In
te
r
n
ation
a
l Jou
rn
al
o
f Po
we
r
Elec
tron
ic
s an
d
D
r
ive S
y
stem
(IJ
PED
S
)
V
o
l.
10, N
o.
4, D
e
c
e
m
ber
201
9,
pp.
1751~
17
57
ISSN: 2088-
8694,
DOI
:
10.11591
/ijpeds.
v10.
i
4.pp1751-1757
1751
Jou
rn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
:
ht
tp:
//i
a
e
score
.
com
/
j
o
u
r
na
l
s
/
i
n
d
e
x
.
p
hp/IJ
PED
S
Design and optimization of
H
TS flux-switching p
erma
n
ent
magnet machine
Ah
l
a
m Lua
i
bi Sh
u
ra
i
j
i
1
,
M.M.
J. A
l
-
an
i
2
1
E
l
ect
ro
m
echan
ical
E
ngin
eering
D
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
, U
n
i
vers
ity of Techn
o
l
og
y,
I
raq
.
2
E
lect
rical and
El
ectr
onic
E
ngineering
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
,
U
n
i
v
ers
i
ty
o
f
No
tti
ng
ham,
U
.K
Art
i
cl
e In
fo
ABSTRACT
A
r
tic
le hist
o
r
y
:
R
e
ce
i
v
e
d
Mar
17,
2
0
1
9
Re
vise
d Ma
y
7
, 2019
A
c
c
e
pte
d
J
u
l
17,
201
9
F
l
u
x
-swit
c
hi
ng
p
erm
a
nent
m
ag
net
(F
S
P
M
)
m
a
c
hin
e
w
it
h
h
i
gh
tem
p
er
at
ure
su
perco
ndu
cto
r
s
(H
TS
)
b
u
l
k
s
lo
cated bet
ween th
e
r
ot
or
p
ol
es
t
o
elimi
n
at
e
th
e
f
l
u
x
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
t
o
r
,
t
e
r
m
e
d
a
s
(
H
T
S
-
F
S
P
M
)
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
r
op
osed
in
t
his
p
a
per.
Usin
g
g
en
eti
c
a
l
gorit
h
m
,
th
e
H
T
S
an
d
th
e
co
nv
ent
ion
a
l
FS
P
M
m
achi
n
es
h
avi
ng
t
h
e
sam
e
s
i
ze
cons
trai
nts
and
load
c
ond
it
io
n
s
h
ave
b
e
en
g
l
o
b
a
l
l
y
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
f
o
r
m
a
x
a
v
e
a
g
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
.
T
o
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
t
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
t
ages
o
f
th
e
HT
S
-
F
SPM
m
a
c
hi
ne,
a
p
e
rfo
rm
ance
com
p
ari
s
o
n
b
etw
een
t
h
e
c
on
ven
t
i
onal
and
HT
S
-
F
SPM
m
ach
in
es
h
as
b
een
p
resen
t
ed.
It
i
s
fo
un
d
that
t
h
e
HT
S
-
F
S
P
M
m
achi
n
e
can
i
ncre
ase
the
to
rq
ue
b
y
27
%
,
h
o
w
ever,
th
is
c
om
e
s
with
th
e exp
e
ns
e of h
ig
her t
o
rq
ue rip
p
l
e and
p
o
wer l
o
s
s
es
.
K
eyw
ord
s
:
F
l
ux sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
per
m
a
n
ent
mag
n
e
t
ma
chi
n
e HTS
Gl
ob
a
l
opt
i
m
i
zat
ion
Su
p
e
rc
on
du
ct
iv
it
y
Co
pyri
gh
t © 2
019 In
stit
u
t
e
of Advanced
En
gi
neeri
n
g
an
d
S
c
ien
ce.
All
rights
res
e
rv
ed.
Corres
pon
d
i
n
g
Au
th
or:
A
h
lam
Lua
i
b
i
S
hurai
ji,
Depa
rtem
ent o
f
E
lectr
o
m
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l E
n
g
i
nee
r
i
n
g,
Uin
v
ersi
ty o
f
Tech
no
l
o
g
y
,
Ba
gh
da
d,
I
ra
q.
Em
ail:
ahlam
l
y
2
0
0
9
@
y
a
h
o
o
.
c
om
1.
I
N
TR
OD
U
C
TI
O
N
Hi
gh
t
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
s
up
erc
ondu
c
t
o
r
s
(HTS)
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
h
av
e
b
e
e
n
a
cen
tre
o
f
r
es
ea
rch
i
n
t
he
p
a
st
t
h
r
ee
d
e
c
ad
e
s
,
sin
c
e
t
h
ey
d
el
iv
e
r
s
e
v
eral
a
d
v
a
nt
a
g
es
[
1-2
]
.
High
powe
r
d
ens
i
t
y
m
ay
b
e
c
ons
i
d
e
r
ed
a
s
t
h
e
most
i
mp
or
t
a
nt
f
ea
ture
o
f
t
h
e
H
T
S
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
[
3-5].
The
a
b
s
e
nc
e
o
f
t
h
e
ele
c
trica
l
r
e
s
ist
i
vity
w
h
i
ch
a
ll
ow
s
for
sign
ifica
n
tl
y
h
i
gh
c
u
rre
nt
d
e
n
sity
a
nd
the
z
e
r
o
m
a
gnet
i
c
pe
rm
ea
bil
ity
(
Me
i
s
s
n
er
e
ffec
t),
whic
h
o
ffe
rs
p
erfect
ma
gnet
i
c i
n
s
u
l
a
ti
on
ope
ne
d
sever
a
l ne
w
ele
c
trica
l
m
a
c
hine
a
rc
h
i
tec
t
u
r
es with high perform
ance.
A
s
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
t
a
tor
pe
rm
ane
n
t
m
a
gne
t
ma
ch
i
n
es,
fl
u
x
-sw
i
c
h
i
n
g
pe
rm
ent
m
a
gne
t
(F
SPM
)
m
achi
n
es
have
b
ee
n
w
i
e
d
l
y
a
pp
l
i
e
d
i
n
m
a
ny
se
c
t
ors,
s
i
n
ce
t
he
y
i
n
c
o
r
p
orat
e
t
h
e
ad
v
a
nt
ag
es
o
f
pe
rma
n
en
t
magn
e
t
a
nd
reluc
t
a
n
ce
ma
chi
n
es
[
6-8].
Howeve
r,
f
lu
x
lea
k
a
g
e
in
s
ta
t
o
r
an
d
ro
tor
po
les
is
t
he
m
a
i
n
dem
e
r
it
of
s
uc
h
ma
chine
s
[
9]
.
En
hanc
i
ng
th
e
exc
i
t
i
c
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
c
h
ine
w
o
u
ld
i
ncr
ease
t
h
e
fl
ux
l
i
nka
ge
a
nd
ove
rcom
e
su
ch
p
robl
e
m
.
Henc
e,
s
eve
r
al
f
l
ux-swi
t
c
h
i
n
g
pe
rm
eant
ma
g
n
et
m
a
c
h
i
nes
wi
t
h
H
TS
f
i
e
l
d
w
in
di
n
g
s
ha
ve
b
e
e
n
deve
l
ope
d
a
n
d
reporte
d.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
na
l
str
u
c
t
ure
F
S
P
M
m
a
c
hi
ne
w
i
t
h
H
T
S
fiel
d
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
s
t
at
iona
ry
s
eal
has
bee
n
d
e
v
e
l
ope
d
an
d
t
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
[1
0].
S
i
mi
lar
d
e
sig
n
w
it
h
diff
ere
n
t
sta
t
o
r
s
t
r
ucture
h
a
s
b
ee
n
stu
d
i
e
d
i
n
[11].
Fur
t
he
rm
o
r
e,
FSP
M
w
ith
H
TS
f
ield
w
in
di
n
g
l
oc
ate
d
a
rou
nd
the
ou
t
e
r
s
u
rfac
e
o
f
the
sta
t
or
h
as
b
ee
n
pr
op
ose
d
in
[
12
].
I
n
[
1
3
]
a
n
d
[
1
4
]
,
FSPM
m
ach
i
n
e
w
it
h
HTS
f
i
eld
windi
ng
w
o
un
d
ra
di
a
l
l
y
a
rou
n
d
t
he
s
ta
t
o
r
ha
s
be
en
des
i
g
n
e
d
a
n
d
t
e
s
ted.
M
ore
o
ver,
dou
b
l
e
ro
tor,
l
i
n
ear
a
n
d
a
xia
l
F
S
P
M
w
ith
H
TS
f
ie
l
d
w
i
ndi
ng
has
be
en
repor
t
e
d in [
1
5
]
,
[
16],
and
[1
7
]
, re
s
pe
cti
v
el
y.
S
i
nce
t
h
e
sta
t
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
FSP
M
m
a
c
h
ine
h
o
st
s
all
t
h
e
e
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
on
s
ou
rc
es
[
18
],
sl
ot
a
r
ea
of
t
he
a
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
w
i
n
d
in
gs
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
red
u
c
e
d
w
h
e
n
t
he
f
iled
w
i
nd
i
ng
is
u
t
ilize
d
,
w
hic
h
r
esu
lts
i
n
e
l
ec
t
r
ic
al
l
oa
di
n
g
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
[
1
9
]
.
In
o
rd
er
t
o
t
a
ck
le
s
u
c
h
o
b
s
t
acl
e
a
s
w
el
l
as
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
f
lux
l
eak
age
o
f
t
h
e
F
SP
M
mac
h
i
n
e
,
this
p
a
p
er
prese
n
t
s
a
F
S
P
M
m
a
c
h
ine
w
i
t
h
H
TS
b
ul
ks
p
lace
d
be
tw
ee
n
the
ro
t
o
r
p
ol
es
t
o
m
i
niz
e
t
h
e
f
l
u
x
le
a
k
a
g
e
of
t
he
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
1
751
–
1
757
1
752
r
o
tor
po
le,
co
n
s
eq
ue
nt
ly
i
m
p
r
ove
t
he
m
ac
hi
ne
t
or
q
u
e
den
s
i
t
y.
G
l
o
b
a
l
o
p
t
imiza
tio
n
proc
e
s
s
com
b
i
n
i
n
g
F
E
A
a
nd
ge
net
i
c
a
l
gor
it
hm
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
use
d
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
d
t
he
m
ac
hi
ne
f
o
r
m
a
xim
u
m
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
t
o
r
que.
F
i
na
l
l
y,
pe
r
f
r
o
m
a
nc
e
c
o
mpa
r
ison
b
e
t
w
een
t
he
F
S
P
M
m
a
c
h
ine
w
i
t
h
b
ul
k
H
T
S
a
n
d
th
e
o
r
igi
n
al
FSPM
mac
h
in
e
i
s
c
o
n
duc
te
d
t
o
h
ig
h
l
i
ght
t
he
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
of
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
H
T
S
-
FS
P
M
m
a
ch
i
n
e
.
2.
FS
PM-HTS MACHINE
The
pr
o
pose
d
H
TS
-
F
S
P
M
mac
h
ine
is
p
r
e
se
nt
e
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
1
,
i
t
c
ons
i
s
t
s
o
f
t
he
s
am
e
st
r
u
cture
o
f
t
he
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
ona
l
F
S
P
M
m
ac
hine
a
lb
e
i
t
o
f
t
he
s
pace
b
e
t
w
e
en
t
he
r
ot
or
p
ol
e
s
i
s
fi
lle
d
w
ith
b
ul
ks
H
TS
m
ater
ial.
The
b
u
l
k
H
TS
m
a
t
er
ial
pr
ovi
de
s
a
pe
r
f
e
c
t
i
nso
l
a
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
ma
g
ne
t
i
c
fi
eld
a
n
d
t
h
ere
f
ore
el
imi
n
ate
t
h
e
fl
u
x
l
e
ak
ag
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
th
e
roto
r
pol
e
s
a
nd
t
he
s
t
a
t
o
r
and
ro
to
r.
T
ab
l
e
I
lis
t
s
t
h
e
d
im
en
si
o
n
s of the
d
e
s
ig
n para
me
ters
fo
r b
o
th
topo
log
i
e
s
.
Fig
u
r
e 1
.
Cro
ss-
sectio
ns o
f
th
e
in
v
e
stig
ated
mach
i
n
e
s,
(
a) F
SPM
-
H
TS, (b) conve
ntiona
l
FSPM.
Table 1
.
Desi
g
n
p
a
ramet
e
rs o
f th
e
inv
e
stig
ated
FSPM mach
i
n
e
s
M
a
i
n
P
ar
a
m
et
e
r
s
Va
l
u
e
s
Ai
r
ga
p
l
e
ngth
0.
5 m
m
Pe
r
m
a
n
e
n
t magn
e
t
width
3
mm
Sta
c
k
l
e
ngth
25m
m
Sta
t
or/rotor
p
ole
com
b
in
a
tion
12/10
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
turns/
p
ha
s
e
7
2
Spe
e
d
400
rpm
C
u
rre
nt
d
e
n
sit
y
12
A
/
c
m
2
3.
GLO
B
A
L
OPT
IMIZ
ATI
O
N
Elec
tric
a
l
m
ac
hine
s
ha
vin
g
h
ig
h
tor
que
d
ens
ity
a
re
d
es
irab
le
f
o
r
va
r
i
ous
a
pp
l
i
cat
i
o
ns.
Ther
e
b
y
,
op
t
i
miz
i
n
g
t
he
m
a
i
n
ma
c
h
i
n
e
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
f
o
r
m
a
x
imum
t
o
r
que
i
s
ve
r
y
i
m
por
ta
nt
d
ur
i
n
g
the
ma
ch
ine
de
sig
n
pr
o
c
ess.
I
t
ha
s
be
e
n
s
how
n
t
h
a
t
g
lo
ba
l
op
timiz
a
t
ion
usi
n
g
F
E
A
b
ase
d
o
n
G
e
ne
t
i
c
A
l
g
o
r
ithm
(
G
A
)
i
s
a
pow
e
r
f
u
l
t
o
ol
t
o
ac
hie
v
e
s
u
ch
t
a
s
k
[
20]
.
The
r
ef
or
e,
g
l
oba
l
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
h
a
s
b
een
c
arri
e
d
out
f
or
b
oth
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
t
o
obta
i
n
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
v
er
a
g
e
t
o
r
q
ue
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
n
o
te
d
t
h
a
t
the
op
ti
mi
zat
i
o
n
co
ndi
tio
ns
h
ave
b
een
ke
p
t
t
he
s
am
e
f
o
r
bo
t
h
m
a
c
hi
nes
see
k
ing
for
a
fair
c
om
par
i
s
on.
Th
e
co
n
s
t
a
nt
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
t
h
r
o
u
ghou
t
the
pr
o
c
ess
of
t
he
o
p
tim
iza
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
de
f
i
ne
d
in
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
[20]
t
he
p
ar
am
eter
s,
w
hich
s
ig
ni
fica
n
tly
ef
f
ect
t
h
e
p
e
r
fo
rman
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
F
S
PM
m
ac
h
i
n
e
a
re
g
iv
e
n
i
n
T
a
bl
e
2
.
I
t
m
ust
be
m
e
n
t
i
one
d
t
h
a
t
T
ab
l
e
2
a
l
s
o
i
llu
st
rat
e
s
i
n
itia
l
,
r
est
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
opt
i
m
a
l
v
alu
e
s
o
f
s
u
c
h
p
a
r
am
eter
s
tha
t
h
a
v
e
bee
n
c
ha
n
g
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
proc
ess
o
f
the
o
p
timiza
t
ion,
a
s
c
h
em
at
ic
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
pa
r
a
m
e
ters
i
s
sh
own
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
2.
T
he
c
ost
ver
s
u
s
o
pt
imiz
a
t
i
o
n
iter
a
tio
ns
i
s
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
gur
e
3.
I
t
can
b
e
se
e
n
t
ha
t
b
o
th
m
a
c
hi
nes
ha
ve
t
h
e
sam
e
(
R
P
T
A
)
a
nd (
S
R
)
,
w
h
i
le
e
a
c
h
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
p
o
sse
sses
i
t
s
ow
n
va
lue
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
(
RP
B
A
)
a
nd
(
R
T
H
)
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
ha
nd,
t
he
r
e
i
s
a
sl
i
g
h
t
d
if
fe
r
e
nc
e
b
e
t
w
een
t
h
e valu
e
s
o
f
(STW)
an
d
(S
B
I
) fo
r b
o
th
m
ach
i
n
e
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
P
o
w
Elec
&
D
r
i
S
y
st
I
S
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
e
sig
n
a
nd o
p
t
im
i
z
a
t
i
o
n of H
T
S flux-
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
ng
pe
rm
an
en
t m
a
g
n
e
t
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
(
A
hlam
.
L
uai
bi S
h
u
r
a
ij
i)
1
753
Figure
2.
S
c
h
em
atic of var
i
e
d
pa
r
am
eter
s
throu
g
h
the
o
p
t
im
i
z
at
i
on
Ta
b
l
e
2.
I
nit
i
al
a
nd
op
tim
al
d
e
s
ign
par
a
me
te
r
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
Initia
l
Re
str
i
c
t
i
o
n
Opti
ma
l
FS
PM-HT
S
F
SPM-H
T
S
R
o
tor
pole
top-a
r
c (R
P
T
A
)
7
.
5
d
e
g
.
(
4
-9)
de
g.
7
7
R
o
tor
pole
botto
m
-
a
r
c
(RPB
A)
15
de
g.
(
10
-1
8)
d
e
g
.
15.
66
17.
47
R
o
tor
te
e
t
h
h
e
ight (R
T
H)
7
m
m
(6
-
9
)
m
m
8.
683
6
.
987
Spl
it ra
tio (SR
)
0.5
(0.45
-
0
.
6
5
)
0.56
0
.56
Sta
t
or
t
ooth
wi
dth
(
S
TW
)
3m
m
(2
-
4
)
m
m
3.
30
3
.
1
0
St
a
t
or
b
ac
k
iron
(
S
B
I
)
3m
m
(2
-
5
)
m
m
2.
83
2
.
9
3
R
o
tor
pole
top-a
r
c (R
P
T
A
)
7
.
5
d
e
g
.
(
4
-9)
de
g.
7
7
R
o
tor
pole
botto
m
-
a
r
c
(RPB
A)
15
de
g.
(
10
-1
8)
d
e
g
.
15.
66
17.
47
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
3.
O
pt
i
m
i
z
at
io
n
cos
t
v
e
r
sus
iter
a
ti
o
n
s
,
(
a)
F
SP
M
Conv.
,
(b
)
F
SPM-HTS
4.
PERFORMANC
E
CO
MPA
R
TIO
N
4.
1.
Op
en-
c
irc
u
it
r
esu
l
ts
F
l
ux
di
str
i
b
u
ti
on
a
nd
fl
u
x
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
a
t
no-
loa
d
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
f
o
r
the
o
rigi
n
a
l
FSPM
a
n
d
th
e
HTS
-
F
SPM
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
a
r
e
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
4.
E
v
i
de
ntl
y
t
he
H
TS
-
F
S
P
M
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s
n
o
fl
u
x
l
ea
ka
ge
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
r
ot
o
r
po
les.
I
n
co
n
t
r
a
st,
f
l
u
x
l
ea
ka
ges
ar
e
pr
e
s
e
n
te
d
in
t
he
g
a
p
s
be
t
ween
t
h
e
r
oto
r
poles
o
f
the
co
nv
en
tio
n
a
l
FSPM
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
.
T
ha
n
k
s
t
o
t
he
p
r
e
s
e
nce
of
t
he
H
TS
m
a
t
er
ial,
w
hi
c
h
l
e
a
d
s
to
e
lim
ina
t
e
the
fl
ux
lea
k
age
b
e
twe
e
n
r
o
tor
po
les
of
t
he
p
r
opo
se
d
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
.
F
ig
ur
e
5.
c
ompa
r
e
s
ope
n
c
i
r
c
u
it
f
l
ux
l
i
n
k
a
g
e
of
pha
se
A
f
or
t
h
e
m
e
nti
o
ned
m
a
c
h
ine
s
.
A
s
a
c
ons
eq
ue
nt
o
f
t
h
e
f
l
u
x
l
e
a
k
a
g
e
elimi
n
a
ti
o
n
,
the
FS
PM-HT
S
m
achin
e
ex
hi
b
i
t
s
hi
g
h
er
f
lu
x
l
i
n
k
age
com
p
ar
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
nve
n
t
i
o
na
l
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
p
a
r
t
.
M
or
eo
ve
r
,
a
c
om
par
i
s
o
n
betw
e
e
n
b
ac
k-
EMF
s
of
t
he
p
a
h
se
A
f
or
t
he
m
e
n
tio
ned
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
i
s
pr
e
s
en
te
d
i
n
F
i
gur
e
6.
T
he
H
TS
-F
S
P
M
to
po
l
o
g
y
d
e
l
i
v
er
s
ab
ou
t
20
%
h
i
gher
f
u
n
d
am
en
ta
l
ba
ck-
E
MF
t
ha
n
t
h
a
t
o
f
the
or
igi
n
a
l
F
S
P
M
co
unt
erp
a
rt
,
si
n
c
e
th
e
FSP
M
-HT
S
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
p
o
sse
sse
s
h
ig
her
f
l
u
x
l
i
n
ka
ge.
F
u
r
t
her
m
or
e
,
c
ogg
i
ng
tor
q
u
e
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
m
a
c
h
i
ne
s
a
r
e
gi
ven
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
7
.
Clear
l
y
,
hig
h
e
r
co
g
g
ing
to
r
q
ue
i
s
fo
r
th
e
FSPM-HTS
m
ac
h
i
n
e
,
d
u
e
t
o
hig
h
mag
n
e
ti
c
va
ri
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
o
und
it
s
ai
r
ga
p.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N: 2
0
8
8
-
86
94
I
n
t
J Po
w El
ec &
D
ri S
y
s
t
Vo
l. 1
0
,
No
. 4
,
D
e
c
2
0
19
:
1
751
–
1
757
1
754
(a)
(b
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
F
lu
x
d
i
stribu
tio
n
and
f
l
ux
d
en
s
ity
,
(a)
FS
P
M
Conv
., (b
)
FS
P
M
-H
TS
(a)
(b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
. P
h
a
se A
f
lux
li
nk
a
g
e, (a)
Wav
ef
o
r
m,
(
b
)
FFT
(a)
(b
)
F
i
gur
e
6.
P
hase
A
b
a
c
k-
EMF
,
(
a)
W
a
v
ef
or
m,
(
b)
F
F
T
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
.
Co
gg
ing
t
o
r
q
ue
-0
.
0
2
-0
.
0
1
0
0.
01
0.
02
0
6
0
1
20
18
0
2
40
30
0
3
60
F
l
u
x
-
lin
k
a
g
e
(
W
b
)
R
o
t
o
r
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
E
l
ec
.
d
e
g
r
ee)
FSP
M
-
c
o
n
v
.
F
SPM
-
H
T
S
0
0.003
0.006
0.009
0.012
0.015
0123
45678
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
F
l
ux
-
l
i
n
k
a
g
e
(
W
b)
Or
d
e
r
s
FSPM
-
c
o
n
v
.
FSPM
-
H
T
S
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
0
6
0
120
180
240
300
360
Ba
c
k
-
E
M
F
(
V
)
R
o
t
o
r
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
E
l
ec
.
d
e
g
r
ee)
FSPM
-
c
on
v.
FS
PM
-
H
T
S
0
2
4
6
13
579
1
1
Ba
c
k
-
E
M
F
(
V
)
Or
d
e
r
s
FS
PM
-
c
on
v
.
F
SPM
-
H
T
S
-
1
000
-
500
0
500
1000
0
6
0
120
18
0
2
40
300
360
Co
g
g
i
n
g
t
o
r
q
u
e
(
m
N
.
m
)
R
o
t
o
r
po
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
E
l
e
c
.
de
g
r
e
e
)
F
S
P
M
-
c
on
v.
FS
PM
-
H
T
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int J
P
o
w
E
l
e
c
&
D
ri S
yst
IS
S
N
:
2088-
86
94
D
e
sig
n
a
nd o
p
tim
iz
a
t
i
o
n
of H
T
S f
l
ux-
s
witc
h
i
ng
pe
rm
an
en
t m
a
g
n
et
m
a
c
h
i
n
e (Ahlam
. L
uai
bi
S
h
u
r
a
ij
i)
1
755
4.2.
E
l
e
c
tr
om
agn
e
t
ic st
a
tic t
o
rqu
e
The
pred
ic
t
e
d
2D
-F
E
elec
t
r
o
m
a
gnet
i
c
sta
t
i
c
t
orqu
e
w
a
ve
for
m
s
for
one
e
lectr
i
ca
l
cyc
l
e
of
t
he
H
TS
-
FSPM
a
n
d
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
FSPM
m
ach
i
n
e
s
ar
e
p
r
es
ented
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
A
ppa
re
nt
l
y
,
the
F
S
PM-H
TS
t
op
o
l
o
gy
has
hi
ghe
r
a
v
era
g
e
to
q
u
e
t
h
a
n
t
ha
t
o
f
t
he
o
ri
gina
l
F
S
P
M
m
a
c
hine,
ab
o
u
t
2
7%
h
i
g
her
a
v
era
g
e
tor
que
i
s
ob
t
a
in
e
d
by
t
h
e
FSP
M-HTS
m
achine.
I
n
ad
di
t
i
o
n
,
Fig
u
re
9
i
ll
ustra
t
es
t
he
a
v
er
age
elec
trom
agne
tic
s
tat
i
c
tor
que
w
i
t
h
varie
d
c
ur
rent den
sit
i
es for t
he
u
nde
rs
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
m
a
c
h
ine
s
.
It
c
an
be
c
l
ear
ly obs
erve
d
t
h
a
t
a
t
low
c
u
rre
n
t
-
d
ens
i
t
y
the
differ
e
n
ce
s
be
t
w
een
t
he
a
ve
rage
t
orq
u
e
s
f
or
b
o
t
h
ma
chine
s
a
re
s
m
a
ll.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
st,
at
h
ig
h
cur
r
ent-
d
e
n
s
it
y,
th
i
s
d
if
fere
nce
is i
ncre
ased,
due
t
o t
h
e
core
satura
t
i
o
n in t
he
c
onve
nti
o
na
l F
S
P
M
m
achi
n
e.
F
i
gure
8.
E
lect
rom
a
gne
t
i
c
s
t
a
t
i
c
tor
que
F
i
gure
9.
A
verage
elec
t
roma
g
n
et
ic t
orq
u
e
ag
a
i
n
s
t
current-dens
ity
4.3.
E
l
e
c
tr
om
agn
e
t
ic losses
The
pr
ed
icte
d
2D
-F
E
losse
s
i
ncl
u
di
n
g
c
or
e
and
m
a
gne
t
s
e
dd
y
c
u
rr
en
t
loss
es
o
f
th
e
und
e
r
stu
dyi
ng
ma
chine
s
at tw
o ope
rat
i
n
g
c
i
r
cum
s
ta
nces,
i.e
., no-l
o
ad a
nd l
o
ad
w
i
t
h
c
ur
r
e
nt
d
e
n
si
t
y
of
1
2
A
/m
m
2
for
v
ar
io
us
spee
d
are
com
p
are
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
re
s
1
0
-11,
r
esp
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y.
T
he
F
SP
M-H
T
S
m
a
c
hi
ne
h
a
s
h
i
ghe
r
c
o
re
a
n
d
m
agnet
i
c
e
d
dy
c
u
rren
t
l
oss
e
s
fo
r
bot
h
c
o
ndi
tio
ns
i
n
comp
arsi
on
w
ith
t
h
e
or
ig
ina
l
F
SPM
ma
chi
n
e.
T
he
l
osses
a
r
e hi
g
h
er
in
t
he
F
S
P
M-H
T
S
ma
chine
bec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
he
h
ig
he
r
flux
foc
u
sin
g
,
w
h
ic
h
is
p
r
ovi
de
d
by
t
he
H
TS
b
ulks.
I
t
m
ust
be
m
e
n
ti
one
d t
h
at
a
t
base
s
pe
e
d
(
400
rpm
)
o
n
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
the
v
al
u
e
o
f
c
o
re
a
nd
e
ddy
c
u
rren
t
l
os
ses
fo
r
t
h
e
c
o
nvn
e
tin
o
a
l
ma
ch
i
n
e
are
(1
.4
W
a
nd
1
.4
w
,
re
sp
ec
t
i
v
el
y
)
.
In
c
o
nt
r
a
st,
suc
h
v
alues
f
o
r
the
FS
PM-
H
TS
ma
chine
are
(1.
5
W
and 4
W
, respec
t
i
v
e
y
)
, while
t
he
c
o
pper
loss
a
re
30W
f
or
b
o
t
h
ma
chi
n
es.
F
i
gure
1
0
. Core
loss
F
i
gure
1
1
.
Magne
t
ed
dy c
u
rrent
l
oss
5.
CONCL
U
S
ION
A
n
e
w
FSPM
w
ith
H
TS
b
u
l
k
s
p
laced
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
t
o
r
g
ap
s
to
r
edu
c
e
th
e
s
t
a
t
o
r
-ro
to
r
f
l
ux
l
eak
a
g
e
i
s
pro
pose
d
,
de
s
i
gne
d,
o
p
t
i
m
ize
d
a
n
d
c
om
p
a
re
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
c
on
ven
t
io
na
l
F
S
PM
m
achi
n
e.
T
he
c
onc
lu
s
i
on
s
of
t
his
work
a
re:
B
y
a
dd
i
n
g
H
T
S
bu
lk
s
in
t
he
r
ot
or
pole
s
g
ap
s
o
f
t
he
F
S
P
M
m
a
c
h
ine
,
t
h
e
a
v
er
age
t
o
rq
ue
c
a
n
i
m
p
ro
ve
b
y
27
%
co
m
p
ared
t
o
th
e
con
v
e
nt
ion
a
l
FSPM
c
ou
nt
erp
a
r
t
,
k
e
epin
g
i
n
c
onsi
d
er
at
ion
t
h
at
b
o
t
h
m
a
c
h
ine
s
a
r
e
gl
oba
l
l
y
o
p
t
im
i
z
ed.
W
h
ile,
t
h
e
torq
ue
r
i
p
p
l
e
of
t
he
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
m
a
c
h
ine
is
a
rou
nd
tw
ice
of
t
he
c
on
ve
nt
io
na
l,
sinc
e
h
i
gh
m
a
gne
t
i
c
varia
t
i
o
n
a
r
o
u
n
d
t
he
a
ir
g
a
p
a
ppea
r
s
w
h
e
n
t
he
H
T
S
bul
ks
a
re
u
s
e
d.
M
oreo
ve
r,
h
i
ghe
r
0
2
4
6
0
6
0
120
180
240
300
360
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
agn
e
t
i
c
t
or
q
u
e
(
N
m
)
R
o
t
o
r
po
s
i
t
i
o
n
(
E
l
e
c
.
de
g
r
e
e
)
FSPM
-
c
o
n
v
.
FS
PM
-
H
T
S
0
2
4
6
8
0
4
8
1
21
62
0
A
v
er
a
g
e
el
ec
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
t
o
r
q
u
e
(N
m
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
de
ns
i
t
y
(
A
/
m
m
^
2
)
FSP
M
-
c
o
n
v
.
FSPM
-
H
T
S
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
2
00
40
0
6
00
8
0
0
10
00
C
o
r
e
l
o
s
ses
(
W
)
S
p
e
e
d
(
r
pm
)
FS
PM
-
c
o
n
v
.
N
o
-
lo
a
d
FS
PM
-
H
TS
n
o
-
lo
a
d
FS
PM
-
c
o
n
v
.
l
o
a
d
FS
PM
-
H
TS
l
o
a
d
0
6
12
18
24
30
0
200
4
0
0
6
00
80
0
1
0
0
0
M
a
g
n
e
t
e
ddy
-
c
ur
r
e
n
t
l
o
s
s
e
s
(
W
)
S
p
e
e
d
(
r
pm
)
F
S
P
M
-
c
o
nv
.
no
-
l
o
a
d
FSP
M
-
H
T
S
n
o
-
lo
a
d
FSP
M
-
c
o
n
v
.
l
o
a
d
FSP
M
-
H
T
S
lo
a
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN: 2088-
8694
I
nt
J
P
ow
Elec
& Dr
i
S
y
st V
ol.
10,
N
o.
4
, Dec
201
9 :
1
7
5
1
– 1
757
1
756
core
a
n
d
m
a
g
n
e
t
l
o
ss
a
re
f
ou
nd
i
n
t
he
p
ro
p
o
se
d
m
a
c
h
ine
bec
a
u
s
e
of
t
he
h
i
g
her
m
a
gne
tic
f
lu
x
focu
si
ng
a
n
d
there
f
ore
satur
a
ti
o
n
.
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rge-S
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c
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nerat
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f
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d Sup
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ucti
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m
p
a
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n
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F
lu
x
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swi
t
c
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a
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d
Do
ub
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lie
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P
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rm
an
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a
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ach
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P
r
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f
the
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ghth
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Se
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t
ure
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gn
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An
al
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f
a
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ux
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wit
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achi
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f
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Wind
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ne
rg
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C
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v
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EEE Transac
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ied Superconducti
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"
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ula
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ta
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H
i
g
h
T
e
m
pe
ra
tu
re
S
up
e
r
co
nd
uc
t
in
g
F
l
ux-S
w
it
chi
n
g
M
ach
in
e
s
,
"
i
n
IE
EE
T
r
an
sa
ctio
ns on
Ap
p
lied Superco
n
duct
ivity
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,
"
C
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ract
eris
tic
Ana
l
ys
is
o
f
a
n
H
TS
F
lux
-
Switc
hing
S
y
n
c
h
ro
no
us
G
e
nerat
o
r
w
i
t
h
N
I-Type
H
T
S
Field
Coi
l
s,
"
in
IEE
E
Tr
ans
actio
ns on
Ap
pl
ied
Su
per
c
ond
uct
i
vi
ty
,
v
o
l
.
28
,
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o
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3
,
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,
Apr
i
l
2
01
8
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[14]
Y.
J
.
H
w
a
n
g
et al
.,
"
E
l
ect
rom
a
g
n
eti
c
D
e
s
ig
n
o
f
a
1
5
M
W
-Class
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S
F
l
ux
S
w
i
t
chin
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ynch
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on
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s
Generat
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Co
ns
id
eri
n
g
M
e
c
h
ani
cal
S
tres
s
of
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he
R
ot
or
C
ore,
"
in
IEE
E
T
r
ans
act
i
ons o
n
Appl
ied
S
u
p
e
rco
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
,
vo
l
.
24,
n
o
.
3,
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1
-5
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
14.
[15]
X.
L
i,
S
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Liu
a
nd
Y
.
W
a
ng,
"Desig
n
an
d
An
aly
s
is
o
f
a
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e
w
H
T
S
D
u
al-Ro
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o
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F
l
u
x
-
Sw
it
chi
ng
M
achi
n
e,"
in
IE
EE
T
r
an
sa
ctio
ns on
Ap
p
lied Superco
n
duct
ivity
, vo
l
. 2
7
,
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o
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, p
p.
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-5,
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ne 2
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[16]
R
.
C
a
o
,
Y
.
J
i
n
,
Y
.
Z
h
a
n
g
a
n
d
M
.
C
h
e
n
g
,
"
A
N
e
w
D
o
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b
l
e
-
S
i
d
e
d
H
T
S
F
l
ux-S
wi
t
c
hi
ng
L
inear
M
otor
w
ith
S
eries
M
a
g
n
et
Circuit,
"
i
n
IEEE Tra
n
s
a
ct
ion
s
on Ap
p
l
i
e
d
Sup
erco
nd
uctivit
y
,
vol.
26,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p.
1
-5,
O
ct
ober
20
16.
[17]
Y
.
W
an
g,
M
.
Chen,
T.
W
.
Ch
ing
a
n
d
K
.
T
.
Chau,
"
D
esig
n
an
d
A
n
aly
sis
of
a
N
ew
H
TS
A
xi
al
-Fie
ld
F
lux-
S
w
it
chi
n
g
M
a
ch
in
e," in
IEE
E
Tran
sa
c
t
io
n
s
on Ap
pl
ied
Su
perco
n
d
u
ct
ivit
y
, vo
l
. 25
, no
. 3
,
p
p
. 1
-5,
Ju
ne
2
01
5
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[18]
J
.
T
.
C
h
e
n
a
n
d
Z
.
Q
.
Z
h
u
,
"
W
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i
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o
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o
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o
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omb
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tio
n
of
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lux
-
S
w
it
chi
ng
PM
B
rus
h
les
s
A
C
M
achi
n
es
,"
i
n
I
EEE Tr
ansactions
on Energy Conversi
on
,
v
o
l.
2
5,
n
o.
2
,
pp.
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9
3
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3
0
2
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J
une
201
0
.
[19]
J
.
T
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Chen,
Z.
Q
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Zh
u
,
S
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Iw
as
ak
i
and
R.
P
.
Deodhar
,
"
A
Novel
H
y
b
rid-Exc
i
t
e
d
Switc
he
d
-
Flu
x
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ru
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le
ss
A
C
M
ach
in
e
f
o
r
E
V
/
H
EV
A
p
p
licatio
ns,
"
i
n
IEEE Tr
ans
actio
ns
on
Veh
i
cul
a
r
T
echnol
og
y
,
vol.
60
,
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3
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May
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[20]
Z
.
Q
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Z
hu
an
d
X.
L
i
u
,
“
I
ndividual
an
d
gl
ob
al
o
p
t
imi
zati
on
of
s
w
itched
f
l
ux
p
erm
a
nen
t
m
agnet
mo
to
rs,
”
in P
r
oc.
IE
EE
El
ectr
i
ca
l
M
a
c
hi
nes
an
d
Syst
ems
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:
2088-
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rm
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. L
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OGRAPHIES
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ng
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ducat
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ng
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eerin
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of Tech
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from
The
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ield,
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. M. J.
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20
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14
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spect
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y. He is
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urrent
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Res
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arch
F
ell
o
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versity of
No
tti
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g
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.