I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
w
er
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
Sy
s
t
e
m
(
I
J
P
E
DS
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
848
~
8
5
8
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
ed
s
.
v9
.
i
2
.
pp
8
4
8
-
858
848
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JP
E
DS
Desig
n of Sola
r
P
o
w
ered Charg
ing
Ba
ck
pa
c
k
J
o
na
s
T
a
v
er
ne
1
,
F
irda
us
M
u
ha
mm
a
d
-
Su
kk
i
2
,
Ah
m
a
d Sy
a
hir A
y
ub
3
,
Na
z
m
i Sella
m
i
4
,
Siti
H
a
w
a
Abu
-
B
a
k
a
r
5
,
Nur
ul Aini B
a
ni
6
,
Abd
ull
a
hi A
b
ub
a
k
a
r
M
a
s
’
ud
7
,
Dra
co
I
y
i
8
1
,
2,
4,
8
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
R
o
b
e
rt
G
o
rd
o
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
S
c
o
tl
a
n
d
,
U
n
it
e
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
3
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ic &
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
trath
c
ly
d
e
,
G
la
sg
o
w
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
5
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r
Brit
ish
M
a
lay
sia
n
In
stit
u
te,
S
e
lan
g
o
r,
M
a
la
y
sia
6
UT
M
Ra
z
a
k
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r,
M
a
lay
sia
7
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ju
b
a
il
I
n
d
u
strial
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
S
a
u
d
i
A
ra
b
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
1
7
,
2
0
1
6
R
ev
i
s
ed
No
v
2
2
,
2
0
1
5
A
cc
ep
ted
Dec
3
,
2
0
1
6
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
a
ste
p
b
y
ste
p
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
d
e
sig
n
in
g
a
so
lar
p
o
w
e
re
d
c
h
a
rg
in
g
b
a
c
k
p
a
c
k
th
a
t
is
c
a
p
a
b
le
o
f
c
h
a
rg
in
g
a
m
o
b
il
e
p
h
o
n
e
e
f
ficie
n
tl
y
.
A
se
lec
ti
o
n
o
f
e
x
isti
n
g
p
ro
d
u
c
ts
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
o
n
th
e
m
a
r
k
e
t
we
re
r
e
v
iew
e
d
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
a
sc
e
rtain
th
e
c
o
st
,
s
ize
,
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
c
a
p
a
b
il
i
ti
e
s.
Ne
x
t,
th
e
s
o
lar
c
e
ll
t
y
p
e
s an
d
re
g
u
lato
rs
w
e
r
e
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
a
n
d
th
e
ir
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
m
e
rit
s
w
e
re
a
lso
in
v
e
stig
a
ted
.
T
h
e
c
h
a
rg
in
g
s
y
ste
m
wa
s
th
e
n
d
e
sig
n
e
d
a
n
d
tes
ted
b
e
f
o
re
b
e
in
g
in
teg
ra
ted
w
it
h
th
e
b
a
c
k
p
a
c
k
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
c
lea
rly
sh
o
w
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
sy
st
e
m
m
a
n
a
g
e
d
to
c
h
a
rg
e
th
e
m
o
b
il
e
p
h
o
n
e
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
it
wa
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
th
e
e
x
c
e
ss
iv
e
p
o
w
e
r
d
issip
a
ti
o
n
h
a
s
c
a
u
se
d
th
e
li
n
e
a
r
re
g
u
lat
o
r
t
o
g
e
n
e
ra
te
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
h
e
a
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
B
ac
k
p
ac
k
C
h
ar
g
in
g
cir
c
u
it
E
f
f
icien
c
y
R
eg
u
lato
r
So
lar
ce
ll
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
201
8
In
s
t
it
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Fird
au
s
M
u
h
a
m
m
ad
-
Su
k
k
i,
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Sir
I
ai
n
W
o
o
d
B
u
ild
in
g
,
R
o
b
er
t G
o
r
d
o
n
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
,
Gar
th
d
ee
R
o
ad
,
A
b
er
d
ee
n
,
AB
1
0
7
GJ
Sco
tlan
d
,
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
E
m
ail:
f
.
b
.
m
u
h
a
m
m
ad
-
s
u
k
k
i
@
r
g
u
.
ac
.
u
k
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
So
lar
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t a
b
u
n
d
an
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
[1
–
4]
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
g
en
er
ati
n
g
e
n
o
u
g
h
p
o
w
er
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
en
ti
r
e
p
lan
et.
I
t
w
a
s
ca
lc
u
lated
t
h
eo
r
etica
ll
y
th
a
t
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
s
u
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
o
n
ea
r
th
f
o
r
o
n
e
d
a
y
h
a
s
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ili
t
y
to
m
ee
t t
h
e
d
e
m
an
d
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
2
0
y
ea
r
s
[
5]
.
Desp
ite
t
h
e
h
u
g
e
p
o
ten
tial,
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
1
.
2
%
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
ld
’
s
elec
tr
ici
t
y
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
h
ar
n
ess
i
n
g
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
is
s
till
v
er
y
m
u
c
h
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
s
o
lar
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
n
s
ta
n
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
h
er
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
is
u
t
ilized
-
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
er
y
b
i
g
ap
p
licatio
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
g
e
n
er
ati
n
g
e
lectr
icit
y
f
o
r
h
o
m
es
a
n
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
f
ield
s
,
to
th
e
v
er
y
s
m
all
ap
p
licatio
n
s
li
k
e
p
o
w
er
i
n
g
t
h
e
ca
lcu
lato
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
ar
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e.
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
t
h
at
u
tili
s
es
t
h
e
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
ed
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
Ma
lla
et
al.
[
7
]
an
aly
s
ed
a
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
ed
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
u
c
k
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
to
r
eg
u
la
te
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
v
ar
io
u
s
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
i
n
M
A
T
L
AB
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
ir
d
esig
n
,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
ed
g
o
o
d
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
w
h
e
n
v
a
lid
ated
v
ia
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
.
S
u
lai
m
an
et
al.
[
8
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
a
s
o
lar
-
b
ased
w
ir
ele
s
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
c
h
ar
g
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
s
et
u
p
h
as
s
u
p
er
io
r
s
tan
d
b
y
ti
m
e
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
w
ir
ed
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
Na
h
m
[
9
]
d
esi
g
n
ed
a
s
o
lar
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
th
a
t
co
m
p
r
i
s
ed
o
f
1
2
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
h
ic
h
w
as
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
a
B
lack
b
er
r
y
B
o
ld
m
o
d
el
9
7
8
0
b
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
in
g
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
4
.
2
V
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
u
r
r
en
t o
f
0
.
2
5
A
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
a
v
ar
y
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts
a
lr
ea
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et
t
h
at
u
ti
lis
e
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
an
d
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
d
e
v
is
e
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
r
a
n
g
e
in
all
s
h
ap
es
an
d
s
izes
f
r
o
m
f
u
ll
y
i
n
te
g
r
ated
to
attac
h
ab
le.
A
s
w
it
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Desig
n
o
f S
o
la
r
P
o
w
ered
C
h
a
r
g
in
g
B
a
ck
p
a
ck
(
Jo
n
a
s
Ta
ve
r
n
e
)
849
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
t
h
er
e
is
also
w
i
d
e
r
an
g
e
i
n
p
r
ices
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
£
3
0
m
ar
k
to
w
ell
o
v
er
£
2
0
0
.
A
s
elec
t
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
is
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
l
e
1
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
ices
o
b
tain
ed
(
2
2
/0
2
/2
0
1
7
)
ca
n
b
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
to
ch
an
g
e.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
a
ll
p
r
o
d
u
cts
u
s
e
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
ta
lli
n
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
h
ich
h
ad
a
s
tated
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
ate
o
f
2
2
%.
Gen
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
s
w
a
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
6
W
to
7
W
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
b
et
w
ee
n
5
V
an
d
6
V.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
s
th
at
co
m
e
at
g
r
ea
ter
co
s
t
ten
d
ed
to
h
av
e
a
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
th
i
s
d
o
es in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
w
ei
g
h
t a
s
ex
p
ec
ted
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
d
if
f
er
en
t p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
ed
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
t
h
at
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
a
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
ef
f
icie
n
tl
y
.
T
h
e
d
es
i
g
n
w
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
to
m
ee
t
ce
r
tai
n
cr
iter
ia
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
p
r
ac
ticalit
y
a
n
d
lo
w
co
s
t.
I
n
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
th
is
to
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
ll
y
,
r
esear
ch
,
d
esi
g
n
,
test
i
n
g
a
n
d
an
al
y
s
i
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
ab
le
1
.
Selectio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
i
n
th
e
m
ar
k
e
t
.
S
o
l
d
B
y
W
a
t
t
s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
a
n
k
B
a
g
S
i
z
e
(
L
*
W
*
H)
W
e
i
g
h
t
Pr
i
c
e
(
W
)
(V)
(
c
m)
(
k
g
)
(
£
)
V
i
t
e
c
h
b
i
z
[
1
0
]
6
.
5
6
.
0
No
3
5
*
2
2
*
5
2
1
.
3
0
9
0
.
0
0
T
V
C
M
A
L
L
[
1
1
]
6
.
5
6
.
0
No
5
5
*
3
6
*
2
3
1
.
3
5
4
0
.
4
0
EC
EEN
[
1
2
]
7
.
0
--
Y
e
s (1
0
A
H
)
6
5
*
6
0
*
3
0
2
.
0
0
1
3
9
.
9
9
S
u
n
s
k
y
[
1
3
]
6
.
5
6
.
0
Y
e
s
2
2
*
8
.
5
*
3
2
1
.
8
0
7
1
.
9
9
G
l
o
r
y
s
o
l
a
r
[
1
4
]
7
.
0
5
.
0
No
5
5
*
3
6
*
2
3
1
.
3
4
5
7
.
3
9
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
cir
cu
it a
n
d
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
ill
n
ee
d
to
m
ee
t t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e.
T
h
e
p
h
o
n
e
t
h
at
w
ill b
e
u
s
ed
a
s
a
test
is
Vo
d
af
o
n
e
’
s
S
m
ar
t F
ir
s
t 7
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
i
s
L
i
-
io
n
w
it
h
a
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
1
4
0
0
m
Ah
,
a
n
o
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
3
.
7
V
an
d
a
ch
ar
g
e
u
p
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
4
.
2
V.
T
h
e
p
h
o
n
e
o
p
er
ates
a
m
icr
o
USB
ch
ar
g
er
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
n
t
h
e
p
h
o
n
e
s
id
e
an
d
a
USB
v
er
s
io
n
2
.
0
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
ch
ar
g
er
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
cir
c
u
it
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
m
p
a
tib
le
USB
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
2.
CH
ARG
I
N
G
CIRC
UI
T
W
ith
in
a
c
h
ar
g
in
g
c
ir
cu
it
it
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
h
av
e
a
r
e
g
u
late
d
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
lo
o
k
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eg
u
la
to
r
s
av
ailab
le
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
m
ai
n
t
y
p
es
ar
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
a
n
d
lin
ea
r
.
S
w
itc
h
in
g
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
ca
n
b
e
b
r
o
k
en
d
o
w
n
i
n
to
b
u
ck
t
y
p
es
(
s
tep
-
d
o
w
n
)
,
b
o
o
s
t (
s
tep
-
u
p
)
an
d
i
n
v
er
ter
t
y
p
es.
T
h
e
m
ain
s
tip
u
latio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cir
cu
i
t
is
to
r
eg
u
late
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
V
to
s
atis
f
y
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
o
n
e
b
atter
y
.
W
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
w
it
h
th
e
s
w
i
tc
h
in
g
r
eg
u
lato
r
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ac
tical
cir
cu
it
w
it
h
r
elati
o
n
to
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
co
s
t.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
cir
cu
its
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
er
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
w
h
e
n
it
co
m
es
to
t
h
e
ex
ter
n
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
,
t
h
e
li
n
ea
r
cir
cu
it
s
’
ex
ter
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
ar
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
g
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
i
n
co
m
p
lex
it
y
r
elate
s
to
a
c
h
ea
p
er
cir
cu
it
c
o
s
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
t
y
p
es
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
er
e
f
f
icie
n
cie
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
at
th
e
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
cir
cu
i
t
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
.
T
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
t
y
p
e
s
ar
e
a
ls
o
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
b
o
o
s
tin
g
a
s
w
el
l
as
o
p
er
atin
g
in
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e.
De
s
p
ite
t
h
is
,
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
h
a
v
e
a
h
i
g
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
o
w
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
ir
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
n
at
u
r
e,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
tic
i
n
t
er
f
er
en
ce
(
E
MI
)
an
d
n
o
i
s
e
an
d
ar
e
g
e
n
er
all
y
m
o
r
e
ex
p
en
s
i
v
e
t
h
an
li
n
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
ck
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
is
t
h
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
r
ate
s
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
9
0
%
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
in
p
ar
t
to
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
lo
ad
d
u
r
in
g
o
f
f
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
in
s
tead
o
f
d
is
s
ip
ati
n
g
it
s
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
as
h
ea
t.
T
h
i
s
is
also
t
h
e
ca
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
w
h
ic
h
c
h
ar
g
es
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
p
er
io
d
s
an
d
th
en
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
lo
ad
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
f
f
p
er
io
d
s
an
d
o
n
ce
th
e
in
d
u
c
to
r
h
as
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
li
n
ea
r
t
y
p
e
ar
e
a
lo
w
e
r
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ip
p
le,
tr
a
n
s
i
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
an
y
ch
an
g
es
w
it
h
th
e
lo
ad
,
an
d
lo
w
E
MI
a
n
d
n
o
is
e.
T
h
e
lo
w
n
o
i
s
e
an
d
lo
w
E
MI
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
n
o
n
-
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it
a
n
d
n
o
in
d
u
cto
r
s
i
n
o
p
er
atio
n
.
L
i
n
ea
r
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
(
L
R
s
)
h
a
v
e
s
o
m
e
d
i
s
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
r
elatin
g
to
th
eir
lo
w
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
h
ea
t si
n
k
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
u
n
ab
le
t
o
s
tep
d
o
w
n
v
o
l
ta
g
e.
T
ak
in
g
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
an
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
th
e
L
R
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
as
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
l
o
w
er
co
s
t
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
ex
ter
n
al
cir
c
u
itr
y
a
n
d
r
eg
u
lat
o
r
its
el
f
,
E
MI
a
n
d
n
o
is
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ip
p
l
e
[
1
7
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
i
n
to
o
p
er
atin
g
with
a
lo
w
d
r
o
p
o
u
t
r
eg
u
lato
r
(
L
DO)
w
a
s
ta
k
e
n
a
n
d
d
esp
ite
b
ein
g
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
t
h
a
n
L
R
,
it
w
a
s
n
o
t
d
ee
m
e
d
f
ea
s
ib
le.
T
h
is
w
as
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
L
D
O
o
p
er
ates
w
i
th
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
s
(
ty
p
icall
y
i
n
m
V)
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
w
o
u
ld
b
ec
o
m
e
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
w
h
en
th
e
w
ea
t
h
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
s
u
ch
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
/d
ec
r
ea
s
es
b
y
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
v
o
lts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
848
–
858
850
T
h
e
cir
cu
it c
o
m
p
r
is
es o
f
a
v
o
lt
ag
e
d
iv
id
er
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e.
A
d
io
d
e
w
as
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
f
r
o
m
r
ev
er
s
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it,
o
n
ce
d
esi
g
n
ed
w
ill
u
n
d
er
g
o
test
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
m
ad
e
i
f
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
i
s
th
e
L
R
.
Fo
llo
w
in
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icat
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
b
atter
y
it
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
h
a
v
e
an
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
5
V
f
r
o
m
th
e
cir
cu
it a
s
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
l
y
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
w
il
l
n
ee
d
to
b
e
o
f
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
to
allo
w
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
eg
u
lat
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
w
it
h
r
elatio
n
to
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
r
o
p
o
u
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
r
eg
u
lato
r
.
Sev
er
al
L
R
w
er
e
lo
o
k
ed
at
w
ith
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
ad
j
u
s
tab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
r
an
g
e
an
d
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t.
T
S3
1
7
C
M
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
s
u
itab
le.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
w
as
ad
j
u
s
tab
le
o
v
er
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
.
2
5
V
to
3
7
V
an
d
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
1
.
5
A
f
o
r
p
ac
k
a
g
e
t
y
p
e
T
O
-
2
2
0
.
T
h
e
r
eg
u
lat
o
r
h
as
s
e
v
er
al
k
e
y
in
ter
n
a
l
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
u
c
h
as
th
er
m
al
o
v
er
lo
ad
,
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
li
m
i
tin
g
co
n
s
tan
t
w
it
h
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
af
e
ar
ea
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
[
1
6
]
.
W
ith
th
ese
i
n
ter
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
ea
t
u
r
es
it
m
ea
n
t
th
a
t
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
cir
cu
itr
y
was r
ed
u
ce
d
.
As
s
tated
,
th
e
r
eg
u
lated
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
is
s
et
b
y
a
v
o
lta
g
e
d
iv
id
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
ad
ju
s
t
p
in
o
f
T
S3
1
7
C
M.
ca
n
b
e
a
f
ix
ed
r
esis
to
r
o
r
a
v
ar
iab
le
r
esis
to
r
to
a
llo
w
f
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
.
L
T
s
p
ic
e
w
as
u
s
ed
as
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
p
ac
k
ag
e
to
v
er
if
y
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e.
T
h
is
w
as
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
s
e
ttin
g
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
s
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
to
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
v
alu
e
s
an
d
r
u
n
n
in
g
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
cir
cu
it
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
Fig
u
r
es 1
an
d
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Si
m
u
lated
cir
cu
it d
e
s
ig
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Si
m
u
lated
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
l
tag
e.
Fo
r
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
a
r
esis
to
r
w
a
s
u
s
ed
as
a
lo
ad
.
Dio
d
e
p
r
o
t
ec
ts
ag
ai
n
s
t
r
ev
er
s
e
c
h
ar
g
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
d
io
d
es
r
atin
g
n
ee
d
s
to
h
av
e
a
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
t
h
at
w
ill
m
a
in
ta
in
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
b
iasi
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
cir
c
u
it
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
io
d
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
cir
cu
i
t
w
a
s
1
N4
0
0
4
as
th
i
s
w
a
s
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
ca
p
ab
le
s
o
s
atis
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
cr
iter
ia
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
ca
lcu
latio
n
an
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
l
ts
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
as st
ated
in
t
h
e
d
atas
h
ee
t
w
as
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
[
1
6
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Desig
n
o
f S
o
la
r
P
o
w
ered
C
h
a
r
g
in
g
B
a
ck
p
a
ck
(
Jo
n
a
s
Ta
ve
r
n
e
)
851
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
,
w
it
h
t
y
p
ical
v
al
u
e
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
&
r
esp
ec
tf
u
ll
y
.
T
h
e
r
esis
to
r
r
atio
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
s
i
m
p
li
f
y
in
g
E
q
u
atio
n
1
b
y
n
e
g
lect
in
g
t
h
e
a
d
d
itio
n
o
f
g
iv
in
g
:
(
2
)
E
q
u
atio
n
2
ca
n
t
h
en
b
e
r
ea
r
r
an
g
ed
to
f
in
d
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
a
tio
n
3
.
(
3
)
Fo
r
an
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
V
g
i
v
es a
r
atio
o
f
3
,
as sh
o
w
n
:
(
4
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
w
as
t
h
e
n
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
E
q
u
atio
n
2
w
it
h
all
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
tated
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
lated
r
es
u
lt
o
f
w
h
ic
h
was
j
u
s
t
o
v
er
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
w
a
s
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
as
s
h
o
w
n
to
b
e
as
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
I
t
is
c
lear
to
s
ee
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
s
p
e
cif
icatio
n
th
at
t
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
b
ac
k
u
p
th
e
ca
l
cu
lated
r
esu
l
t.
An
i
n
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
w
ill
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
u
s
ed
i
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
n
ap
p
r
ec
iab
le
d
is
t
an
ce
f
r
o
m
cir
cu
it,
as
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
y
t
h
e
d
atash
ee
t.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
c
o
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
in
p
u
t
(
)
w
ill
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
en
s
i
tiv
i
t
y
to
in
p
u
t
lin
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
[
1
6
]
.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
th
e
tr
an
s
ie
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
p
ec
i
f
ied
i
n
t
h
e
d
atas
h
ee
t
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
to
ler
an
ce
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
i
s
s
u
c
h
t
h
at
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
al
u
es
ar
e
g
r
ea
te
r
th
a
n
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
s
a
s
to
m
ain
tain
f
u
l
l
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
v
alu
e.
3.
SE
L
E
C
T
I
O
N
O
F
SO
L
AR
C
E
L
L
Selectin
g
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
o
lar
ce
ll/p
an
el
d
ep
en
d
s
m
a
in
l
y
o
n
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
co
s
t.
T
ab
les
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
a
n
d
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
o
lar
ce
l
l
t
y
p
e
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
2
th
at,
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
,
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
icien
t
w
i
th
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
a
n
d
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
ce
l
l
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
ec
o
n
d
a
n
d
t
h
ir
d
r
esp
ec
tf
u
ll
y
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
in
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
t
y
p
e
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
lo
w
er
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e,
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e,
it
is
s
till
a
f
air
l
y
n
e
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
8
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
it i
s
s
till
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
as c
o
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
to
th
e
m
o
r
e
estab
lis
h
ed
t
y
p
es.
T
ab
le
2
.
A
d
v
an
ta
g
es a
n
d
d
is
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
T
y
p
e
o
f
c
e
l
l
A
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
D
i
sa
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
M
o
n
o
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
H
i
g
h
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
r
a
t
e
s 1
5
%
t
o
2
0
%
Ex
p
e
n
si
v
e
S
p
a
c
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
S
i
l
i
c
o
n
w
a
st
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
L
o
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
i
f
e
sp
a
n
M
o
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
i
n
w
a
r
me
r
c
l
i
mat
e
s,
d
e
c
r
e
a
se
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
a
s
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
i
se
s
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m b
e
t
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
s
i
mi
l
a
r
r
a
t
e
d
p
o
l
y
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
P
o
l
y
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
N
o
t
a
s e
x
p
e
n
si
v
e
a
s
m
o
n
o
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
N
o
t
a
s s
p
a
c
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
s
m
o
n
o
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
L
e
ss
w
a
st
e
si
l
i
c
o
n
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
r
a
t
e
s o
f
1
3
%
t
o
1
6
%
d
u
e
t
o
l
o
w
e
r
si
l
i
c
o
n
p
u
r
i
t
y
A
mo
r
p
h
o
u
s
L
e
ss si
l
i
c
o
n
n
e
e
d
e
d
L
o
w
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
r
a
t
e
s o
f
1
0
%
t
o
1
2
%
S
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
c
a
n
b
e
ma
d
e
f
r
o
m i
n
e
x
p
e
n
si
v
e
mat
e
r
i
a
l
T
h
i
n
f
i
l
m t
e
n
d
s
t
o
d
e
g
r
a
d
e
f
a
s
t
e
r
C
a
n
b
e
sp
r
a
y
e
d
o
n
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
a
n
d
l
i
g
h
t
mat
e
r
i
a
l
L
a
r
g
e
r
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
h
a
n
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
b
a
se
d
c
e
l
l
s
P
e
r
f
o
r
ms r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
w
e
l
l
u
n
d
e
r
p
o
o
r
l
i
g
h
t
/
n
o
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
b
y
sh
a
d
i
n
g
i
ss
u
e
s
L
a
r
g
e
r
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
h
a
n
c
r
y
st
a
l
l
i
n
e
b
a
se
d
c
e
l
l
s
Mo
n
o
cr
y
s
tall
in
e
h
as
a
lo
t
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
a
ttrib
u
te
s
,
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
r
ate
s
b
u
t
a
ls
o
w
it
h
it
s
ef
f
icien
c
y
r
elati
n
g
to
s
p
ac
e.
W
ith
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
ta
lli
n
e,
th
e
h
i
g
h
r
ates
o
f
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
m
ea
n
t
h
a
t
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
ize
o
f
th
e
ce
ll/p
a
n
el
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
li
fe
-
s
p
a
n
o
f
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
a
n
th
e
o
th
er
th
r
ee
t
y
p
es,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
848
–
858
852
g
iv
e
n
th
at
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
a
n
d
s
eller
s
ali
k
e
at
tach
i
n
g
a
2
5
-
y
e
ar
w
ar
r
an
t
y
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
e
f
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
lo
n
g
er
lif
e
-
s
p
a
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
e
co
s
t,
w
it
h
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
b
ei
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
e
x
p
en
s
i
v
e.
P
o
ly
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
an
d
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
t
y
p
e
s
lack
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
r
ate
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
t
allin
e.
T
h
e
s
p
ac
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
l
y
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e
is
les
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
b
u
t
d
o
es
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
les
s
s
ilico
n
d
u
r
in
g
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
t
y
p
e,
ag
ai
n
,
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
less
m
ater
ial
w
h
ic
h
i
s
ch
ea
p
er
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
o
f
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
ce
lls
m
a
k
es
th
e
m
m
o
r
e
f
le
x
ib
le
an
d
li
g
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
is
s
u
ch
t
h
at
it b
eh
av
e
s
‘
g
o
o
d
’
u
n
d
er
p
o
o
r
l
ig
h
t a
n
d
o
p
er
ates e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
i
n
co
ld
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
t
h
at
is
to
b
e
u
s
ed
h
as
an
allo
w
ab
le
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
p
ac
e
w
h
ich
n
ee
d
s
to
co
m
e
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
c
h
o
ic
e
is
m
ad
e.
T
h
is
w
ill
a
ls
o
h
a
v
e
a
n
i
m
p
ac
t
a
s
t
h
e
li
m
i
ted
s
p
ac
e
w
ill
m
ea
n
a
n
ef
f
icien
t
s
o
lar
t
y
p
e
w
i
ll
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
elec
ted
.
I
t
i
s
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
at
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
t
allin
e
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
.
Desp
ite
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
co
s
ts
i
n
c
u
r
r
ed
,
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
s
tated
ab
o
v
e
o
u
t
w
ei
g
h
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
r
atin
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll/p
a
n
el
is
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
(
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
o
r
lin
ea
r
)
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cir
cu
it.
As
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
eg
u
lato
r
is
o
f
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
t
y
p
e,
t
h
er
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
al
lo
w
ab
le
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
as
s
tated
b
y
th
e
r
eg
u
l
ato
r
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
atin
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
e
l
n
ee
d
s
to
tak
e
t
h
is
f
ac
to
r
in
to
co
n
s
id
e
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
L
R
h
a
s
an
a
llo
w
a
b
le
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
o
lt
d
r
o
p
o
f
2
V
w
h
ic
h
w
h
en
ad
d
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
USB
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
5
V
r
elate
s
to
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
p
a
n
el
r
at
in
g
o
f
7
V.
Af
ter
s
o
m
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
t
w
o
6
V
6
W
r
ated
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ie
s
ar
e
u
s
e
d
to
s
u
p
p
ly
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
7
V
to
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cir
c
u
it.
4.
T
E
ST
I
N
G
I
n
itial
te
s
ti
n
g
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
i
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
cir
cu
i
t
to
c
h
ar
g
e
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e.
T
h
e
in
itial
b
atter
y
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
w
a
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
an
d
ch
ec
k
ed
e
v
er
y
5
m
i
n
u
te
s
o
v
er
a
n
ap
p
r
ec
iab
le
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
es a
s
well
as t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
lo
ad
w
er
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
.
T
h
e
test
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t u
n
d
er
b
o
th
clo
u
d
y
a
n
d
clea
r
d
a
y
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
clea
r
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
cir
c
u
it
.
Du
r
i
n
g
b
o
th
te
s
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
t
h
e
ce
lls
w
er
e
p
lace
d
as c
lo
s
e
to
9
0
⁰
to
th
e
s
u
n
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
it
h
n
o
o
b
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
esti
n
g
s
et
u
p
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
test
s
et
u
p
.
T
h
e
test
in
g
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
a
y
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
is
th
e
test
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
w
a
s
u
n
d
er
clo
u
d
y
w
ea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
n
d
at
e
0
6
/0
4
/0
1
7
in
A
b
er
d
ee
n
,
Sco
tlan
d
.
T
h
e
p
an
el
i
s
ass
u
m
e
to
b
e
s
tatic,
a
n
d
w
as
p
lace
in
an
o
p
en
s
p
ac
e
w
ith
n
o
s
h
ad
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
n
ea
r
b
y
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
tar
t
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
w
as
2
%.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
o
v
er
th
e
test
t
i
m
e.
A
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
,
th
er
e
is
litt
le
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
t
w
en
t
y
m
in
u
te
s
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e.
W
ith
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
f
o
r
t
y
m
i
n
u
tes
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
th
er
e
is
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
b
atter
ies
ca
p
ac
it
y
.
Fro
m
t
i
m
e,
1
6
:0
5
o
n
w
ar
d
s
,
t
h
e
in
cr
e
ase
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
g
r
ad
u
al
as t
h
e
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Desig
n
o
f S
o
la
r
P
o
w
ered
C
h
a
r
g
in
g
B
a
ck
p
a
ck
(
Jo
n
a
s
Ta
ve
r
n
e
)
853
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
atter
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
te
s
t
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
id
n
o
t
d
ev
iate
f
r
o
m
it
s
m
ax
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
test
.
T
h
is
w
a
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
ab
o
v
e
th
e
allo
w
ab
le
v
o
lt
d
r
o
p
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it,
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
L
o
ad
cu
r
r
en
t te
s
t
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lat
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
E
q
u
atio
n
(
5
)
[
1
6
]
:
(
5
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
p
u
t a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lt
ag
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
te
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
848
–
858
854
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
f
f
icie
n
c
y
test
F
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
it
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
to
b
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
ar
k
.
T
h
e
lo
w
es
t
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
w
a
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
a
an
d
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
at
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
t
a
lar
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
p
o
w
er
w
a
s
d
is
s
ip
ated
as h
ea
t c
au
s
in
g
T
S3
1
7
C
M
to
h
ea
t u
p
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
.
T
h
e
test
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
a
t
th
e
cir
cu
it
w
as
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
in
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
th
e
p
h
o
n
e.
I
t
is
also
clea
r
to
s
ee
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
atch
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
r
atin
g
o
f
ce
ll
to
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
c
ir
cu
it.
T
h
e
t
w
o
ce
lls
te
s
t
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
es
w
o
u
ld
r
esu
l
t
i
n
lo
w
er
ef
f
icie
n
cies
an
d
ca
u
s
e
e
x
ce
s
s
i
v
e
h
ea
ti
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
L
R
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
it
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
th
a
t
a
s
in
g
le
ce
ll
i
s
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
o
th
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
e
f
f
icie
n
cies
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
s
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
co
r
r
ec
t o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cir
c
u
it.
5.
I
NT
E
G
RA
T
I
O
N
O
F
CO
M
P
O
NE
NT
S
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
s
id
er
a
tio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
is
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
t
h
e
i
n
teg
r
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
an
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
b
u
t
s
ti
ll
o
p
er
ate
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
t
wo
m
ain
o
p
tio
n
s
f
o
r
in
te
g
r
atio
n
is
ei
th
er
f
u
l
l
y
i
n
te
g
r
ated
o
r
p
ar
tially
.
R
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
f
o
r
f
u
ll i
n
t
e
g
r
ati
o
n
:
a.
W
ater
-
r
esis
ta
n
t
b.
Sh
o
ck
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
c.
A
e
s
th
e
ticall
y
ac
ce
p
tab
le
R
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
f
o
r
p
ar
tial in
te
g
r
atio
n
:
a.
E
asil
y
attac
h
ab
le
b.
S
m
all
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t f
o
r
s
t
o
r
ag
e
c.
R
o
b
u
s
t
d.
A
e
s
th
e
ticall
y
ac
ce
p
tab
le
e.
W
ater
-
r
esis
ta
n
t
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
s
an
d
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
to
b
o
th
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
b
en
e
f
it
w
it
h
a
f
u
l
l
y
in
te
g
r
ated
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
th
at
it
co
m
e
s
as
a
co
m
p
lete
p
ac
k
ag
e
w
it
h
n
o
n
ee
d
to
attac
h
th
e
p
an
el.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
th
e
p
ar
tial
m
et
h
o
d
allo
w
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
to
b
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
co
m
p
letel
y
i
f
n
o
t
in
u
s
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ca
n
th
en
b
e
s
to
r
ed
s
af
el
y
w
it
h
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
g
et
tin
g
d
a
m
a
g
ed
.
E
ac
h
ce
ll
u
s
ed
h
a
s
t
h
e
f
o
l
lo
w
i
n
g
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
:
1
6
5
m
m
x
1
6
5
m
m
.
As
s
tated
ab
o
v
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
o
u
ld
h
av
e
to
ad
h
er
e
ce
r
tain
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
t
h
at
w
as
lo
o
k
ed
at
w
as
u
s
in
g
th
e
2
ce
ll
s
a
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
w
as
m
ea
n
t
to
b
e
s
u
ch
th
at
th
e
p
a
n
els
co
u
ld
b
e
attac
h
ed
an
d
r
e
m
o
v
ed
w
h
en
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
.
Fo
r
th
i
s
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t,
a
b
o
o
k
lik
e
d
esig
n
w
a
s
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ted
.
T
h
er
e
w
er
e
n
o
co
s
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
s
ig
n
/co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
o
f
th
e
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
s
al
l
m
ater
ials
w
er
e
r
ec
y
c
led
/r
e
-
p
u
r
p
o
s
ed
m
ater
ial
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Desig
n
o
f S
o
la
r
P
o
w
ered
C
h
a
r
g
in
g
B
a
ck
p
a
ck
(
Jo
n
a
s
Ta
ve
r
n
e
)
855
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
w
o
-
ce
l
l ser
ie
s
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
in
te
g
r
atio
n
d
es
ig
n
T
h
e
d
esig
n
co
u
ld
t
h
e
n
b
e
att
ac
h
ed
u
s
i
n
g
Velc
r
o
s
tr
ap
s
.
T
h
e
p
an
el
s
ar
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
b
y
a
ca
r
d
b
o
a
r
d
b
ac
k
in
g
a
n
d
ed
g
in
g
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
m
e
s
h
o
ck
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ca
r
d
b
o
ar
d
f
r
a
m
e
is
e
n
clo
s
ed
i
n
a
d
en
i
m
m
ater
ial
w
h
ic
h
w
ill allo
w
a
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
w
ar
e
-
an
d
-
tear
.
T
h
e
w
h
o
le
p
a
n
el
d
esig
n
,
w
h
e
n
r
e
m
o
v
ed
,
ca
n
b
e
f
o
ld
ed
an
d
s
to
r
ed
a
w
a
y
p
r
o
tecti
n
g
t
h
e
p
an
els.
T
h
is
d
esi
g
n
d
o
es
h
av
e
s
o
m
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
w
h
e
n
it
co
m
es
to
o
v
er
all
s
ize
w
h
ic
h
d
o
es i
m
p
ac
t t
h
e
ae
s
t
h
etics.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
er
e
is
th
e
ad
d
ed
ad
v
an
tag
e
t
h
at
t
h
is
d
esi
g
n
ca
n
b
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
a
n
d
p
lace
d
in
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
o
s
itio
n
w
h
en
s
tatio
n
ar
y
.
A
n
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
a
f
i
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
ed
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
in
te
g
r
atio
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
t
is
also
g
o
o
d
to
esti
m
ates
t
h
e
co
s
t
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
is
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
T
a
b
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
.
O
th
er
co
s
t
s
s
u
c
h
as
d
eli
v
er
y
co
s
t,
lab
o
u
r
co
s
t
etc.
ar
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
co
s
t
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
w
a
s
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
£
3
8
.
3
8
.
I
f
w
e
co
n
s
id
er
to
m
a
s
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
is
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
it
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
t
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
co
u
ld
p
o
te
n
tiall
y
co
m
p
ete
w
it
h
th
e
ex
is
t
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts av
ai
lab
le
in
t
h
e
m
ar
k
et.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Fin
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct
–
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
e
ce
ll i
n
teg
r
atio
n
T
ab
le
3
.
B
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
co
s
t to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
(
in
£)
.
C
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
C
o
st
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
T
o
t
a
l
S
o
l
a
r
P
a
n
e
l
1
2
.
4
9
1
1
2
.
4
9
T
S
3
1
7
C
M
0
.
5
9
1
0
.
5
9
H
e
a
t
S
i
n
k
1
.
2
9
1
1
.
2
9
U
S
B
t
y
p
e
A
3
.
4
2
1
3
.
4
2
B
a
c
k
p
a
c
k
1
0
.
0
0
1
1
0
.
0
0
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
o
x
5
.
4
9
1
5
.
4
9
S
u
n
d
r
i
e
s*
5
.
0
0
-
5
.
0
0
T
O
TA
L
3
8
.
2
8
*
T
h
i
s i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s so
l
d
e
r
,
w
i
r
e
a
n
d
sm
a
l
l
c
o
st
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s l
i
k
e
r
e
si
st
o
r
s,
d
i
o
d
e
a
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
8
:
848
–
858
856
T
h
er
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ad
v
an
ce
s
i
n
s
o
lar
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
w
it
h
r
elati
o
n
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
lar
ce
ll;
h
o
w
e
v
er
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
s
til
l
h
o
ld
s
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
r
ates
w
h
i
ch
m
ad
e
it
th
e
lo
g
ical
c
h
o
ice
w
h
e
n
s
elec
t
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ty
p
e.
T
h
is
w
as r
e
f
l
ec
ted
in
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
te
s
ts
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
I
t
m
u
s
t b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
d
esp
ite
t
h
e
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
r
ati
n
g
s
o
f
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
talli
n
e,
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
o
lar
ce
lls
h
av
e
th
e
id
ea
l
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
w
it
h
r
elatio
n
to
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
.
W
ith
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
ic
ien
cie
s
in
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
ce
lls
w
o
u
ld
r
esu
lt i
n
a
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tab
le
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
d
esig
n
a
n
d
o
p
er
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
m
a
n
ag
ed
t
o
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
ch
ar
g
e
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e
w
it
h
ac
ce
p
tab
le
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
r
ati
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
i
tr
y
w
as
k
ep
t
s
i
m
p
le
b
u
t
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
a
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
u
tili
s
in
g
t
h
e
L
R
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
t th
at
t
h
e
co
s
t
w
a
s
k
ep
t to
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
.
T
h
e
test
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
w
ea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
clea
r
l
y
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
an
ag
ed
to
ch
ar
g
e
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
w
as
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
p
o
w
er
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
h
a
s
ca
u
s
ed
th
e
L
R
to
g
en
er
ate
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
h
ea
t.
I
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e,
it
is
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
a
s
i
n
g
le
ce
ll
i
s
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
b
o
th
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
ef
f
icien
c
ies a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
lev
el
s
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
co
r
r
ec
t o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
t
h
e
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
w
a
s
v
ital
a
s
th
e
ae
s
th
et
ics
o
f
t
h
e
f
in
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
ct
w
a
s
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t to
u
p
h
o
ld
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
m
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
a
p
ar
tial in
te
g
r
atio
n
w
as d
u
e
to
v
er
s
atilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
ld
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
at
ed
w
it
h
o
th
er
b
ac
k
p
ac
k
s
ea
s
il
y
m
ak
i
n
g
it a
m
o
r
e
attr
ac
tab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
w
o
u
ld
li
k
e
to
t
h
a
n
k
M
in
i
s
tr
y
o
f
Hi
g
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
MO
HE
)
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
a
n
d
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UT
M)
(
R
esear
ch
co
s
t
ce
n
tr
e
n
o
.
Q.
K1
3
0
0
0
0
.
2
5
4
0
.
1
6
H9
5
)
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
in
g
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
is
p
r
o
j
ec
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
V
e
ra
y
iah
R,
I
y
a
d
u
ra
i
A
.
A
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
stu
d
y
o
n
t
y
p
e
s o
f
P
V
f
o
r
g
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic p
o
w
e
r.
In
d
o
n
e
s J E
lec
tr
En
g
Co
m
p
u
t
S
c
i
2
0
1
7
;6
:
3
4
9
–
5
6
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jee
c
s.v
6
.
i2
.
p
p
3
4
9
-
3
5
6
.
[2
]
Ch
a
h
id
EH,
Ou
m
h
a
n
d
M
I,
M
a
l
a
o
u
i
A
.
A
f
a
st
stra
te
g
y
to
d
e
term
in
e
th
e
p
h
y
sic
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
s
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic sil
ico
n
c
e
ll
.
In
t
J A
p
p
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
2
0
1
7
;
6
:1
0
4
–
1
3
.
d
o
i
:1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
ja
p
e
.
v
6
i2
.
p
p
1
0
4
-
1
1
3
.
[3
]
S
h
n
e
e
n
S
W
.
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
o
p
ti
m
a
l
fo
r
p
o
w
e
r
-
e
lec
tro
n
ic
s
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
rid
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s.
In
d
o
n
e
s
J
El
e
c
tr
En
g
Co
m
p
u
t
S
c
i
2
0
1
6
;1
:
5
4
3
–
5
5
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jee
c
s.v
1
.
i3
.
p
p
5
4
3
-
5
5
5
.
[4
]
Kra
u
tm
a
n
n
J,
Zh
u
J.
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
s:
M
a
rk
e
t
tren
d
s
i
n
t
h
e
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s.
I
n
t
J
A
p
p
l
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
2
0
1
2
;
1
:1
2
–
1
2
8
.
[5
]
Ch
u
Y.
Re
v
ie
w
a
n
d
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Diff
e
r
e
n
t
S
o
lar E
n
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
.
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia,
USA
:
2
0
1
1
.
[6
]
REN
2
1
.
Re
n
e
w
a
b
les
2
0
1
7
:
G
lo
b
a
l
S
tatu
s Re
p
o
rt.
P
a
r
is,
F
ra
n
c
e
:
2
0
1
7
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
rse
r.
2
0
1
6
.
0
9
.
0
8
2
.
[7
]
M
a
ll
a
S
G
,
De
e
p
u
DJ
,
Ku
m
a
r
DP
,
M
a
ll
a
JMR.
S
o
lar
p
o
w
e
re
d
m
o
b
il
e
p
h
o
n
e
:
A
n
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
t.
2
0
1
6
I
n
t.
Co
n
f
.
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
.
Co
m
m
u
n
.
P
o
w
e
r
Em
b
e
d
.
S
y
st.,
IEE
E;
2
0
1
6
,
p
.
1
0
1
5
–
2
0
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/S
CO
P
E
S
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
9
5
5
5
9
4
.
[8
]
S
u
laim
a
n
N,
Ja
d
in
M
S
,
Ha
d
i
AA
,
Na
ji
b
M
S
,
A
h
m
a
d
M
A
,
Yu
su
f
NSA
.
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
P
h
o
n
e
W
irele
ss
Ch
a
rg
in
g
S
y
ste
m
Us
in
g
S
o
lar
a
n
d
In
d
u
c
ti
v
e
Co
u
p
li
n
g
.
In
:
Ak
a
g
i
M
,
Ng
u
y
e
n
T
T
,
V
u
DT
,
P
h
u
n
g
T
N,
Hu
y
n
h
V
N,
e
d
it
o
rs.
A
d
v
.
In
tell
.
S
y
st.
Co
m
p
u
t.
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
Ch
a
m
;
2
0
1
7
,
p
.
2
3
8
–
4
7
.
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/9
7
8
-
3
-
3
1
9
-
4
9
0
7
3
-
1
_
2
6
.
[9
]
Na
h
m
A
.
T
h
e
so
lar ch
a
rg
in
g
b
a
c
k
p
a
c
k
.
T
h
e
M
e
n
lo
Ro
u
n
d
tab
le
2
0
1
1
;1
0
:7
9
–
1
1
0
.
[1
0
]
V
it
e
c
h
I
n
tern
e
t
L
im
it
e
d
.
S
o
lar
Ba
c
k
p
a
c
k
w
it
h
6
.
5
W
M
o
n
o
Cr
y
sta
ll
in
e
Hig
h
Ef
f
icie
n
c
y
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
2
0
1
7
.
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
e
b
a
y
.
c
o
.
u
k
/i
tm
/S
o
lar
-
Ba
c
k
p
a
c
k
-
w
it
h
-
6
-
5W
-
M
o
n
o
-
Cry
sta
ll
in
e
-
Hig
h
-
Ef
f
ici
e
n
c
y
-
S
o
lar
-
P
a
n
e
l
-
/2
6
2
8
3
8
3
8
5
2
0
0
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
Ja
n
u
a
r
y
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
).
[1
1
]
T
V
CM
ALL
.
P
o
ly
e
ste
r
S
o
lar
Ba
c
k
p
a
c
k
Ba
g
6
.
5
W
6
V
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
w
it
h
5
V
1
A
Ou
tp
u
t
2
0
1
7
.
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
tv
c
-
m
a
ll
.
c
o
m
/d
e
tails/p
o
ly
e
st
e
r
-
so
lar
-
b
a
c
k
p
a
c
k
-
b
a
g
-
6
-
5w
-
6v
-
so
lar
-
p
a
n
e
l
-
w
it
h
-
5v
-
1a
-
o
u
tp
u
t
-
sk
u
8
5
0
2
0
0
0
4
a
.
h
tm
l
(a
c
c
e
s
se
d
Ja
n
u
a
ry
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
)
.
[1
2
]
ECE
EN
L
td
.
S
o
lar
P
o
w
e
re
d
Ex
tern
a
l
F
ra
m
e
P
a
c
k
2
0
1
6
.
h
tt
p
s://
ww
w
.
e
b
a
y
.
c
o
.
u
k
/i
tm
/E
CEE
N
-
S
o
lar
-
P
o
w
e
re
d
-
Ba
c
k
p
a
c
k
-
Ex
tern
a
l
-
F
ra
m
e
-
Hi
k
in
g
-
Ba
g
-
P
a
c
k
-
w
it
h
-
7
-
W
a
tt
s
-
S
o
lar
-
/2
6
3
1
9
9
3
8
2
8
4
7
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
Ja
n
u
a
ry
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
).
[1
3
]
S
u
n
sk
y
.
P
o
rtab
le
a
n
d
F
a
sh
io
n
a
b
le
Ou
td
o
o
r
S
o
lar
Ch
a
rg
e
r
B
a
c
k
p
a
c
k
2
0
1
7
.
h
tt
p
s:
//
ww
w
.
su
n
sk
y
-
o
n
li
n
e
.
c
o
m
/v
ie
w
/4
3
4
4
1
9
.
h
tm
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
Oc
to
b
e
r
1
3
,
2
0
1
7
).
[1
4
]
G
lo
r
y
so
lar.
G
lo
r
y
so
lar®
7
W
a
tt
s
S
o
lar
Ba
c
k
p
a
c
k
/S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
Ba
g
/S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
C
h
a
rg
e
r
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
P
h
o
n
e
s
2
0
1
7
.
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
a
m
a
z
o
n
.
c
o
.
u
k
/G
lo
ry
so
lar
-
7
W
a
tt
s
-
Ba
c
k
p
a
c
k
-
C
h
a
rg
e
r
-
M
o
b
i
le/d
p
/B0
1
E1
6
S
Y9
W
(a
c
c
e
s
se
d
Oc
to
b
e
r
1
3
,
2
0
1
7
).
[1
5
]
G
S
M
A
re
n
a
.
V
o
d
a
f
o
n
e
S
m
a
rt
F
irst
7
2
0
1
6
.
h
tt
p
s://
w
ww
.
g
s
m
a
r
e
n
a
.
c
o
m
/v
o
d
a
f
o
n
e
_
sm
a
rt_
f
irst_
7
-
8
1
0
0
.
p
h
p
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
Ja
n
u
a
ry
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
)
.
[1
6
]
Zh
a
n
g
HJ
.
Ba
sic
Co
n
c
e
p
ts
o
f
L
in
e
a
r
Re
g
u
lato
r
a
n
d
S
w
it
c
h
in
g
M
o
d
e
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
ies
.
v
o
l.
1
4
0
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
7
]
ON
S
e
m
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r.
1
N4
0
0
1
-
1
N4
0
0
7
:
G
e
n
e
ra
l
-
P
u
rp
o
se
Re
c
ti
f
iers
.
2
0
1
4
.
[1
8
]
M
a
e
h
lu
m
M
A
.
W
h
ich
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
Ty
p
e
is
Be
st?
M
o
n
o
-
v
s.
P
o
ly
c
r
y
sta
ll
in
e
v
s.
T
h
in
F
il
m
.
En
e
rg
y
In
f
2
0
1
7
.
h
tt
p
:
//
e
n
e
rg
y
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
v
e
.
o
rg
/b
e
st
-
so
lar
-
p
a
n
el
-
m
o
n
o
c
ry
sta
ll
in
e
-
p
o
ly
c
r
y
sta
ll
in
e
-
th
in
-
f
il
m
/
(a
c
c
e
ss
e
d
Ja
n
u
a
ry
1
0
,
2
0
1
8
).
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
P
o
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i
S
y
s
t
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
Desig
n
o
f S
o
la
r
P
o
w
ered
C
h
a
r
g
in
g
B
a
ck
p
a
ck
(
Jo
n
a
s
Ta
ve
r
n
e
)
857
Jo
n
a
s
T
a
v
e
rn
e
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
HN
D
f
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
No
rth
Eas
t
S
c
o
tl
a
n
d
Co
ll
e
g
e
in
2
0
1
5
.
S
u
b
se
q
u
e
n
t
ly
,
h
e
p
u
rsu
e
d
h
is
BEn
g
in
th
e
sa
m
e
a
re
in
Ro
b
e
rt
G
o
rd
o
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
a
n
d
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
in
2
0
1
7
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
l
u
d
e
s
so
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
F
ird
a
u
s
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
-
S
u
k
k
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
M
E
n
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
I
m
p
e
rial
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
i
n
2
0
0
6
.
In
2
0
0
9
,
h
e
p
u
rsu
e
d
h
is
p
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
y
in
G
las
g
o
w
Ca
led
o
n
ian
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
f
ro
m
w
h
ich
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
P
h
D
in
2
0
1
3
.
Dr.
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
S
u
k
k
i
is
a
Ch
a
rtere
d
En
g
in
e
e
r,
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(IE
T
)
a
n
d
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
o
f
th
e
Cit
y
a
n
d
G
u
il
d
s,
L
o
n
d
o
n
(A
C
G
I).
Dr.
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
S
u
k
k
i
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
L
e
c
tu
re
r
in
R
o
b
e
rt
G
o
rd
o
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Un
it
e
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
t
e
re
st
li
e
s
in
d
e
sig
n
in
g
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
n
trato
r,
w
h
ich
c
a
n
b
e
u
se
d
in
m
a
n
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
c
lu
d
i
n
g
c
re
a
ti
n
g
a
lo
w
c
o
st
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
sy
ste
m
,
il
lu
m
in
a
ti
o
n
,
h
e
a
ti
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
o
li
n
g
o
f
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
s,
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
,
d
e
sa
li
n
a
ti
o
n
,
m
e
d
ica
l
d
e
v
i
c
e
s,
w
a
ste
w
a
ter
tr
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
e
tc.
On
to
p
o
f
th
a
t,
Dr.
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
S
u
k
k
i
a
lso
c
a
rried
o
u
t
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
o
n
-
tec
h
n
ica
l
re
se
a
rc
h
in
c
lu
d
in
g
m
a
rk
e
t
tren
d
a
n
d
f
in
a
n
c
ial
a
n
a
ly
sis
re
late
d
to
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
su
c
h
a
s
M
a
lay
sia
,
J
a
p
a
n
,
Nig
e
ria,
Ca
m
e
ro
o
n
a
n
d
Un
it
e
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
.
He
h
a
s
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
t
trac
k
re
c
o
rd
i
n
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
n
g
w
it
h
re
se
a
rc
h
u
n
iv
e
rsiti
e
s
a
ro
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
rld
.
He
h
a
s p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s article
s in
h
ig
h
im
p
a
c
t
fa
c
to
r
jo
u
rn
a
ls
(e
.
g
.
Na
tu
re
,
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
&
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
R
e
v
ie
w
s,
A
p
p
li
e
d
En
e
rg
y
,
En
e
rg
y
e
tc.),
a
s
we
ll
a
s
p
re
se
n
ti
n
g
in
v
a
rio
u
s co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s rela
t
e
d
to
h
is
a
re
a
.
P
rio
r
t
o
jo
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ia,
h
e
w
a
s
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
M
a
lay
sia
’s l
a
r
g
e
st t
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
.
A
h
m
a
d
S
y
a
h
rir
Ay
u
b
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
B.
En
g
(Ho
n
s)
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Ca
rd
iff
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
W
a
les
,
U
K
in
2
0
0
7
.
In
2
0
0
8
,
h
e
w
a
s
w
o
rk
in
g
i
n
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
c
a
b
le
d
ia
g
n
o
stics
in
th
e
Hig
h
Vo
lt
a
g
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
(HV
T
)
G
ro
u
p
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
S
trath
c
ly
d
e
,
G
las
g
o
w
,
S
c
o
tl
a
n
d
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
p
u
rsu
in
g
h
is
P
h
D
in
L
ig
h
tn
i
n
g
P
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
W
in
d
T
u
rb
in
e
Blad
e
s
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
trath
c
ly
d
e
,
G
l
a
sg
o
w
,
S
c
o
tl
a
n
d
.
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
li
g
h
t
n
in
g
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
a
b
le d
iag
n
o
stics
.
He
is
a
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
o
t
h
IET
a
n
d
IE
EE
.
Na
z
m
i
S
e
ll
a
m
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
n
M
En
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
M
e
c
h
a
n
ics
a
n
d
En
e
rg
e
ti
c
s f
ro
m
Eco
le P
o
ly
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
Un
iv
e
rsitaire
d
e
M
a
rs
e
il
le,
F
ra
n
c
e
(2
0
0
4
).
A
f
ter
a
p
e
rio
d
o
f
w
o
rk
in
th
e
in
d
u
stry
a
t
Ox
f
o
rd
In
stru
m
e
n
ts,
h
e
re
tu
rn
e
d
t
o
Un
iv
e
rsity
to
o
b
tain
a
n
M
S
c
i
n
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
He
rio
t
-
W
a
tt
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ed
in
b
u
r
g
h
w
it
h
d
isti
n
c
t
io
n
(2
0
0
9
)
a
n
d
w
a
s
o
ff
e
re
d
a
sc
h
o
lars
h
ip
t
o
c
o
m
m
e
n
c
e
a
P
h
D at t
h
e
sa
m
e
e
st
a
b
li
sh
m
e
n
t.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
th
e
si
s o
n
t
h
e
d
e
sig
n
o
f
n
o
v
e
l
so
lar
c
o
n
c
e
n
trato
r
f
o
r
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
Be
f
o
re
jo
in
i
n
g
RGU
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Dr
S
e
ll
a
m
i
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
re
se
a
rc
h
fe
ll
o
w
a
t
Ex
e
te
r
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
a
n
d
a
n
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
He
rio
t
-
W
a
tt
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
D
u
b
a
i
Ca
m
p
u
s.
Dr
S
e
ll
a
m
i
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
wa
rd
e
d
a
n
“
Ou
tstan
d
i
n
g
Im
p
a
c
t
a
w
a
rd
in
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
F
u
tu
r
e
”
w
it
h
a
g
ro
u
p
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ex
e
ter.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
t
h
e
c
h
a
ra
c
terisa
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
th
e
rm
a
l
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
so
lar
d
e
v
ice
s
f
o
r
v
a
rio
u
s
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
e
sp
e
c
ially
f
o
r
b
u
il
d
in
g
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
.
S
it
i
Ha
w
a
A
b
u
-
Ba
k
a
r
o
b
tain
e
d
h
e
r
BEn
g
in
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
I
m
p
e
rial
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
i
n
2
0
0
6
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
M
A
R
A sc
h
o
lars
h
ip
.
In
2
0
0
7
,
sh
e
jo
in
e
d
P
r
o
k
h
a
s S
d
n
.
Bh
d
.
,
a
w
h
o
ll
y
-
o
w
n
e
d
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
M
in
istry
o
f
F
in
a
n
c
e
M
a
la
y
sia
a
s
th
e
Ex
e
c
u
ti
v
e
T
ra
in
e
e
.
F
ro
m
2
0
0
8
o
n
w
a
rd
s,
sh
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
a
u
n
it
tru
st
c
o
n
s
u
lt
a
n
t
f
o
r
P
u
b
l
ic
M
u
tu
a
l
Bh
d
.
In
2
0
1
1
,
sh
e
wa
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
stu
d
e
n
ts
h
ip
s
f
ro
m
G
CU
a
n
d
S
c
o
tl
a
n
d
'
s
En
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
P
a
rtn
e
rsh
i
p
(ET
P
)
to
p
u
rsu
e
h
e
r
p
o
st
g
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
y
in
so
lar
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
ro
m
w
h
ich
sh
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
D
in
2
0
1
6
.
Dr
A
b
u
-
Ba
k
a
r
i
s
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
o
f
th
e
Cit
y
a
n
d
G
u
il
d
s,
L
o
n
d
o
n
(A
CG
I).
H
e
r
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
so
lar
P
V
,
so
lar t
h
e
rm
a
l,
f
in
a
n
c
ial
p
lan
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
st
m
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.