Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
1
,
M
a
r 202
1
, p
p.
364
~
373
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v12.i
1
.
pp
3
64
-
3
73
364
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Des
i
gn a
nd
p
erf
orma
nce
e
val
ua
ti
on of
a PV inte
rface
system
based o
n
i
nducti
ve
p
owe
r
t
ransfe
r
Ah
med
Ra
gab
,
M
osta
f
a
I.
Marei
,
Moham
e
d Mok
htar,
Ahmed
Ab
dels
att
ar
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Pow
er
and
Ma
chi
n
e
D
epa
rt
me
nt
,
Ain
Shams
Univer
si
ty
,
Ca
iro,
Egypt
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
15
, 2
0
20
Re
vised
J
an
5
, 20
2
1
Accepte
d
Ja
n 2
7
, 2
0
2
1
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
ese
nts
a
photovo
ltaic
(PV
)
base
d
bat
t
ery
cha
rg
er
uti
lizing
a
wire
le
ss
power
t
ran
sfer
(
WPT)
i
nte
rfa
ce
sys
te
m.
The
double
-
sid
ed
indu
ct
or
–
ca
pa
ci
tor
–
ca
p
ac
i
tor
(LCC)
com
p
ensa
ti
on
ne
twork
is
u
ti
l
iz
ed
for
t
he
indu
ctiv
e
power
tra
nsf
er
(
IPT)
sys
te
m.
Be
ca
use
of
nonl
inear
ch
aract
e
ristics
of
th
e
PV
,
the
ma
x
im
um
p
ower
poin
t
trac
king
(MP
PT)
is
a
chieve
d
by
co
ntrol
li
ng
the
phase
displ
ac
e
me
nt
angle
or
the
puls
e
width
of
th
e
quasi
-
s
quar
e
pu
ls
e
inve
rt
er
conne
c
t
ed
to
th
e
tra
nsmi
tt
ing
coil
of
th
e
IPT
sys
te
m.
As
a
resul
t,
th
e
power
tra
nsferr
e
d
to
th
e
sec
ond
ary
-
side,
which
is
connect
e
d
t
o
a
ba
tt
ery
bank,
is
reg
ul
at
e
d.
Th
e
IPT
-
base
d
PV
i
nte
rfa
ce
sys
te
m
is
d
esigned
to
a
chi
ev
e
ze
ro
vo
lt
ag
e
sw
it
chi
ng
(ZVS)
i
n
the
primary
s
ide
at
r
ated
co
ndit
ions
to
mi
nimize
th
e
s
witc
hing
loss.
Ext
ensiv
e
simul
at
ion
stud
ie
s
ar
e
c
arr
ie
d
out
using
EMTDC/PS
CA
D
software
to
inv
esti
g
at
e
the
dyna
mi
c
per
forma
nc
e
o
f
th
e
proposed
IP
T
-
base
d
PV
int
e
rfa
ce
sys
te
m
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Double
-
s
ided L
CC
com
pensati
on
M
PP
T c
on
t
ro
l
PV
Wireless
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
Z
ero v
oltage
s
witc
hing
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ahmed
Raga
b
Dep
a
rtme
nt
of
Ele
ct
rical
Pow
er a
nd M
ac
hine
s
Ain Sha
ms
U
ni
ver
sit
y
Ca
iro,
Eg
ypt
Emai
l:
ahme
d.raga
b.mo
hame
d.
lot
fy@gmai
l.
com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Wireless
powe
r
tra
ns
f
er
(
WPT
)
is
t
he
operat
ion
of
tra
nsfer
r
ing
pow
e
r
fro
m
ci
rc
uit
to
a
nothe
r
without
passing
th
rou
gh
an
y
c
onduct
ive
el
ements
connecti
ng
the
m.
This
te
c
hnology
of
WPT
is
widely
use
d
i
n
bio
me
dical
im
plants
(se
ver
al
watt
s)
,
el
ect
r
ic
al
veh
ic
le
c
harger
(
seve
ra
l
kilo
watt
s),
a
nd
rail
wa
y
ve
hicle
s
(sev
e
ral
me
ga
watt
s)
with
hi
gh
ef
fici
enc
y
i
n
s
om
e
prot
ot
yp
e
s
ys
te
ms
[
1
]
-
[
8].
M
a
ny
s
c
hemes
f
or
W
PT
hav
e
been
pr
ov
i
ded
su
c
h
as
ca
pac
it
ive,
in
du
ct
iv
e,
micr
owave
,
an
d
la
se
r.
Ind
uctive
P
ower
Transfe
r
(
IP
T
)
is
the
more
popula
r
and
widel
y
stu
died
in
t
he
la
st
two
deca
des.
The
I
PT
syst
em
co
ntains
a
n
ai
r
cor
e
tr
ans
f
orm
e
r
with leaka
ge
r
e
act
ance c
omp
e
ns
at
io
n netw
ork by usi
ng ca
pa
ci
ta
nces.
The
t
ransmi
tt
ing
a
nd
recei
vi
ng
c
oils
de
sig
n
is
great
ly
im
portant
to
over
come
the
smal
le
r
va
lues
of
couplin
g
c
oe
ff
i
ci
ent
K
wh
ic
h
is
in
t
he
ra
ng
e
(5
%
–
30%).
It
dep
e
nds
on
t
he
ga
p
bet
ween
t
he
c
oils,
al
ignment,
and
siz
e
of
p
ri
mar
y
an
d
sec
onda
r
y
coils
[
9
]
,
[
10]
.
As
a res
ult,
the
m
utu
al
inductance b
et
ween
t
he
tw
o
pri
mar
y
and
sec
onda
ry
coils
is
very
s
mall
but
the
le
akag
e
in
duct
an
ce
is
la
r
ge
[
11]
.
T
her
e
f
or
e,
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
t
opol
ogy
is
neces
sar
y
t
o
fa
ding
the
le
akag
e
in
duct
anc
e.
M
a
ny
c
omp
ensati
on
ci
rcu
i
ts
ha
ve
bee
n
impleme
nted
to
both
the
pri
ma
ry
an
d
sec
onda
ry
of
the
tra
nsfo
rme
r.
Lit
erat
ur
e
de
scribes
f
our
ba
sic
topolo
gies
f
or
the
c
onnecti
on
of
the compe
ns
at
i
ng capacit
or to
the tra
ns
f
orme
r
w
hich
are
se
r
ie
s
-
series
(S
S
), series
-
par
a
ll
el
(S
P
),
par
al
le
l
-
s
eries
(P
S
),
a
nd
pa
rall
el
-
par
al
le
l
(P
P
)
[
12
]
-
[
14].
S
ome
oth
e
r
s
uper
ior
to
polo
gies
hav
e
bee
n
pro
po
s
ed
i
n
[
15
]
,
[
16]
.
The
imp
ort
ant
aspect
i
n
a
wir
el
ess
c
hargin
g
sy
ste
m
is
t
he
c
ompen
sat
ion
c
ircuit
to
polo
gy
as
it
inc
reases
the
abili
ty
of
p
ow
er
tra
ns
fe
r,
LC
C
com
pe
ns
at
io
n
ci
rc
uit
hel
ps
achieve
unit
y
powe
r
fact
or
s
for
bo
t
h
the
pr
imary
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd p
e
rforma
nce ev
alu
atio
n of
a
P
V
interf
ace syste
m b
as
e
d o
n
i
nductiv
e power
...
(A
hm
e
d Ra
ga
b)
365
side and sec
ondary
-
side,
mini
mize
s the VA
r
at
ing
of the p
ower s
ource
[17
],
a
nd
ca
n
ac
hieve
s
of
t swit
c
hi
ng
of
the po
wer el
ect
ronics
dev
ic
es
[18
]
,
[
19]
.
The
double
-
sid
ed
LCC
co
mpe
ns
at
io
n
net
work
is
on
e
of
t
he
mo
st
ef
fici
ent
topolo
gies
pr
ese
nted
i
n
li
te
ratur
e.
It
is
forme
d
by
i
ns
e
rting
one
in
duc
tor
a
nd
tw
o
ca
pacit
or
s
bet
we
en
eac
h
c
onvert
er
an
d
it
s
a
ss
oc
ia
te
d
coil,
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
1.
Ther
e
are
t
hr
e
e
ad
van
ta
ge
s
f
or
t
he
LCC
c
ompen
sat
ed
c
onve
rter
at
r
es
on
a
nt
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y.
Fir
st,
reacti
ve
po
wer
in
t
he
sec
onda
ry
side
ca
n
be
c
ompe
nsa
te
d
to
f
orm
a
unit
y
powe
r
f
act
or
pick
up
[
1
7
];
seco
nd,
the
si
ze
an
d
co
st
of
the
a
ddit
iona
l
inducto
r
ar
e
reduce
d
c
ompa
red
t
o
the
LCL
com
pens
at
ed
conve
rter
[
20
]
;
third
,
tu
ning
the
par
amet
e
rs
of
LCC
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
ne
tworks
re
nd
e
r
s
the
conve
rters
of the
IP
T
sy
ste
m
to ope
rate at
ze
ro cu
rr
e
nt s
witc
hing
(ZCS) [
1
8
]
.
Usu
al
l
y,
res
on
ant
fr
e
quenc
y
of
the
IP
T
s
yst
em
c
hanges
wh
e
n
the
c
oupling
sta
tu
s
c
hanges
[
21
]
.
Ther
e
a
re
t
wo
meth
ods
to
mainta
in
the
r
eso
nan
ce:
f
requen
c
y
co
ntr
ol
and
im
pedanc
e
matc
hing
[
22
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
In
[
22
],
the
phase
loc
ked
lo
op
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
a
re
us
e
d
to
ac
hieve
res
on
a
nt
frequ
e
nc
y.
I
n
S
S
str
uctu
re,
a
t
un
i
ng
ci
rcu
it
is
us
e
d
for
matc
hing
be
tween
re
s
ona
nt
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
of
th
e
resonat
or
pair
to
t
hat
of
t
he
powe
r
sup
pl
y
a
nd
hen
ce
,
inc
rease
eff
ic
ie
nc
y.
Si
mil
arly,
a
n
aut
om
at
ed
i
mp
e
da
nce
matc
hing
(IM)
s
ys
te
m
is
us
ed
i
n
[
24
].
Fo
r
t
he
SS
str
uct
ur
e,
wh
e
n
ad
ding
c
apacit
or,
t
he
re
so
na
nt
fr
e
quen
cy
ca
n
be
achi
eved
d
ue
to
th
e
tu
ning
betwe
en
t
he
capaci
tor
a
nd
coil
sel
f
-
in
duct
ance
[
2
6
].
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
res
on
a
nt
f
reque
nc
y
is
f
ully
in
de
pende
nt
on
the
load
and
al
s
o
c
oupl
ing
co
ndit
ion
(
distance,
al
ig
nme
nt,
siz
e
of
t
he
c
oils).
In
th
e
ot
her
hand,
t
he
pri
mar
y
cu
r
ren
t
is
dep
e
n
den
t
on l
oad an
d
c
oupli
ng con
diti
on
.
I
n order
to
main
ta
in primar
y
c
urre
nt,
a
dd
it
io
na
l ph
as
e s
hift or
duty
rati
o
c
on
tr
ol
i
s
us
e
d.
As
a
r
esult,
the
co
m
plexity
le
vel
of
the
co
ntr
ol
s
ys
te
m
is
i
ncr
e
ased
a
nd
the
re
is
a
po
s
sibil
it
y
for
a
ci
rc
ulati
ng
c
urren
t
a
nd
l
os
i
ng
s
of
t
s
witc
hin
g.
More
over
,
on
e
of
the
be
ne
fits
of
mai
ntaining
pr
ima
ry
c
oil
c
urren
t
co
ns
ta
nt
is
sim
plici
ty
of
maki
ng
the
c
oil
to
ope
rate
a
t
it
s
rate
d
c
ondi
ti
on
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
t
he
pr
ima
ry
c
oil
side
powe
r
is
ea
sil
y
co
ntr
olled.
I
n
[27],
a
W
P
T
co
nverter
is
pro
po
se
d
f
or
P
V
inte
rf
aci
ng
s
ys
te
m.
The
c
ompe
ns
at
ion
ci
rcu
it
c
onsist
s o
f
LC circ
uits o
n b
oth
t
he
primar
y
a
nd
seco
nd
a
ry side
s.
T
his
pap
e
r
pr
e
sents
the
desi
gn
a
nd
anal
ys
is
of
a
propose
d
phot
ovoltai
c
(
PV
)
ba
sed
batt
ery
c
ha
rg
e
r
util
iz
ing
the
IPT
sy
ste
m
.
Yet,
t
he
a
nalysis
a
nd
desi
gn
of
double
-
si
ded
L
CC
com
pensat
ion
pa
rameters
for
IP
T
are
base
d
on
s
qu
a
re
-
wa
ve
in
ver
te
r
[
9
-
10].
I
n
this
pa
pe
r,
th
e
pu
lse
widt
h
of
t
he
in
ver
te
r
is
con
tr
olled
t
o
track
maxim
um
po
w
er
po
i
nt
(
MPP
)
of
a
PV
ar
ra
y.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly,
the
volt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
of
the
i
nv
e
rter
bec
om
es
qu
a
si
-
s
qu
a
re
.
The
do
ub
le
-
sided
LCC
c
ompen
sat
ion
par
a
mete
rs
are
des
ign
e
d
f
or
the
pro
po
se
d
s
ys
te
m.
The
resona
nt
fr
e
quency
of
LCC
c
ompen
sat
ion
ne
twork
is
fu
ll
y
in
dep
e
ndent
f
r
om
the
loa
d
a
nd
c
ouplin
g
c
on
diti
on
(d
ist
ance
,
al
ig
nm
e
nt
an
d
siz
e
of
the
c
oils).
A
pa
rameter
t
un
i
ng
meth
od
is
pr
ese
nted
to
achieve
ze
ro
vo
lt
ag
e
switc
hing
(
ZV
S)
f
or
MOSF
ETs
in
the
pr
i
mar
y
side
to
minimi
ze
the
switc
hing
los
s.
Con
se
quently
,
hig
h
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
ca
n
be
easi
ly
ac
hie
ved
f
or
t
h
e
I
P
T
sy
ste
m
.
T
his
meth
od
is
more
ef
fecti
ve
f
or
the
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
chargin
g
a
pp
li
cat
ion
w
he
re
the
co
upli
ng
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
is
va
r
ying.
E
xtensi
ve
simulat
ion
st
ud
ie
s
a
re
car
ried
out
us
in
g
E
M
T
DC
/PSC
AD s
of
tw
are to
ev
al
uate
the dy
namic
pe
rformance
of t
he pr
opos
e
d
syst
em.
The
pap
e
r
is
orga
nized
as
fo
ll
ows.
Sect
ion
I
I
prese
nts
the
an
al
ys
is
of
t
he
double
-
side
d
LCC
com
pensat
ion
netw
ork
-
base
d
IP
T
s
ys
te
m
a
nd
a
t
un
i
ng
m
et
hod
to
re
al
iz
e
ZVS
.
The
de
sign
of
t
he
IPT
-
ba
sed
PV
inte
rf
ace
s
ys
te
m
is
e
xp
la
ined
i
n
Sect
io
n
I
II.
Sim
u
la
ti
on
res
ults
are
dem
onstrat
ed
i
n
Sect
io
n
I
V.
Finall
y,
Sect
ion
V
I
c
oncl
ud
es
the
pa
pe
r.
Figure
1. D
oubl
e
-
sided
LCC
c
ompen
sat
ion t
opol
ogy
-
base
d I
PT s
ys
te
m
2.
ANALY
SIS
O
F THE L
C
C CO
MPEN
SAT
ION
NETW
ORK
The
IPT
s
ys
te
m
base
d
on
doub
le
-
side
d
LCC
co
mp
e
ns
at
io
n
netw
ork
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
1.
T
he
D
C
input,
f
r
om
t
he
PV
a
rray
,
is
tr
ansfo
rme
d
to
a
high
fr
e
quenc
y
s
qu
a
re
wa
ve
by
a
f
ull
-
br
id
ge
inv
e
rter,
w
hi
ch
is
forme
d
by
MOSFE
T
s
witc
hes
S
1
t
o
S4.
At
the
sec
ondary
-
side,
diode
recti
fier
is
use
d
to
c
onve
rt
high
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
364
–
373
366
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
AC
wav
e
t
o
DC
again.
1
and
2
are
the
sel
f
-
in
du
ct
a
nces
of
t
he
pri
mar
y
(tr
ansmitt
ing)
an
d
seco
nd
a
ry
(
rec
ei
vin
g)
c
oils,
r
especti
vely
.
M
is
the
m
utu
al
i
nductance
bet
ween
the
t
wo
c
oils.
1
,
1
,
a
nd
1
are
the
tra
ns
m
it
ti
ng
side
co
mp
e
ns
at
io
n
ne
twork
.
2
and
2
and
2
are
the
rece
iving
si
de
co
mp
e
ns
at
io
n
com
pone
nts,
r
especti
vely
.
O
n
the
pri
mar
y
side,
1
,
1
,
1
,
an
d
1
con
sti
tute
t
he
pr
ima
r
y
side
resona
n
t
ci
rcu
it
.
Her
e
,
is
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
from
th
e
inv
e
rter
sta
ge
,
an
d
is
the
i
nput
vo
lt
ag
e
t
o
the
recti
fier
.
1
,
2
,
1
and
2
are the
c
ur
ren
ts
of
1
,
2
,
1
, and
2
, respecti
vel
y.
To
sim
plif
y
th
e
analy
sis,
th
e
inducto
rs
a
nd
capaci
tor
are
a
ssu
me
d
i
deal.
The
e
quivale
nt
ci
rcu
it
of
the
IP
T
s
ys
te
m
re
f
er
r
ed
to
pri
mar
y
side
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
2.
The
t
urns
rati
o
betwee
n
se
co
nd
a
r
y
a
nd
pri
mar
y
is
def
i
ned as
(1)
:
=
√
2
1
⁄
(1)
Figure
2. Eq
ui
valent circ
uit o
f
the
do
ub
le
-
sided
LCC
c
omp
ensati
on
netw
ork
r
e
ferred
to
t
he prima
ry sid
e
The mut
ual and
le
aka
ge
i
nduc
ta
nces are
give
n by
(
2)
:
=
.
1
1
=
(
1
−
)
.
1
(
2)
′
2
=
(
1
−
)
.
2
2
At
res
onant,
th
e
volt
age
an
d
current
I
Lf1
are
in
phase.
To
r
eal
iz
e
a
co
ns
ta
nt
res
onant
f
re
qu
e
nc
y,
, th
e
pa
rameter
s of the
LCC
ne
twork
are desi
gn
e
d
acc
ordi
ng to
(3)
[9]
1
1
=
2
2
=
(
1
−
1
)
1
=
(
2
−
2
)
2
=
1
2
(
3
)
It
is
note
w
or
th
y
that
is
ind
e
pe
nd
e
nt
of
c
oupl
ing
c
oeffici
ent
K
and
l
oa
d
co
nd
it
io
n.
At
the
resona
nt
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y,
t
he powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r t
hroug
h
the
do
ub
le
-
side
d
LC
C netw
ork
ca
n be calc
ulate
d
f
rom
(4)
[9]
=
.
1
=
√
1
2
1
2
.
.
.
(4)
wh
e
re
V
XY
a
nd
V
xy
are
the
f
unda
mental
c
omp
on
e
nt
r
ms
va
lues
of
the
in
pu
t
a
nd
outp
ut
volt
ages,
res
pe
ct
ively.
As
s
how
n,
t
he
trans
fer
powe
r
is
pro
portio
na
l
to
the
i
nput
volt
age
V
XY
,
co
upli
ng
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
k
,
a
nd
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
Vxy
. Hence,
t
he
ou
t
put
power
can
be
con
t
ro
ll
ed
b
y
a
dd
i
ng
buc
k
or b
oost
c
onve
rter
at
the p
rim
ar
y
sid
e
befor
e
in
ver
te
r
or at the
seco
ndar
y
si
de
a
fter
recti
fier.
The
s
witc
hing
loss
occ
urs
at
the
transiti
on
per
i
od
from
on
to
off
a
nd
vi
ce
ver
sa
.
High
er
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
le
a
ds
to
an
inc
rea
se
in
the
swit
chi
ng
l
os
s.
T
he
ZV
S
a
nd
Z
CS
te
ch
niques
are
us
e
d
to
r
edu
ce
switc
hing
loss
es.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
ZV
S
co
ndit
ion
is
m
or
e
popu
la
r
to
us
e
.
T
he
tur
n
-
off
lo
s
ses
are
ve
ry
s
mall
due
to
th
e
parasi
ti
c
cap
aci
ta
nce
of
the
M
O
SFET
wh
ic
h
causi
ng
zero
vo
lt
age
ac
ro
ss
t
he
MOSF
ET
durin
g
tu
rn
-
off
transiti
on
[
28]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
ZV
S
ope
rati
on
is
imp
or
ta
nt
du
r
ing
t
urn
-
on
tra
ns
it
ion
to
mini
mize
di
od
e
re
ver
se
recover
y
lo
sse
s
as
well
as
th
e
losses
res
ulti
ng
from
t
he
pa
rasit
ic
capaci
tor
of
MOSFE
T
switc
h.
He
nc
e,
the
diode
s
hall
co
nduct
befo
re
MOSFE
T
to
ac
hi
eve
Z
VS
.
Acc
ordin
gly,
the
M
O
SFET
sh
al
l
operate
at
a
ne
gative
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd p
e
rforma
nce ev
alu
atio
n of
a
P
V
interf
ace syste
m b
as
e
d o
n
i
nductiv
e power
...
(A
hm
e
d Ra
ga
b)
367
current.
The
re
fore,
the
c
urre
nt
mu
st
la
g
t
he
vo
lt
age
.
I
n
this
case,
the
i
nput
impe
da
nc
e
of
the
fu
ll
bri
dge
-
conve
rter
s
hall
be
in
duct
ive
t
o
reali
ze
Z
VS
.
To
sim
plify
th
e
anal
ys
is,
the
equ
i
va
le
nt
i
nductance
of
t
he
series
br
a
nc
h
incl
ud
i
ng
′
s2
a
nd
′
2
is r
epr
ese
nted
by
′
e2
as
sho
wn in
Fig
ure
2.
In
a
n
i
nverter
le
g,
i
f
one
MO
SFET
is
t
urne
d
-
off
at
posit
ive
cu
rr
e
nt,
the
oth
e
r
M
O
SFE
T
in
t
he
same
le
g
ac
hieves
Z
VS
at
t
urn
-
on [9].
On
e
o
f
the
methods
u
se
d
t
o
reali
ze p
os
it
ive
t
urn
-
off
c
urren
t
is
i
ncr
easi
ng
the
value
of
′
e2
by
∆
′
e2.
He
nce,
the
Z
VS
can
be
ac
hieve
d
a
t
minim
um
tu
rn
-
off
c
urren
t.
The
mi
nimum
M
O
SFET
tu
rn
-
off
c
urren
t i
s
gi
ven
by
(5)
[29
]
_
min
=
√
2
_
2
√
∆
2
1
−
1
4
2
1
(5)
wh
e
re
_
is t
he
m
inimum rms
vo
lt
age at the r
ect
ifie
r
te
rmin
al
s
. T
her
e
f
or
e, t
o
r
eal
iz
e ZVS
by mi
nimizi
ng
the
M
OSFET
turn
-
off
c
urre
nt,
∆
2
can
be ob
ta
i
ne
d from
(
6)
∆
2
=
1
4
2
+
_
2
2
1
2
2
2
_
2
.
(6)
On
ce
the
mi
nimu
m
tu
rn
-
off
current
is
ob
ta
i
ned,
∆
2
can
be
de
sign
e
d.
T
he
t
urn
-
off
cu
rr
e
nt
sh
al
l
be
la
rg
e e
noug
h
t
o discha
rg
e
MOSFE
T ca
pacit
ance
within t
he
d
ea
d
ti
me
w
hich
ca
n be
deter
mined b
y
(
7)
[
29],
≥
4
_
(7)
wh
e
re
_
is t
he m
aximum i
np
ut
vo
lt
age
,
is t
he MOSFET
ca
pa
ci
t
ance,
a
nd
is t
he dead
ti
me.
The
ch
an
ge
in
the
e
qu
i
valent
inducta
nce
,
∆
2
can
be
ac
hi
eved
by
t
un
i
ng
ei
the
r
the
le
aka
ge
inducta
nce
2
or
2
.
H
ow
e
ver,
2
i
s
relat
ed
to
th
e
couplin
g
coe
f
fici
ent
w
hich
i
s
diff
ic
ult
to
tun
e
.
I
ns
te
ad
,
the v
al
ue of
2
is change
d
to
ac
hi
eve th
e
desi
re
d
∆
2
as
(8)
:
∆
2
=
1
2
2
−
1
2
(
2
+
∆
2
)
(8)
The
n,
t
he varia
ti
on
of
2
can
be o
btained
(
9)
:
∆
2
=
2
2
2
∆
2
1
−
2
2
∆
2
(9)
Finall
y,
the
va
lue
of
2
is
tun
ed
at
la
rg
e
r
val
ue
that
cal
cula
te
d
by
(
3).
W
hen
misal
ignm
ent
ta
ke
s
place
bet
wee
n
the
tra
ns
mit
ti
ng
an
d
receivi
ng
coils,
the
c
ouplin
g
c
oeffici
ent
k
de
creas
es.
H
ence
,
the
powe
r
trans
fer
dec
rea
ses
acco
r
ding
t
o
(
4).
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
tu
rn
-
off
current
is
in
de
pende
nt
of
c
ou
pling
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
as
ind
ic
at
ed
in
(
5).
The
refor
e
,
i
f
the
t
un
i
ng
ci
rc
uit
is
desig
ne
d,
the
ZV
S
is
ac
hieve
d
i
nd
e
pe
ndent
on
t
he
c
ouplin
g
conditi
on.
3.
DESIG
N OF
LCC CO
MPE
NSATE
D
I
PT FO
R
P
V
S
YST
EM
The
P
–
V
c
ha
r
act
erist
ic
of
PV
m
odules
is
nonlinea
r.
Du
e
t
o
varying
of
both
i
r
rad
ia
nce
an
d
te
mp
erat
ur
e
,
t
he
ma
xim
um
powe
r
produce
d
is
c
ha
ng
e
d.
Since
th
e
c
onve
rsion
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
P
V
m
od
ules
is
very
l
ow
,
it
is
require
d
t
o
use
ma
ximum
powe
r
poi
nt
tr
ackin
g
(MPPT
)
co
ntr
ol
te
ch
ni
qu
es
[
30
]
-
[
34].
T
he
Pertu
rb
a
nd
O
bs
er
ve
te
ch
nique
is
us
e
d
f
or
M
PP
T
du
e
to
i
ts
simpli
ci
ty.
The
PV
te
rmi
na
l
volt
age
a
nd
current
are
t
he
in
pu
t
to
the
Pe
rtu
rb
&
Ob
se
r
ve
te
c
hniqu
e
wh
ic
h
set
t
he
duty
c
ycle
of
t
he
i
nverter
[
35
]
-
[
37].
T
he
ph
a
se
disp
la
ceme
nt
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
util
iz
ed
to
ge
ner
a
te
the
gating
s
ign
al
s
f
or
t
he
inv
e
rter
M
O
SF
ETs.
T
he
P
V
arr
a
y,
consi
der
e
d
in
this
study,
c
on
sist
s
of
tw
o
strin
gs
w
her
e
ea
ch
strin
g
incl
udes
six
P
V
m
odules
co
nnect
ed
in
series. T
he pa
r
amet
ers of
the
PV
mod
ule are
g
ive
n
i
n
Ta
ble
1
.
Accor
ding
t
o
t
he
PV
mod
ule
par
a
mete
rs
gi
ve
n
i
n
Table
1
,
the
maxim
um
powe
r
t
hat
ca
n
be
tra
nsfer
by
the
IP
T
is
3660W
a
nd
t
he
in
pu
t
volt
age
ra
nge
is
le
ss
than
370
V
.
A
3.66
kW
IP
T
s
ys
te
m
is
desig
ned
in
this
sect
ion
ac
cordin
g
t
o
the
analysis
prese
nted
in
t
he
pre
vious
sect
io
n.
The
pa
ramete
r
s
of
IP
T
s
ys
te
m
are
sh
ow
n
in
Tabl
e
2
.
Since
t
he
rati
o
betwee
n
trans
mit
te
d
volt
age
a
nd
rec
ei
ved
volt
age
is
arou
nd
1,
th
e
sel
f
-
inducta
nces
of
the tra
ns
mit
ti
ng c
oil an
d recei
ving c
oil are
se
le
ct
ed
to
ha
ve
t
he
sa
me
value.
Table
1.
Para
m
et
ers
of
PV m
odule
Table
2.
WPT
sy
ste
m
sp
eci
fic
at
ion
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
364
–
373
368
Maximu
m
po
wer a
t ST
C
3
0
5
W
Op
en
cir
cu
it vo
lta
g
e
6
4
.2 V
Sh
o
rt
circuit cur
re
n
t
5
.96
A
Vo
ltag
e at
M
PP
5
4
.7 V
Cu
rr
en
t at
MPP
5
.58
A
No
.
o
f
cells
con
n
ected in
series/
m
o
d
u
le
96
No
.
o
f
m
o
d
u
les co
n
n
ected in
series/a
rr
ay
6
No
.
o
f
strin
g
s in
p
arallel/a
rr
ay
2
Sp
ecifica
tio
n
/
p
ar
am
ete
r
Valu
e
Inp
u
t Voltag
e
< 38
5
V
Ou
tp
u
t battery
vo
ltag
e
3
0
0
V
~ 45
0
V
Co
u
p
lin
g
coeff
icie
n
t
0
.18
~
0
.32
Tr
an
smitting
coil i
n
d
u
ctan
ce:
1
3
6
0
µH
Receiv
in
g
coil in
d
u
ctan
ce:
2
3
6
0
µH
Switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
7
0
kHz
Maximu
m
po
wer
3
.66
kW
Be
cause
of
th
e
distan
ce
between
the
c
oils
an
d
misal
ignment,
the
re
is
a
range
f
or
t
he
c
ouplin
g
coeffic
ie
nt.
T
he
maxim
um
va
lue
is
co
ns
ide
r
ed
in
t
he
desig
n.
Mor
e
over,
the d
ut
y
cycle
i
s
assu
med
unit
y
at
th
e
maxim
um
pow
er
tra
ns
fe
r.
Co
ns
e
qu
e
ntly,
the
outp
ut
volt
age
from
the
i
nv
e
rter
is
s
quare
wav
e
f
or
m
w
he
re
the
rms f
undame
nt
al
co
m
pone
nt, a
t t
he
s
witc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y,
ca
n be calc
ulate
d from
(
10)
,
=
2
√
2
(10)
wh
e
re
V
MPP
is
the
P
V
vo
lt
age
corres
ponds
t
o
the
MPP
at
s
ta
nd
a
rd
co
ndit
ion
s
.
Simi
la
rl
y,
the
r
ms
fun
da
mental
com
pone
nt of t
he vo
lt
age
at th
e recti
fier
-
side
is give
n b
y
(11)
,
=
2
√
2
(11)
w
her
e
V
B
is
th
e
nominal
batt
ery
volt
age
at
the
outp
ut
te
r
minals
of
t
he
s
ys
te
m.
Acc
ord
ing
ly
,
the
in
duct
anc
e
values
of the
L
CC
co
m
pensat
ion net
wor
k
is c
al
culat
ed
f
r
om
(4)
as
(
12)
:
1
=
2
=
√
1
=
√
0
.
32
×
2
√
2
×
3
20
×
2
√
2
×
4
00
2
×
70
×
10
3
×
3
66
0
360
×
10
−
6
≈
86
µH.
(12)
As
t
he
value
of
1
an
d
2
are
e
qua
l,
the
val
ue
of
1
and
2
are
eq
ual
and
ca
n
be
cal
culat
ed
from
(3)
as
(
13)
:
1
=
2
=
1
2
1
≈
60
.
(13)
In the
sa
me ti
me, the
v
al
ue o
f
1
an
d
2
are e
qu
a
l and can
b
e
ca
lc
ulate
d
f
r
om
(
3) as
(14)
:
1
=
2
=
1
2
(
1
−
1
)
≈
19
.
(14)
The
va
riat
ion
of
∆
2
is
de
sig
ned
to
achie
ve
ZV
S
a
nd
minimi
ze
s
witc
hing
l
os
ses.
Fairchil
d
FCH04
1N6
0E
M
O
SFET
swit
ches
a
re
co
ns
i
der
e
d
wh
ic
h
is
rated
at
600
V
an
d
48
A.
Acc
ordin
g
to
data
sh
eet
,
the
outp
ut
cap
aci
ta
nce
of
the
M
O
SFET
C
oss
is
735pF.
As
s
um
in
g
a
de
ad
ti
me
of
60
0n
s
,
the
tur
n
-
off
c
urren
t
sh
oul
d
be
ta
ke
n
higher
t
han
1.8
7A
as
est
ima
te
d
f
rom
(
7).
T
her
e
fore,
the m
inimum
tu
rn
-
off
c
urre
nt
_
is
sel
ect
ed
to
be
3A
to
guara
nte
e
disc
hargin
g
of
t
he
MOSFE
T
capaci
ta
nce
durin
g
t
he
dea
d
-
ti
me
w
hich
l
eads
t
o
ZVS
f
or
t
he ot
her
MOS
FET i
n
the
same
in
ve
rter leg
.
The val
ue
of
∆
2
i
s calc
ulate
d fro
m (6) as
(15
)
:
∆
2
=
1
4
2
+
_
2
2
1
2
2
2
_
2
=
(
86
×
10
−
6
4
+
3
2
(
2
×
70000
)
2
(
86
×
10
−
6
)
3
2
(
2
√
2
300
)
2
)
≈
29
(15)
Finall
y,
∆
2
≈
2
.
2
as
es
ti
mate
d
f
rom
(
9).
I
n
[
38],
it
i
s
sho
wn
that
i
n
order
to
ac
hi
eve
Z
VS,
the
capaci
tor
2
is t
uned
at
8%
t
o 11% l
arg
e
r
t
han the calc
ulate
d v
al
ue.
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd p
e
rforma
nce ev
alu
atio
n of
a
P
V
interf
ace syste
m b
as
e
d o
n
i
nductiv
e power
...
(A
hm
e
d Ra
ga
b)
369
EMTD
C/
PSCAD
so
ftwar
e
is
us
ed
to
simulat
e
the
IP
T
sy
ste
m
based
on
do
ub
le
sided
LCC
c
om
pen
sat
ion
netwo
rk
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
1
with
the
design
par
amet
ers
pr
esented
in
sect
ion
II
I.
The
ou
tpu
t
filt
er
ind
uctor
L
o
and
capaci
tor
C
o
are
sel
ect
ed
to
be
10
and
10
,
resp
ect
ively.
The
load
is
con
sidere
d
a
batte
ry
with
vo
lt
age
of
40
0
V.
First,
the
wav
efo
rms
of
inp
ut
and
ou
tpu
t
vo
lt
ages
and
cur
ren
ts
witho
ut
tun
ing
C
2
are p
resen
te
d.
Seco
nd
,
C
2
is t
un
ed
to ach
ie
ve
ZVS
an
d
the simulat
ion
r
esults are p
resen
te
d.
The
first
ta
sk
is
ded
ic
at
e
d
to
eval
uate
the
performa
nc
e
of
the
pro
po
s
ed
do
ub
le
-
sid
ed
LCC
com
pensat
ion
netw
ork
base
d
IP
T
s
ys
te
m
with
var
ia
ble
du
t
y
c
ycles.
T
he
in
put
sup
ply
vo
lt
age
is
a
ssu
me
d
const
ant
volt
age
source
of
V
PV
=
320V.
T
he
P
W
M
si
gn
al
s
f
or
t
he
i
nv
e
r
te
r
s
witc
hes
at
le
g
X
an
d
le
g
Y
are
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
g
ure
3(
a
)
a
nd
3
(
b),
resp
ect
iv
el
y,
w
her
e
the
phase
dis
placement
betwee
n
the
tw
o
le
gs
i
s
18
0°
,
wh
ic
h
re
fer
s
t
o
100%
duty
cycle.
Fig
ure
3(
c
)
sho
ws
th
e
c
urren
t
an
d
vo
lt
age
wa
veforms
at
the
i
nverter
te
rmin
al
s
be
for
e
the
co
mp
e
nsa
ti
on
netw
ork
.
The
cu
rr
e
nt
a
nd
volt
age
wa
ve
forms
afte
r
c
ompe
ns
at
io
n
net
work
at
the
recti
fier
te
rmin
al
s
a
re
presente
d
i
n
Fig
ure
3(
d)
.
T
hes
e
wa
vefo
rms
ind
ic
at
e
t
hat
th
e
phase
sh
i
ft
be
twee
n
input
vo
lt
age
and
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
is
al
m
os
t
90°
.
In
this
simulat
ion
sce
na
rio,
the
tra
nsmi
tt
ing
a
nd
re
cei
vin
g
coils
are
fu
ll
y
al
ign
ed
.
As
a
r
esult,
t
he
maxi
mu
m
powe
r
is
trans
ferred
wh
i
ch
is
3.6
6
kW
.
T
he
volt
ages
acro
s
s
the
in
ve
rters
s
witc
hes
are
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
3(
e
)
a
nd
3
(
f).
I
t
is
cl
ear
that
t
he
ZVS
is
not
achieve
d
at
tu
r
n
-
on
for
any
s
witc
h.
For
exam
ple,
S
1
is
turn
e
d
-
on
a
t
po
si
ti
ve
loa
d
current
w
hic
h
pass
th
rou
gh
it
wh
il
e
the
volt
age
acro
s
s
S
1
is
sti
ll
cl
os
e
to
the
input vo
lt
age
.
T
he
sin
usoidal v
oltages
ac
ross
t
he
tra
ns
mit
ti
ng
an
d
recei
ving co
il
s
and their
curre
nts ar
e
s
how
n
i
n
Fi
g
ure
4.
Figure
3. Per
f
orma
nce
of
t
he
double
-
side
d L
CC
netw
ork
-
base
d IPT system
at
100%
duty
r
at
io
without
tun
in
g
C
2
Figure
4. The
vo
lt
age
s a
nd c
urren
ts
of the
transmitt
in
g
a
nd
receivin
g
c
oi
ls at
100
%
dut
y rati
o
without t
unin
g C
2
Fig
ure
5
pr
ese
nts
t
he
sa
me
wav
e
f
or
m
s
w
he
n
t
he
val
ue
of
2
is
t
un
e
d
as
e
xp
la
ine
d
in
se
ct
ion
III
to
achieve
Z
VS
.
The
MOS
FET
S
2
is
tu
r
ned
-
off
w
he
n
the
lo
ad
c
urre
nt
is
ne
gative
an
d
op
po
sit
e
in
di
recti
on
t
o
S1
,
as
il
lustrat
ed
i
n
Fig
ure
5(c).
A
fter
a
dea
d
ti
me,
no
t
s
im
ulate
d,
the
s
witc
h
S1,
i
n
t
he
s
ame
le
g
X
,
is
t
urne
d
-
on
wh
e
re
t
he
current
is
opposit
e
to
S
1.
Th
eref
or
e
,
th
e
body
diode
of
S
1
ca
rr
ie
s
the
c
urren
t,
Fi
g
ure
7.
As
a
resu
lt
,
Z
VS
is
achieve
d
at
tur
n
-
on
of
S
1.
T
he
same
be
ha
vio
r
ca
n
be
obse
r
ved
w
hen
S1
i
s
tur
ned
-
off
an
d
S
2
i
s
tur
ned
-
on
but
with
posit
ive
load
cu
rr
e
nt.
More
over,
it
can
be
obser
ve
d
t
hat
the
switc
he
s
S3
an
d
S4
of
le
g
Y
are
tur
ne
d
-
on
with
ZV
S
in
a
simi
la
r
man
ne
r
to
le
g
X
.
As
a
resu
lt
,
the
tu
rn
-
on
los
ses
ar
e
el
imi
nated
and
t
he
sy
ste
m
ef
fici
ency
is
e
nha
n
c
ed.
T
he
volt
ages
a
nd
c
urre
nts
of
the
tra
ns
mit
ti
ng
a
nd
recei
ving
c
oi
ls
are
sinu
s
oid
al
wa
ve
forms
as
dem
on
st
rated i
n
Fi
g
ure
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
364
–
373
370
Figure
5. Per
f
orma
nce at
100%
duty
r
at
io
with tu
ning C
2
Figure
6. The
vo
lt
age
s a
nd c
urren
ts
of the
transmitt
in
g
a
nd
receivin
g
c
oi
ls
at
100
%
dut
y rati
o
(a)
(b)
Figure
7. Cu
rr
e
nt d
i
recti
on and s
witc
hes st
at
us
at
100%
dut
y rati
o wit
h
tu
ni
ng
C
2
Fig
ure
8
il
lust
rates
the
pe
rformance
w
he
n
the
double
-
si
ded
LCC
network
-
base
d
I
P
T
sy
ste
m
is
con
t
ro
ll
ed
at
75%
duty
c
ycle.
The
phase
dis
placeme
nt
bet
ween
le
g
Y
a
nd
le
g
X
is
135°.
I
t
ca
n
be
ob
serv
e
d
that
the
switc
he
s
of
le
g
X
,
S
1
an
d
S
2,
are
t
urne
d
-
on
w
hen
the
cu
rr
e
nt
op
po
s
es
their
dir
ect
ion
s.
This
a
ct
ion
le
ads
t
o
ZV
S
a
s
the
body
di
odes
of
S
1
a
nd
S2
co
nduc
t
the
c
urren
t
at
t
heir
t
urn
-
on
i
ns
ta
nt.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
his
is
no
t
the
case
f
or
t
he
s
witc
hes
of
le
g
Y
,
as
ei
t
her
S
2
or
S
3
i
s
tu
rn
e
d
-
on
w
hen
t
he
c
urre
nt
directi
on
c
oin
ci
des
with
the
s
witc
h.
I
n
c
on
t
rast,
ei
ther
S
3
or
S
4
is
t
urne
d
-
off
w
hen
the
cu
rrent
op
poses
t
he
ir
dir
ect
ion
s
,
wh
e
re
their
body
diodes
a
re
ca
rryin
g
the
cu
rr
e
nt.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
s
witc
hes
of
le
g
Y
ac
hieve
ZV
S
at
tu
rn
-
off
.
F
ig
ure
9
and
Fig
ure
10
dem
onstrat
e
th
e
same
dynam
ic
beh
a
viou
r
of
the
pro
posed
IP
T
sy
ste
m
at
duty
rati
os
of
5
0%
and
25%,
respec
ti
vely
.
U
nlik
e
for
squa
re
-
w
ave
ope
rati
on
wh
e
re
Z
VS
is
achieve
d
f
or
al
l
switc
hes
of
t
he
I
P
T
inv
e
rter,
for
qu
asi
-
square volta
ge,
Z
VS
is
at
ta
ined
f
or
switc
hes
in o
ne
-
le
g
durin
g
tu
rn
-
on an
d
for
the o
th
er
le
g
durin
g
t
urn
-
off
.
Re
duci
ng
the
duty
rati
o
le
ad
s
to
disc
on
ti
nuit
y
of
t
he
c
urre
nt
in
put
to
the
recti
fier.
D
ur
i
ng
t
he
intervals
of
ze
r
o
cu
rr
e
nt
thr
ou
gh
L
f2
,
the
volt
age
acr
os
s
the
recti
fier,
v
xy
,
be
comes
e
qual
to
the
volt
age
a
cro
ss
C
f2
wh
ic
h
is
pa
rt fro
m sin
usoi
dal w
a
ve
form
.
The
volt
ages
acro
s
s
t
he
t
ra
ns
mit
ti
ng
a
nd
recei
ving
coi
ls
an
d
their
c
urren
ts
ar
e
sti
ll
sinu
s
oida
l
reg
a
rd
le
ss
the
value o
f
the
du
ty r
at
io
as
dem
on
st
rated i
n
Fi
g
ure
11 fo
r 25% d
uty rati
o.
The
pur
pose
of
the
MPPT
is
to
a
dju
st
the
P
V
te
rmi
nal
vo
lt
age
at
the
MPP
un
der
va
r
ying
at
mo
s
ph
e
ric
conditi
ons by
c
on
ti
nu
ously
va
ry
i
ng
t
he
duty
cycle
of the in
ver
te
r
a
s sho
w
n
in Fi
g
ure
12.
I
n or
der
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd p
e
rforma
nce ev
alu
atio
n of
a
P
V
interf
ace syste
m b
as
e
d o
n
i
nductiv
e power
...
(A
hm
e
d Ra
ga
b)
371
to
in
vestigat
e
the
dy
namic
pe
rformance
of
the
pro
posed
IP
T
-
base
d
PV
inter
face
s
ys
t
em,
t
he
ir
rad
ia
nce
is
increase
d
f
rom
500W/
m
2
to
75
0W
/m
2
at
t
=0.
4s
a
nd
increase
d
to
1000
W/m
2
at
t
=0.7s
as
il
lustrate
d
in
Fig
ure
12(a
).
The
MPPT
c
ontr
oller
is
s
ucc
essfu
l
l
y
set
ti
ng
the
du
t
y
c
ycle
,
as
dep
ic
te
d
i
n
Fig
ure
12(
b),
for
t
he
qu
a
si
-
s
qu
a
re
pulse
in
ve
rter,
util
iz
ed
in
t
he
IP
T
sy
ste
m
,
w
hich
res
ults
in
extracti
ng
the
ma
xim
um
power
as
dem
onstrat
ed
i
n
Fig
ure
12
(c)
.
The
P
V
t
er
minal
volt
age
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
12(
d)
.
Fig
ure
13
de
monstrat
es
th
e
powe
r
-
vo
lt
age
traje
ct
ory
of
th
e
P
V
a
rr
a
y
w
hi
ch
cl
ea
rly
in
dicat
es
the
accu
r
at
e
an
d
ti
ght M
PPT
of
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
IP
T
-
base
d PV
interface
sy
ste
m un
der dif
fere
nt con
diti
on
s
.
Figure
8. Per
f
orma
nce at
75%
duty rat
io
with
tun
i
ng
C
2
Figure
9. Per
f
orma
nce at
50%
duty rat
io
with
tun
i
ng
C
2
Figure
10. Per
f
ormance
at 2
5%
duty
r
at
io
w
it
h
tun
i
ng
C
2
Figure
11.
T
he
volt
ages a
nd c
urren
ts
of the
transmitt
in
g
a
nd
receivin
g
c
oi
ls
at
25%
du
t
y rati
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
1
,
Ma
rch
20
21
:
364
–
373
372
Figure
12. T
he
duty
c
ycle
of the
IP
T
sy
ste
m
,
the
extracte
d p
owe
r,
a
nd
vo
lt
age
of the
PV ar
ray
Figure
13. Po
w
er
-
v
oltage
traje
ct
ory of
t
he
P
V
arr
a
ys
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pa
per,
a
W
PT
-
base
d
PV
i
nter
face
s
ys
te
m
is
de
sig
ned.
T
he
pe
rtu
rb
an
d
obse
rv
e
te
ch
nique
i
s
util
iz
ed
f
or
M
PP
T
by
c
ontr
olli
ng
the
du
t
y
rati
o
of
the
squa
re
-
w
ave
i
nv
e
rter.
In
ad
diti
on,
t
he
LCC
com
pensat
ion
netw
ork
is
t
uned
to
reali
ze
ZVS
w
her
e
an
y
in
ver
te
r
s
witc
h
is
tu
r
ned
-
on
wh
e
n
l
oad
c
urren
t
opposes
it
s
dir
ect
ion
at
f
ull
duty
rati
o.
C
ons
equ
e
ntly,
t
he
body
diode
co
nducts
befo
re
it
s
M
O
SFET
t
o
a
chiev
e
ZVS
.
More
ove
r,
f
or
qu
asi
-
square
wav
e
op
e
rati
on,
w
her
e
the
duty
rati
o
of
t
he
IP
T
in
vert
er
is
c
ontr
olled,
th
e
ZVS
is
at
ta
ine
d
f
or
switc
he
s
in
one
-
le
g
du
rin
g
tur
n
-
on
a
nd
f
or
t
he
ot
he
r
le
g
durin
g
tur
n
-
off.
Sim
ul
at
ion
resu
lt
s a
re
pr
es
ented
t
o vali
da
te
the d
e
sig
n of p
rop
os
ed
P
V
i
nterf
ace
s
ys
te
m b
a
sed
on IP
T.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
F.
Mus
avi
and
W.
Ebe
r
le
,
“
Ov
erv
ie
w
of
Wirel
ess
Pow
er
Tra
n
sfer
Technol
ogi
es
for
E
le
c
tric
Vehic
l
e
Ba
tt
e
ry
Chargi
ng,
”
I
ET
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
.
7
,
no
.
1
,
pp.
60
–
66
,
Jan
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2014.
[2]
M.
P.
Kaz
mi
erk
ows
ki,
R.
M.
Miskiewicz
,
and
A.
J.
Morade
wi
cz
,
“
Indu
ct
iv
e
c
ouple
d
con
tactle
ss
ene
rgy
tr
ansfe
r
sys
te
ms
-
a
rev
iew
,
”
S
el
e
ct
ed
Pro
ble
ms
of El
ec
tri
c
al
Eng
ine
ering
a
nd
Elec
troni
cs
(
WZEE)
,
Ki
elce
,
2015,
pp
.
1
–
6
.
[3]
J.
H.
Kim
et
al
.
,
“
Deve
lop
me
n
t
of
1
-
MW
Indu
ct
iv
e
Pow
er
Tr
ansfe
r
Sys
te
m
f
or
a
High
-
Spee
d
Tra
in
,
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Indus
trial
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
vo
l. 62, n
o.
10
,
pp
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6242
–
6250,
Oct
.
2015
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[4]
R.
Haldi
and
K.
Schenk,
“
A
3
.
5
kW
Wi
r
el
ess
C
har
ger
for
El
e
ct
r
ic
Vehi
c
le
s
with
Ultra
High
Eff
i
ci
en
cy,
”
Ene
rgy
Conve
rs
ion
Con
gress
and
Ex
pos
it
ion (ECCE)
,
Pi
tt
sburgh,
PA
,
20
14,
pp
.
668
–
674
.
[5]
R.
W
u,
W
.
Li
,
H
.
Luo
,
J.
K
.
O.
S
in,
and
C.
P.
Yu
e,
“De
sign
and
c
har
acte
ri
zation
o
f
wire
l
ess
power
li
nks
for
br
ai
n
-
m
ac
h
ine
interfa
c
e
app
li
c
ations,”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans
.
on
P
ower
Elec
troni
cs
,
vol
.
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,
no
.
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,
pp.
5462
–
5471
,
Jan.
2014
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[6]
D.
Ahn
and
P.
P.
Merc
i
er,
“Wire
le
ss
power
tra
ns
fer
with
con
cur
r
ent
200
kHz
and
6.
78
MH
z
oper
at
ion
in
a
singl
e
tra
nsmit
te
r
devic
e,
”
IE
EE Tr
ansa
ct
io
ns on
Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
,
no.
99,
pp
.
1
–
13
,
Se
p.
2015
.
[7]
A.
M.
Obais
an
d
A.
F.
Ru
zi
j
,
“
Design
and
i
mpleme
n
ta
t
ion
of
a
n
eff
i
ci
en
t
WPT
sys
te
m,”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Dr
ive
Sys
te
ms
(IJ
P
EDS)
,
vol.
11
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
711
–
725
,
Jun
.
2020
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[8]
I.
Alham
roun
i,
M.
Iskand
ar,
M.
Sal
em,
L.
J
.
A
wali
n,
A.
Jus
oh,
and
T.
Sutikno
,
“Appl
icati
on
of
indu
ct
iv
e
coup
ling
for
wire
le
ss
pow
er
tra
nsfer
,
”
Int
e
rnational
Journal
of
Pow
er
El
e
c
tronic
s
and
Dr
ive
S
yste
ms
(I
JP
E
DS)
,
vol
.
11,
no.
3,
pp
.
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–
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6
,
Sep
.
2020
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[9]
S.
L
i,
W
.
Li,
J.
Deng,
T.
D.
Nguyen,
and
C.
C.
Mi,
“A
Double
-
Sided
LCC
Com
pensa
ti
on
Netwo
rk
and
Its
Tuni
n
g
Method
for Wir
e
le
ss
Pow
er
Tr
an
sfer,
”
IEEE
Tr
ans
.
on
Ve
hi
cul
ar
Technol
ogy
,
vo
l. 64, no. 6, Jun
.
2
015.
[10]
N.
T
.
Di
ep,
N.
K.
Trung
,
and
T.
T.
Minh,
“Wire
l
ess
power
tr
ansfe
r
sys
tem
d
esign
for
elec
tric
veh
icle
dynamic
cha
rging
application
,
”
Int
ernati
o
nal
Journal
of
P
ower
El
e
ct
ronic
s
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
v
ol.
11
,
no.
3
,
pp
.
1468
–
1480
,
Sep
.
2020
.
[11]
T.
D.
Nguyen
,
S.
Li
,
W
.
Li,
and
C.
C
.
Mi
,
“Fea
si
bil
it
y
study
on
b
ipol
ar
pads
for
e
ffic
i
ent
wire
l
ess
power
ch
arg
ers,”
in
Proc
.
29
th
I
E
EE
AP
EC
E
xpo.
,
2014,
pp.
1676
–
1682.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
Desig
n a
nd p
e
rforma
nce ev
alu
atio
n of
a
P
V
interf
ace syste
m b
as
e
d o
n
i
nductiv
e power
...
(A
hm
e
d Ra
ga
b)
373
[12]
A.
Khali
gh
and
S.
Dus
me
z
,
“Com
pre
hensiv
e
top
ologi
c
al
analysis
of
conduc
t
ive
a
nd
inductive
ch
a
rging
solut
ions
for
plug
-
in
e
le
c
tr
ic
v
ehi
c
le
s
,”
I
EEE
Tr
ans
.
on
Ve
hi
cul
ar Tec
hno
log
y
,
vo
l. 61, no. 8,
pp.
3475
–
3489
,
Oct.
2012
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C.
S.
Wa
ng
,
O.
H.
Sti
el
au
,
and
G.
A.
Cov
ic
,
“
Design
conside
r
at
ions
for
a
con
ta
c
tl
ess
e
le
c
tric
vehi
c
le
b
at
t
ery
cha
rge
r
,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Indus
trial
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
vo
l. 52, n
o.
5
,
pp
.
1308
–
1
314,
Oct
.
2005
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[14]
M.
Reh
ma
n
,
P.
Nall
agownde
n
,
a
nd
Z
.
B
aha
rud
in
,
“E
ffi
cienc
y
inv
esti
gation
of
SS
and
SP
com
pen
s
at
ion
topo
logi
es
for
wire
le
ss
pow
er
tra
nsfer
,
”
Int
e
rnational
Journal
of
Pow
er
El
e
c
tronic
s
and
Dr
ive
S
yste
ms
(I
JP
E
DS)
,
v
ol
.
10,
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–
216
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C.
Auvign
e,
P.
Germ
ano,
D.
L
a
das,
and
Y
.
Perr
ia
rd,
“A
dua
l
-
to
pology
ICPT
ap
pli
ed
to
an
e
lect
ric
veh
i
cl
e
b
at
t
e
ry
cha
rge
r
,
”
in
Pro
c.
20
th
IC
EM
,
2
012,
pp
.
2287
–
2
292.
[16]
H.
H.
Wu,
A.
G
il
chr
ist
,
K
.
Se
aly,
and
D.
Bronson,
“A
90
p
erc
e
nt
eff
ic
i
ent
5
k
W
indu
ct
iv
e
charger
for
EVs,”
i
n
Proc.
I
EEE
ECC
E
,
2012
,
pp
.
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–
282.
[17]
N.
A.
Kee
li
ng,
G.
A.
Covic,
an
d
J.
T.
Boys
,
“A
unit
y
-
power
-
f
actor
IPT
pic
kup
f
or
high
-
power
a
ppli
c
at
ions,
”
IE
EE
Tr
an
s.
on
Industrial
Elec
tronic
s
,
vol.
57
,
no
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,
pp
.
744
–
751
,
Feb
.
2010.
[18]
Z.
Pant
ic
,
B
.
Sanzhong,
and
S.
Luk
ic,
“Z
CS
LCC
-
com
p
ensa
t
ed
r
esona
nt
inv
ert
er
for
induc
t
i
ve
-
power
-
tra
nsf
er
appl
i
ca
t
io
n,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Industrial
E
l
ec
troni
cs
,
vo
l. 5
8,
no
.
8
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350
0
–
3510,
Aug.
20
11.
[19]
S.
Al
-
Chl
ai
hawi
,
A.
H.
Ta
w
afa
n
,
and
F.
K.
Abd,
“
Expe
ri
me
nt
al
ins
ta
llati
on
of
wir
eless
power
tra
nsf
er
sys
tem
b
ase
d
on
the
serie
s
r
es
onanc
e
technolo
gy,
”
In
te
rnation
al
Journal
of
Po
wer
Elec
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
S
ystem
s
(IJ
PE
DS)
,
vo
l.
11,
no
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4
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700
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2020
.
[20]
U.
K.
Mada
wa
la
and
D.
J.
Thri
m
awit
han
a
,
“A
bi
dire
c
ti
ona
l
indu
c
ti
ve
power
interf
ac
e
fo
r
elec
tri
c
vehi
c
le
s
in
V2G
sys
te
ms,”
I
EEE
Tr
ans
.
on
Industrial
Elec
tronic
s
,
vol.
58
,
no
.
10
,
p
p.
4789
–
4796
,
O
ct
.
2011.
[21]
Y.
Naga
tsuka
,
N.
Eha
r
a,
Y
.
Kane
ko,
S.
Abe,
and
T
.
Yasuda,
“Com
pa
ct
contac
t
le
ss
power
tr
ans
fer
sys
te
m
f
or
el
e
ct
ri
c
v
ehi
c
le
s,
”
in
Proc
.
I
PE
C
,
2010
,
pp.
807
–
8
13.
[22]
D.
A.
G.
Pedd
e
r,
A.
D.
Brown,
and
J.
A.
Skin
ner
,
“A
contac
t
l
ess
el
ectri
ca
l
en
erg
y
trans
mi
ss
ion
sys
te
m,
”
IE
E
E
Tr
ans
.
on
Industrial
Elec
tronic
s
,
vol.
46
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
23
–
30
,
Feb
.
19
99.
[23]
S.
Kri
shnan
et
al
.
,
“Fre
quen
cy
agi
l
e
resona
nc
e
-
base
d
wir
eless
cha
rging
sys
tem
for
e
lectr
i
c
ve
hic
l
es,
”
in
Proc
.
IEV
C
,
2012,
pp.
1
–
4.
[24]
B.
T
.
Chuan
,
M
.
Kato
,
T
.
I
mur
a,
O.
Sehoon,
a
nd
Y.
Hori,
“A
utom
ated
i
mpe
d
anc
e
matchi
ng
sys
te
m
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