian
g
u
lar
ca
r
r
ier
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
.
W
h
e
n
ev
er
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
r
ef
er
en
c
e
s
ig
n
al/
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al,
a
m
o
d
u
lated
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
i
s
g
en
er
ate
d
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
atio
m
f
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
as:
(
3
)
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
ar
e
C
ar
r
ier
b
ase
d
Ov
er
lap
p
in
g
SP
W
M
s
tr
ateg
i
es:
1
.
C
ar
r
ier
Ov
er
lap
p
in
g
P
h
ase
Dis
p
o
s
itio
n
P
W
M
s
tr
ateg
y
(
C
O
-
P
D
P
W
M)
I
f
all
ca
r
r
ier
s
s
elec
ted
h
a
v
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
h
a
s
e,
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
h
ase
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
m
e
th
o
d
.
I
t
is
g
en
er
all
y
ac
ce
p
ted
th
at
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
g
i
v
es
r
is
e
to
t
h
e
lo
w
e
s
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
i
n
h
ig
h
er
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
in
d
ice
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t p
h
ase
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
P
W
M
m
e
th
o
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
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No
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2
,
J
u
n
e
201
6
:
3
4
9
–
3
5
7
352
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t o
f
ca
r
r
ier
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
p
h
ase
d
is
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
P
W
M
m
et
h
o
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
e
p
icts
t
h
e
C
ar
r
ier
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
P
D
P
W
M
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
(
C
O
-
P
D
P
W
M)
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
c
an
d
p
ea
k
am
p
li
tu
d
e
A
c
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
ed
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
th
e
y
o
v
er
lap
ea
c
h
o
th
er
[
5
]
.
2
.
C
ar
r
ier
Ov
er
lap
p
in
g
P
h
ase
Op
p
o
s
itio
n
Dis
p
o
s
itio
n
P
W
M
s
tr
ateg
y
(
C
O
-
P
OD
P
W
M)
T
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
w
av
e
s
i
n
th
e
p
o
s
iti
v
e
p
lan
e
ar
e
1
8
0
o
o
u
t o
f
p
h
ase
w
it
h
t
h
o
s
e
in
t
h
e
n
eg
at
iv
e
p
la
n
e.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
at
t
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
its
m
u
ltip
les a
n
d
th
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
o
c
cu
r
s
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
A
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t o
f
ca
r
r
ier
o
v
e
r
lap
p
in
g
P
OD
P
W
M
m
eth
o
d
3
.
C
ar
r
ier
Ov
er
lap
p
in
g
A
lter
n
ate
P
h
ase
Op
p
o
s
itio
n
Dis
p
o
s
i
t
io
n
P
W
M
s
tr
ateg
y
(
C
O
-
A
P
O
D
P
W
M)
E
ac
h
ca
r
r
ier
in
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
h
ase
s
h
i
f
ted
b
y
1
8
0
0
f
r
o
m
it
s
ad
j
ac
en
t
ca
r
r
ier
.
I
t
is
s
i
m
ilar
to
p
h
ase
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
ca
r
r
ie
r
A
P
OD
P
W
M
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t o
f
ca
r
r
ier
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
A
P
OD
P
W
M
m
e
th
o
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2088
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8
694
A
Ove
r
la
p
p
in
g
C
a
r
r
ier B
a
s
ed
S
P
W
M fo
r
a
5
-
Leve
l Ca
s
ca
d
ed
H
-
b
r
id
g
e
Mu
ltil
ev
el
I
n
ve
r
ter
(
K
u
r
ev
e
D.
T
.
)
353
Am
p
lit
u
d
e
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
i
n
d
ex
f
o
r
C
ar
r
ier
Ov
er
lap
p
in
g
P
D
PW
M,
P
OD
P
W
M,
an
d
A
P
OD
P
W
M
is
(
4
)
2
.
5
.
Si
m
ula
t
io
n
M
o
del
T
h
e
ca
s
ca
d
ed
5
-
lev
el
s
i
n
g
le
p
h
ase
C
HB
M
L
I
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
i
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
h
as
t
w
o
d
c
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
s
ix
s
w
itc
h
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s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
5
-
lev
el
s
in
g
le
p
h
a
s
e
C
HB
-
M
L
I
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
th
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
is
it
s
s
i
m
p
licit
y
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
w
i
th
r
ed
u
ce
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
[
1
1
]
.
2
.
5
.
1
.
O
pera
t
io
n o
f
Ca
s
ca
de
d H
-
bridg
e
o
f
F
iv
e
-
lev
el
M
L
I
T
o
po
lo
g
y
I
n
an
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
al
H
-
b
r
id
g
e,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
p
o
s
iti
v
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
+V
dc
)
,
ze
r
o
v
o
lta
g
e
(
0
V
dc
)
an
d
n
eg
at
iv
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
-
V
dc
)
.
Hen
c
e
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
els
f
o
r
Fiv
e
-
lev
e
l
C
HB
ML
I
ar
e
±
2
V,
±
1
V,
an
d
0
V.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
s
tates
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
tab
le
b
elo
w
:
T
ab
le
1
.
Sw
itch
in
g
s
tate
s
o
f
m
o
d
if
ied
5
-
lev
el
C
HB
ML
I
S
wi
t
chi
ng
s
e
qu
e
nce
s
V
ol
t
age
l
e
v
e
l
s
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
0
1
0
1
0
1
+
2
V
dc
0
1
1
1
0
0
+
1
V
dc
1
1
1
0
0
0
0V
dc
1
0
0
0
1
1
-
1V
dc
1
0
1
0
1
0
-
2V
dc
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
a
m
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
a
n
d
it
s
s
w
itc
h
in
g
s
tat
e
in
T
ab
le
1
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
o
d
if
i
ed
to
av
o
id
s
w
itc
h
in
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Ku
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s."
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2
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.
[4
]
M
.
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ru
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s."
JEEE
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2
0
1
2
:
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6
-
3
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
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SS
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ricu
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re
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a
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is
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rsity
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ricu
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re
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a
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e
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rles
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is
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n
d
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ra
c
ti
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in
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in
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e
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g
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.
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e
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ria,
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u
k
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tu
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th
e
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o
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tri
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l
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n
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tro
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in
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th
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to
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to
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f
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rm
a
ti
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a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
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ica
ti
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T
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c
h
n
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lo
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(ICT
),
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e
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Un
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y
o
f
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ricu
lt
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re
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a
k
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e
ria.
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is
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Re
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En
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g
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(COREN)
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s
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ra
c
ti
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g
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n
d
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s
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g
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.
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g
.
)
in
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tr
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ro
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th
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e
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ra
l
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lt
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re
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a
k
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e
ria,
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r
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tri
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n
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tro
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g
in
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rin
g
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l
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y
o
f
Ag
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lt
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re
,
M
a
k
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rd
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Nig
e
ria.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
m
icro
-
c
o
n
tro
ll
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rs,
d
ig
it
a
l
im
a
g
in
g
.
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is
a
re
g
istere
d
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
i
n
g
En
g
in
e
e
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.