Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
2203
~
2211
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp
2203
-
2211
2203
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Analysis
on EMF
char
act
er
is
tics f
or torq
ue rip
ple
reductio
n
i
n
BLAC
motor i
nte
nded
f
or HVL
S
f
an applic
ation
Nu
rf
aez
ah Ab
dull
ah
1
,
Raja
No
r
Fird
au
s
Raja O
th
m
an
2
, Kasrul
Ab
d
ul Ka
ri
m
3
,
Li
m Sen
g
T
at
4
1,2,3
Fakult
i
Keju
rute
ra
an
El
ek
tri
k
,
Univer
si
ti T
ekn
ika
l
Mala
ysi
a
M
el
ak
a, 76100
Du
ria
n
Tungga
l
,
M
el
ak
a, Ma
la
ysi
a
1,2,3
Elec
tr
ical
M
ac
hin
e
Design
R
ese
arc
h
L
abor
atory,
Cen
tre of
R
oboti
cs
&
Auto
ma
ti
on
,
UT
eM,
76100
Mela
k
a,
Mala
ysia
4
Altair
Engi
ne
er
ing
SdnB
hd,
B3
-
10
-
7
Plaza
Sen
tr
al
,
5,
Jal
anSte
se
nSentra
l
,
50470
Kuala
Lum
pur
,
Mala
ysia
.
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
1
7
, 2
01
9
Re
vised
Ju
l
2
2
,
201
9
Accepte
d
Aug
3
, 2
01
9
Thi
s
pap
er
an
alyze
s
th
e
har
mo
nic
cha
ra
cteri
sti
cs
of
e
lectr
om
a
gnet
i
c
forc
e
(EMF)
in
Brush
le
ss
Alte
rn
ating
Curre
nt
(BLA
C)
mot
or
for
High
Volum
e
Low
Speed
(HV
LS)
fan
app
licati
on.
Vibr
at
ion
an
d
noise
ar
e
one
of
th
e
ma
in
cru
cial
th
ings
in
HV
LS
fan
application.
I
t
co
me
s
from
torque
r
ip
ple
s
which
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
t
ed
by
har
mon
ic
s
of
Elec
tro
Magne
tic
Force
(EMF
).
Comm
only
,
the
re
are
a
f
ew
me
thods
to
eliminate
the
no
ise
an
d
vibra
t
ions
issue,
bu
t
most
li
te
r
at
ur
es
only
foc
us
on
small
mot
or
and
n
ot
intended
for
HV
LS
fan
app
lication.
Thu
s,
th
e
obj
ective
of
thi
s
pape
r
is
to
e
li
m
ina
t
e
the
har
mon
ic
s
cont
en
t
in
EMF
at
early
stag
e
d
e
sign.
Through
E
MF
har
monics
t
he
expect
ed
torque
produc
ed
cou
ld
b
e
used
t
o
sel
ec
t
prop
er
slot
-
pole
nu
mbe
r
in
ord
er
to
el
iminate
the
no
ise
and
vibratio
n
s
issue.
In
her
e
,
th
e
ana
lysis
in
volve
s
thr
ee
diffe
ren
t
slot
-
po
le
numb
ers
whi
ch
ar
e
18s/20p
,
12s/10p
and
9
s/8p
BLAC
mode
l
,
respe
ct
iv
el
y.
Al
l
models
have
simi
la
r
vo
l
ume
of
per
ma
ne
nt
ma
gn
et
.
The
an
al
ysis
is
ca
rri
ed
out
usin
g
FLUX
2D
Finit
e
El
e
me
n
t
Ana
lysis
(
FEA)
for
EMF
co
mputati
on
al
and
tra
ns
ie
nt
torque
co
m
puta
ti
on
.
Later
,
Fast
Fourier
Tra
nsform
(FF
T)
an
al
ysis
is
use
d
to
c
al
cu
late
th
e
h
arm
oni
cs
of
EMF.
Th
e
ana
lysis
st
age
i
ncl
udes
the
EM
F
par
amet
er
an
a
lysis,
har
moni
cs
and
torque
rippl
es
ana
lysis.
It
was
found
that
18s/20p
has
h
i
gher
output
torq
ue
with
the
lowest
5%
torq
ue
ripple
va
lue.
As
a
conclusio
n,
thi
s
p
ape
r
pr
ese
nts
low
torque
ripple
in
poin
t
of
v
ie
w
of
th
e
EMF
c
har
acte
rist
ic
s
in
design
ing
HV
LS
fan
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Brushle
ss
AC
EMF ha
rm
onic
s
FLUX
2D
FFT
a
nalysis
Torq
ue rip
ples
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
ja
N
or Fi
rd
a
us
Raj
a
Othm
a
n
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Un
i
ver
sit
iTe
kn
ikal Mala
ys
ia
, Mel
aka
, Mal
ay
sia
H
a
ng Tu
a
h Jaya,
76100 D
ur
ia
n Tu
nggal,
M
el
a
ka,
M
al
a
ys
ia
.
Emai
l:
n
orfi
rd
a
us
@
utem.e
du.
my
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Brushle
ss
mo
t
or
gai
ns
m
or
e
at
te
ntion
s
as
t
he
el
ect
ric
m
ot
or
t
o
dri
ve
a
numer
ous
a
ppli
cat
ion
.
The
adv
a
ntage
s
of
brus
hless
m
ot
or
s
uc
h
as
li
ght
wei
gh
t,
l
onger
li
feti
me,
ste
ady
operati
on
high
ef
fici
enc
y
an
d
higher
to
rque
offer
e
d
a
n
ext
r
a
cre
dit
to
this
ty
pe
of
m
otor
.
Abo
ve
feature
s
me
ntioned
are
s
uitable
for
High
Vo
l
um
e
L
ow
Sp
ee
d
Fan
(
H
VLS)
a
ppli
cat
ion
.
T
he
sy
ste
ms
require
d
a
po
werfu
l,
high
t
orque
a
nd
High
eff
ic
ie
nt
m
otor
to
dr
i
ve
the
bl
ades
at
low
s
peed
range.
T
he
operati
on
of
the
m
oto
r
t
o
run
the
HV
L
S
fan
is
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
s
moo
thest
tor
qu
e
is
pro
duced
.
W
hen
th
e
rip
ples
occ
ur
the
m
oto
r
,
sta
bili
ty
is
i
nterrup
te
d
thu
s a
ffec
t t
he e
xistence
of no
ise
and v
i
br
at
i
on
s
[1
-
4]. C
ommo
nly
,
this iss
ue
is
relat
ed
to
the to
rque
rip
pl
e d
ue
to
the
inte
racti
on
s
betwee
n
sta
tor
an
d
r
otor.
Th
e
el
ect
r
o
m
agn
et
ic
f
or
ce
(
EMF)
ha
rm
on
i
cs
that
relat
ed
to
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2203
–
2211
2204
tor
qu
e
ri
pp
le
ne
ed
t
o
diminis
h
as
s
olu
ti
on
of
this
iss
ue.
Hi
gh
e
r
vibrat
io
ns
an
d
noise
will
re
du
c
e
th
e
overall
fan pe
rformanc
es [5
-
7].
In
B
rushless
m
otor,
a
t
orq
ue
r
ipp
le
is
on
e
of
the
main
pro
bl
ems
that
af
fect
the
m
otor
perf
ormances
.
In
a
ppr
opriat
e
mo
to
r
de
sig
n
wh
ic
h
is
le
ad
to
the
har
m
oni
cs
in
mag
net
o
mo
ti
ve
force
(
MMF)
is
a
fac
tor
that
cou
l
d
inc
rease
the
to
rque
rip
pl
es
[8
-
10].
T
he
re
are
ma
ny
methods
in
li
te
ratur
e
that
a
ff
e
ct
the
to
rque
ri
pp
le
s
su
c
h
as
inc
ompati
ble
siz
e
of
the
to
oth
s
hap
e
,
i
napp
ropr
ia
te
a
ngle
of
permane
nt
mag
net
a
nd
i
mpro
per
com
bin
at
io
ns
of
t
he
sl
ot
-
po
l
e
num
ber
of
t
he
m
otor
[11
-
13].
Ne
ver
t
heless,
slot
-
pole
numb
e
r
sel
ect
i
on
is
con
ti
nu
ously
be
come
t
he
ma
in
pa
rameter
to
be
ex
plore
d.
The
a
ppr
op
ri
at
e
sel
ect
ion
of
the
sl
ot
-
po
le
will
impro
ve
perf
ormance
of
the
Brushle
ss
m
otor.
Th
e
a
nalysis
on
sl
ot
-
po
le
nu
mb
e
r
a
re w
idel
y
c
overe
d
f
or
tor
qu
e
rip
ple
minimi
z
at
ion
,
s
pace
ha
rm
on
ic
s
a
nd
con
ce
ntrate
d
windin
gs
f
or
oth
e
r
ty
pe
ma
chine
s
uc
h
pe
r
mane
nt
mag
net
syn
c
hrono
us
m
otor
(
PM
S
M).
S
un
and
H
ong
in
t
heir
pap
e
r,
in
ve
sti
gated
the
e
ff
ect
of
pole
a
nd
sl
ot
com
bin
at
io
n
on
t
he
vibrat
io
ns
a
nd
noise
i
n
PMSM
.
The
pa
per
st
ud
ie
d
tw
o
P
MSM
t
hat
hav
e
the
s
ame
performa
nces
bu
t
di
ff
e
ren
t
pole
a
nd
sl
ot
c
ombinati
ons
us
i
ng
F
EA
.
The
auth
or
s
us
e
d
12
slot
9
po
le
s
and
9
slots
8
po
le
co
mb
inati
on.
T
he
res
ult
of
the
ha
rm
on
ic
anal
ysi
s
of
t
he
rad
ia
l
force,
it
was
f
ound
that
t
he
nu
mb
e
r
of
slot
w
hich
i
s
the
i
nteg
ral
mu
lt
iple
of
the
ha
rm
on
ic
co
mpon
e
nts
of
t
he
ro
t
or
pole
i
s
prefe
rr
e
d
i
n
order
to
avo
i
d
the
lo
w har
monic ra
dia
l force a
nd r
e
duce
vibrat
ion [
14].
Libert
a
nd
S
oula
r
d
in
anal
ysi
s
of
slot
-
pol
e
com
bina
ti
on
of
f
racti
onal
-
slots
P
M
S
M
f
or
em
bedde
d
app
li
cat
io
ns
h
a
d
stu
died
the
t
orq
ue
ha
rm
onic
s
cha
racteri
sti
c
us
in
g
dif
fer
e
nt
slot
-
pole
nu
mb
e
rs.
T
he
ai
m
of
the
pap
e
r
is
to
give
an
over
vie
w
of
each
mac
hi
ne
c
onside
rin
g
the
mo
st
co
m
mon
sl
ot
-
po
le
com
bin
at
io
n.
The
sl
ot
is
var
ie
d
from
9
slot
to
60
sl
ot
wh
il
e
the
pol
e
is
var
ie
d
fro
m
2
po
le
s
to
10
pole
s.
It
sho
ws
that
to
po
l
ogie
s
with
4
pole
s,
same
li
ke
2
po
le
s
m
achine.
Wh
il
e
the
6
pole
s
t
opologies,
the
ha
rm
on
ic
disto
rtion
is
ve
ry
high
a
nd
high
ed
dy
-
c
urr
ent
losses
ca
n
be
predict
e
d.
Fo
r
8
slot
a
nd
10
po
le
s
t
opol
og
ie
s,
th
e
pe
r
forma
nce
of
P
M
S
M
mo
to
r
is
mixe
d
but
the
main
harmo
nic
is
hi
gh
[
15].
Be
sid
es
ab
ove
stu
d
i
es,
the
inc
omp
at
ible
desig
n
struct
ur
e
is
necces
sit
y
t
o
im
pro
ve
t
he
tor
que
rip
ple.
N
oth
ci
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
with
c
on
ce
ntrate
d
wi
nd
i
ng
a
ppr
oac
h
a
re
app
li
ed
t
o
vari
ou
s
str
uctu
ral
on
sta
tor
to
ot
h
a
nd
ro
t
or
of
IPMS
M
.
T
he
n,
the
m
odel
is
cal
c
ulate
d
usi
ng
numerical
s
of
t
war
e
of
Finit
e
el
ement
a
nalys
is.
T
he
back
e
mf
ha
rm
on
ic
,
r
adial
f
or
ce
de
nsi
ty
,
co
ggin
g
t
orq
ue
,
sp
at
ia
l
and
ti
m
e
har
m
oncs
of
tor
qu
e
rip
pe
is
com
pu
te
d
to
va
li
date
the
init
i
al
mo
del.
T
he
fin
ding
of
this
pap
e
r
sh
ows
the ai
r g
ap
le
nt
gh contr
ibu
te
to
lo
wer t
he
E
M
F
T
HD
and to
rque
rip
pl
e [16].
Anothe
r
pa
per
that
relat
es
to
EMF
har
m
on
ic
s
ha
d
been
discusse
d
by
Was
hingto
n
et
.
al
,
in
their
pap
e
r
ti
tl
e
Re
duct
ion
of
Co
ggin
g
T
orq
ue
a
nd
E
M
F
Ha
rm
on
ic
s
in
Mo
dula
te
d
P
ole
M
a
chines
.
T
he
pa
per
is
basical
ly
purpose
d
on
t
he
m
et
h
od
for
redu
ci
ng
c
oggi
ng
tor
que
a
nd
ha
r
monic
co
nte
nt
of
bac
k
-
el
ect
r
omoti
ve
force
(
EMF)
wav
e
f
or
m
s
in
mod
ulate
d
pole
mac
hin
es
(MP
M
).
I
n
t
heir
e
xp
e
rime
ntal
w
orks,
s
epar
at
e
modu
la
te
d
ma
chine
had
bee
n
ap
plied
to
r
edu
ce
t
he
pro
minent
har
m
onic
s
present
i
n
a
t
hr
ee
-
phas
e
M
P
M
coggin
g
to
rqu
e.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
hows
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
to
oth
pitchin
g
a
ble
to
reduce
the
coggin
g
to
rqu
e
a
nd
back
-
E
M
F
harmo
nics
si
gn
i
ficantl
y.
T
he
re
su
lt
s
hows
a
s
ign
ific
a
nt
im
pa
ct
by
c
ompa
r
ing
bet
ween
t
he
t
wo
measu
red p
r
oto
ty
pes [17
].
Othe
r
meth
od
p
r
opos
e
d
to
reduce
the
to
r
qu
e
rip
ple,
rat
her
tha
n
usi
ng
the
a
pprop
riat
e
slot
-
pole
numb
e
r
var
ia
ti
on
meth
od
is
by
c
hangin
g
t
he
sy
m
metri
cal
s
ta
tor
te
et
h
desi
gn
to
as
ymmet
ric
te
et
h
de
sig
n.
T
his
is
su
ggest
ed
by
Kim
et
al
[
18]
,
by
simulat
e
nin
e
m
odel
s
of
12
slot
8
pole
s
includi
ng
th
e
ref
ere
nce
m
odel
of
IPMS
M
with
di
ff
ere
nt
a
ng
le
of
mid
dle
te
et
h
sta
tor
t
o
mid
dl
e
slot
openi
ng.
The
reas
on
of
cha
ng
i
ng
the
sta
tor
structu
re
f
rom
sy
m
metri
cal
to
asy
mmetric
al
l
y
is
to
cha
nge
the
flu
x
path
i
n
orde
r
t
o
redu
ce
the
to
rque
r
ipp
l
e
without
a
ff
ect
i
ng
the
ave
rag
e
tor
que.
The
modeli
ng
is
si
mu
la
te
d
us
i
ng
Finit
e
Ele
ment
M
et
hod.
Ba
ck
EMF,
tor
qu
e
rip
ple
and
t
otal
harmo
nic
disto
rtion
i
s
cal
culat
ed
an
d
co
mp
a
re
d
to
ref
e
ren
ce
mod
el
.
The
re
su
lt
s
how
s
this
meth
od
a
ble
to
im
pro
ve
70
%
of
TH
D
a
nd
pro
duc
e
lowest
t
orq
ue
rip
ple
by
sel
ect
ing
the
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
asym
metri
cal
s
ta
tor
str
uctu
re.
Othe
r
than
t
ha
t,
there
are
st
ud
ie
d
ab
out
to
rque
ri
pp
le
re
du
ct
io
n
on
s
ur
face
m
ounted
Perma
ne
nt
M
a
gn
et
Br
ushle
ss
DC
(PM
B
LDC)
wh
ic
h
is
us
ed
mag
net
po
le
s
hap
i
ng
te
chn
i
qu
e.
T
he
mag
net
pole
of
fset
is
varyin
g
t
o
i
nv
e
sti
gate
the
e
ff
e
ct
of
ba
ck
-
E
MF,
c
ogging
tor
qu
e
a
nd
tor
que
rip
ple.
The
m
otivati
on o
f
thi
s
w
or
k
is
fro
m
t
he
t
orqu
e
rip
ple
produce
by
im
preci
se
of
the
m
otor
posit
io
n
c
ontr
ol.
The
c
urren
t
co
mm
utati
on
of
P
M
BLDC
requ
ire
d
non
tra
pezo
i
dal
back
E
M
F
,
non
-
ide
al
rect
angular
pu
lse
c
urren
ts
to
ope
r
at
e.
T
hu
s
,
t
he
mag
net
po
le
sh
a
ping
is
us
e
d
t
o
a
dju
st
the
c
orrect
an
gl
e
to
r
ed
uce
t
he
co
ggin
g
to
r
que w
it
hout
a
ny
sig
nificant re
duct
ion
of
b
ac
k
-
E
M
F
.
Thro
ugh
t
he
fi
nd
i
ngs,
the
re
is
a
r
ed
uctio
n
in torqu
e ripple
w
it
ho
ut
si
gn
i
ficant
re
du
ct
io
n
i
n
back
EMF
a
nd
m
ot
or
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y.
Th
us
,
the
re
duct
ion
of
total
ha
rm
on
ic
distort
ion
(
TH
D)
a
nd
ha
rm
onic
co
ntent
in
tor
qu
e
d
e
velo
p i
s conside
ra
ble [19].
The
pa
per
of
Harmo
nic
Co
nt
ents
in
I
nduce
d
E
M
F
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
ma
gnet
ic
Torq
ue
in
M
as
s
Pro
du
ce
d
Sinu
s
oi
dal
Pe
r
mane
nt
M
a
gnet
Brushle
ss
M
ac
hin
es
w
ritt
en
by
Gebrege
rg
is
an
d
Se
ba
sti
an
stu
died
on
the
harmo
nic
co
nt
ent
by
varyin
g
diff
e
re
nt
slot
and
pole
s.
In
this
pa
per
,
the
detai
le
d
fin
di
ng
of
the
harmo
nic
con
te
nts
i
n
t
he
in
du
c
ed
vo
lt
a
ge
a
nd
tor
que
in
permane
nt
mag
net
s
ynch
r
onous
m
oto
r
s
had
bee
n
pr
e
s
ented.
This
w
ork
use
d
t
wo
fr
act
io
na
l
slot
pe
rma
ne
nt
mag
net
t
opol
og
ie
s
to
i
nvest
igate
a
nd
analyze
the
ha
rm
on
ic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
An
alysis o
n
E
MF ch
aract
eri
sti
cs for to
r
que
rip
ple reduct
i
on in BLAC
m
oto
r
… (
N
ur
fa
eza
h
A
bdulla
h)
2205
con
te
nt
that
is
influ
e
nce
d
by
mo
to
r
slot
-
po
le
and
wi
nd
i
ng
co
nf
i
gurati
ons.
T
he
ap
pro
ach
is
us
in
g
va
rio
us
so
urces
that
re
sp
onsi
ble
in
pr
oducin
g
a
harmo
nics
th
r
ough
mathemat
ic
a
l
models
i
nvol
ving
t
he
in
duc
e
volt
age
and
t
he
de
velo
ped
t
orqu
e
e
qu
at
ion
.
T
he
the
ory
is
prese
nted
by
a
nalytic
al
f
ormulas
a
nd
si
mu
la
te
d
by
us
i
ng
t
h
e
finite
el
eme
nt
anal
ys
is.
T
he
antic
ipati
on
of
t
his
pap
e
r
is
both
a
nalytic
al
an
d
Finit
e
Ele
ment
(F
E
)
base
d
modeli
ng
is
ve
rified
f
or
bot
h
to
polo
gies.
I
t
al
so
fi
nds
th
at
the
ha
rm
onic
co
ntents
e
spe
ci
al
ly
the
2
nd
orde
r
(elect
rical
)
in
induced
E
M
F
is
res
pons
i
bl
e
for
ca
us
i
ng
3
rd
orde
r
ha
rm
on
ic
tor
que
rip
ple
in
the
de
vel
op
e
d
tor
qu
e
.
T
hus,
var
i
ou
s
pr
act
ic
al
causes
s
uch
as
permane
nt
ma
gn
et
place
ment
a
nd
pro
per
t
y
var
ia
ti
on
s
an
d
windin
g
ar
rang
ements
ne
ed
to
be
co
ns
ide
r
[
20]
.
C.
Oca
k
A
nd
A.
Dalcal
i
stud
ie
d
the
re
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
bet
ween
the
num
be
r
of
pole
s,
sl
ots
a
nd
wi
nd
i
ng
ar
rangeme
nts
in
BLDC
mo
t
ors.
T
he
st
ud
ie
d
focuse
d
on
f
our
pole
BLDC
m
otor
with
diff
e
re
nt
slot
num
bers
(
6,
12
a
nd
15)
an
d
windin
g
arr
a
ng
e
ments
.
The
finite
el
ement
analysis
is
us
e
d
to
c
omp
ute
the
total
ha
rm
onic
in
vo
lt
age
for
ev
er
y
di
ff
e
ren
t
sl
ot
an
d
pole
va
riat
ion
s
.
The
fin
ding
of
t
his
work
s
hows
t
ha
t
the
lo
west
T
HD
c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
sin
usoidal
bac
k
e
mf
i
s
ob
ta
ine
d
on
15
sl
ots
4pole
desig
n [
21].
Howe
ver,
th
e
harmo
nic
st
ud
i
es
in
m
os
t
li
te
r
at
ur
e
ab
ove
on
ly
f
oc
us
on
sm
al
l
mo
to
r
an
d
no
t
inten
de
d
for
HVLS f
a
n
app
li
cat
io
n.
For
this
ap
plica
ti
on,
th
e p
hysic
a
l
siz
ing
of
th
e mo
to
r
is
bi
gg
e
r
tha
n
a
bove
li
t
eratur
e
wh
ic
h
is
1000
W
m
oto
r
to
dr
i
ve
the
fa
n
blades
.
Vibrat
ion
s
a
nd
noise
that
ca
us
e
d
by
th
e
to
rque
ri
pp
le
is
cr
ucial
.
It
gi
ve
s
sig
nificance
issue
w
hich
le
a
ds
to
ine
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
t
he
a
ppli
cat
ion
.
The
refo
re,
t
his
pa
pe
r
a
im
to
analyze
a
nd
i
nvest
igate
the
e
ff
ect
of
the
sl
ot
-
po
le
co
m
bin
at
ion
on
E
MF
harmo
nics
a
nd
t
orqu
e
rip
pl
es
fo
r
BLAC
mo
t
or.
The
obje
ct
ive
is
to
el
imi
nat
e
t
he
ha
rm
on
ic
c
on
te
nt
i
n
EMF
at
ea
rly
sta
ge
desig
n
an
d
im
pro
ved
the
vi
br
at
io
ns
that
oc
cu
r
by
to
r
qu
e
rip
pl
es.
I
n
he
re,
t
he
a
nalysis
i
nvol
ved
th
ree
diff
e
re
nt
m
odel
s
with
fr
act
io
nal
slot
windin
gs
ar
rangeme
nt.
Finit
e
el
ement
analy
sis
(F
EA
)
s
of
t
war
e
known
a
s
F
lux
2D
is
use
d
t
o
analyses
the
E
M
F
cha
racteri
sti
c.
The
n,
the
EMF
harmo
ni
c
char
act
e
risti
c
is
cal
culat
ed
us
i
ng
Fast
F
ourier
Transf
orm (FF
T).
2.
DESIG
N A
N
D MO
DELIN
G OF
BL
A
C MOTO
R
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
the
modeli
ng
is
deter
mine
d
by
co
ns
i
der
i
ng
re
quireme
nt
of
H
VLS
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
as
sh
ow
n
in
Tabl
e
1.
The
desig
n
meth
odol
ogy
is
pr
e
sente
d
a
s
in
Fi
gure
1
be
low.
T
he
pr
oc
ess
of
the
desi
gn
a
nd
modeli
ng
sta
rt w
it
h
proce
ss of
d
et
ermi
ne
the
HV
L
S f
a
n
s
pe
ci
ficat
ion
s.
T
he
d
esi
gn s
pecif
ic
at
ion
s ar
e
ba
sic
al
ly
base
d
on
the
t
hr
ee
phase
m
ot
or
wh
ic
h
is
c
om
m
only
us
e
d
as
tract
ion
m
otor
on
the
cei
li
ng
fa
n
s
ys
te
m.
T
he
desig
n
of
HVLS
fa
n
re
qu
i
re
d
high
t
orque
to
r
otate
the
la
rg
e
fa
n
blade
s
at
lo
w
ro
ta
ti
onal
s
peed.
T
h
e
basic
structu
re
of
BLAC
m
otor
is
il
lustrate
d
as
i
n
Fi
gure
2.
Th
e
mo
t
or
is
des
ign
e
d
at
1000
W
r
at
ed
powe
r
wit
h
maxim
um
al
lo
wab
le
cu
rrent
at
13
A
du
e
to
the
mate
rial
li
mit
at
ion
s
of
t
he
BLAC
m
otor
.
T
he
s
peed
ra
ng
e
is
set
from
50
unt
il
200
rpm
t
o
f
ulfill
the
s
pee
d
va
riat
ion
of h
igh
volu
me
l
ow
sp
ee
d
fa
n.
A
ll
modeli
ng
is
fix
ed
to
160 mm
oute
r radi
us
a
nd h
a
s
simi
la
r
pe
rma
ne
nt ma
gn
et
vol
um
e
but di
ff
e
r
ent slot
-
pole
num
ber.
Table
1.
Desig
n
S
pecifica
ti
on
s
Desig
n
con
sid
eration
Un
its
Valu
e
Inp
u
t vo
ltag
e,
V
in
[V]
AC so
u
rce
1
2
0
-
240
Max cu
rr
en
t,
I
[A]
13
Po
wer,
P
[W]
1000
No
.
p
h
ases
3
Torq
u
e r
eq
u
ired,
T
r
eq
[N.
m
]
48
-
190
Rated
sp
eed rang
e,
ω
[r
p
m
]
50
-
200
Nex
t,
t
he
sel
ect
ion
of
sta
tor
sl
ot
an
d
r
oto
r
po
le
nu
m
ber.
I
n
this
w
ork,
the
mo
to
r
is
desi
gned
for
th
ree
ph
a
se
formati
ons.
T
hus,
the
sta
tor
slot
(s)
and
po
le
(
p)
num
ber
is
set
t
o
9s
/
8p,
12s/1
0p
a
nd
18s/2
0p.
T
he
sta
tor
desi
gn
is
s
qu
a
re
ty
pe.
I
niti
al
ly,
the
sta
tor
siz
in
g
of
B
LAC
is
basical
ly
base
d
on
the
co
nventi
on
al
desig
n
method
[22
,
23
,
24].
The
de
sign
model
is
set
to
160
mm
ou
te
r
ra
diu
s
by
co
ns
i
der
i
ng
t
he
po
wer
a
nd
vo
l
um
e
densi
ty
t
hat
produce
d
by
the
mo
to
r.
T
he
r
ot
or
bore
diamet
er
a
nd
t
he
pe
r
mane
nt
mag
ne
t
volu
me
a
re
s
et
to
be
fixe
d.
T
he
thic
kn
e
ss
of
sta
to
r
yoke
is
set
to
be
su
f
fici
ent
in
order
t
o
li
mit
the
fl
ux
de
ns
it
y
wh
ic
h
is
belo
w
tha
n
kn
ee
point
of
B
-
H
c
urve
mat
erial
,
wh
ic
h
is
1.5
T.
Ne
xt,
t
he
r
otor
siz
ing
is
determine
d
based
on
pe
r
mane
nt
mag
net
siz
ing
.
Perma
nen
t
ma
gn
et
siz
in
g
est
imat
ion
is
f
unda
mental
ly
ba
se
d
on
the
ma
gn
et
ic
flux
distri
bu
ti
on
in
the
mag
netic
ci
rc
uit.
T
his
BLAC
m
otor
use
d
Neod
ymi
um
B
oro
n
Iro
n
(
Nd
F
eB
)
as
the
mate
rial
f
or
t
he
permane
nt
ma
gn
et
.
T
hro
ugh
the
B
-
H
c
urv
e
of
t
he
PM
mate
rial
,
the
s
iz
ing
of
perm
anen
t
ma
gn
et
can
be
def
i
ned
by
det
ermini
ng
t
he
pe
rma
nen
t
ma
gnet
pole
area.
Nex
t,
t
he
r
otor
siz
ing
is
deter
mined
base
d
on
the
permane
nt
ma
gn
et
siz
ing.
Fi
nally,
t
he
c
omplet
e
desi
gn
str
uctu
re
is
ta
bul
at
ed
in
Table
2
an
d
Fi
gure
3.
belo
w.
The
a
mp
e
re t
urns (N
I) f
or eac
h
m
odel
9s/
8p,
12s/1
0p a
nd 18s/2
0p is
fixe
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2203
–
2211
2206
C
h
a
n
g
e
m
o
d
e
l
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
1
2
/
1
0
a
n
d
1
8
/
2
0
s
l
o
t
-
p
o
l
e
s
S
t
a
r
t
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
H
V
L
S
F
a
n
d
e
s
i
g
n
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
l
o
t
-
p
o
l
e
s
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
F
F
T
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
n
E
M
F
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
,
t
o
r
q
u
e
r
i
p
p
l
e
s
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
E
n
d
S
a
t
i
s
f
y
d
e
s
i
g
n
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
Y
e
s
F
E
A
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
n
E
M
F
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
M
o
t
o
r
s
i
z
i
n
g
Y
e
s
N
o
Figure
1.
BLA
C desig
n met
hodolo
gy
R
o
t
o
r
M
a
g
n
e
t
A
i
r
g
a
p
S
t
a
t
o
r
Figure
2. The
basic str
uctu
re
of BLAC
mo
t
or
Table
2.
BL
A
C mot
or
pa
ram
et
er
Para
m
eter
Un
its
9
s/8
p
1
2
s/1
0
p
1
8
s/2
0
p
Stato
r
o
u
ter
r
ad
iu
s,
S
o
r
[mm]
160
Slo
t op
en
in
g
,
S
so
[mm]
7
5
6
Stato
r
to
o
th
width
,
S
tw
[mm]
19
24
38
Air
g
ap
,
a
g
[mm]
1
W
in
d
in
g
turn
s
200
300
307
Ro
to
r
ex
ternal ra
d
i
u
s,
R
er
[mm]
7
4
.5
Sh
aft
Rad
iu
s,
S
r
[mm]
38
Vo
lu
m
e of P
er
m
an
en
t M
ag
n
et
[mm]
3
6
0
0
0
At
Stack
leng
th
,
ℓ
[mm]
105
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure
3. BLA
C mo
del
with t
he diffe
re
nt slo
t
-
pole
num
be
r
(a)
9s
/
8p (b) 1
2s
/1
0p (
c
) 1
8s
/20p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
An
alysis o
n
E
MF ch
aract
eri
sti
cs for to
r
que
rip
ple reduct
i
on in BLAC
m
oto
r
… (
N
ur
fa
eza
h
A
bdulla
h)
2207
3.
PARA
METE
R
F
OR A
NAL
YS
IS
This secti
on
will
ex
plain
on th
e simulat
ion pa
rameters
, in
order
t
o determi
ne
the h
a
rm
onic
contai
n
i
n
EMF
of
BL
A
C
mo
t
or
.
T
he
analyses
be
gin
with
t
he
E
M
F
pro
file
analy
s
is
com
puta
ti
on,
the
n
E
M
F
ha
rm
on
ic
analysis
a
nd
tr
ansient
t
orque
to
dete
rmin
e
th
e
tor
que
r
i
pple
s.
All
sim
ulati
on
is
e
xecu
te
d
us
in
g
Flu
x
2D
FEA
.
In
it
ia
ll
y,
t
he
F
EA
is
use
d
to
cal
culat
e
the
e
le
ct
ro
ma
gn
et
ic
fiel
d
in
BLA
C
mo
t
or.
T
he
FEA
sim
ulati
on
us
in
g
mag
netic
vecto
r
pote
ntial
eq
ua
ti
on
s
w
hic
h
r
el
at
e
to
magn
e
ti
c
vector
po
te
ntial
(A
)
,
ma
gnet
ic
densi
ty,
(
B)
an
d
mag
netic
fiel
d
intensit
y,
(
H
).
In
he
re,
the
m
odel
li
ng
is
sim
ul
at
ed
us
i
ng
tra
ns
ie
nt
ma
gn
et
i
c
2D
a
ppli
cat
ion
a
nd
init
ia
li
zed
by
sta
ti
c
com
pu
ta
ti
on
t
o
a
nalys
e
the
m
od
el
performa
nce.
The
simulat
io
ns
i
nvolv
e
the
E
MF
com
pu
ta
ti
on
at
no
loa
d
c
ondi
ti
on
.
L
at
er,
t
he
analysis
of
ha
rm
on
ic
is
e
xec
uted
us
in
g
Fas
t
Four
ie
r
Tra
nsfo
rm
(F
FT
)
. L
ast
ly,
the tra
ns
ie
nt t
orq
ue rip
ple cha
racteri
sti
c is p
r
esented
for t
hree dif
fer
e
nt sl
ot
p
oles
.
3.1
EMF
p
ar
amete
rs
An
al
ys
is
on
ha
rm
on
ic
EMF
char
act
e
risti
c
is
be
ginnin
g
w
it
h
EMF
c
omp
utati
on
.
T
he
m
od
el
li
ng
is
coupled
w
it
h e
xter
nal circuit
t
o
c
ompu
te
t
he EMF
p
rofil
e. T
he
sim
ulati
on e
xecu
te
d by us
i
ng F
ujiwara
m
et
hod
to
anal
ys
e
the
EMF
at
sta
ti
c
conditi
on
by
com
pute
the
relaxati
on
fact
or
us
in
g
nonli
near
s
ys
te
m
proces
s
so
lve
r.
Fig
ur
e
4.
(a
)
s
hows
the
e
xter
nal
ci
rcu
it
co
nnec
ti
on
s
t
hat
co
upli
ng
with
the
BLAC
mode
l.
The
simulat
ion
is
r
unning
f
or
on
e
el
ect
rical
cycl
e
pe
rio
d.
T
his
is
co
rr
es
pondi
ng
to
the
m
otor
t
o
act
as
ge
ne
rator
mode
at
no
lo
ad
c
onditi
on.
Ther
e
is
no
c
urre
nt
s
upply
to
the
c
oil
wi
nding
of
e
very
phase
a
nd
the
mo
to
r
ro
ta
te
s
at
200
rpm.
C
oil
co
nduct
or
1,
2
a
nd
3
a
nd
L
1
,
L
2
an
d
L
3
re
pres
ent
the
sta
tor
c
oils,
wh
il
e
R
1
,
R
2
an
d
R
3
are
co
rr
es
po
nd
i
ng
a
rmat
ure
resist
ance
of
the
mo
t
or.
Th
e
value
of
e
ve
ry
resist
ance
i
s
desig
nated
t
o
be
a
la
rg
e
value
i
n
order
t
o
c
omp
ute
the
E
M
F
.
Wh
il
e
the
valu
e
of
i
nducta
nc
e
L
1
is
set
to
be
const
ant.
T
hus,
t
he
EMF
ca
n
be
de
fine
d
by
us
in
g
E
quat
ion
(
1.0)
bel
ow
as
re
ferrin
g
to
the
BLAC
m
odel
simpli
fies
e
qu
i
valent
ci
rcu
it
as
in
F
igure
4.
(
b).
W
her
eas
V
is
te
rmin
al
phase
vo
lt
age
,
i
s
ymbo
li
ze
of
the
ph
a
se
c
urren
t,
L
1
is
Armat
ur
e
self
-
inducta
n
ce
,
e
is EM
F a
nd
R
1
is
phase
resist
an
ce.
=
1
+
1
+
[v]
(1)
R
1
R
2
R
3
L
1
L
2
L
3
C
o
i
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
1
C
o
i
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
2
C
o
i
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
3
i
V
R
1
L
1
e
i
(a)
(b)
Figure
4. Exte
r
nal circ
uit co
nnect
ion f
or BE
M
F c
omp
utati
on
(a)
Exter
nal circ
uit connecti
on
(b)Th
e
eq
uiv
al
e
nt
circuit o
f
BL
AC m
odel
Harmo
nic
anal
ys
is
is
the
pro
cess
of
cal
c
ulate
the
mag
nitu
des
an
d
f
unda
mental
phases
at
hig
h
orde
r
harmo
nics
of
t
he
per
i
od
ic
wa
veform.
Us
ually,
t
he
FFT
is
use
d
t
o
e
xpress
the
per
io
dic
functi
on.
FFT
is
a
no
n
-
per
i
od
ic
f
unct
i
on
f
(t)
i
n
ti
m
e
domain
tra
nsfo
rm
to
funct
ion
of
F
(s)
w
hich
is
co
rr
es
pondin
g
to
fr
e
quenc
y
domain.
F
or
E
M
F
ha
rm
onic
of
BL
AC
m
ot
or,
t
he
mo
t
or
with
fr
act
i
on
al
slot
num
ber
hav
e
a
hi
gh
c
on
te
nt
harmo
nic
in
ai
r
ga
p
distri
bu
ti
on
[
25].
T
he
E
M
F
of
BL
AC
mo
to
r
a
nd
to
r
que
ca
n
be
e
xpr
essed
as
in
Eq
uation
(2.0).
W
her
eas
h
is
t
he
harmo
nic
co
mpo
nen
t
,
ω
is
the
fun
da
mental
f
re
qu
e
ncy
in
ra
dians
per
seco
nd,
a
nd
θ
i
s
the
phase
an
gl
e
in
rad
ia
ns
f
or
correspo
nd
i
ng
har
m
onic
com
pone
nts.
W
he
r
eas,
e
a
is
EMF
for
phase
a
,
th
e
λ
a
is
the
h
arm
onic
c
oeffici
ent
of
th
e
BLAC
mo
t
or
flu
x
li
nk
a
ges
per
pole
phase,
θ
a
is
a
ngular
posit
ion
of
t
he
r
otor.
In
orde
r
t
o
e
valuate
t
he
c
orrelat
ions
E
MF
ha
rm
onic
s,
aff
ect
th
e
to
rque
rip
ples,
th
e
total
ha
rm
onic
s
is
cal
culat
ed
us
i
ng
Eq
uatio
n
(
3.0).
He
re,
the
k
is
an
intege
r
wh
ic
h
re
fer
s
t
o
har
m
onic
s
ord
er
(
k
=
2,3,4)
a
nd
V
k
s
the am
plit
ud
e
of
k
th
orde
r ha
r
monics
wh
il
e
V
1
is t
he fu
nda
mental
fre
qu
e
nc
y
c
ompone
nt.
=
∑
ℎ
2
ℎ
=
1
(
ℎ
+
)
[v]
(2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2203
–
2211
2208
3.2
T
rans
ie
n
t
t
or
que
an
d
torqu
e rippl
e
s p
ar
am
eters
Transi
ent
t
orq
ue
a
nal
ys
is
i
n
BLAC
m
otor
is
occ
ur
s
wh
i
le
the
m
otor
r
unning
at
c
on
sta
nt
s
pee
d.
Thro
ugh
this
simulat
ion,
t
he
a
moun
ts
of
to
rque
we
re
pro
duced
at
a
ce
rtai
n
sp
e
ed
of
r
otati
on
with
t
he
l
oa
d.
I
n
this
a
nalysis,
t
he
mo
t
or
is
dri
ven
with
t
he
t
hr
ee
-
phase
sin
us
oi
dal
c
urre
nt
an
d
r
otate
s
at
200
r
pm.
T
o
e
xecu
t
e
this,
t
he
mode
l
is
c
oupled
t
o
the
e
xtern
al
c
ircuit
as
in
Fi
gure
5
(
a)
bel
ow
as
i
a
,
i
b
an
d
i
c
re
pr
e
sent
current
so
urces
.
T
he
s
ys
te
m
will
fee
d
with
the
sin
usoidal
c
urre
nt
so
urce
base
d
on
the
E
qu
at
io
n
in
(
4.0
).
T
hro
ugh
t
he
Eq
uation
(
4.0),
I
max
is
ma
xim
um
al
lo
wab
le
c
urren
t
ap
plied
to
the
phase
wi
nd
i
ngs,
w
hile
c
oil
co
nduct
or
1,
2,
3
and
i
nducto
r
L
a
,
L
b
,
an
d
L
c
r
epr
ese
nts
the
c
oil
windin
gs
,
mean
wh
il
e
R
a
,
R
b
,
R
c
act
s
as
the
phase
resis
ta
nce
.
The
sc
1
a
nd
sc
2
represe
nt
as
a
pe
rma
ne
nt
mag
net.
T
he
s
olid
c
onduct
or
is
co
nnect
ed
with
a
la
rg
e
s
eries
resist
ance o
f
R
4,
R
5
and
R
6
.
T
he
ci
rcu
it
re
pr
e
s
ents
an
ed
dy
c
urr
ent
i
n
the p
e
rma
nen
t mag
ne
t
and
the p
at
te
rn
s
of
the
pe
rma
ne
nt
mag
net
a
re
e
nfor
ce
d
with
the
ze
ro
total
current
co
ns
tr
ai
nts.
T
hus,
t
he
transie
nt
to
r
qu
e
o
f
BLAC
can
be
cal
culat
ed
usi
ng
E
qu
at
io
n
(5.
0).
I
n
E
qu
at
i
on
(5.0),
T
e
is
transient
to
r
qu
e
,
e
a
,
e
b
and
e
c
is
i
nduce
d
vo
lt
age
p
e
r p
ha
se,
i
a
, i
b
, i
c
is
per p
hase c
urre
nt and
ω
m
is m
echan
ic
al
s
pee
d.
=
.
(
t
+
)
=
.
(
t
−
2
3
)
=
.
(
t
−
2
3
)
[
A]
(4)
wh
e
re
I
max
is
m
aximum
c
urre
nt
pe
r
ph
a
se,
ω
m
is
mecha
ni
cal
sp
ee
d
an
d
α
is
the
c
ontr
ol
ang
le
betwee
n
ph
ase
current c
orres
pondin
g
t
o
the
phase
of E
M
F.
The
n,
=
2
[r
a
d/s]
=
60
(
2
)
[H
z
]
=
+
+
[Nm]
(5)
R
a
R
b
R
c
L
a
L
b
L
c
C
o
i
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
a
C
o
i
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
b
C
o
i
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
s
c
1
s
c
2
R
4
R
5
R
6
i
a
i
b
i
c
Figure
5. Exte
r
nal circ
uit
co
nnect
ion f
or co
nst
ant sp
ee
d
a
na
lysis
4.
ANALY
SIS
O
N
E
MF
H
A
R
MO
NICS
AND
TO
RQUE
RIPPLES
This
sect
io
n
exp
la
ine
d
on
t
he
resu
lt
of
E
M
F
prof
il
e
an
al
ys
is,
E
M
F
ha
rm
on
ic
a
naly
sis,
transie
nt
tor
qu
e
a
nd
to
r
qu
e
rip
ples
.
Fi
gure
6
(a)
s
hows
the
E
M
F
a
nalysis
of
th
re
e
di
f
fe
ren
t
slot
-
pole
s
num
ber.
It
s
hows
that
the
EMF
prof
il
es
of
the
three
dif
fe
ren
t
co
nfi
gura
ti
on
s
are
nearl
y
the
same.
The
18
slot
20
pole
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
An
alysis o
n
E
MF ch
aract
eri
sti
cs for to
r
que
rip
ple reduct
i
on in BLAC
m
oto
r
… (
N
ur
fa
eza
h
A
bdulla
h)
2209
config
ur
at
io
ns
ha
ve
a
highe
r
bac
k
-
E
M
F
a
t
133.4
V
c
ompa
red
the
ot
her
t
wo
co
nfi
gurati
ons.
Eve
n
the
permane
nt ma
gn
et
volum
e a
nd NI is sa
me,
the E
M
F
value
for
9s
/
8p is sti
ll
the low
e
st re
su
lt
at 6
6.2
9 V.
Figure
6
(b)
s
hows
FF
T
a
na
lysis
on
E
MF
for
e
ach
m
od
el
BLAC
m
otor.
Th
e
first
num
be
r
of
harmo
nic
f
or
t
hr
ee
sl
ot
-
pole
s
is
the
fund
a
m
ental
of
harmo
nics.
T
he
hi
ghest
har
m
onic
s
EMF
is
at
2
nd
numb
e
r
happe
ned
at
18s/2
0p
BL
AC
m
oto
r
.
B
ut
duri
ng
3
rd
ha
r
monic
numb
e
r
,
the
har
m
oni
c
E
M
F
is
sta
r
ti
ng
t
o
decr
ease
.
T
he
tren
d
li
ne
of
t
he
ha
rm
onic
num
ber
for
th
re
e
models
is
sa
me
f
or
18s/2
0p
an
d
12s/1
0p.
The
increasin
g
val
ue
of
EMF
harmo
nics
c
har
act
erist
ic
ha
pp
e
ne
d
at
seco
nd
nu
mb
e
r
of
har
m
onic
s
a
nd
sta
rt
r
edu
ce
wh
il
e
thir
d
num
ber
of
harmo
nic.
W
hile
for
9s
/
8p
t
he
value
of
ha
rm
on
ic
sta
rt
t
o
inc
rease
aft
er
10
th
harmo
nic
num
ber.
Figure
6
(c
)
s
hows
the
tra
nsi
ent
to
rque
an
al
ys
is.
The
ma
ximum
t
orq
ue
f
or
1
8s/
20p,
12
s/
10p
a
nd
9s
/8
p
is
94.
2
Nm,
77.
6
N
m
an
d
44.
5
Nm,
res
pecti
vely
.
Fr
om
t
he
resu
l
t,
the
t
orq
ue
ri
pp
le
s
f
or
12s/
10p
is
higher
possibl
y
du
e
t
o
the
hi
gh
c
oggi
ng
to
rque
a
nd
co
ntr
ol
an
gle
of
t
he
phase
c
urren
t.
Othe
r
tha
n
t
ha
t,
to
reduce t
he
to
r
que
rip
ples
the
c
on
t
ro
l a
ngle
,
α
is p
os
sibl
y
c
ha
ng
e
d
t
o
im
pro
ve
the tra
ns
ie
nt torq
ue.
Figure
6
(d)
s
hows
the
F
FT
an
al
ys
is
of
tr
ansient
to
rque
f
or
dif
fer
e
nt
slot
-
pole
of
BLAC
m
oto
r
.
Ba
sed
on
t
he
grap
h,
t
he
9s/
8p
has
highest
ha
rm
on
ic
at
13
th
numb
e
r
of
harmo
nic.
F
or
12s
/8p
th
e
ha
rm
onic
is
high
at
3
rd
a
nd
9
th
num
be
r
of
harmo
nics.
T
he
oth
er
18s/2
0p
has
l
owest
value
of
ha
rm
on
ic
.
Table
3
belo
w
sh
ows
the t
orq
ue
ri
pple
s r
es
ul
t of
t
he
th
ree
m
od
el
s
. In orde
r t
o
in
dicat
e the
low
t
he
to
rque
rip
ple and
vibr
at
ion
issue, th
e E
M
F
h
arm
onic
s v
al
ue
has
t
o
be
lo
w.
F
rom the ta
ble, it shows
th
at
, th
e total
h
ar
monic of
EMF
u
sin
g
FFT
a
nal
ys
is
f
or
18s/
20p
is
0.286%
small
com
par
e
d
the
oth
e
r
t
wo
m
od
el
s.
A
s
t
he
res
ult,
the
18s/2
0p
has
lowe
r
to
r
qu
e
ri
pp
le
s
co
mp
a
re
d
th
e
oth
e
r
tw
o
m
odel
s.
Th
us,
it
can
be
c
oncl
ud
e
d
t
hat
the
EMF
harmo
ni
cs
can
be
in
dicat
or to
determi
ne
the
low to
rque
rip
pl
e in model
and eli
minate
vibrat
ion
s
issue
.
-
2
0
0
-
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
E
M
F
,
e
[
V
]
1
8
s
/
2
0
p
9
s
/
8
p
1
2
s
/
1
0
p
0
1
8
3
6
5
4
7
2
R
o
t
o
r
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
[
D
e
g
]
0
2
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
1
4
0
F
F
T
o
f
E
M
F
,
e
[
V
]
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
N
u
m
b
e
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
8
s
/
2
0
p
1
2
s
/
1
0
p
9
s
/
8
p
(a)
(b)
0
3
0
6
0
9
0
1
2
0
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
t
o
r
q
u
e
,
T
e
[
N
.
m
]
0
1
8
3
6
5
4
7
2
R
o
t
o
r
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
[
D
e
g
]
1
8
s
/
2
0
p
1
2
s
/
1
0
p
9
s
/
8
p
0
2
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
F
F
T
o
f
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
t
o
r
q
u
e
,
T
e
[
N
.
m
]
H
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
N
u
m
b
e
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
9
s
/
8
p
1
2
s
/
1
0
p
1
8
s
/
2
0
p
(c)
(d)
Figure
6. To
r
que
rip
ple an
al
ysi
s
(a)
EMF
c
har
a
ct
erist
ic
(b
)
E
MF FFT
a
nalysis
(c)
tra
ns
ie
nt
t
orqu
e
(d)
tra
ns
ie
nt
to
rque
FFT a
nalysis
Table
3.
T
orq
ue
r
ip
ples
resu
lt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
2203
–
2211
2210
Model
Units
9s/8p
12s/10p
18s/20p
FF
T
of
Tra
nsi
en
t
Torqu
e
[N.m
]
6.
2
14.
4
0.
2
Maxim
um
Torq
ue,
T
max
[N.m
]
50.
05
88.
77
96.
87
Minim
um Torqu
e,
T
min
[N.m
]
40.
84
39.
13
91.
89
Tot
al ha
r
monics
EMF
[x%]
0.
48
0.
443
0.
286
Torque
r
ippl
es
[x%]
0.
18
0.
56
0.
051
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
th
ree
m
odel
s
with
desi
gn
pa
rameters
of
oute
r
dia
mete
r,
ro
t
or
bore
diamet
er
a
nd
pe
rma
nen
t
mag
net
volu
m
e
ha
d
s
uccess
f
ully
sim
ulate
d
for
E
M
F
co
mputat
ion
us
i
ng
F
EA
a
nalysis
.
T
he
m
odel
is
a
na
lyzed
to
ev
al
uate
the
ha
rm
on
ic
on
EMF.
It
s
hows
that
18
s/
20p
has
0.0
5
lo
wes
t
tor
qu
e
ri
pp
le
s.
T
he
E
MF
c
on
ta
in
higher
harmo
ni
c
f
or
12
s/
10p
model
at
3
rd
ha
rm
on
ic
num
be
r.
I
n
co
nclu
s
io
n,
the
E
M
F
ha
rm
on
ic
cha
ract
erist
ic
amo
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
slot
-
po
le
numb
e
r
va
riat
ions
aff
ect
s
the
t
orq
ue
rip
ples
char
act
e
risti
c
fo
r
BL
AC
mo
t
or.
For
furthe
r
w
ork
,
t
he
re
su
lt
will
be
us
ed
to
st
udy
the
l
os
ses
and
ther
mal
a
nalysis
for
sim
il
ar
ap
plica
ti
on
.
As
a
con
c
l
us
io
n, thi
s r
esea
rch s
hows
e
ff
ect
sl
ot
-
po
le
num
ber to
wards
EMF
ha
rm
on
ic
for H
V
LS f
a
n
a
ppli
cat
ion
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGME
NT
The
a
uthor
s
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
t
o
t
hank
M
i
nistry
of
E
du
cat
i
on
M
al
a
ys
ia
,
Universit
i
Tek
nika
l
M
al
aysia
M
el
aka
(UTe
M
)
f
or
pro
vi
din
g
t
he
re
s
earch
gr
a
nt
s
Glua
r/SU
R
I
AG
R
ANT/
2017/FK
ECER
I
A/I00
020,
PJP/2
017/F
KE
/HI
12
/S
0153
7,
G
LU
AR/PP
RN/2
017/F
KE
-
CER
I
A/G
0005
a
nd
Jur
na
l/
20
19/F
KE/Q
00016.
Anothe
r
sp
eci
a
l
wis
h
is
to
ac
knowle
dge
the
c
on
t
rib
ution
fro
m
Alta
ir
E
ngin
eerin
g
Sdn.
B
hd
f
or
pr
ov
i
ding
the
Flux 2
D
s
oft
w
are
pack
a
ge
t
o si
mu
la
te
the
m
od
el
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
K.
Xia
,
J.
Lu
,
B
.
Dong,
and
C.
Bi,
“Ana
lysis
of
ac
oust
ic
noise
f
rom
e
le
c
tromag
net
i
c
torqu
e
r
ipp
le
for
brushless
DC m
otor,” in
2
016
Asia
-
Pa
ci
f
ic Magne
t
ic R
e
cording
Conf
ere
nce,
A
PMR
C
2016
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vol
.
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[2]
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kar
n
ai
n
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N
.
F.,
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hi
m,
T.
and
Ro
ml
i
e,
M.
F.
‘Design
and
opt
im
i
za
t
ion
of
per
ma
n
ent
m
ag
net
machin
e
for
ce
i
li
ng
f
an’
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Int
e
rnational
Conf
ere
nce on
In
te
l
li
g
e
nt
and
Adv
an
ce
d
Syste
ms
,
ICIAS
2016
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–
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[3]
N.
Abdull
ah,
R.
N.
Firdaus,
S.
F
ari
na
,
M
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Z.
Ais
hah,
F.
Azha
r
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a
nd
K.
A.
Kari
m
,
“De
sign
of
dou
ble
stat
or
slot
te
d
rotor
for
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rg
e ceili
ng
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ion,
”
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IET
Con
fe
renc
e Publ
i
cations
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2018,
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2018,
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.
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[4]
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u,
C.
‘Dev
el
o
pme
nt
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DC
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or
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cogg
i
ng
torque
for
c
ei
li
ng
fan
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Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
renc
e
on
P
ower
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troni
cs
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iv
e
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e
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K.S.
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e
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ang
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fect
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he
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of
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th
e
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stic
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ec
ha
nic
al
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e
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d
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og
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Z.
Li
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B
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“Ac
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stic
noise
of
bru
shless
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mot
ors
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ed
by
elec
tro
ma
gne
ti
c
torque
r
ippl
e
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”
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r
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B.
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ging
torqu
e
r
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ct
ion
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ceili
ng
fan
’,
in
2015
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rnational
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nfe
renc
e
on
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tric
al
Mac
hin
es
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Syste
ms
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1
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[8]
N.
Shah,
N.
Sat
haye
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A.
Phadk
e,
and
V.
Letsc
her
t,
“
Eff
i
ci
en
c
y
im
prov
ement
opportuni
ties
fo
r
c
ei
l
ing
f
ans,
”
Ene
rgy
Ef
f
ic.
,
20
14,
vol
.
8
,
no
.
1
,
pp.
37
–
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[9]
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D
.
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li
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u,
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,
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c
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at
or
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tor
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ole
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mbi
na
ti
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FS
P
M Mac
hine
Topol
ogy
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gh
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ansacti
on
on
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tics
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-
4(J
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ed
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A.,
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F.
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u
,
S.,
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ee
e,
M.
,
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N.
,
and
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ber
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S.
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ect
of
Inc
rea
sing
Pol
e
Number
on
the
Harm
onic
Cont
ent
of
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-
Gap
Flux
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vef
or
ms
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e
ct
ri
c
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n
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EE
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Z.
Q.
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and
How
e,
D.
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luence
of
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ara
m
et
ers
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ggin
g
Torqu
e
in
Perma
n
ent
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gnet
Ma
chi
nes
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ansacti
o
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rs
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12.
[12]
J.
Hur
an
d
B
.
W.
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“Ro
tor
shape
design
o
f
an
interior
PM
type
BLDC
mot
or
for
i
mpro
ving
m
ec
h
ani
c
al
vibra
ti
on
and
E
MI
cha
r
ac
t
eri
st
i
cs
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e
ct
rica
l
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n
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ring
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d
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no.
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[13]
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a
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un,
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study
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torque
red
u
ct
ion
me
th
ods
in
brushless
DC
mot
or
,
”
i
n
2012
9th
Int
ern
at
ion
al
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erence
on
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tr
ical
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ineeri
ng/
El
e
ct
roni
cs,
Co
mput
er
,
T
el
e
co
mm
unicati
o
ns
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nd
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ation
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echnology,
ECT
I
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[14]
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.
,
and
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J
.
P.
Eff
e
ct
of
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ot
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on
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and
Vibra
ti
on
in
Pe
rma
nen
t
Ma
gnet
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I
EEE
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BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Nurfae
za
h
Abdu
ll
ah
was
born
in
Kual
a
Lum
pur
.
She
had
r
ecei
v
ed
B
.
Eng
.
in
Pow
er
E
lectr
oni
cs
and
Driv
es
in
2
012
and
M.Sc
.
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
a
t
Univ
er
siti
Te
knik
al
M
al
aysi
a
Me
la
k
a.
Curre
ntl
y
,
she
is
pursu
ing
h
er
Ph
D
at
Univer
sit
i
Te
knik
al
M
al
ays
ia
Me
la
k
a.
Her
r
ese
arc
h
in
te
r
est
inc
lud
es
the fi
eld i
n
machine de
s
ign,
pho
tovol
t
aic
sys
te
m and
pow
er
e
lectr
oni
cs.
Raj
a
Nor
Firdau
s
Raj
a
Othm
an
was
born
on
02
May
1982
at
Pa
rit
Bun
ta
r
,
Per
a
k,
Mal
aysia.
He
rec
e
ive
d
B.
Eng
.
,
M.Sc.
and
Ph.D
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Po
wer
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
from
Univ
ersit
i
Putra
Mal
aysia
in
2006
,
2009
a
nd
2013,
r
espe
c
t
ive
ly
.
H
e
is
cur
r
ent
ly
associ
ate
p
rofe
ss
or
at
Fa
culty
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
U
nive
rsiti
T
ekni
k
al
Ma
la
ysi
a
M
el
ak
a.
His
rese
arc
h
intere
st
in
cl
udes
appl
i
ed
ma
gne
ti
cs,
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
l
m
ac
h
ine
s,
m
agne
t
ic
sensor
a
nd
drive
s.
Kasrul
Abdul
Kari
m
r
ecei
ved
th
e
M.Sc.
f
rom
U
nive
rsity
of
Bra
dford
and
Ph.D.
degr
ee
s
fro
m
th
e
Univer
sity
of
Notti
ngha
m,
UK
,
in
2003
and
2011,
re
spec
t
ive
ly
.
He
is
cur
ren
tl
y
associate
prof
essor
at
Fa
cul
ty
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
n
e
eri
ng,
Univer
si
ti
Te
kn
ika
l
Mal
a
ysia
Mel
aka,
D
uria
n
Tungga
l
,
Mala
ysia
.
His
r
e
sea
rch
in
te
rests
i
ncl
ude
el
e
ct
ri
cal
m
ac
hin
e
design
,
power
e
lectr
oni
cs,
and
e
le
c
tric
vehi
c
le
.
Li
m
S
eng
T
at
st
art
ed
the
c
areer
as
CAE
eng
ine
e
r
for
au
tom
ot
ive
i
ndustry.
He
is
n
ow
working
as
a
sale
s
d
ire
c
tor
of
Altair
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
in
cha
rge
of
Mal
aysia
&
Phi
li
ppine
s
.
Heha
d
c
onduct
ed
mor
e
tha
n
100
of
wor
kshops
,
training
s
&
technology
eve
nts
ac
ross
A
SEAN
reg
io
n;
with
cov
ere
d
th
e
topi
cs
ac
ross
d
i
ffe
ren
t
industr
ies
including
automoti
ve
,
a
ero
spac
e
,
ma
nuf
actur
ing,
elec
troni
cs,
appl
i
anc
e
,
def
en
se,
etc.
Now
,
he
is
cur
ren
t
ly
foc
u
sing
on
business
deve
lop
me
nt
fo
r
both
Mala
ysi
a
and
Phili
p
pine
s.
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