Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
s
(
IJ
PEDS
)
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No.
3
,
Septem
be
r
202
1
, pp.
168
7
~
169
8
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
1
2
.i
3
.
pp
168
7
-
169
8
1687
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
Improve
d 25
-
leve
l invert
er to
po
l
ogy wit
h redu
ced part c
ou
nt for
PV gri
d
-
tie appli
cations
Radoua
ne
Majdoul
1
,
Ab
el
w
ah
ed
Toua
ti
2
,
Ab
derr
ahman
e Ouch
atti
3
,
A
bderra
him T
aouni
4
,
El
ha
ssane
Abdel
mouni
m
5
1,
2
La
bora
tory
of
Compl
ex
Cyber P
hysica
l
Sys
tem
s in
ENSA
M,
H
assan
2
Univ
ersi
ty
,
C
asa
bl
anc
a
,
Morocc
o
3,4
La
bora
tory
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Sys
tems &
Con
trol
E
ngine
er
ing
a
t
Aï
n
Chock
Sc
ie
n
ce fa
cu
lt
y
-
Hass
an
2
Univer
sity
,
Casabl
an
ca,
Mor
occ
o
5
La
bora
tory
of
Mathe
m
at
i
cs,
In
forma
t
ic
s in
Eng
ine
er
ing
Sci
ence
in
Sc
ie
n
ce
& Te
chni
c
al
f
ac
u
lt
y,
Hass
an
1
Univer
sity,
Sett
at,
Moro
cc
o
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
11, 202
1
Re
vised
Jun
27
, 2021
Accepte
d
J
ul
23, 2
021
A
new
bidi
r
ec
t
i
onal
mu
lt
i
le
v
el
inve
rt
er
topo
log
y
with
a
high
numbe
r
of
volt
ag
e
le
ve
ls
w
it
h
a
ver
y
red
u
ced
numb
er
of
po
wer
co
mpone
nts
is
p
roposed
in
thi
s
pape
r
.
O
nly
TE
N
power
sw
it
ch
es
and
f
our
asym
metric
DC
voltage
source
s
are
use
d
to
gen
era
t
e
2
5
volt
ag
e
l
eve
ls
in
thi
s
n
ew
to
pology.
Th
e
proposed
mul
tilevel
conve
r
te
r
is
more
suit
abl
e
for
e
-
mo
bil
it
y
an
d
photovol
taic
app
li
c
at
ions
wher
e
t
he
over
al
l
en
erg
y
source
ca
n
b
e
com
posed
of
a
few
uni
ts/a
s
socia
ti
ons
of
sev
era
l
b
asic
sourc
e
modul
es.
Sev
er
al
ben
efi
ts
are
pr
ov
ide
d
by
thi
s
new
topo
l
ogy:
Highly
sin
usoidal
cur
r
ent
and
voltage
wave
forms,
low
tot
a
l
har
moni
c
distort
ion
,
ver
y
low
sw
it
chi
ng
losses,
an
d
mi
nim
u
m
cost
a
nd
size
of
th
e
d
evi
c
e.
For
optim
um
control
of
th
is
25
-
le
v
el
volt
ag
e
inv
erter
,
a
spec
ia
l
Modifie
d
Hybri
d
Modulat
ion
t
ec
hniqu
e
is
per
forme
d
.
Th
e
proposed
25
-
le
v
el
inv
ert
e
r
is
co
mpa
red
to
var
io
us
topol
ogie
s
publi
shed
r
ec
en
t
ly
in
te
rms
of
c
ost,
th
e
numb
er
of
a
ct
iv
e
powe
r
sw
it
che
s,
cl
a
mpe
d
diod
es,
flyi
ng
c
apaci
tors
,
DC
floa
t
ing
c
a
pac
i
tors,
and
the
numbe
r
of
DC
volt
age
so
urc
es.
Th
is
co
mpa
rison
c
le
ar
l
y
show
s
tha
t
t
he
proposed
topol
ogy
is
cost
-
eff
ective,
co
mpact,
and
ver
y
eff
i
ci
en
t.
Th
e
eff
ect
ive
ness
and
the
good
p
erf
or
ma
nc
e
o
f
the
pr
oposed
mu
lt
i
le
v
el
power
conver
te
r
(with
and
without
PWM
cont
rol)
ar
e
ver
ified
and
che
c
ked
by
com
put
at
ion
al
simul
ations.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Asymmeti
c cas
caded t
opol
ogy
M
ulti
le
vel in
ve
rter
M
ulti
le
vel m
odulati
on
P
ower
el
ect
ron
ic
conve
rter
Sw
it
chin
g
l
os
s
Total
h
a
rm
onic
d
ist
ort
ion
Vo
lt
age
stress
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
doua
ne Majdoul
Lab
or
at
or
y of
Com
plex
C
yb
e
r
P
hysic
al
Syste
ms
ENSA
M
, Hass
an 2
Un
i
ver
sit
y
150 Nil
Street,
Sidi Ot
hm
a
ne C
asablanca,
Mor
occ
o
Emai
l:
Radoua
ne.
maj
doul@
univ
h2
c
.ma
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
e
xce
ptional
gro
wth
of
th
e
phot
ovoltai
c
sy
ste
ms
mar
ke
t
is
obvi
ou
sl
y
du
e
to
majo
r
t
echnolo
gical
innov
at
io
ns
a
nd
l
ow
e
r
co
sts
f
or
photov
oltai
c
pa
nels.
It
is
al
so
due
to
maj
or
resear
ch
ef
f
ort
s
in
se
mico
nduct
or
switc
h
desig
n
and
te
ch
no
l
og
i
cal
adv
a
nces
i
n
pow
er
el
ect
r
on
ic
s
a
nd
dig
it
al
el
ect
ro
nics
[
1].
Stat
ic
co
nverter
s
hav
e
be
co
me
mu
c
h
m
ore
e
f
fici
ent,
reli
able,
an
d
co
mp
ac
t.
Thei
r
f
unct
ion
is
al
so
gr
a
du
al
ly
im
prov
i
ng,
a
nd
their
fiel
d
of
app
li
cat
io
n
is
exp
a
ndin
g.
I
n
this
co
nte
xt,
man
y
mu
lt
il
evel
in
ver
te
r
to
po
l
og
ie
s
ha
ve
bee
n
inv
est
igate
d
a
nd
dev
el
op
e
d
to
re
place
t
he
t
wo
-
le
vel
inv
e
rters
i
n
va
rio
us
medi
um
a
nd
hi
gh
vo
lt
age
app
li
cat
io
ns
re
qu
i
rin
g
i
ncr
eas
ed
pe
rformanc
e:
ene
rgy,
gr
i
d
-
ti
e
re
ne
wab
le
energ
y
sy
ste
m
s,
high
vo
lt
age
direc
t
current
(HV
D
C)
pow
er
tra
ns
missi
on,
e
le
ct
ric
veh
ic
le
s,
an
d
a
m
ulti
tud
e
of
in
dustria
l
app
li
cat
io
ns
[
2]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
168
7
–
169
8
1688
Fu
rt
hermo
re,
t
he
c
onti
nuous
and
c
on
sta
nt
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
po
wer
el
ect
ronics
a
nd
the
in
creasin
g
pro
gress
of
fu
ll
y
co
ntr
olled
se
mico
nduc
tor
te
c
hnol
ogy
pr
ese
nts
cost
-
e
ff
ect
ive
op
portu
niti
es
f
or
t
he
des
ign
an
d
impleme
ntati
on
of
se
ve
ral
int
eresti
ng
arc
hitec
tures
a
nd
to
polo
gies
of
m
ult
il
evel
conve
rters.
In
both
aca
demia
and
in
dustry,
these
t
opologies
are
pr
e
va
le
nt
as
pow
er
el
ect
r
on
ic
interfaces
due
to
t
heir
ou
ts
ta
nd
in
g
char
act
e
risti
cs
su
c
h
as:
lowe
r
switc
hing
po
wer
lo
ss
as
a
resu
lt
of
lo
wer
switc
hing
f
re
qu
e
nc
y
an
d
re
du
ce
d
dev
ic
e
volt
age,
reduce
d
volt
age
stre
ss
(
dv/d
t),
lo
wer
T
HD
,
an
d
harmo
nic
co
ntents,
an
d
reduce
d
ou
t
pu
t
filt
er
siz
e
an
d
cost
[
3],
[4].
S
plit
tin
g
the
vo
lt
ag
e
acr
os
s
the
s
w
it
ches
al
so
al
l
ow
s
for
t
he
use
of
re
du
ce
d
volt
age
rati
ng
semic
on
du
ct
or
s
t
hat
ha
ve
opti
mize
d
dyna
mic
pe
rformance
a
nd
are
economical
be
cause
the
y
a
re
mass
-
pro
du
ce
d [5]
-
[
7].
The
co
nventi
onal
mu
lt
il
evel
inv
e
rter
to
po
l
ogie
s
most
ly
ap
plied
in
gr
id
-
ti
e
ren
e
wab
le
e
nerg
y
an
d
indu
stria
l
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
i
nclu
de
the
Ne
utral
Po
int
Cl
ampe
d
(NPC)
ty
pe
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fig
ure
1
(a
),
the
F
lying
Ca
pacit
or
s
(FC
)
ty
pe
in
Fi
gure
1
(b),
t
he
Ca
scade
d
H
-
Brid
ge
c
onve
rters
(CHB)
t
yp
e
with
se
pa
rate
an
d
isolat
ed
DC
s
ources
as
sho
w
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1
(
c),
a
nd
Modul
ar
Mult
il
evel
Converte
rs
de
picte
d
i
n
Fi
gur
e
1
(
d)
[8]
-
[11
].
H
ow
ever,
the
m
ulti
le
vel
conve
rter
s
consi
st
of
se
ver
al
dr
ive
s,
a
lot
of
act
ive
powe
r
switc
he
s,
an
d
bu
l
ky
passive
powe
r
c
omp
onents
w
hich
le
ad
t
o
c
onside
ra
ble
c
os
t
a
nd
i
nc
reased
siz
e
of
the
de
vice;
a
s
matt
er
of
fa
ct
,
t
he
nu
mb
e
r
of
se
mic
onduct
or
powe
r
s
witc
hes
(NS),
dr
iv
ers
a
nd
passi
ve
co
m
pone
nts
re
qu
ir
ed
f
or
achievin
g
thes
e
to
polo
gies
i
ncr
ease
s
with
the
num
ber
of
de
sire
d
le
vels
(
NL
)
a
nd
the
co
m
plexity
of
t
heir
structu
re is t
he
reby i
ncr
ease
d:
N
S
=2*(
NL
-
1
).
The
N
PC
m
ul
ti
le
vel
co
nv
e
rters
us
e
,
i
n
a
ddit
ion
to
act
iv
e
s
witc
hes,
a
la
rg
e
num
be
r
of
cl
am
ping
diodes
f
or
a
hig
h
num
ber
of
vo
lt
age
le
vels
causin
g
m
or
e
cond
uction
l
osse
s
a
nd
ge
ner
a
ti
ng
re
ver
se
re
cov
e
r
y
currents
that
a
ff
ect
t
he
switc
hing
powe
r
lo
ss
of
the
ove
ra
ll
sy
ste
m
[
12].
I
n
t
he
FC
mul
ti
le
vel
inv
erte
rs,
the
increase
d
num
ber
of
high
volt
age
capaci
t
or
s
le
a
ds
to
bulk
y
eq
uipme
nt,
hi
gh
c
os
t,
and
c
omplex
con
t
ro
l
methods
t
o
ba
la
nce
the
volt
ages
of
both
f
lying
an
d
DC
-
li
nk
ca
pacit
or
s.
T
o
ove
rcome
these
c
ons
trai
n
ts,
researc
hers
an
d
a
uthors
i
nv
e
sti
gated
a
nd
pr
opos
e
d
ma
ny
hybri
d
to
polo
gi
es:
Acti
ve
Ne
utral
P
oin
t
Cl
a
mp
e
d
typ
e
that
co
mbi
nes
NP
C
an
d
FC
str
uctu
res.
The
aut
hors
of
[12]
pro
po
se
a
7S
-
5L
-
A
NP
C
t
opolog
y
with
only
7
act
ives
s
witc
he
s
by
le
g:
on
e
inter
r
up
te
r
a
nd
te
n
cl
ampi
ng
diodes
le
ss
t
han
th
e
NP
C
s
tructu
re.
I
n
[
13]
,
t
he
researc
hers
up
gr
a
de
the
str
uc
ture
of
8S
-
5L
-
ANPC
t
o
a
n
i
nteresti
ng
10S
-
9L
-
M
A
NP
C
t
opolog
y
by
ad
ding
a
two
-
le
vel
c
onve
rter
le
g,
bu
t
t
hey
sti
ll
us
e
a
flying
ca
pacit
or.
I
n
[14],
one
pro
poses
a
ne
w
to
polo
gy
of
a
9
-
Level
Vo
lt
age
Inver
te
r
us
in
g
on
l
y
9
act
ive
powe
r
s
witc
hes
.
The
CHB
t
opology
incl
ud
es
the
series
co
nn
ect
ion
of
se
ver
al
H
-
bri
dg
es
.
It
is
ap
pl
ie
d
for
va
rio
us
app
li
cat
io
ns
du
e
t
o
it
s
simp
li
fied
model
th
at
can
be
cat
eg
or
iz
e
d
into
symmet
ri
cal
and
a
s
ymmet
rical
topolog
ie
s
.
The
us
e
of
as
ymmet
ric
CHB
struct
ures
al
lows
t
he
further
increase
of
the
num
ber
of
le
vels
the
refo
re
the
qual
it
y
of
the
outp
ut
si
gnal
s
without
i
ncr
easi
ng
the
switc
h
numb
e
r
[
15].
The
series
c
on
necti
on
of
tw
o
H
-
Brid
ges
wi
th
as
ym
met
ries
rati
o
1:
3
ca
n
pro
duce
9
vo
lt
age
le
vels
us
in
g
only
8
s
witc
hes
instea
d
of
16.
T
he
a
utho
rs
of
[16
]
im
plem
ent
a
n
interest
i
ng
27
-
le
vel
in
ver
te
r
us
in
g
t
hr
ee ca
s
caded H
-
Bri
dge (
12 sw
it
che
s)
w
it
h
a
symmet
ries rati
o 1:
3:9
.
The
mai
n
obje
ct
ive
of
this
pa
per
is
to
pro
po
s
e
an
im
pro
ved
t
opolog
y
of
the
Mult
il
evel
Inve
rter,
base
d
on
t
wo
casca
de
d
as
ymmet
rical
sta
ges
that
sig
nifican
tl
y
dec
rease
th
e
num
ber
of
a
ct
ive
powe
r
s
witc
he
s
and
re
duce
t
he
Sw
it
c
hing
lo
s
ses
w
hich
are
directl
y
li
nk
e
d
to
the
f
reque
nc
y
P
W
M
operat
ion
.
Ba
se
d
on
this,
a
novel
to
po
l
ogy
of
a
25
-
Le
ve
l
in
ver
te
r
is
dev
el
op
e
d.
O
ur
pro
posed
t
opol
ogy
gen
e
ra
te
s
a
sta
ircase
out
pu
t
vo
lt
age
wav
e
f
orm
with
25
le
vels
us
in
g
on
ly
te
n
s
witc
hes
,
m
uc
h
le
ss
th
an
f
or
ty
-
ei
ght,
the
num
be
r
of
act
ive
switc
hes
us
e
d
in
the
e
qu
i
vale
nt
co
nv
e
ntio
na
l
top
ol
ogy,
a
nd
without
an
e
xc
essive
num
be
r
of
cl
ampi
ng
diodes
or
flyi
ng
ca
pa
ci
tors
us
ed
in
NP
C,
FC,
or
Hyb
rid
str
uct
ur
es
.
T
he
re
duced
costs
,
volume
,
a
nd
c
on
t
rol
com
plexity
in
this
no
vel
s
ol
ution
will
cer
ta
inly
le
a
d
t
o
it
s
a
doptio
n
in
a
la
r
ge
ra
nge
of
volt
age
le
vels
photov
oltai
c
sy
ste
ms.
The
a
ct
ive
el
ements
of
t
his
so
l
utio
n
can
be
distri
bu
te
d
in
s
uc
h
a
way
t
hat
eac
h
sta
ge
can
be
c
onnec
te
d
t
o
a
dif
fere
nt
phot
ovoltai
c
strin
g.
How
ever,
t
he
co
ntr
ol
a
nd
t
he
m
odulati
on
strat
e
gy
th
at
mu
st
be de
velo
ped w
il
l
be
ver
y
el
ab
orat
e an
d com
plica
te
d.
The
rest
of
t
he
pap
e
r
is
orga
nized
as:
Sect
io
n
2
pr
es
ents
t
he
op
e
rati
ng
pr
inc
iple
of
the
te
n
-
switc
h
25
-
le
vel
propose
d
to
po
l
ogy
bas
ed
on
tw
o
cas
caded
as
ymme
tric
T
-
B
rid
ges.
A
dee
p
c
omp
ariso
n
betw
ee
n
our
mu
lt
il
evel
in
ve
rter
a
nd
oth
e
r
topolo
gies
(
NPC
,
FC,
CHB
,
MMC,
A
NP
C)
in
te
rms
of
th
e
num
be
r
of
re
qu
i
red
com
pone
nts,
s
ys
te
m
vo
l
um
e,
de
vice
volt
ag
e
stress,
a
nd
ef
fici
ency
is
al
s
o
de
velo
ped.
I
n
Sect
ion
3,
we
detai
l
the
m
ulti
le
vel
co
ntr
ol
st
rategy
wh
ic
h
c
on
sist
s
of
a
M
odifie
d
Hybr
i
d
M
ulti
le
vel
Pu
l
se
Wi
dth
M
od
ulati
on
M
et
ho
d
(MH
M
P
W
M
)
el
ab
or
at
e
f
or
c
on
tr
olli
ng
ou
r
as
ymmet
rical
Ca
s
caded
T
-
Brid
ge
s.
At
the
e
nd
of
t
hi
s
sect
ion
,
we
pro
pose
t
he
bl
ock
diag
ram
of
the
propos
ed
MH
M
P
W
M
ci
rcu
it
c
on
trolli
ng
the
te
n
act
ive
semic
onduct
or
switc
hes.
I
n
S
ect
ion
4,
the
ve
rificat
ion
a
nd
simulat
ion
res
ults
are
re
porte
d
in
t
wo
cas
es:
with
and
without
P
W
M
C
on
t
ro
l.
The
dif
fer
e
nt
il
lustrati
ons
j
us
ti
fy
t
he
co
rr
ect
op
e
rati
on
a
nd
t
he
good
pe
rfo
r
mance
of our co
mp
le
t
e mu
lt
il
evel s
ol
ution
.
Finall
y, this
pap
e
r
is c
on
c
l
ud
e
d
i
n
Se
ct
ion
5.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Impr
oved 2
5
-
le
vel
inverte
r to
polo
gy
wi
th re
duced
part c
ount
for
PV
g
ri
d
-
ti
e
… (
R
adou
ane Maj
doul
)
1689
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
1. Co
nventional
m
ulti
l
evel to
po
l
ogie
s,
(a
) NPC;
(b
)
f
lying capa
ci
tor
s; (c)
cascade
H
-
br
i
dg
e
,
(d)
m
odula
r
m
ulti
le
vel conv
e
rters
2.
OPER
ATING
PRI
N
CIPL
ES
OF
TH
E
PRO
POS
ED
25
-
LE
V
EL
CASC
A
DED
T
-
BRI
DGE
VOLTA
GE I
NV
E
RTER
2.1.
N
e
w mul
t
il
evel struc
tu
r
e
desig
n
fr
om
ba
sic
s
ub
m
odul
es
Durin
g
th
e
la
st
few
yea
rs,
in
t
heir
i
nv
est
igati
on
an
d
sea
rc
h
for
bette
r
s
olu
t
ion
s
,
se
ver
al
a
uthors
ha
ve
worked
on
t
opol
og
ie
s
de
riv
ed
from
co
nv
entional
str
uctur
es
[
17]
-
[
19
]
oth
e
rs
on
m
odular
str
uctu
res
by
assemblin
g
s
e
ver
al
basic
unit
s
dep
e
nds
on
the
desire
d
outp
ut
sig
nal
qual
it
y
an
d
t
he
volt
age
rati
ng
of
the
semic
onduct
or
powe
r
s
witc
he
s.
Eac
h
of
th
ese
m
ulti
le
vels
so
l
ution
s
has
ben
e
fits
a
nd
li
mit
at
ion
s
a
nd
can
be
cl
assifi
ed
int
o
two
cat
eg
or
ie
s:
To
polo
gies
with
in
her
e
nt
ne
ga
ti
ve
volt
age
le
vels
a
nd
to
polog
ie
s
with
negat
iv
e
vo
lt
age
levels
by H
-
bri
dge
[
20]
, [2
1
].
In
P
ower
Ele
ct
ronics,
the
bas
ic
su
bmo
dule
half
-
bri
dge
str
uctu
re
(SM
1)
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
2
(a)
,
has
two
m
odes
an
d
prov
i
des
tw
o
vo
lt
age
le
vels
(
V
DC
or
0
)
at
ou
tpu
t
te
rmi
nals
(
a,
c).
I
n
Fi
gure
2
(
b)
,
t
he
H
-
br
idg
e
basic
m
odule
(SM2)
is
de
ve
lop
e
d
by
c
ombinin
g
tw
o
s
ubm
odules
(
SM1)
in
pa
rall
el
and
operates
one
DC
so
urce.
S
M
2
c
an
gen
e
rate
thr
ee
volt
age
le
ve
ls
(V
DC
,
0,
-
V
DC
)
at
the
outp
ut
te
rmin
al
s
(a,
b)
.
T
he
c
ombinati
on
of
t
wo
subm
odules
(SM
1)
moun
te
d
in
an
ti
par
al
le
l
,
al
lows
the
creati
on
of
t
he
T
-
t
yp
e
der
i
ved
sub
modu
l
e
(SM3)
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ur
e
2
(
c
)
.
T
he
T
-
ty
pe
st
ru
ct
ur
e
ge
ne
rates
th
r
ee
unip
ol
ar
volt
age
le
ve
ls
(
0,
V
DC
,
2V
DC
)
at
te
rmin
al
s
(a,
b)
.
T
he
paral
le
l
co
nn
ect
io
n
of
subm
odules
S
M
1
an
d
S
M
3
makes
these
volt
ages
bipolar
an
d
le
ad
s
to
the c
re
at
ion
of
the
T
-
Bridg
e
struct
ure
as d
e
picte
d
in Fig
ure 3
.
T
he
T
-
Brid
ge
is t
hen
c
onside
red as a 5
-
le
vel
inv
e
rter
s
tructu
re
th
at
c
an
ge
nerat
e
(2
V
DC
,
V
DC
,
0,
-
V
DC
,
2V
DC
).
In
this
operati
on,
t
he
T
-
Brid
ge
us
e
s
on
l
y
fi
ve
act
iv
e
switc
hes
i
ns
te
ad
of
ei
ght
a
nd
m
or
e
oth
e
r
c
ompone
nts
li
ke
cl
amping
diodes,
flying
ca
pa
ci
tors
,
and
isolat
e
d
D
C
source
s
i
n
c
la
ssica
l
topolo
gies.
I
n
t
his
st
ru
ct
ur
e,
we
a
r
e
in
a
c
onfig
urat
ion
w
he
re
N
S
=N
L
more
le
ss
t
ha
n
2(N
L
-
1)
[21]
.
T
he
aut
hors
of
[
22]
pr
opose
an
interest
i
ng
31
-
le
vel
st
ru
ct
ur
e
with
only
14
switc
hes
a
nd
4 asym
metri
c
D
C so
ur
ces
.
In
the
T
-
Brid
ge
to
po
l
ogy,
th
e
fi
ve
powe
r
s
witc
hes
ha
ve
d
iffe
re
nt
vo
lt
a
ge
st
ress:
S
1
,
S
2
,
S
3
,
a
nd
S
4
need
to
blo
c
k
un
i
po
la
r
volt
ag
e
2V
DC
w
her
e
a
s
the
s
witc
h
S
5
nee
ds
to
bl
ock
the
bipolar
volt
age
V
DC
an
d
–
V
DC
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
to
sign
ific
a
ntly
i
ncr
ease
t
he
numb
e
r
of
vo
lt
a
ge
le
vels
a
nd
remarka
bly
re
du
ce
t
he
s
witc
hes
a
nd
com
pone
nts
co
un
t,
we
de
vel
op
a
ne
w
to
po
l
ogy
of
a
25
-
Le
ve
l
inv
erter
bas
ed
on
tw
o
casc
a
ded
as
ymmet
rical
T
-
Brid
ges
us
i
ng
on
l
y
te
n
s
witc
hes
as
d
e
picte
d
in
Fig
ure
3
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
2
.
M
ai
n su
bmo
du
le
s
(
SM
s
) use
d
as
ba
sic
unit
s of m
ulti
le
vel conv
e
rter
s:
(
a
) SM
1,
half
-
bri
dge;
(
b)
SM2, H
-
bri
dge
;
(
c)
S
M
3, T
-
ty
pe deri
ved
sub
modu
le
;
(d)
T
-
br
i
dg
e
d
e
rive
d mo
du
le
f
or
ge
ne
rati
ng f
iv
e
vo
l
ta
ge
le
vels
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
168
7
–
169
8
1690
Figure
3
.
Sc
he
me of
t
he 10
-
s
witc
h
25
-
le
vel
vo
lt
age
i
nverte
r
based o
n
t
wo
casca
de
d
as
ymmet
ric T
-
bri
dg
e
modu
le
s
2
.
2
.
Basic
op
e
rat
in
g pri
ncip
le
of 10S
-
25L
vo
l
tage in
verte
r
The
pr
opos
e
d
topolo
gy
is
com
posed
of
two
casca
ded
asymm
et
ric
su
b
-
ci
rc
uits
us
i
ng
fou
r
DC
su
ppli
es.
Eac
h
su
b
-
ci
rc
uit
is
a
T
-
bri
dge
c
onsist
ing
of
tw
o
basic
unit
s:
T
-
typ
e
(SM3)
an
d
Half
-
br
i
dg
e
(SM1)
su
bm
odules.
E
ach
T
-
bri
dge
st
age
gen
e
rates
f
ive
volt
age
le
ve
ls.
By
c
ombin
ing
t
he
possibi
li
ti
es
of
each
s
ta
ge,
our
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
rter
can
prov
i
de
up
to
25
vo
lt
age
le
vels.
Table
1
a
nd
Figure
4
il
lustrat
e
the
switc
hes
sta
te
s
for
ma
ny
outp
ut
volt
ages
le
ve
ls.
The
c
on
ce
pt
of
t
his
struct
ur
e
ca
n
be
si
m
ply
e
xten
ded
t
o
obta
in
m
or
e
vo
lt
age
le
vels by a
ddin
g
m
ore casca
di
ng T
-
bri
dges.
Figure
4.
S
witc
hing stat
es
of our C
ascade
d
t
wo T
-
B
rid
ge w
it
h
re
du
ce
d
s
wi
tc
hes
c
ount:
(a)
V
ab
=
V
DC4
+V
DC3
+V
DC2
+V
DC1
; (b
) V
ab
=
V
DC4
+V
DC3
+V
DC2
; (c)
V
ab
=
V
DC4
+V
DC3
; (d) V
ab
=
V
DC4
+V
DC3
-
V
DC1
; (e) V
ab
= V
DC4
+V
DC3
-
V
DC2
-
V
DC1
; (f)
V
ab
=
V
DC4
+V
DC2
+V
DC1
(
a
)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(c)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Impr
oved 2
5
-
le
vel
inverte
r to
polo
gy
wi
th re
duced
part c
ount
for
PV
g
ri
d
-
ti
e
… (
R
adou
ane Maj
doul
)
1691
Table
1.
Sw
it
c
hes
sta
te
s
f
or
t
wen
t
y
-
five
outpu
t
volt
age le
ve
l
s
State
V
ab
Switch
es States
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S’
1
S’
2
S’
3
S’
4
S’
5
1
V
DC
4
+V
DC
3
+V
D
C
2
+V
DC
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
V
DC
4
+V
DC
3
+V
D
C
2
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
3
V
DC
4
+V
DC
3
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
4
V
DC
4
+V
DC
3
-
V
D
C
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
5
V
DC
4
+V
DC
3
-
V
D
C
2
-
V
DC
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
6
V
DC
4
+V
DC
2
+V
D
C
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
7
V
DC
4
+V
DC
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
8
V
DC
4
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
9
V
DC
4
-
V
DC
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
10
V
DC
4
-
V
D
C
2
-
V
DC
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
11
V
DC
2
+V
DC
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
12
V
DC
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
13
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
14
-
V
DC
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
15
-
V
DC
2
-
V
D
C
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
16
-
V
DC
3
+V
D
C
2
+V
D
C
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
17
-
V
DC
3
+V
D
C
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
18
-
V
DC
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
19
-
V
DC
3
-
V
D
C
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
20
-
V
DC
3
-
V
DC
2
-
V
D
C
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
21
-
V
D
C
4
-
V
DC
3
+V
DC
2
+V
DC
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
22
-
V
DC
4
-
V
D
C
3
+V
DC
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
23
-
V
DC
4
-
V
D
C
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
24
-
V
DC
4
-
V
D
C
3
-
V
DC
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
25
-
V
DC
4
-
V
D
C
3
-
V
DC
2
-
V
DC
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
A
care
fu
l a
nal
ys
is o
f
the
T
a
bl
e
1
sho
ws
that
the choice o
f
the
V
DCi
val
ues i
s v
er
y
imp
ort
ant and m
us
t
al
low
t
he
fo
ll
owin
g
c
rite
ria:
i)
the
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
m
us
t
be
s
ym
met
rical
wit
h
res
pect
to
ze
ro
;
ii
)
the
val
ue
s
of
the
z
ones
A,
B
,
C,
D
,
an
d
E
mu
st
not
overl
ap
;
ii
i)
the
ste
p
bet
wee
n
t
he
di
ff
ere
nt
value
s
mu
st
be
c
onsta
nt.
Fo
r
this p
urp
o
se,
we de
du
ce
the
es
sentia
l rela
ti
onsh
ips
b
et
ween
the d
i
ff
e
ren
t
V
DCi
vo
lt
ages:
2
=
1
=
4
=
3
=
5
As
dep
ic
te
d
in
Figure
5
,
t
h
e
pro
posed
to
po
l
ogy
the
n
be
co
m
es
a
casca
de
of
two
As
ymmet
ric
T
-
br
i
dg
e
s
ta
ges
:
i)
a
L
ow
V
oltage
sta
ge
ge
ne
r
at
ing
at
it
s
te
r
minals
the
five
le
vels
(
-
2V
DC
,
-
V
DC
,
0,
V
DC
,
2V
DC
);
a
nd
ii
)
a
H
igh
V
oltage
sta
ge
al
so
ge
ner
at
in
g
five
le
vels
(
-
10V
DC
,
-
5V
DC
,
0,
5V
DC
,
10V
DC
).
Ta
ble
2
s
hows
the
sta
te
s
of
th
e
HV an
d LV
stage s
witc
hes f
or outp
ut volt
a
ge
v
al
ue
s r
a
ngin
g from
-
12V
DC
t
o
+
12V
DC
.
Figure
5
.
Sc
he
me of t
wo Cas
caded T
-
B
rid
ge
sta
ges wit
h
a
sy
m
metri
c D
C
so
urce
rati
o 1:
5.
The
m
ulti
le
vel
ou
t
pu
t t
e
rmin
al
s ar
e c
onnecte
d
to
a “L
-
filt
er
” an
d
a
n
ou
t
pu
t
load
LV
sta
ge
HV stage
V
ab
L
f
V
R
I
R
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
168
7
–
169
8
1692
Table
2.
5n
-
le
ve
l zon
e
and
co
mmon
switc
he
s stat
es
f
or the
HV an
d LV
stages
State
V
ab
5n
-
Level Zon
e
HV St
ag
e
L
V Sta
g
e
Switch
es States
V
S_
HV
V
S_
L
V
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S’
1
S’
2
S’
3
S’
4
S’
5
1
1
2
V
DC
1
0
V
DC
2
V
DC
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
1
1
V
DC
V
DC
0
0
0
1
1
3
1
0
V
DC
A
0
0
1
0
1
0
4
9
V
DC
-
V
DC
0
0
1
0
1
5
8
V
DC
-
2
V
DC
0
1
1
0
0
6
7
V
DC
5
V
DC
2
V
DC
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
7
6
V
DC
V
DC
0
0
0
1
1
8
5
V
DC
B
0
0
1
0
1
0
9
4
V
DC
-
V
DC
0
0
1
0
1
10
3
V
DC
-
2
V
DC
0
1
1
0
0
11
2
V
DC
0
2
V
DC
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
12
V
DC
V
DC
0
0
0
1
1
13
0
C
0
0
1
0
1
0
14
-
V
DC
-
V
DC
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
15
-
2
V
DC
-
2
V
DC
0
1
1
0
0
16
-
3
V
DC
-
5
V
DC
2
V
DC
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
17
-
4
V
DC
V
DC
0
0
0
1
1
18
-
5
V
DC
D
0
0
1
0
1
0
19
-
6
V
DC
-
V
DC
0
0
1
0
1
20
-
7
V
DC
-
2
V
DC
0
1
1
0
0
21
-
8
V
DC
-
1
0
V
DC
2
V
DC
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
22
-
9
V
DC
V
DC
0
0
0
1
1
23
-
1
0
V
DC
E
0
0
1
0
1
0
24
-
1
1
V
DC
-
V
DC
0
0
1
0
1
25
-
1
2
V
DC
-
2
V
DC
0
1
1
0
0
2
.
3
.
C
ompari
so
n
bet
ween
our 10S
-
25L
vo
lta
ge
in
vert
er
an
d
conve
nt
i
onal mul
tile
vel
to
p
ol
og
ie
s
It
is
im
portant
to
co
mp
a
re
t
he
pro
pose
d
10S
-
25L
Vo
lt
age
I
nv
e
rter
to
ot
her
eq
uiva
le
nt
structu
res
in
order
to
il
lustr
at
e
it
s
ad
va
ntages
a
nd
stren
gt
hs
.
Th
e
pro
pos
ed
mu
lt
il
evel
i
nv
e
rter
s
yn
t
hes
iz
es
25
volt
age
le
vels
at
the
outp
ut
t
erminals
us
i
ng
only
te
n
act
iv
e
switc
hes
.
In
par
al
le
l,
up
to
48
act
ive
s
witc
hes
a
nd
m
or
e
oth
e
r
com
pone
nts
ar
e
nee
ded
in
cl
assic
al
topolo
gi
es.
The
co
m
pa
rison
of
this
25
-
le
vel
i
nv
e
rt
er
with
oth
e
r
e
xisti
ng
nin
e
-
le
vel to
po
log
ie
s is
summ
arize
d
i
n
Ta
ble
3
.
Table
3.
C
omp
ariso
n betwee
n o
ur 10S
-
25L
V
I,
25L
-
NP
C
VI, 25L
-
FC
VI,
27L
-
C
HB
VI an
d 25L
-
MMC
VI
i
n
te
r
ms
of
sy
ste
m
volume
10S
-
2
5
LVI
14S
-
3
1
LVI
[22
]
27L
-
CHB
VI
[16
]
25L
-
NPC V
I
25L
-
FC VI
25L
-
MM
C
VI
Activ
es switch
es
10
14
12
48
48
48
Clamped
dio
d
es
0
0
0
552
0
0
Fly
in
g
capacito
rs
0
0
0
0
276
24
DC so
u
rces or
DC
floatin
g
capacito
rs
4
4
3
(
iso
lated
so
u
rces)
24
24
24
THD
-
V (
%
)
3
.21
3
.35
7
.07
--
--
--
The
c
omparati
ve
a
nalysis
cl
ear
ly
s
hows
t
hat
our
10
-
Swi
tc
h
25
-
Le
vel
inv
e
rter
to
polo
gy
is
m
or
e
interest
ing
i
n
t
erms
of
TH
D
a
nd
it
is
le
ss
bulky
a
nd
us
es
fe
wer
el
ect
r
on
ic
com
pone
nts
a
nd
de
vices
t
han
m
an
y
oth
e
r
rece
nt
an
d
co
nventi
on
al
topolo
gies
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
i
t
is
noti
ceable
that
in
this
to
polo
gy
,
the
s
witc
hes
need
t
o
withstan
d dif
fe
ren
t
volt
age
str
ess:
−
Sw
it
ches
S
1
, S
2
, S
3
, a
nd
S
4
m
ust
b
e a
ble to
b
l
ock a
un
i
po
la
r vo
lt
age
equal t
o 2V
DC
;
−
Sw
it
ches
S’
1
, S’
2
, S’
3
, a
nd S
’
4
mu
st
be
a
ble to
b
loc
k
a
unip
ol
ar
vo
lt
age
equa
l t
o
10
V
DC
;
−
S
5
m
us
t wit
hst
and a
bipolar
volt
age
of V
DC
a
nd
-
V
DC
;
−
S’
5
m
us
t
withst
and a
bipolar
volt
age
of 5V
DC
an
d
-
5V
DC
.
3.
PROP
OSE
D
MO
DIFIE
D
HYBRID
MU
LT
ILE
VEL PWM
CONT
R
OL STR
ATE
GY
M
a
ny
publica
t
ion
s
a
nd
stu
di
es
are
pr
ese
nti
ng
seve
ral
m
odulati
on
met
hods
de
sig
ned
to
imp
rove
harmo
nic
c
ha
r
act
erist
ic
s,
co
nt
ro
l
dyna
mics,
filt
er
siz
e,
a
nd
switc
hing
loss
.
T
he
mu
lt
i
-
ca
rri
er
-
ba
sed
si
nu
s
oid
al
pu
lse
-
wi
dth
m
odulati
on
(
M
S
PWM)
sc
hem
e
is
one
of
th
e
most
us
e
d
modu
la
ti
on
m
et
hods
for
mul
ti
le
vel
structu
res
[2
3],
[
24
].
On
e
di
sti
nguish
es
t
w
o
co
nventi
on
al
cat
egories:
L
evel
-
s
hifted
P
W
M
(L
S
-
P
W
M
)
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Impr
oved 2
5
-
le
vel
inverte
r to
polo
gy
wi
th re
duced
part c
ount
for
PV
g
ri
d
-
ti
e
… (
R
adou
ane Maj
doul
)
1693
Ph
ase
-
sh
i
fted
PWM
(P
S
-
P
W
M
)
.
Howe
ver
,
it
sh
ould
be
no
te
d
that
eac
h
s
pecial
struct
ure
re
qu
ire
s
a
de
dicat
ed
con
t
ro
l
a
nd
m
odulati
on
met
hod.
Th
us
,
f
or
this
sin
gu
la
r
mu
lt
il
evel
topolo
gy,
s
pecial
mu
lt
il
evel
modu
la
ti
on
con
t
ro
l
is
nee
de
d
an
d
m
us
t
be
dev
el
op
e
d.
A
s
dep
ic
te
d
i
n
Fi
gure
5
,
ou
r
10
S
-
25L Volt
age
Inver
te
r
is
co
mpose
d
of
tw
o
casca
de
d
T
-
Bri
dges
with
a
symmet
r
ic
DC
s
ource
rati
o
1:5.
The
25
vo
lt
age
le
vels
a
re
obta
ined
by
mer
ging
each
of
the
five
c
ombina
ti
ons
of
the
H
V
sta
ge
with
the
fi
ve
com
bin
at
io
ns
of
the
L
V
sta
ge
.
T
he
switc
hing
sta
te
s
an
d
their
co
rresp
onding
vo
lt
age
le
vel
a
re
de
picte
d
in
Tabl
e
2
ma
king
t
he
operati
on
a
nd
le
vel
gen
e
rati
on
pro
cess
m
uc
h
m
ore
c
ompre
hensi
ble.
We
first
note
5
zo
nes
A,
B,
C,
D
,
a
nd
E
ass
ociat
ed
w
it
h
the
HV
sta
ge
le
vel
s:
10V
DC
,
5V
DC
,
0,
-
5V
DC
,
a
nd
-
10V
DC
.
It
is
obse
rv
e
d
t
hat
the
sta
te
s
of
th
e
LV
sta
ge
s
wi
tc
hes
are
re
dunda
nt
and
do
not
de
pe
nd
on
t
hese
z
on
e
s
but
on
th
e
de
viati
on
of
the
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
from
t
he
volt
age
le
vels
(
V
ab
-
5nV
DC
)
.
T
he
vo
lt
ages
deli
ver
e
d
by
the
L
V
sta
ge,
w
hateve
r
the
z
on
e
,
a
re:
2V
DC
,
V
DC
,
0,
-
V
DC
,
-
2V
DC
.
So,
the
M
ulti
ste
p
Modi
fied
Re
fe
ren
c
e
V
oltage
al
lo
wing
the
co
ntr
ol
of
the
LV
sta
ge
will
ha
ve
the
fo
ll
owin
g recu
rr
e
nt exp
ressio
n:
2
=
−
5
(1)
with
=
∗
12
∗
sin
2
.
&
{
2
,
1
,
0
,
−
1
,
−
2
}
/
−
2
≤
2
≤
2
M
def
i
nes
t
he glo
bal P
W
M
modu
la
ti
on i
ndex.
This
str
uctu
re
is
desig
ne
d
to
operate
in
PWM
a
nd
ge
ner
at
e
al
l
the
vo
lt
ag
es
of
z
ones
A,
B,
C,
D,
a
n
d
E.
It
mu
st
al
s
o
ge
ner
at
e
th
e
interme
diate
vo
lt
ages
bet
ween
the
diff
e
ren
t
z
on
e
s:
from
(+/
-
)
2V
DC
to
(+/
-
)
3V
DC
and
f
r
om
(+/
-
)
7V
DC
to
(+/
-
)
8V
DC
.
F
or
thes
e
interme
diate
zon
e
s,
we
co
nsi
der
de
dicat
ed
PWM
co
mpa
r
at
or
s
wh
e
re
the
m
odifie
d
m
odulati
ng
re
fer
e
nce
si
gn
al
mu
st
be
r
edu
ce
d
t
o
a
volt
age
betwee
n
0
a
nd
1V.
For
these
interme
diate
zon
e
s,
the
c
omparat
or
op
e
rat
es
bo
t
h
sta
ges:
(S
1
,
S
4
)
of
t
he
LV
sta
ge
a
nd
(S
'
2
,
S'
3
)
of
t
he
H
V
sta
ge.
T
w
o
de
cod
e
r
ci
rc
uits
are
de
sig
ned
t
o
ide
ntify
each
of
the
5n
le
ve
l
zon
es
an
d
ea
ch
of
t
he
inter
med
ia
t
e
zon
e
s.
In
s
pire
d
by
the
c
ontr
ol
reali
zed
in
a
previ
ou
s
w
ork
[
12],
we
desig
n
a
ci
rcu
it
a
ble
to
ge
nerat
e
the
gate
pu
lse
s
of
the
LV
sta
ge's
se
micond
ucto
r
s
witc
hes.
The
modifie
d
m
odulati
ng
ref
e
re
nc
e
sign
al
V
M2
REF
i
s
trans
forme
d
int
o
a
unip
olar
si
gn
al
V
UM2R
EF
va
ry
i
ng b
et
ween 0
a
nd
2V.
2
(
)
=
2
(
)
+
2
(
1
−
(
2
(
)
)
2
)
(2)
with
(
)
=
{
1
ℎ
≥
0
−
1
ℎ
<
0
The
s
witc
hes
S
3
an
d
S
4
are
cl
a
mp
in
g
t
o
a
hi
gh
or
lo
w
sta
te
dep
e
ndin
g
on
t
he
si
gn
of
t
he
modifie
d
m
odulati
ng
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
na
l
V
M2REF
:
the
switc
h
S
4
is
O
N
w
hen
V
M2REF
is
posit
ive
a
nd
S
3
is
in
a
hi
gh
sta
te
in
the
op
po
sit
e
case.
T
he
unip
ol
ar
modifie
d
modu
la
ti
ng
refe
ren
ce
sig
nal
V
UM2REF
dep
ic
te
d
i
n
Fi
gure
6
is
co
mp
a
re
d
t
o
tw
o
tria
ngular
car
rier
bands
,
wh
ic
h
a
re
le
vel
-
s
hifted
i
ncr
e
ment
al
ly
by
1wit
h
the
same
am
pl
it
ud
e
1
i
n
ord
er
t
o
gen
e
rate
the
P
W
M
co
mma
nds
for
the
three
powe
r
semic
onduct
ors
(
S
1
,
S
2
,
S
5
)
.
Fig
ure
s
7
(a)
-
(
d)
s
ho
ws
the
blo
c
k diag
ram of
the elect
r
onic
circuit i
m
plementin
g M
HMPW
M
c
ontrol.
Figure
6
.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram of
th
e pro
posed
M
HMPW
M sche
me contr
olli
ng
the
Te
n
power
switc
hes
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
168
7
–
169
8
1694
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
7
.
Wa
ve
form
s
of the
c
on
t
ro
l si
gn
al
s:
(a)
Sine
Re
fer
e
nce
Vo
lt
age
of
12
V
a
mp
li
tu
de
and
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y 5
0
Hz
; (
b)
M
ulti
ste
p M
od
ifie
d
R
efere
nce S
i
gna
l extract
ed
from
V
SRM
; (c
) U
nipolar
Mult
ist
ep M
od
ifie
d
Re
fer
e
nce
to
c
ompare
w
it
h t
he
two
tria
ng
ular
car
rier
ba
nds
; (d)
5n
-
Le
vel
and I
nterme
dia
te
Zone Ide
ntif
ie
r
Ou
t
pu
ts
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND DI
SCUS
S
ION
In
this
sect
ion,
a
si
ng
le
-
phase
10
-
s
witc
h
25
-
le
vel
vo
lt
age
in
ver
te
r
with
a
n
ou
t
pu
t
L
-
filt
er
is
modele
d
us
in
g
MATL
A
B/
Simuli
nk
.
T
o
e
valu
at
e
the
performa
nce
of
our
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
rter
,
we
te
st
it
with
non
-
hi
gh
switc
hing
f
requen
c
y
f
ur
t
her
r
ed
uce
the
s
witc
hing
powe
r
l
osse
s
in
se
mico
nducto
rs
co
mpon
e
nts.
O
ur
go
al
is
to
gen
e
rate
a
si
nuso
i
dal
volt
ag
e
wit
h
a
mp
li
tu
de
an
d
f
reque
ncy
fixe
d
by
the
re
fer
e
nce
s
i
gn
al
with
im
pro
ve
d
harmo
nics
cha
racteri
sti
cs
(T
HD),
mi
nimum
switc
hing
l
os
s
a
nd
mi
nimu
m
c
os
t
an
d
siz
e
of
L
-
filt
er
at
the
sy
ste
m
outp
ut. Ta
ble
4
s
umm
arizes t
he c
ons
idere
d
sim
ulati
on p
a
ramete
rs for the
m
ulti
le
vel volt
age
sy
s
te
m.
Table
4.
Simul
at
ion
m
ulti
le
ve
l system
pa
ram
et
ers
Para
m
eters
Sy
m
b
o
l
Nu
m
eric
al valu
es
DC So
u
rce
Vo
ltag
e
V
DC
100V
Ou
tp
u
t f
ilter
L
f
5
m
H
Switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
f
PW
M
2
k
Hz
Refere
n
ce
sig
n
al: Puls
atio
n
& Mod
u
l
atio
n
I
n
d
ex
ω
100π
M
1
Load
Active Po
we
r
P
20kW
Load
Nominal Vo
l
tag
e
(RMS
)
&
F
re
q
u
en
cy
V
N
-
f
N
1
0
0
0
V
-
5
0
Hz
In
this
sect
io
n,
the
obta
ine
d
simulat
ed
res
ults
are
disc
usse
d.
It
is
i
ntend
e
d
t
o
c
onfir
m
the
go
od
performa
nce
of
our
m
ulti
le
ve
l
inv
erter
with
it
s
el
aborate
con
tr
ol
.
It
is
then
eas
y
to
de
monstrate
tha
t
the
ob
je
ct
ives
of
t
his
w
ork
are
f
ully
ac
hieve
d
.
Figure
7
s
how
s
the
s
ynthesis
of
the
si
gnal
s
al
lowing
t
he
PWM
con
t
ro
l
durin
g
al
l
the
ph
ase
s
and
z
ones
of
the
sine
ref
e
re
nce
sig
nal
ev
ol
ution
in
detai
l.
Fig
ur
e
8
(
a)
sh
ows
that,
eve
n
with
ou
t
P
W
M
co
nt
ro
l,
t
he
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
delive
r
ed
by
the
i
nv
e
r
te
r
is
a
perfect
ly
s
in
usoidal
ste
pp
e
d
sign
al
of
25
le
vels.
Its
harmo
nic
disto
rtion
r
at
e
is
3.
27%
a
s
dep
ic
te
d
in
Figure
8
(
b)
.
Figure
s
8
(c
)
a
nd
(e)
il
lustrate
res
pe
ct
ively
that
t
he
volt
age V
R
a
nd
c
urren
t
I
S
at
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
of
th
e
L
-
filt
er
are
quasi
sin
usoidal
with a
THD
of
0.6
7%
as
show
n
in
F
igure
s
8
(d)
a
nd
(
f)
.
These
T
HD
s
(
3.27
%
,
0.6
7%)
a
re
well
within
the
sta
nd
a
r
ds
recomme
nd
e
d by the
I
ns
ti
tute o
f
Ele
ct
rical
a
nd Elec
tro
nics
En
gin
eer
s (IEE
E).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
Impr
oved 2
5
-
le
vel
inverte
r to
polo
gy
wi
th re
duced
part c
ount
for
PV
g
ri
d
-
ti
e
… (
R
adou
ane Maj
doul
)
1695
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure
8.
Wa
ve
forms
of the
Ou
t
pu
t
sig
nals
and their
H
a
rm
on
ic
Sp
ect
rum
without P
W
M
comma
nd: a)
25
-
Level I
nverte
r ou
t
pu
t
V
oltage
V
AB
of a
mp
li
tud
e
12
00V
a
nd
f
re
quenc
y 5
0 Hz; b
) V
AB
ha
r
monic s
pectr
um;
c)
V
R
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age ac
ro
s
s t
he resi
sti
ve
loa
d
;
d) V
R
harm
on
ic
sp
ect
r
um
THD
V
; e
)
L
oa
d o
utput cu
rr
e
nt
; f)
it
s
harmo
nic s
pect
rum T
HD
I
Figure
9
sho
w
s
the
in
ver
te
r
outp
ut
sig
nals
w
hen
t
he
M
H
MPW
M
c
on
tr
ol
is
operated
.
A
s
dep
ic
te
d
in
Figure
9
(a),
t
he
i
nv
e
rter
ou
tpu
t
volt
age
w
avefor
m
s
how
s
that
our
Ca
s
caded
as
ym
me
tric
al
struct
ur
e
with
M
odifie
d
Hyb
r
id
Mult
il
evel
P
W
M
c
om
ma
nd
w
orked
well
:
we
hav
e
25
vo
lt
age
le
vels
perfect
ly
m
odulat
ed
in
ti
me
accor
ding
to
the
sine
refe
ren
ce
volt
age.
PWM
switc
hin
g
ta
kes
place
for
the
m
os
t
pa
rt
in
the
L
V
s
ta
ge,
thu
s
minimi
z
ing
t
he
harmo
nic
distor
t
ion
rates:
T
HD_
VAB
=5.3
9%
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
9
(b),
THD_
IS
=T
HD_
VR
=0
82
%
in
Figures
9
(
d)
a
nd
(
f).
Subse
quently
the
s
witc
hing
l
os
ses
ar
e
minimi
zi
ng.
Figures
9
(c
)
a
nd
(e
)
al
so
il
lustrate
r
e
s
pecti
vely
t
hat the
vo
lt
age
V
R
and cu
rr
e
nt I
S
at
the output o
f
the L
-
filt
er ar
e
q
u
asi
sinu
s
oid
al
.
Af
t
er
modeli
ng
th
e
entire
s
ys
te
m
a
s
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
5
,
t
his
po
wer
m
ulti
le
vel
c
onve
rter
can
be
con
t
ro
ll
ed
by a
li
near
or
nonli
near
re
gu
la
to
r (PID,
b
ac
ks
te
ppin
g,
sli
di
ng m
od
e
…)
t
o
e
nsu
re go
od p
e
rfo
r
mance
with
resp
ect
t
o dist
urba
nces
[
25
].
(a)
(b)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
S
ys
t
,
V
ol
.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptembe
r
202
1
:
168
7
–
169
8
1696
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure
9.
Wa
ve
forms
of the
outp
ut sig
nals a
nd their
h
a
rm
onic
s
pectrum
w
it
h
MH
M
P
W
M
c
omman
d: (a)
25
-
le
vel inverte
r
outp
ut volt
age
V
AB
of am
plit
ude
1200V
and
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y 50
Hz; (
b) V
AB
ha
rm
on
ic
s
pectr
um;
(c)
V
R
the
out
put v
oltage
acr
oss t
he resi
sti
ve l
oad
;
(d) V
R
ha
rm
on
ic
s
pectr
um T
HD
V
; (
e)
L
oad outp
ut c
urr
ent;
(f) its ha
rm
onic
sp
ect
r
um.
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
pap
e
r,
a
no
vel
25
-
Level
i
nv
e
rter
to
polo
gy
has
be
en
pro
po
se
d
with
ma
ny
ben
e
fits
a
nd
featur
e
s:
very
reduce
d
c
ount
par
t,
highly
si
nu
s
oi
dal
ou
t
put
sig
nals
with
low
ha
rm
onic
con
te
nt
a
nd
re
du
ce
d
commuta
ti
on
losses.
As
dep
i
ct
ed
in
the
c
ompa
rison
with
the
oth
e
r
in
vert
er’
s
to
po
l
o
gies,
it
requires
only
TE
N
act
ive
switc
he
s
f
or
a
sin
gle
-
ph
a
se
c
onver
te
r
.
T
he
desi
gn
of
this
casca
de
d
as
ymmet
ric
structu
re
from
basi
c
su
bm
odules
ha
s
been
de
velo
pe
d
an
d
detai
le
d.
T
he
ope
rati
ng
pr
i
nciples
a
nd
s
witc
hi
ng
s
ta
te
s
are
pr
ese
nted.
A
detai
le
d
co
mpa
ri
son
betwee
n
the
pro
pose
d
a
nd
the
c
on
ven
ti
onal
to
po
log
ie
s
i
n
te
rm
s
of
the
num
ber
of
switc
hes,
sy
st
em
volum
e,
volt
age
stress
,
and
switc
hi
ng
loss
is
ma
de
.
The
de
velo
pme
nt
of
a
s
pe
ci
fic
modu
la
ti
on
st
r
at
egy
of
t
he
10S
-
25L
V
I
has
been
propose
d.
It
c
onsist
s
of
a
m
od
ifie
d
hy
br
i
d
m
ulti
le
vel
P
WM
method
esse
ntial
ly
ba
sed
on
a
unip
olar
m
ulti
ste
p
m
odifie
d r
efere
nce
c
ontr
ol
sig
nal
a
nd wi
th
outp
uts d
ec
od
i
ng
op
e
rati
ng
a
rea
s.
Acc
ordin
g
to
simulat
io
n
r
esults,
t
he
vali
dity
a
nd
ad
va
nt
ages
of
t
he
propose
d
to
po
l
ogy
a
nd
modu
la
ti
o
n
me
thod
a
re
de
monstrate
d.
The
re
fore,
the
propo
sed
25
-
Level
inv
e
rter
is
a
s
ui
ta
ble
a
nd
im
prov
e
d
so
luti
on t
hat ca
n be
us
e
d
in
E
-
mobil
it
y
an
d g
rid
-
ti
e P
V syst
ems a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
R.
Ma
jdoul
,
A.
Abouloifa
,
E
.
Abdelm
ouni
m,
M.
Aboulfa
ta
h,
A.
Toua
ti
,
and
A.
Moutabi
r
,
“
B
ac
k
steppi
ng
cont
ro
ller
of
five
-
le
v
el
thr
ee
-
phase
inv
erte
r,
”
in
M
ATEC
We
b
of
Conf
ere
nce
s,
EDP
Scien
ce
s
,
vol.
16
no.
06003,
May
201
4
,
doi:
10
.
1051/ma
te
c
conf
/2014160
6003
.
[2]
A.
Sheir,
M.
Z.
Yous
sef,
and
M.
Orabi
,
“A
n
ovel
bid
irecti
on
al
T
-
type
multil
eve
l
inve
r
te
r
fo
r
elec
tr
ic
v
ehicl
e
appl
i
ca
t
ions,”
i
n
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Power
El
e
ct
ronics,
v
ol.
34
,
no
.
7,
pp.
6648
-
6658,
July
2019,
do
i:
10.
1109/T
PE
L.
2
018.
2871624.
[3]
N
.
Flourentzou
,
V
.
G.
Age
li
dis
,
and
G
.
D.
D
e
me
triade
s
“
VSC
-
base
d
HV
DC
power
tra
nsm
ission
sys
te
ms:
an
over
vie
w,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
,
vo
l.
24,
no.
3
,
p
p.
592
-
602
,
M
arc
h
2009
,
doi
:
10.
1109/T
PE
L.
2
008.
2008441
.
[4]
M
.
A.
Pere
z
,
S
.
Berne
t
,
J
.
Rodri
guez
,
S
.
Kouro
,
and
R
.
Li
z
ana
“
Circ
uit
topo
logies,
mode
l
ing,
co
ntrol
sch
emes,
a
nd
appl
i
ca
t
ions
of
modul
ar
mul
t
il
e
vel
conv
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D
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r
te
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duce
d
str
uc
ture:
im
plementing
a
promi
nent
31
-
le
vel
5
kVA
class
B
converte
r
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”
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