I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
201
6
,
p
p
.
71
3
~
72
2
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
694
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v
7
.
i3
.
p
p
7
1
3
-
722
713
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
jo
u
r
n
a
l.c
o
m/o
n
lin
e/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/I
JP
E
DS
BPSK
Mo
dula
tion a
nd De
m
o
dula
t
i
o
n
w
ith
Pow
er Line Carrier
Co
m
m
uni
ca
tion a
nd GS
M
Co
mm
u
nica
tion for S
m
a
r
t
M
ete
ring
B
V
Ra
j
a
nn
a
1
,
SVNL
L
a
lith
a
2
,
G
a
nta
J
o
g
a
Ra
o
3
,
S.K
Sh
riv
a
s
t
a
v
a
4
1,
2
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
KL
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
In
d
ia
3,
4
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
S
u
n
Rise
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
1
2
,
2
0
1
5
R
ev
i
s
ed
Mar
14
,
2
0
1
6
A
cc
ep
ted
A
p
r
15
,
2
0
1
6
G
S
M
/
G
P
RS
a
n
d
P
L
C
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
a
re
u
se
d
f
o
r
A
u
to
m
a
ti
c
M
e
ter
Re
a
d
in
g
(A
M
R)
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
T
h
e
se
A
M
R
s
y
ste
m
s
h
a
v
e
m
a
d
e
su
b
sta
n
ti
a
l
p
ro
g
re
ss
o
v
e
r
th
e
re
c
e
n
t
y
e
a
rs
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
a
li
ty
,
sc
a
lab
il
it
y
,
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
o
p
e
n
n
e
ss
su
c
h
th
a
t
t
h
e
y
c
a
n
p
e
rf
o
rm
r
e
m
o
te
m
e
terin
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
v
e
r
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
le
x
s
y
ste
m
s.
B
y
u
sin
g
BP
S
K
(Bin
a
ry
P
h
a
se
S
h
if
t
Ke
y
in
g
)
m
o
d
u
latio
n
w
it
h
P
o
we
r
L
in
e
Ca
rrier
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
S
m
a
rt
M
e
terin
g
c
a
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
in
Ru
ra
l
S
m
a
rt
M
icro
-
g
rid
s.
T
h
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
BP
S
K
M
o
d
u
latio
n
a
n
d
De
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
a
re
su
c
c
e
ss
f
u
ll
y
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
sin
g
M
AT
LAB
/S
im
u
li
n
k
so
f
t
w
a
re
.
T
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s
o
f
u
sin
g
BP
S
K
m
o
d
u
latio
n
o
v
e
r
th
e
QPS
K
m
o
d
u
latio
n
a
n
d
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s
o
f
P
L
C
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
G
S
M
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
is
i
d
e
n
ti
f
ied
i
n
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
Au
to
m
a
tic
m
e
ter
r
ea
d
in
g
B
P
SK
d
em
o
d
u
latio
n
B
P
SK
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
GSM
m
o
d
e
m
MA
T
L
A
B
/S
i
m
u
li
n
k
P
o
w
er
li
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
S
m
ar
t M
icr
o
-
Gr
id
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
6
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
B
V
R
aj
an
n
a,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
KL
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
,
Gr
ee
n
Fie
ld
s
,
Vad
d
es
w
ar
a
m
,
P
in
co
d
e:
5
2
2
5
0
2
,
Gu
n
t
u
r
Dis
t
r
ict,
A
.
P
.
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail:
b
v
.
r
aj
an
n
a
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
n
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
co
u
n
tr
y
.
S
m
ar
t
m
eter
i
n
g
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tea
d
in
ess
,
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
Sa
f
et
y
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
f
r
o
m
b
u
l
k
y
g
e
n
e
r
atio
n
,
o
v
er
th
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
to
elec
tr
icit
y
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
an
d
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
s
ca
tter
ed
g
e
n
er
atio
n
a
n
d
s
to
r
i
n
g
ca
p
ita
ls
.
Si
n
ce
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
g
e
n
er
ated
an
d
i
ts
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
elec
tr
ical
s
u
b
s
tat
io
n
s
is
k
n
o
wn
b
y
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
lier
w
h
ic
h
al
lo
w
s
h
i
m
to
m
a
k
e
u
s
e
th
i
s
AM
R
to
d
etec
t
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
a
n
d
f
r
a
u
d
.
Fo
r
th
e
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
a
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
b
illi
n
g
,
A
u
to
m
atic
m
e
t
er
r
ea
d
in
g
(
A
M
R
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
w
h
i
ch
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
co
llects
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
w
a
ter
,
g
as,
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
m
eter
i
n
g
d
ev
ices
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
s
it
to
th
e
m
aster
s
ta
ti
o
n
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
e
t
er
b
o
d
ily
;
r
e
m
o
tel
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
d
ea
s
il
y
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
co
s
t
o
f
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
w
h
ic
h
e
n
ab
les
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
to
m
ak
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
a
n
d
th
u
s
b
ac
k
u
p
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
t
i
m
e
u
s
a
g
e
id
ea
f
o
r
b
illi
n
g
.
So
t
h
is
ca
n
b
e
an
ad
v
an
ta
g
e.
R
ec
en
t
l
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
i
n
A
M
R
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
lan
n
ed
w
h
ic
h
i
n
cl
u
d
es
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
ased
,
m
o
b
ile
to
o
ls
,
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
o
f
telep
h
o
n
ic
,
o
r
th
e
p
o
w
er
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
w
ir
ed
o
r
w
ir
eles
s
)
.
De
v
elo
p
in
g
a
p
r
ese
n
t
m
o
b
ile
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
n
o
ex
tr
a
to
o
ls
o
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
r
es
u
lti
n
g
in
an
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t sa
v
i
n
g
s
i
n
b
o
th
ti
m
e
an
d
ca
p
ita
l.
T
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
b
u
ild
i
n
g
a
n
e
w
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
P
o
w
er
L
i
n
e
C
ar
r
ier
(
P
L
C
)
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
P
L
C
b
est
f
o
r
A
M
R
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
a
n
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
is
li
m
ited
,
t
h
u
s
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
n
o
t
m
ad
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
o
th
er
s
h
o
r
tag
e
s
,
P
L
C
ca
n
b
e
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
i
n
s
ca
lin
g
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
GP
R
S,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
,
ca
n
b
e
v
er
y
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
es
s
en
t
ial
i
n
f
u
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
s
e
n
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
f
i
x
ed
at
s
u
ita
b
le
ch
ar
g
e
f
r
o
m
d
o
m
e
s
tic
b
u
il
d
in
g
s
a
n
d
h
o
u
s
e
s
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
B
P
S
K
Mo
d
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
Dem
o
d
u
la
tio
n
w
ith
P
o
w
er Lin
e
C
a
r
r
i
er C
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
GS
M
…
(
B
V
R
a
ja
n
n
a
)
714
m
ai
n
ce
n
ter
s
o
f
b
illi
n
g
an
d
g
iv
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
ac
i
liti
es
f
o
r
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
o
f
cu
s
to
m
er
.
GP
R
S
is
v
er
y
co
n
v
e
n
ien
t f
o
r
th
e
p
o
w
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
an
d
u
n
li
m
ited
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
as
s
o
r
t
m
en
t.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
AM
R
Sy
s
t
em
Arc
hite
ct
ure
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
A
MR S
y
s
te
m
i.
E
lectr
ical
Me
ter
T
h
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
g
en
er
ati
n
g
ele
ctr
ical
en
er
g
y
to
d
o
m
esti
c
o
r
co
m
m
er
cial
u
til
ities
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
f
ed
elec
tr
icall
y
.
I
t
ac
ts
as
a
b
o
r
d
er
th
at
tr
an
s
f
er
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
en
d
ac
t
in
g
at
t
h
e
co
llecto
r
.
ii.
C
o
llecto
r
B
asin
g
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
al
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
w
h
ic
h
is
i
n
u
p
p
er
p
o
s
itio
n
,
co
llecto
r
w
il
l
co
llect
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
s
e
v
er
al
m
eter
s
o
f
elec
tr
ical
u
til
it
y
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
I
t
h
as
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
,
en
h
a
n
ce
a
n
d
g
iv
i
n
g
o
u
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
n
e
ed
ed
b
y
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
.
T
h
e
co
llecto
r
h
as
to
d
o
th
e
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
o
f
s
m
ar
t e
lectr
i
ca
l
m
eter
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
p
r
ec
is
e
u
s
a
g
es.
iii.
C
o
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
T
h
e
co
m
m
an
d
s
ar
e
to
b
e
g
iv
en
b
y
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
f
ed
to
c
o
llecto
r
f
o
r
r
ec
eiv
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
s
o
f
elec
tr
ical
m
eter
o
c
ca
s
io
n
all
y
li
k
e
w
ee
k
l
y
o
r
m
o
n
th
l
y
b
asis
.
Fo
r
ad
v
an
ce
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
lo
ad
s
u
r
v
e
y
d
ata
an
d
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
to
th
e
d
atab
ase
o
f
m
ai
n
co
n
tr
o
l statio
n
.
iv
.
C
e
n
tr
al
Statio
n
(
C
o
n
tr
o
l c
e
n
ter
)
A
M
R
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
ea
ch
an
d
e
v
er
y
s
ec
t
io
n
i
n
th
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
lik
e
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
m
eter
o
n
m
o
n
th
l
y
b
asi
s
o
r
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
o
f
ac
t
u
al
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
ea
c
h
a
n
d
e
v
er
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
er
r
o
r
an
d
d
i
s
tu
r
b
i
n
g
ca
n
b
e
m
a
n
ag
ed
b
y
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
co
m
p
u
ter
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
le
v
e
le
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
t
ar
if
f
ca
lc
u
latio
n
an
d
co
llectio
n
ca
n
b
e
r
ea
lized
.
v
.
Me
ter
I
n
ter
f
ac
e
Mo
d
u
le
T
h
e
m
eter
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
at
th
e
A
MR
S
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
en
d
m
eter
i
n
g
o
f
d
ig
ital
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ite
to
a
m
a
in
p
o
in
t
b
y
th
e
ac
tio
n
o
f
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
s
f
ed
f
r
o
m
tu
r
n
i
n
g
m
eter
d
ials
,
o
r
c
y
clo
m
eter
s
t
y
le
m
eter
d
ials
,
i
n
to
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
ar
e
ess
e
n
tial.
T
h
e
A
MR
A
r
c
h
itect
u
r
e
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
o
f
f
i
c
e
H
o
s
t
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
1
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
2
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
3
D
a
t
a
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
o
r
U
n
i
t
D
C
U
1
D
a
t
a
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
o
r
U
n
i
t
D
C
U
2
D
a
t
a
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
o
r
U
n
i
t
D
C
U
3
R
F
/
P
S
T
N
/
M
o
d
e
m
R
F
/
P
S
T
N
/
M
o
d
e
m
A
M
R
A
R
C
H
I
T
E
C
T
U
R
E
P
L
C
C
M
e
t
e
r
1
M
e
t
e
r
3
M
e
t
e
r
5
M
e
t
e
r
n
M
e
t
e
r
2
M
e
t
e
r
4
M
e
t
e
r
1
M
e
t
e
r
3
M
e
t
e
r
5
M
e
t
e
r
n
P
L
C
C
M
e
t
e
r
2
M
e
t
e
r
4
M
e
t
e
r
1
M
e
t
e
r
3
M
e
t
e
r
5
M
e
t
e
r
n
P
L
C
C
M
e
t
e
r
2
M
e
t
e
r
4
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
M
R
A
r
ch
itec
tu
r
e
2
.
2
.
G
SM
B
a
s
ed
Co
m
m
u
nica
t
io
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
Me
ter
an
d
C
e
n
tr
al
s
tatio
n
i
n
o
n
e
p
o
in
t
b
y
GSM
Mo
d
e
m
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
a
p
r
esen
t
m
o
b
ile
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
n
ee
d
s
n
o
e
x
tr
a
to
o
ls
o
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
c
au
s
i
n
g
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
713
-
7
2
2
715
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
ti
m
e
an
d
as
w
ell
as
ca
p
ital.
E
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
m
o
b
ile
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
to
s
to
p
an
ex
ter
n
al
ca
u
s
e
f
r
o
m
g
et
tin
g
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
[
3
]
.
P
lan
n
ed
r
ea
d
i
n
g
,
De
m
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
,
alar
m
an
d
in
cid
en
t
w
r
it
in
g
,
p
o
w
er
o
u
tag
e
w
r
it
in
g
an
d
p
o
w
er
r
e
-
es
tab
lis
h
m
e
n
t
w
r
iti
n
g
ca
n
b
e
allo
w
ed
b
y
co
m
p
lete
t
w
o
w
a
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
ce
llu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
GSM
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
n
A
M
R
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2.
M
e
t
e
r
M
I
U
T
C
P
/
I
P
S
t
a
c
k
G
S
M
/
G
P
R
S
M
o
d
e
m
M
e
D
A
S
(
M
e
t
e
r
D
a
t
a
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
)
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
G
S
M
/
G
P
R
S
M
o
b
i
l
e
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
P
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
E
n
e
r
g
y
M
e
t
e
r
A
M
R
-
R
e
t
r
o
f
i
t
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
D
a
t
a
s
t
o
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
GSM
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
A
M
R
2
.
3
.
P
L
CC
B
a
s
ed
Co
mm
u
nica
t
io
n
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
t
h
at
in
v
o
l
v
es t
r
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
v
er
w
ir
i
n
g
o
f
AC
p
o
w
er
is
c
al
led
P
o
w
er
L
i
n
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
.
So
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
it
y
o
f
an
y
ad
d
itio
n
al
w
ir
i
n
g
f
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
ad
d
i
n
g
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
ig
n
al
at
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
le
v
els
o
v
er
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
i
g
n
al
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ig
n
al
is
p
r
o
p
ag
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
en
d
[
4
]
.
E
lectr
ical
d
ev
ices
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
m
a
n
ag
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
lin
es.
P
o
w
er
li
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
is
ap
p
ea
lin
g
b
ec
au
s
e
it
u
s
e
s
th
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
p
o
w
er
lin
e
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
S
m
ar
t
Mic
r
o
-
g
r
id
u
s
i
n
g
b
asic
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
B
P
SK s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
De
v
elo
p
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
s
er
v
er
to
ac
ce
s
s
s
ev
e
r
al
lin
k
s
o
f
P
L
C
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
n
ien
t
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
o
f
s
w
ap
p
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
b
et
w
e
en
i
n
tell
ig
e
n
t
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
T
h
e
cu
s
to
m
ar
y
g
r
id
is
an
in
tell
ig
en
t
d
ig
ital
v
er
s
io
n
i
n
v
o
lv
in
g
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
Do
m
esti
c
u
t
ilit
ies
an
d
in
telli
g
en
t
m
eter
s
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
w
it
h
H
A
N
d
ev
ice
co
o
r
d
in
a
to
r
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
W
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
P
o
w
er
L
i
n
e
C
ar
r
ier
M
o
d
em
an
d
lin
k
i
n
g
cir
c
u
it,
S
m
ar
t
m
eter
an
d
S
m
ar
t
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
.
H
A
N
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
ap
p
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
ea
ch
an
d
ev
er
y
d
o
m
esti
c
u
tili
t
ies
a
n
d
P
o
w
er
l
in
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
So
w
i
th
th
e
h
elp
o
f
P
o
w
er
li
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
a
n
ies
w
ill
h
av
e
th
e
ab
ili
t
y
to
co
m
b
i
n
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
i
n
te
llig
e
n
t
m
eter
s
b
u
t
also
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
o
m
e
s
tic
elec
tr
ical
u
tili
t
ies
[
5
]
.
Po
w
er
L
i
n
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
t
w
o
w
a
y
s
an
d
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
ex
ten
s
i
v
el
y
.
So
i
n
th
e
ab
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
o
t
h
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
p
o
w
er
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
w
ell
ad
ap
ted
in
s
lu
m
zo
n
es
an
d
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
co
s
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
to
ex
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
an
d
elec
tr
ical
u
til
it
y
co
m
p
a
n
ie
s
.
T
h
e
P
L
C
C
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
A
M
R
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
w
i
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
n
t
ain
s
d
ata
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
.
I
t
is
th
e
„
m
o
d
e
m
‟
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
th
e
s
et
u
p
.
I
t
m
o
d
u
l
ates
a
n
d
d
e
m
o
d
u
late
s
t
h
e
d
ata
th
at
is
to
b
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
li
n
e.
QP
SK
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
f
o
ll
o
w
ed
b
y
t
h
e
u
n
it.
I
t
is
p
lace
d
at
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
as
w
ell
as
u
tili
t
y
s
id
e
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
a
n
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
a
n
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
Ser
ial
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
m
e
th
o
d
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
w
er
lin
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
.
P
o
w
er
L
in
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
S
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
g
at
h
er
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
all
t
h
e
m
et
er
s
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
s
er
ial
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
at
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
b
r
ea
k
s
.
A
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
Ho
s
t
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Statio
n
(
HC
S)
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
Data
C
o
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
u
n
it
(
DC
U
)
an
d
ev
er
y
m
eter
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
to
it.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
zo
n
e
in
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
o
f
a
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
D
C
U
Su
b
s
y
s
te
m
s
etu
p
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
n
o
ticin
g
o
u
tag
e
s
,
ta
m
p
er
ev
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
r
e
m
o
te
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
c
an
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
P
L
C
C
in
4
4
0
V
L
T
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
p
er
f
ec
tl
y
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
u
r
a
l/ag
r
ic
u
lt
u
r
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
p
o
w
er
li
n
e
s
as
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
ed
ia.
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
o
f
HT
s
id
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
b
est
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
B
P
S
K
Mo
d
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
Dem
o
d
u
la
tio
n
w
ith
P
o
w
er Lin
e
C
a
r
r
i
er C
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
GS
M
…
(
B
V
R
a
ja
n
n
a
)
716
C
DM
A
,
GSM,
P
ST
N
o
r
R
F a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
E
n
er
g
y
Me
t
er
s
C
F
p
u
ls
es i
n
to
E
lectr
ical
p
u
l
s
es
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
P
L
C
u
n
i
t
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
s
i
n
g
le
P
C
B
.
T
h
e
d
is
p
la
y
in
g
o
f
m
eter
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
co
llectio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
p
u
ls
e
s
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
M
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
[
6
]
w
h
ic
h
i
n
t
u
r
n
co
n
v
er
t
s
t
h
is
d
ata
in
to
P
o
w
er
L
i
n
e
Mo
d
u
latio
n
.
B
ef
o
r
e
R
etr
o
f
it
i
s
m
ad
e
i
n
to
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
Me
ter
C
o
n
s
tan
t,
C
u
r
r
en
t
Me
ter
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
Me
ter
I
D
ar
e
ac
cu
m
u
late
d
in
Mic
r
o
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
NV
R
A
M.
T
h
e
p
u
ls
es
eq
u
al
to
Me
ter
co
n
s
ta
n
t
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
s
en
s
ed
b
y
R
etr
o
f
it t
h
en
o
n
e
u
n
it i
s
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
ted
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
to
r
ed
in
Mic
r
o
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
NV
R
A
M.
S
m
a
r
t
M
e
t
e
r
H
A
N
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
o
r
B
P
S
K
M
O
D
E
M
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
D
a
t
a
S
e
r
v
e
r
B
P
S
K
M
O
D
E
M
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
P
L
C
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
A
p
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
s
o
r
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
U
n
i
t
Fig
u
r
e
3.
I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
S
m
ar
t M
icr
o
-
g
r
id
u
s
i
n
g
b
asic b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
B
P
SK
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
L
C
C
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
A
M
R
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
P
o
w
er
L
ine C
ha
ra
ct
er
iza
t
i
o
n a
nd
M
o
delin
g
P
o
w
er
L
in
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
n
o
t
in
itiall
y
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
ca
r
r
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
B
u
t
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
w
it
h
i
n
it
ial
co
s
t
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
es.
Ho
w
ev
er
it
h
as
also
d
i
s
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
n
o
i
s
e
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
al
atten
u
atio
n
.
Dis
ta
n
ce
is
a
n
o
t
h
er
is
s
u
e
t
h
at
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
l
in
e
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
,
r
esi
s
tan
ce
,
ca
p
ac
it
an
ce
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
o
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
an
d
m
o
d
eli
n
g
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
h
an
n
el.
A
c
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
lin
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
p
air
p
o
w
er
ca
b
le
o
f
s
u
r
g
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
an
d
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
co
n
s
ta
n
t c
an
b
e
esti
m
ated
b
y
f
o
llo
w
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
713
-
7
2
2
717
√
(
1
)
√
(
)
(
)
(
2
)
w
h
er
e,
=
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
=
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
co
n
s
tan
t
=
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
R
=
u
n
it le
n
g
t
h
r
esi
s
tan
ce
L
=
u
n
it le
n
g
th
i
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
G
=
u
n
i
t le
n
g
t
h
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
α
=
atten
u
atio
n
co
n
s
ta
n
t
β =
p
h
ase
co
n
s
tan
t
P
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
co
n
s
ta
n
t a
n
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
d
ep
en
d
o
n
R
,
L
,
G
an
d
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
u
t n
o
t
len
g
th
o
f
lin
e.
3
.
2
.
Desig
n o
f
B
P
SK
M
o
dem
w
it
h P
L
C
Cha
n
nel
Mo
d
u
latio
n
i
n
a
d
ig
ita
l
is
a
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
w
h
ic
h
m
o
v
es
a
c
h
ar
ac
ter
w
h
ich
i
s
i
n
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
h
a
v
i
n
g
in
d
icato
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
r
ec
eiv
e
in
d
icatio
n
at
d
e
s
ti
n
atio
n
en
d
f
o
r
h
eld
to
g
et
h
er
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
o
r
u
n
b
o
u
n
d
ed
s
tag
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
it
h
o
u
t
h
av
in
g
d
ata
leak
ag
e.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
ig
n
al
b
an
d
w
id
th
is
b
ased
o
n
b
an
d
s
ig
n
al
an
d
m
o
d
u
latio
n
p
atter
n
n
ee
d
ed
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
s
in
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
o
r
d
er
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al.
P
h
a
s
e
S
h
i
f
t
Ke
y
i
n
g
(
P
SK)
,
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
Sh
if
t
Ke
y
in
g
(
FS
K)
an
d
Am
p
lit
u
d
e
S
h
i
f
t
K
e
y
in
g
(
ASK)
ar
e
t
h
e
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
t
y
p
es
o
f
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
in
d
ig
ital.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
t
w
o
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
al
B
in
ar
y
P
h
ase
Sh
i
f
t
Ke
y
in
g
(
B
P
SK)
m
o
d
u
lated
s
i
g
n
al
s
f
r
o
m
Q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
P
h
ase
S
h
i
f
t
K
e
y
in
g
(
QP
SK)
.
T
h
e
QP
SK
M
o
d
u
latio
n
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
th
e
b
ase
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
w
ir
ed
an
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
u
c
h
as
w
ir
ed
m
o
d
e
m
,
3
G
,
W
iF
i
an
d
W
iM
A
X.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
a
s
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
o
p
tim
izin
g
t
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
u
s
e
o
f
QP
SK
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ic
h
i
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
u
s
ef
u
l
i
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
B
P
SK
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
s
ch
e
m
e
co
m
p
ar
e
to
th
e
QP
SK
as
i
t
is
ea
s
y
i
n
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
er
to
r
ec
eiv
er
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
b
it
s
.
W
it
h
B
P
SK,
h
ig
h
er
d
is
ta
n
ce
co
v
er
ag
e
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
ce
ll
u
l
ar
ce
ll
o
r
f
i
x
ed
s
tatio
n
to
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
co
m
p
ar
e
to
QP
SK.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tellat
io
n
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
B
P
SK
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
B
P
SK
s
ig
n
al
is
m
at
h
e
m
at
icall
y
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
eq
u
at
io
n
:
{
[
(
)
√
(
)
]
[
(
)
√
(
)
]
}
(
3)
w
h
er
e,
is
th
e
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
Fo
r
th
is
s
i
n
g
le
s
et,
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
i
n
g
le
b
as
ic
s
i
g
n
al
(
)
√
(
)
(
4
)
So
,
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
B
P
SK si
g
n
a
l is g
i
v
e
n
as:
{
[
√
(
)
]
[
√
(
)
]
}
(
5
)
E
ac
h
s
y
m
b
o
l
o
f
o
r
ig
i
n
al
h
as
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
h
ase
a
n
g
le.
T
h
e
B
P
SK
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
h
as
t
h
e
b
asic
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
b
in
ar
y
b
its
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
s
i
g
n
a
l a
r
e
s
ep
ar
ated
to
I
b
its
an
d
Q
b
its
b
y
s
er
ia
l
to
p
ar
allel
co
n
v
er
ter
at
i
n
p
u
t
m
o
d
u
lato
r
.
B
P
SK
s
ig
n
al
o
f
b
in
ar
y
d
ata
i
s
a
d
d
ed
to
m
o
d
u
lated
s
i
g
n
al
o
v
er
I
an
d
Q
c
h
a
n
n
el
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Du
al
m
o
d
u
lato
r
s
o
u
tp
u
t
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
s
u
m
m
er
a
m
p
li
f
ier
,
th
at
r
es
u
lts
B
P
SK
m
o
d
u
lato
r
m
o
d
u
lated
s
i
g
n
al.
De
m
o
d
u
lato
r
o
f
B
P
SK
h
as
th
e
b
asic
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
u
la
ted
i
n
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
i
s
g
i
v
en
to
B
P
SK
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
ato
r
.
I
n
co
h
er
en
t
d
etec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e,
r
ec
ei
v
er
i
s
s
u
p
p
r
ess
ed
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
w
h
ic
h
in
v
o
l
v
es
s
e
v
er
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
I
n
d
e
m
o
d
u
la
to
r
r
ec
eiv
ed
s
ig
n
a
l
is
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
.
No
n
-
r
et
u
r
n
-
to
-
ze
r
o
(
NR
Z
)
co
n
v
er
ter
b
lo
ck
a
n
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
ized
b
its
h
a
v
e
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
p
h
ase
(
I
)
an
d
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
p
h
ase
(
Q)
ex
tr
ac
ted
b
y
M
u
ltip
lier
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
lo
w
p
ass
f
ilter
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
B
P
S
K
Mo
d
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
Dem
o
d
u
la
tio
n
w
ith
P
o
w
er Lin
e
C
a
r
r
i
er C
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
GS
M
…
(
B
V
R
a
ja
n
n
a
)
718
I
Q
E
b
E
b
-
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
n
s
tel
latio
n
Dia
g
r
a
m
o
f
B
P
SK
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
lo
ck
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
B
P
SK
Mo
d
u
lato
r
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
lo
ck
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
B
P
SK D
e
m
o
d
u
lato
r
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
P
L
C
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
i
th
B
P
SK
m
o
d
e
m
h
a
s
th
e
s
i
m
p
l
if
ied
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
in
tell
i
g
e
n
t
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
m
o
d
u
la
to
r
p
ar
t
o
f
B
P
SK
m
o
d
e
m
a
n
d
t
h
at
s
i
g
n
al
f
ee
d
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
lin
e
b
y
c
o
u
p
lin
g
cir
c
u
it
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
O
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
o
r
P
h
a
s
e
S
h
i
f
t
I
a
n
d
Q
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r
B
i
n
a
r
y
D
a
t
a
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
B
P
S
K
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d
O
u
t
p
u
t
I
B
i
t
Q
B
i
t
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
P
h
a
s
e
S
h
i
f
t
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
B
a
l
a
n
c
e
d
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
L
o
w
P
a
s
s
F
i
l
t
e
r
L
o
w
P
a
s
s
F
i
l
t
e
r
L
o
w
P
a
s
s
F
i
l
t
e
r
S
a
m
p
l
e
H
o
l
d
N
R
Z
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
S
a
m
p
l
e
H
o
l
d
N
R
Z
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
B
P
S
K
S
i
g
n
a
l
I
n
p
u
t
I
B
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
Q
B
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
i
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
713
-
7
2
2
719
lin
e
i
s
d
ep
icted
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
h
ase
w
it
h
f
ix
ed
lin
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
d
ia
g
r
a
m
i
n
S
i
m
u
li
n
k
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
w
i
th
QP
SK
m
o
d
e
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
Fo
r
s
im
u
lat
io
n
in
m
u
lti
-
p
ath
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
le
d
ata
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
w
e
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
r
ee
B
e
r
n
o
u
lli
B
in
ar
y
g
e
n
er
ato
r
b
lo
ck
to
o
ls
b
o
x
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
i
g
n
al
o
f
t
h
r
ee
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
.
E
s
ti
m
at
io
n
an
d
r
ea
liz
a
tio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
li
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
in
en
er
g
y
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
u
lated
f
o
r
th
e
t
h
r
ee
i
n
p
u
ts
ar
e
d
esi
g
n
ated
as
t
h
e
r
es
u
lta
n
t
p
o
w
er
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
to
t
h
r
ee
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
.
Mo
d
u
lated
I
s
i
g
n
al
a
n
d
Q
s
ig
n
al
a
r
e
ad
d
ed
at
o
u
tp
u
t
m
o
d
u
lato
r
.
Mo
d
u
lato
r
o
f
B
P
S
K
h
as
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
De
m
o
d
u
lato
r
o
f
B
P
SK
h
as
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
i
g
n
al
i
n
p
u
t
an
d
th
e
in
p
u
t
w
h
ich
is
i
n
d
ig
ital
f
o
r
m
is
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
t
h
e
d
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
i
g
n
al.
On
t
h
e
s
id
e
o
f
d
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
th
e
r
e
s
u
lta
n
t
d
e
m
o
d
u
lated
s
i
g
n
al
is
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
p
h
ase
(
I
)
an
d
Qu
ad
r
atu
r
e
p
h
a
s
e
(
Q)
ch
an
n
els
o
u
tp
u
t.
De
m
o
d
u
lato
r
o
f
B
P
SK
h
as
th
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lts
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
h
e
d
ata
in
an
d
d
at
a
o
u
t
w
i
th
B
P
SK a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
12.
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
Q
P
S
K
M
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
Q
P
S
K
D
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
o
r
S
m
a
r
t
M
e
t
e
r
H
A
N
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
L
i
n
e
D
a
t
a
S
e
r
v
e
r
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
S
i
t
e
D
e
m
a
n
d
S
i
t
e
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Si
m
p
li
f
ied
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
P
L
C
Net
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
B
P
SK M
o
d
em
f
o
r
S
m
ar
t M
icr
o
-
Gr
id
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
B
P
SK M
o
d
em
w
ith
P
L
C
C
h
a
n
n
el
f
o
r
Data
P
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
in
S
i
m
u
li
n
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
B
P
S
K
Mo
d
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
Dem
o
d
u
la
tio
n
w
ith
P
o
w
er Lin
e
C
a
r
r
i
er C
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
GS
M
…
(
B
V
R
a
ja
n
n
a
)
720
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
R
es
u
lt
B
P
SK M
o
d
u
lato
r
w
it
h
P
L
C
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
R
es
u
lt
B
P
SK
Dem
o
d
u
la
to
r
w
it
h
P
L
C
Fig
u
r
e
12.
Data
I
n
an
d
Data
Ou
t
w
it
h
B
P
SK
5
.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
T
h
e
B
P
SK
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
tr
an
s
m
it
tin
g
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
ata
o
f
m
u
l
tip
le
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
in
s
m
ar
t
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
d
u
latio
n
an
d
d
em
o
d
u
la
tio
n
is
f
o
c
u
s
ed
an
d
d
ep
en
d
ed
b
y
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
l
i
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
l
ea
r
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
713
-
7
2
2
721
alter
n
ati
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
o
w
er
li
n
e
w
i
th
co
u
p
lin
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
B
P
SK
m
o
d
e
m
is
s
i
m
p
le,
in
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
a
n
d
h
a
s
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
an
ex
ce
llen
t,
co
s
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
also
a
r
elia
b
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
m
iti
g
atio
n
th
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
p
o
w
er
cr
is
is
i
f
p
r
o
p
er
ly
i
m
p
le
m
en
ts
t
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
I
ex
p
r
ess
m
y
th
a
n
k
s
to
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
g
iv
en
b
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
i
n
co
m
p
le
tin
g
m
y
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
I
als
o
ex
p
r
es
s
m
y
s
i
n
ce
r
e
g
r
atit
u
d
e
an
d
d
ee
p
s
en
s
e
o
f
r
esp
ec
t
to
Dr
SV
NL
L
alit
h
a
f
o
r
m
a
k
i
n
g
u
s
a
v
aila
b
le
all
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
ass
is
tan
ce
a
n
d
f
o
r
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
n
d
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t t
h
i
s
p
r
o
j
ec
t in
th
e
I
n
s
ti
tu
te.
I
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
t
h
a
n
k
Dr
SVN
L
L
alit
h
a,
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
w
h
o
h
as
b
ee
n
a
n
i
n
s
p
ir
i
n
g
g
u
id
e
an
d
co
m
m
itted
f
a
cu
lt
y
w
h
o
g
av
e
r
elie
f
m
o
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ev
er
y
s
it
u
atio
n
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
.
T
h
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
y
h
er
,
esp
ec
iall
y
i
n
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t
t
h
is
p
r
o
j
ec
t
m
o
tiv
a
te
d
m
e
to
co
m
p
lete
th
i
s
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
I
a
m
th
a
n
k
f
u
l
to
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
n
o
n
-
teac
h
i
n
g
s
ta
f
f
o
f
E
E
E
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
eir
d
ir
ec
t a
s
w
ell
as
in
d
ir
ec
t
h
elp
i
n
m
y
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
I
am
e
lated
to
av
ail
m
y
s
elv
e
s
to
th
i
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
to
ex
p
r
ess
m
y
d
ee
p
s
en
s
e
o
f
g
r
atit
u
d
e
to
m
y
p
ar
en
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Cli
e
n
Y
Ba
i,
H
Ch
e
n
a
n
d
C
Hu
n
g
,
“
Ho
m
e
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
e
n
e
rg
y
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
P
L
C”
,
IEE
E
,
ICCE,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
]
M
V
A
le
y
a
s1
,
Nish
in
A
n
to
n
y
2
,
S
a
n
d
e
e
p
T
3
,
S
u
d
h
e
e
sh
Ku
m
a
r
M
4
,
V
ish
n
u
Ba
lak
rish
n
a
n
5
,
“
Au
to
m
a
ti
c
M
e
ter
Re
a
d
in
g
A
n
d
L
o
a
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
u
sin
g
P
o
w
e
r
L
in
e
Ca
rrier
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
”
,
IJ
AR
EE
IE
T
ra
n
s
.
V
o
l
.
3
,
Iss
u
e
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
H.
M
e
n
g
,
Y.
L
l
G
u
a
n
a
n
d
S
.
Ch
e
n
,
"
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
No
ise
E
ff
e
c
ts
o
n
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
-
li
n
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s"
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
P
o
we
r De
li
v
e
ry
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
p
p
.
6
3
0
-
6
3
7
,
A
p
ril
,
2
0
0
5
.
[4
]
M
.
Zi
m
m
e
r
m
a
n
n
a
n
d
K.
Do
st
e
rt,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
i
m
p
u
lsiv
e
n
o
ise
i
n
b
ro
ad
-
b
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
li
n
e
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
E
lec
tro
ma
g
n
.
Co
m
p
a
t
.
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
9
–
2
5
8
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
0
2
.
[5
]
Q.
GA
O,
J.Y.
Yu
,
P
.
H.J.
C
h
o
n
g
,
P
.
L
.
S
o
,
a
n
d
E.
G
u
n
a
w
a
n
,
“
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
“
silen
t
n
o
d
e
”
p
ro
b
lem
in
a
n
a
u
to
m
a
ti
c
m
e
ter
re
a
d
in
g
s
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
p
o
w
e
r
-
l
in
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s”
,
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
Po
we
r
De
l.
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
150
–
1
5
6
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
8
.
[6
]
B.
S
iv
a
n
e
a
sa
n
,
E.
G
u
n
a
w
a
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
L
.
S
o
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
a
u
to
m
a
ti
c
m
e
ter
-
r
e
a
d
in
g
sy
ste
m
s
u
sin
g
P
L
C
u
n
d
e
r
im
p
u
lsiv
e
n
o
ise
in
terf
e
re
n
c
e
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
De
l.
,
v
o
l.
2
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
4
6
5
–
1
4
7
5
,
J
u
l.
2
0
1
0
.
[7
]
L
.
A
l
A
b
d
u
lk
a
ri
m
a
n
d
Z.
L
u
k
sz
o
,
“
Imp
a
c
t
o
f
p
riv
a
c
y
c
o
n
c
e
rn
s
o
n
c
o
n
su
me
rs
’
a
c
c
e
p
ta
n
c
e
o
f
sm
a
rt
me
ter
in
g
in
th
e
Ne
th
e
rla
n
d
s
”
,
in
P
r
o
c
.
IEE
E
In
t.
Co
n
f
.
Ne
tw
.
S
e
n
s.
Co
n
tro
l
(ICNSC)
,
De
lf
t,
th
e
Ne
th
e
rlan
d
s
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
–
2
9
2
.
[8
]
Z.
Erk
in
,
J.
T
ro
n
c
o
so
-
P
a
sto
riza
,
R.
L
a
g
e
n
d
ij
k
,
a
n
d
F
.
P
e
re
z
-
G
o
n
z
a
lez
,
“
P
riv
a
c
y
-
p
re
se
r
v
in
g
d
a
ta
a
g
g
re
g
a
ti
o
n
in
s
m
a
rt
M
e
terin
g
s
y
ste
m
s: A
n
o
v
e
r
v
ie
w
”
,
IEE
E
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
.
M
a
g
.,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
5
–
8
6
,
M
a
r.
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
S
.
S
a
li
n
a
s,
M
.
L
i,
a
n
d
P
.
L
i
,
“
P
riv
a
c
y
-
p
re
se
r
v
in
g
e
n
e
rg
y
th
e
f
t
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
i
n
sm
a
rt
g
rid
s:
A
P
2
P
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
”
,
I
EE
E
J
.
S
e
l.
Are
a
s C
o
mm
u
n
.
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
5
7
–
2
6
7
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
F
.
L
i,
B.
L
u
o
,
a
n
d
P
.
L
iu
,
“
S
e
c
u
re
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
g
g
re
g
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
sm
a
rt
g
rid
s
u
si
n
g
h
o
mo
m
o
rp
h
ic
e
n
c
ry
p
ti
o
n
”
,
in
P
r
o
c
.
1
st
IEE
E
In
t.
Co
n
f
.
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
Co
m
m
u
n
.
(S
m
a
rt
G
rid
Co
m
m
)
,
Ga
it
h
e
rsb
u
rg
,
M
D,
USA
,
O
c
t.
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
–
3
3
2
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M
r
B
V
Ra
ja
n
n
a
is
a
stu
d
e
n
t
p
a
ss
e
d
o
u
t
f
ro
m
K
L
Un
iv
e
rsity
f
ro
m
EE
E
De
p
a
rtme
n
t.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
B.
T
e
c
h
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
JN
T
U
K
a
k
in
a
d
a
in
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
M
.
T
e
c
h
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
KL
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
2
0
1
5
,
G
u
n
t
u
r.
He
h
a
d
w
o
rk
e
d
in
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
a
p
a
c
it
ies
in
tec
h
n
ica
l
i
n
stit
iu
ti
o
n
s
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
lea
rn
in
g
o
v
e
r
3
y
e
a
rs.
He
h
a
s
o
v
e
r
9
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
His
Cu
rre
n
t
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
c
lu
d
e
s
A
M
R
(A
u
to
m
a
ti
c
M
e
ter
Re
a
d
in
g
)
d
e
v
ice
s,
S
m
a
rt
M
e
terin
g
a
n
d
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
s,
M
icro
-
G
rid
s,
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s,
G
S
M
/G
P
RS
a
n
d
P
L
C
(
P
o
w
e
r
L
in
e
Ca
rrier)
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
a
n
d
V
a
rio
u
s
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
Q
P
S
K,
B
P
S
K,
A
S
K,
F
S
K,
OO
K
a
n
d
G
M
S
K.
Dr
.
S
V
N
L
L
a
li
th
a
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
EE
E,
K
L
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
S
h
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
e
r
M
.
T
e
c
h
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
d
e
g
re
e
s
f
ro
m
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
W
a
ra
n
g
a
l,
In
d
ia.
Ob
tain
e
d
h
e
r
B.
T
e
c
h
f
ro
m
S
V
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
T
iru
p
a
th
i.
He
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
re
stru
c
tu
rin
g
,
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s,
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
s,
m
e
ta
h
e
u
risti
c
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
,
w
id
e
a
re
a
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
B
P
S
K
Mo
d
u
la
tio
n
a
n
d
Dem
o
d
u
la
tio
n
w
ith
P
o
w
er Lin
e
C
a
r
r
i
er C
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
GS
M
…
(
B
V
R
a
ja
n
n
a
)
722
M
r
G
J
o
g
a
Ra
o
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
sri
k
a
k
u
la
m
,
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
,
I
n
d
ia,
in
1
9
8
3
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
T
e
c
h
(El
e
c
t
rica
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
)
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
K
a
m
a
la
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
&
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Ja
w
a
h
a
rlal
Ne
h
ru
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
H
y
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia,
in
2
0
0
4
a
n
d
t
h
e
M
.
T
e
c
h
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
J
a
w
a
h
a
rlal
N
e
h
ru
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
H
y
d
e
ra
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia
in
2
0
0
7
.
L
a
ter
h
e
jo
in
e
d
in
Ch
irala
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
Ch
irala
,
a
n
d
A
n
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
a
s
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
se
rv
e
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
8
y
e
a
rs.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
is
P
h
.
D
in
S
u
n
Rise
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
A
l
w
a
r,
a
n
d
Ra
jas
th
a
n
,
In
d
ia.
His
a
re
a
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s,
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st
e
m
s,
a
n
d
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
s,
M
icro
G
rid
s
a
n
d
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
s.
He
is
a
L
i
f
e
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
d
ian
S
o
c
iety
f
o
r
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(L
M
IS
T
E).
Dr
.
S
.
K
S
h
r
iv
a
sta
v
a
Re
c
e
i
v
e
d
B.
T
e
c
h
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Na
g
p
u
r
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Na
g
p
u
r
in
1
9
8
4
,
M
.
T
e
c
h
f
ro
m
In
d
ian
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
II
T
(
B),
Bo
m
b
a
y
in
1
9
8
7
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
f
ro
m
A
ll
a
h
a
b
a
d
A
g
ricu
lt
u
re
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
S
a
m
Hi
g
g
in
b
o
tt
o
m
In
stit
u
te
o
f
A
g
ri
c
u
lt
u
re
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
De
e
m
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsity
)
A
ll
a
h
a
b
a
d
,
Uttar
P
ra
d
e
sh
i
n
2
0
0
6
.
He
h
a
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
7
y
e
a
rs
o
f
te
a
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
in
v
a
rio
u
s
c
o
ll
e
g
e
s
in
d
if
fe
re
n
t
c
a
p
a
c
it
ies
a
n
d
a
c
ted
a
s
a
tec
h
n
ica
l
a
d
v
isio
r
a
n
d
re
v
iew
e
r
fo
r
d
if
fe
re
n
t
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
e
s.
His
a
re
a
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
l
u
d
e
s
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
st
e
m
s
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s.
He
is
a
li
f
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
d
iff
e
r
e
n
t
p
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
b
o
d
ies
li
k
e
IS
T
E,
F
e
ll
o
w
th
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
(IE
),
T
h
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
El
e
c
t
ro
n
ics
&
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rs.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.