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n
co
m
b
in
e
w
it
h
ti
m
e
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
ep
r
ese
n
tatio
n
(
T
FR
)
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
T
FR
,
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
o
f
f
a
u
lt
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
s
u
c
h
a
s
in
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
o
f
r
m
s
cu
r
r
en
t,
r
m
s
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
av
er
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
to
tal
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
W
D)
,
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
an
d
to
tal
n
o
n
-
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
(
T
n
HD)
.
T
h
en
,
q
u
alit
ies
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
s
ar
e
f
i
g
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
w
ill
b
e
u
t
ilized
a
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
r
ec
o
g
n
it
io
n
an
d
id
e
n
ti
f
icati
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
2.
VO
L
T
A
G
E
SO
URC
E
I
N
VE
RT
E
R
(
VSI
)
SY
ST
E
M
F
AULT
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
th
e
f
a
u
lt
s
ig
n
al
o
f
VSI
is
m
o
d
elin
g
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
M
A
T
L
A
B
th
at
d
i
s
p
la
y
ed
a
s
a
p
ar
t
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
t
is
co
m
p
r
is
e
o
f
DC
s
u
p
p
l
y
o
f
5
0
V
an
d
R
L
C
cir
cu
it
as
est
i
m
a
ted
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
Si
m
u
lin
k
o
f
V
SI
co
m
p
r
is
e
o
f
g
ate
s
i
g
n
al,
p
u
l
s
e
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
m
o
d
u
le
s
,
f
au
lt
g
e
n
er
atio
n
m
o
d
u
le
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
u
n
d
er
n
ea
th
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
K1
s
h
o
w
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
an
d
K2
is
s
h
o
r
t
o
u
t
is
s
u
es.
I
m
p
ed
e
ar
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
n
o
f
o
v
er
cu
r
r
e
n
t
g
ate
cir
cu
it
d
eb
ase
m
en
t
af
f
ec
t
io
n
izatio
n
an
d
b
o
n
d
w
ir
e
b
r
e
ak
.
I
f
th
e
f
a
u
lt
is
h
ap
p
en
e
d
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill
au
to
m
at
icall
y
s
h
u
t d
o
w
n
,
w
h
il
e
th
e
o
p
en
s
h
o
r
t o
u
t
w
i
ll b
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t a
b
o
u
t th
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
d
eg
r
ad
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
(
VSI
)
3.
T
I
M
E
F
RE
Q
UE
NCY
ANA
L
YS
I
S T
E
CH
N
I
Q
UE
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
in
to
ti
m
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
r
ep
r
esen
ted
f
r
o
m
T
im
e
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
R
ep
r
esen
ted
(
T
FR
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
T
im
e
Fr
eq
u
en
c
y
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
T
FDs
)
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
e
w
ti
m
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
w
h
ich
is
w
a
v
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
,
s
p
ec
tr
o
g
r
a
m
,
S
-
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
,
s
h
o
r
t
t
i
m
e
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
ST
FT
)
an
d
Gab
o
r
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
[
6
]
-
[
7
]
.
3
.
1
.
T
i
m
e
F
re
q
uency
Dis
t
rib
utio
n
T
im
e
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
(
T
FDs
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
u
ch
as
Sh
o
r
t
T
im
e
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
(
ST
FT)
an
d
S
-
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
s
a
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
t
o
o
l
to
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
a
s
i
g
n
al
i
n
b
o
th
ti
m
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
[
8
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
T
FR
,
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
T
FDs
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
an
a
l
y
ze
s
w
itc
h
es
f
au
lt
s
s
i
g
n
al
s
t
h
a
t
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
n
o
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
ST
FT
)
an
d
S
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
f
a
m
o
u
s
o
r
f
a
m
iliar
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
an
d
o
f
te
n
u
s
ed
i
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
u
c
h
a
s
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
,
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
an
d
ac
o
u
s
tic.
Fro
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
n
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f Lin
e
a
r
Time
F
r
eq
u
en
cy
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
A
n
a
ly
s
is
fo
r
V
S
I
S
w
itch
F
a
u
lts
....
(
M.
F
.
Ha
b
b
a
n
)
3
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
est
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
ST
FT
)
an
d
w
a
v
el
et
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
W
T
)
[
5
]
th
e
S
-
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
s
cr
ea
ted
.
S
-
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
h
as
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
ti
m
e
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
o
m
ai
n
an
d
co
m
p
letel
y
r
ef
er
s
to
p
h
ase
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
t
h
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
it
o
f
f
er
m
u
lti
-
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
an
al
y
s
is
w
h
ile
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
p
h
ase
o
f
ea
c
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
ST
FT
s
ig
n
al
i
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
e
v
er
al
m
i
n
o
r
s
eg
m
e
n
ts
ca
lled
win
d
o
w
a
n
d
it
is
as
s
u
m
ed
as
s
ta
tio
n
ar
y
i
n
th
ese
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ic
h
o
b
tain
ed
lo
ca
lizati
o
n
o
f
Fo
u
r
ier
a
n
al
y
s
is
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
b
y
s
elec
ti
n
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
esir
ed
w
i
n
d
o
w
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
s
i
n
v
er
s
e
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
w
it
h
ti
m
e
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
b
u
t n
o
t
f
o
r
s
ize
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
.
T
h
e
ST
F
T
o
f
a
s
ig
n
al
x
(
t)
,
is
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
e
as:
(
t,
f
)
=
∫
(
)
(
)
(
1
)
S
-
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
cr
ea
t
e
f
r
o
m
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
ST
FT
an
d
w
a
v
elet
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
[
6
]
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
li
m
i
tatio
n
o
f
ST
FT
.
I
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
ti
m
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
a
ti
m
e
s
er
ies
s
ig
n
al
b
y
u
n
iq
u
el
y
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
-
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
eso
lu
tio
n
t
h
at
s
i
m
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
l
y
lo
ca
lize
s
th
e
r
ea
l
an
d
im
ag
in
ar
y
s
p
ec
tr
a.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
v
ie
w
ed
a
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
ST
FT
o
r
p
h
ase
co
r
r
ec
ted
W
av
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
S
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
is
t
h
at
it
o
f
f
er
s
m
u
l
ti
-
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
w
h
ile
m
ain
tai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
p
h
a
s
e
ea
ch
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
I
t
also
h
as
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
d
etec
t
th
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
o
f
n
o
is
e
w
h
ic
h
is
v
er
y
f
a
m
o
u
s
in
d
etec
tin
g
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
S
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
is
d
e
f
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
[
8
]
.
S
x
(
t,f)
=
∫
(
)
(
)
-
j2πf
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
v
(
t)
is
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
a
n
d
g
is
a
w
in
d
o
w
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
W
in
d
o
w
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
s
a
m
o
d
u
lated
Ga
u
s
s
ian
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
:
g
(
)
=
(
)
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
ti
m
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
f
d
ef
i
n
ed
as:
(
f
)
=
(
4
)
3
.
2
.
Sig
na
l P
a
ra
m
et
er
T
h
e
s
ig
n
a
l
p
ar
a
m
eter
ar
e
est
i
m
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ca
lcu
lated
T
FR
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
t
h
at
li
s
t
as
in
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
R
MS
c
u
r
r
en
t,
I
rm
s
(
t)
in
s
tan
ta
n
eo
u
s
av
er
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
I
avg
(
t)
,
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
R
MS
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
cu
r
r
en
t,
I
1r
m
s
(
t)
,
i
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
to
tal
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
d
i
s
to
r
t
io
n
,
T
W
D(
t)
in
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
to
tal
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
T
HD(
t)
,
an
d
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
t
o
tal
n
o
n
-
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
T
n
HD(
t)
.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
d
etails
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
p
ar
am
eter
as
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
3
.
3
.
Sig
na
l C
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ic
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
p
r
es
en
t
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
an
d
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
i
n
p
u
t
f
o
r
b
ase
r
u
le
b
ase
class
i
f
ier
to
cla
s
s
i
f
y
an
d
id
en
ti
f
y
s
w
itc
h
es
f
a
u
lt
s
s
i
g
n
a
ls
.
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
in
s
ta
n
tan
eo
u
s
R
MS
c
u
r
r
en
t,
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
R
M
S
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ca
n
b
e
esti
m
ated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
(
5
)
.
W
h
ile
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
s
w
it
c
h
es
f
au
lt,
T
d,
fault
,
ca
n
b
e
id
en
ti
f
ied
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
s
tan
ta
n
e
o
u
s
to
tal
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
T
W
D(
t)
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
eq
u
ati
o
n
(
7
)
w
h
er
e
T
W
D
thres
fault
,
is
th
e
to
tal
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
d
is
to
r
tio
n
th
r
es
h
o
ld
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
es f
a
u
lts
.
I
rm
s,
m
ean
=
∫
rm
s
(
t)
d
t
(
5
)
I
rm
s,
m
ean
=
∫
av
e
(
t)
d
t
(
6
)
T
d,
fault
=
∫
*
1
,
f
o
r
T
W
D
(
t)
≥
TW
D
thres,
fault
(
7
)
0,
x
≥
elsewh
ere
W
h
er
e
T
W
D
t
h
r
es
f
a
u
lt i
s
th
e
t
o
tal
w
a
v
ef
o
r
m
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
es
f
au
l
t a
n
d
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
is
s
et
at
0
.
0
5
o
r
5
% b
ased
o
n
an
al
y
s
is
m
a
d
e
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
i
g
n
a
l a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
7
:
1
–
9
4
T
ab
le
1
.
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
m
a
d
e
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
s
i
g
n
al
Ty
p
e
O
f
F
a
u
l
t
S
w
i
t
c
h
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
T
h
r
e
sh
o
l
d
S
h
o
r
t
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
3
.
9
%
4
.
0
%
4
.
8
%
4
.
6
%
4
.
1
%
4
.
9
%
O
p
e
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
4
.
6
%
3
.
8
%
4
.
1
%
4
.
2
%
3
.
5
%
4
.
5
%
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
s
u
ch
a
s
w
av
e
f
o
r
m
d
is
t
o
r
tio
n
,
th
e
in
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
i
n
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
to
t
al
n
o
n
-
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
i
s
to
r
tio
n
is
a
n
al
y
ze
d
a
n
d
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
m
ea
n
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
is
eq
u
atio
n
:
THD
m
ean
=
∫
THD
(
t)
d
t
(
8
)
Tn
HD
m
ean
=
∫
TnHD
(
t)
d
t
(
9
)
T
W
D
m
ean
=
∫
TWD
(
t)
d
t
(
1
0
)
3
.
4
.
Sw
it
ch
F
a
ult
Cla
s
s
if
ica
t
io
n Sy
s
t
e
m
I
n
th
i
s
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
s
i
n
ce
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
o
o
d
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
es
f
a
u
lt
s
ig
n
al,
t
h
e
r
u
le
-
b
ased
is
s
u
itab
le
to
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
c
la
s
s
i
f
icatio
n
.
T
o
an
al
y
ze
a
n
d
cl
ass
i
f
y
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
f
au
lt b
ased
o
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
s
i
g
n
a
l th
e
p
s
e
u
d
o
co
d
e
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
[
z]
=r
u
le
-
b
ased
clas
s
i
f
ier
(
T
d,
fault,
I
ave,
mean,
I
rms
,
mean,
T
HD
ave,
mean,
Tn
HD
ave,
mean,
TWD
a
ve,
mean
)
I
f
(
0
1
1
0
1
1
)
z=
Op
en
: S1
else if
(
1
0
0
1
1
1
)
z=
Sh
o
r
t :
S1
else if
(
1
0
0
0
1
1
)
z=
Op
en
: S2
else if
(
0
1
1
1
1
1
)
z=
Sh
o
r
t :
S2
else if
(
1
0
1
1
0
1
)
z=
Op
en
: S3
else if
(
0
1
0
0
1
0
)
z=
Sh
o
r
t :
S3
else if
(
0
1
0
1
0
1
)
z=
Op
en
: S4
else if
(
1
0
1
0
1
0
)
z=
Sh
o
r
t :
S4
else if
(
1
1
0
1
1
0
)
z=
Op
en
: S5
else if
(
0
0
1
0
1
1
)
z=
Sh
o
r
t :
S5
else if
(
0
0
1
1
1
0
)
z=
Op
en
: S6
else if
(
1
1
0
0
1
1
)
z=
Sh
o
r
t :
S6
3
.
5
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
M
ea
s
ure
m
ent
T
i
m
e
F
re
q
uency
Dis
t
rib
utio
n
T
h
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
b
o
th
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
h
ich
is
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e
Fo
u
r
ier
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
(
ST
FT
)
an
d
S
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
is
a
n
al
y
ze
b
y
u
s
in
g
m
ea
n
ab
s
o
l
u
te
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
er
r
o
r
(
MA
P
E
)
.
T
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
n
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f Lin
e
a
r
Time
F
r
eq
u
en
cy
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
A
n
a
ly
s
is
fo
r
V
S
I
S
w
itch
F
a
u
lts
....
(
M.
F
.
Ha
b
b
a
n
)
5
o
f
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
an
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
s
ize.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
i
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
i
f
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
M
A
P
E
g
et
is
s
m
all.
T
h
i
s
an
al
y
s
is
h
a
v
e
alr
ea
d
y
test
ed
i
n
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
M
A
P
E
ca
n
d
escr
ib
e
as:
MAP
E
=
∑
|
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
ANA
L
YS
I
S
I
n
th
is
s
ec
t
io
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
f
a
u
lt
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
T
FD
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
ST
FT
an
d
S
-
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
.
Fro
m
ti
m
e
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
T
FD)
th
e
d
etails
ar
e
e
x
tr
ac
ted
in
ter
m
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
a
n
d
s
p
ec
tr
al.
T
h
e
in
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
R
M
S
cu
r
r
en
t
,
in
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
a
v
er
ag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t,
in
s
ta
n
tan
eo
u
s
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
R
M
S
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
i
n
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
T
W
D,
in
s
tan
ta
n
eo
u
s
T
HD
an
d
in
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
T
n
HD
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
p
ar
am
eter
t
h
at
an
a
l
y
ze
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt c
a
n
b
e
w
h
et
h
er
n
e
g
ati
v
e
o
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
alu
e
r
el
y
o
n
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt s
w
i
tch
.
4
.
1
.
Sh
o
rt
T
i
m
e
F
o
urier
T
ra
ns
f
o
r
m
(
S
T
F
T
)
4
.
1
.
1
.
Sh
o
rt
Circ
uit
S
w
it
ches F
a
ults f
o
r
VSI
(
Upper
F
a
ult)
Fig
u
r
e
2
a
h
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
s
o
cc
u
r
at
p
h
a
s
e
a
as
i
n
d
icate
d
in
r
ed
co
lo
r
.
T
h
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
o
f
s
ig
n
al
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
.
5
A
t
o
0
A
f
o
r
f
a
u
lt
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
6
0
m
s
s
tar
ti
n
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
to
2
6
0
m
s
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
d
,
f
o
r
b
o
th
ca
s
es,
th
e
T
FR
p
r
esen
t
th
at
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
6
0
Hz
ap
p
ea
r
alo
n
g
o
f
ti
m
e
ax
is
b
u
t,
D
C
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
ex
i
s
t
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
0
to
2
6
0
m
s
ti
m
e
i
n
te
r
v
al
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
s
s
u
p
p
r
e
s
s
to
0
Hz
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
b
.
B
lu
e
co
lo
r
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
lo
w
es
t
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
w
h
ile
t
h
e
r
ed
co
lo
r
r
ep
r
esen
t
as
h
i
g
h
est
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
w
h
i
ch
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
co
n
to
u
r
p
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ts
.
As
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
,
th
e
R
M
S
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
o
u
t,
ab
r
u
p
tl
y
,
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
to
1
.
3
A
f
r
o
m
it
s
o
s
ten
s
ib
le
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
1
.
1
7
A
,
w
h
ile
R
M
S
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
cu
r
r
en
t
t
h
e
n
a
g
ain
tu
m
b
les
to
0
.
7
5
A
f
o
r
len
g
t
h
o
f
6
0
m
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
tr
ad
e
m
ar
k
w
it
h
n
o
r
m
al
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r
r
en
t
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
s
i
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n
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l
i
s
f
alli
n
g
f
r
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m
0
A
to
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1
.
1
A
as
th
e
f
a
u
lt
s
ig
n
al
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x
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t
s
j
u
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
c
y
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le.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
to
tal
n
o
n
-
h
ar
m
o
n
i
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[1
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F
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W
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[2
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v
e
rters
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
Ap
p
l
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
45
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
0
–
1
7
7
7
,
2
0
0
9
.
[5
]
M
.
A
.
M
a
sru
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
telli
g
e
n
t
d
iag
n
o
sis
o
f
o
p
e
n
a
n
d
sh
o
r
t
c
ircu
it
f
a
u
lt
s
in
e
lec
tri
c
d
riv
e
in
v
e
rters
f
o
r
re
a
lt
ime
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IET
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
9
–
2
9
1
,
2
0
1
0
.
[6
]
R.
G
.
S
to
c
k
w
e
ll
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
o
c
a
li
z
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ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
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c
tru
m
:
th
e
S
tran
sf
o
rm
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ig
n
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l
Pro
c
e
ss
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EE
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ti
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n
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o
n
,
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o
l
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ss
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e
:
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p
.
9
9
8
-
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0
0
1
,
1
9
9
6
.
[7
]
L
.
Bin
a
n
d
S
.
K.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
“
A
li
tera
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re
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v
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w
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GBT
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u
lt
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stic
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n
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ro
tec
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th
o
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s
f
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r
p
o
w
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e
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E
T
ra
n
s.
I
n
d
.
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l
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,
v
o
l
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ss
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e
:
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,
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p
.
1
7
7
0
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7
,
2
0
0
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.
[8
]
N.
Ro
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a
n
d
K.
Bh
a
tt
a
c
h
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r
y
a
,
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n
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la
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1
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l
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y
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p
p
.
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-
115
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2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
H.
J.
Bo
ll
e
n
a
n
d
Y.
H.
G
u
,
“
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
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o
f
P
o
w
e
r
Qu
a
li
ty
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rb
a
n
c
e
s
,
”
W
il
e
y
-
In
ters
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
2006
.
[1
0
]
Y.
H.
W
a
n
g
,
“
T
h
e
T
u
to
rial:
S
-
tran
sf
o
rm
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Na
ti
o
n
a
l
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a
iwa
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iv
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rsity
,
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ip
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i
w
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n
,
ROC,
T
a
i
w
a
n
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
1
]
H.
F
ra
n
z
a
n
d
A
.
F
ra
n
c
o
is,
“
T
im
e
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis: co
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c
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p
t
a
n
d
M
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th
o
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s
,”
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il
e
y
-
6
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2
0
0
8
.
[1
2
]
G
irau
lt
J
.
M
.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Esti
m
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ti
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e
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lo
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d
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ler
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y
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if
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v
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r
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g
p
a
ra
m
e
tri
c
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,”
Ultra
so
n
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,
vol
.
38
,
p
p
.
6
8
2
-
6
8
7
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
3
]
A
.
R.
A
b
d
u
ll
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h
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n
d
A
.
Z.
S
h
a
’m
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ri,
“
Po
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L
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r
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ime
Fre
q
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e
n
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ti
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n
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2
nd
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tern
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l
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r
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rg
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n
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p
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r
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.