Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ower E
le
ctr
on
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ystem
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
4
,
Decem
be
r 202
0
, p
p.
1872
~
1882
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v11.i
4
.
pp
1872
-
1882
1872
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
pe
ds
.i
aescore.c
om
An en
hanced 17
-
level hyb
ridized m
ultilev
el invert
er with s
tair
case mo
du
l
ation
Hemal
at
h
a J
avva
ji
1
, Ba
s
avar
aja
B
anak
ar
a
2
1
Depa
rt
me
nt
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s E
ng
ineeri
ng,
PV
P Siddhar
tha Insti
tu
te o
f
Technol
ogy
,
In
dia
2
Depa
rt
me
nt
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s E
ng
ineeri
ng,
Dava
n
agere
Univer
si
ty,
In
dia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
11
, 201
9
Re
vised
A
pr
4
,
20
20
Accepte
d
J
ul
10
, 2
0
20
Thi
s
p
ape
r
prop
oses
a
hybridize
d
symmetri
c
ca
s
ca
ded
mu
lt
i
le
v
el
inv
ert
er
for
volt
ag
e
le
v
el
s
r
a
nging
from
5
levels
to
17
le
v
el
s
.
Th
e
proposed
Multi
L
eve
l
Inve
rte
r
(ML
I)
topol
ogy
is
built
using
a
mod
if
ie
d
H
-
bridge
in
ver
te
r
tha
t
result
s
in
an
in
c
rea
sed
ou
tput
vo
lt
ag
e
l
eve
ls
wi
th
a
sma
ll
er
numb
er
of
solid
-
stat
e
sw
it
ch
es.
T
his
techniqu
e
en
hanc
es
the
h
-
br
i
dge
conf
iguratio
n
from
thr
ee
le
ve
l
to
f
ive
level
by
means
of
a
bi
-
d
irecti
on
al
sw
it
ch
at
source
.
Gati
n
g
pulses
of
hybr
idi
z
ed
sym
me
t
r
ic
MLI
ar
e
g
ene
ra
te
d
throug
h
s
tairc
ase
modul
ation.
Th
e
op
era
t
ion
and
per
for
ma
n
ce
o
f
th
e
proposed
topol
ogy
is
te
sted
for
d
iffe
r
ent
ou
tput
vo
lt
a
ge
l
eve
ls
,
simu
l
at
ion
result
s
pro
ve
th
at
the
proposed
techni
que
resul
ts
in
l
ess
THD
at
al
l
le
v
el
s
with
les
ser
power
consumpt
ion
an
d
are easily
a
ppl
i
ca
bl
e
for
ren
ewa
ble
ene
rgy
appli
ca
t
ions.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ca
scaded H
-
bri
dg
e
i
nv
e
rter
M
ulti
le
vel
Stai
r
case m
od
ulati
on
tec
hniq
ue
Total
ha
rm
onic
d
ist
ort
ions
Vo
lt
age
le
vels
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Hemalat
ha
Javvaji
,
Dep
a
rtme
nt of
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nics
E
nginee
rin
g,
PV
P
Sid
dhart
ha
Insti
tute o
f
T
echnolo
gy,
Kanu
ru, V
ij
a
ya
wad
a
, An
dhra
Pr
a
des
h,
I
nd
ia
.
Emai
l:
h
emaj
a
vv
aj
i@
gm
ai
l.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
M
ulti
le
vel
i
nv
erter
to
po
l
og
ie
s
are
e
mer
ge
d
t
o
be
a
ve
rsati
le
al
te
rn
at
iv
e
i
n
t
he
area
of
hi
gh
po
wer
a
nd
medium
-
volt
ag
e
con
tr
ol.
Mult
il
evel
inv
erter
s
(MLI
)
co
mprise
of
quit
e
a
lot
of
in
put
so
urces,
ca
pacit
or
s
,
act
ive
s
witc
he
s,
powe
r
di
od
e
s
a
nd
dr
i
ver
s
t
o
ge
n
erate
the
require
d
outp
ut
volt
age
us
i
ng
a
su
it
able
s
witc
hin
g
patte
ren
[1]
wi
th
a
n
apt
po
we
r
qual
it
y.
MLI
ha
s
gain
more
at
te
ntio
n
beca
us
e
of
their
a
dvanta
geous
fea
tures
li
ke
high
outp
ut
po
wer
qual
it
y,
am
plit
ud
e
of
f
undame
nta
l
com
pone
nt,
eff
ic
ie
nc
y,
le
ss
harmo
nic
distor
ti
on,
switc
hing
l
os
s
es,
a
nd
lo
w
dv
/dt.
T
hese
feat
ur
es
m
otivate
d
to
sh
ift
f
rom
t
he
tra
diti
onal
t
wo
-
le
vel
co
nv
erter
t
o
mu
lt
il
evel
c
onver
te
r
s.
MLI
’s
ge
ne
rates
the
ste
pp
e
d
volt
ag
e
wa
ve
form
at
the
outp
ut
by
integrati
ng
dc
so
urc
e
connecte
d wit
h i
ts i
np
ut ter
minals.
With inc
r
easi
ng
t
he
num
ber
of
dc
li
nks
at
inp
ut
higher a
nd
highe
r
le
ve
ls o
f
vo
lt
age
s
a
re
obta
ined
at
out
pu
t.
Ba
se
d
on
disti
nct
to
polo
gies
us
e
d
in
M
L
I
desig
n
th
e
dc
powe
r
supp
li
es
at
input
ca
n
be
i
so
la
te
d
or
inte
r
-
c
onnect
ed
[2
-
6].
Be
cau
se
of
high
po
wer
ou
t
pu
ts
M
LI
’s
are
m
os
tl
y
use
d
i
n
industrial
appli
cat
ion
s [7
].
Co
nv
e
ntio
nal struct
ur
es s
uc
h
as
Diode Cl
ampe
d
or N
e
utral P
oin
t C
la
mp
(NPC) [4
]
and
Flyi
ng
Ca
pacit
or
(F
C
)
[
8]
us
e
d
i
n
the
de
sign
of
MLI
’s
su
f
fer
f
rom
hi
gh
num
ber
o
f
diodes
a
nd
cap
aci
tors
in
highe
r
po
w
er
ap
plica
ti
on
s
.
It
is
est
ablish
ed
in
li
te
ratute
that
casca
de
d
M
L
I
str
uctu
re
is
com
pact
re
li
able
structu
re
in
de
riving
high
volt
age
a
nd
po
wer
le
vels
[
9
-
13].
Ca
sca
de
d
M
L
I’
s
are
c
onstr
ucted
by
l
ink
in
g
numb
e
r
of
H
-
bri
dge
i
nverte
rs
in
se
ries
[
14
,
1
5
]
i
n
s
ym
met
rical
or
as
ymmet
rical
struct
ur
e
.
I
n
t
he
s
ymmet
ric
config
ur
at
io
n,
the
ma
gnit
ud
e
of
in
put
DC
so
urces
are
eq
ual,
i
n
c
on
t
ras
t,
asy
mmetric
M
L
I
hav
e
differen
t
mag
nitud
e
i
nput
DC
sou
rces
du
e
t
o
w
hich
the
num
ber
of
ou
t
pu
t
le
vel
s
are
more
c
ompare
d
to
s
ymmet
rical
config
ur
at
io
n
with
re
du
ce
d
Total
Harmo
ni
c
Dist
or
ti
on
(
THD)
[
16
-
2
2].
It
is
e
vid
e
nt
f
rom
t
he
li
te
rat
ur
e
that
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
An
e
nhance
d 1
7
-
le
vel
hyb
ri
di
zed mu
lt
il
evel
inverte
r wi
th st
air c
as
e
mod
ula
ti
on
(
He
ma
l
ath
a Javv
aji)
1873
casca
de
d
MLI
su
pp
or
ts
high
powe
r
le
vels
with
the
us
e
of
l
ow
volt
age
rati
ng
c
ompone
nts
in
in
ve
rters.
Ca
scade
M
L
I’s
are
more
reli
able,
fau
lt
tole
ran
t
a
nd
ease
mainte
na
nce
be
cause
of
it
s
modu
la
r
str
uct
ur
e
[
23
].
M
L
I’
s
are
ma
de
fa
ult
tolera
nt
t
hroug
h
a
n
appr
opriat
e
c
ontr
ol
strat
e
gy
that
bypass
th
e
fa
ulty
cel
l
without
disturbin
g
the
load
[
24
,
25
]
.
Althou
gh
Ca
sc
aded
M
L
I’
s
ar
e
sim
pler
in
co
ns
tr
uction
a
nd
easy
to
co
ntr
ol
the
y
us
e
higher
nu
mb
e
r of
switc
hi
ng
c
omp
on
e
nt
s and
dc
s
ource
s.
The
a
dvan
cem
ents
in
M
LI
’s
al
so
resu
lt
ed
i
n
disti
nct
m
od
ulati
on
te
ch
niques.
M
od
ulati
on
te
c
hinqu
e
s
are
sel
ect
ed
de
pnding
upon
conve
rter
to
pology
an
d
it
s
domain
of
ap
plica
ti
on
that
ha
s
it
s
ow
n
merit
s
and
deme
rits.
F
ur
t
he
r
hi
gh
or
l
ow f
re
qu
e
nc
y
s
witc
hing b
ase
d
m
odulati
on
te
cni
qu
ei
s prop
os
e
d
[
26
]
f
or M
LI
’
s
with
switc
hing
f
re
quenc
y
up
t
o
1
kH
z
for
high
power
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
O
ne
of
the
fr
e
quently
adopted
mod
ulati
on
te
chn
iq
ues
f
or
M
L
I’
s
is
si
nus
oid
al
P
W
M
wi
dely
us
e
d
in
t
w
o
di
ff
e
ren
t
for
ms,
with
the
fi
rst
bei
ng
le
vel
sh
ifte
d
PWM
w
hich
i
s
wi
dely
us
ed
to
ge
ne
rate
hi
gh
qual
it
y
ou
tpu
t
wa
ve
f
orm
a
nd
oth
e
r
Ph
ase
s
hifted
PWM
te
chn
iq
ues
[
14
].
I
n
sec
ond
te
chn
i
qu
e
s,
car
r
ie
rs
a
re
ei
the
r
tria
ngular,
sa
w
-
to
oth
or
c
ons
ta
nt
DC
ma
gnit
ud
e
wav
e
f
or
m
s
et
c.,
a
nd
t
he
re
fe
ren
ce
wa
veforms
are
si
nuso
i
dal,
sin
usoidal
injec
te
d
wit
h
third
ha
rm
on
i
c
an
d
trapez
oid
al
vo
l
ta
ge
wa
ve
form
s.
[
2
7
-
32
].
In
this
pap
e
r,
a
sy
mmet
ric
H
ybri
dized
M
LI
t
opolog
y
pro
po
sed
to
ov
e
rc
ome
so
me
of
t
he
dr
a
wb
ac
ks
of
co
nventi
onal
casca
de
d
M
L
I’
s.
T
he
pro
posed
hybr
i
dized
MLI
to
po
l
ogy
ad
opts
sta
ircase
modu
la
ti
o
n
te
chn
iq
ue
t
hat
gen
e
rates
m
ore
outp
ut
volt
age
le
vels
with
le
s
s
num
ber
s
of
s
witc
hes
or
act
ive
dev
ic
es
.
Re
su
lt
s
ob
ta
i
ne
d
a
re
va
li
dated
by
co
m
par
i
ng w
it
h exi
sti
ng
c
onve
ntio
nal casca
ded H b
rid
ge MLI
’s.
Sect
ion
II
,
dis
cusses
th
e
pro
po
s
ed
str
uct
ure
and
possible
sta
te
s.
A
disc
us
sio
n
on
c
ontrol
met
hod,
losses
a
nd
reli
abili
ty
is
pr
e
se
nted
in
sect
io
n
I
II
.
Sim
ulati
on
res
ults
an
d
Com
par
at
ive
s
tudy
a
re
bro
ug
ht
in
sect
ion
IV. Fi
na
ll
y,
the
co
nclu
sion
of this
p
a
pe
r
is
giv
e
n
in
s
ect
ion
V.
2.
PROP
OSE
D T
OPOLOG
Y
Figure
1
prese
nts
the
to
polo
gy
of
the
novel
hybri
dized
H
-
bri
dge
casca
de
d
MLI.
It
co
m
pri
ses
of
five
bid
irect
io
nal
a
ct
ive
switc
hes
f
rom
vo
lt
a
ge
pros
pect
(
S
1
,
S
2
,
S
3
,
S
4
a
nd
S
A
)
an
d
tw
o
sy
m
metri
cal
in
pu
t
dc
vo
lt
age
s
ource
s.
Ta
ble 1 an
d Table
2
s
hows t
he
outp
ut leve
ls of ge
ner
at
e
d vo
lt
age
usi
ng t
he dist
inct swit
chin
g
patte
rn
s
in
t
he pr
opos
e
d
t
opol
ogy. I
n
Ta
bles,
g
ree
n
cel
l i
ndi
cat
es co
n
duct
ing de
vice (
O
n po
sit
io
n) an
d r
ed
cel
l
ind
ic
at
es
non
cond
ucting
de
vice
(
O
ff
posit
ion).
The
propose
d
si
ng
le
-
ph
ase,
5
-
le
vel
ca
scade
M
L
I,
s
how
n
in
Figure 1
,
is
a hybridiz
e
d
5
-
le
ve
l
inv
erte
r.
Ta
ble
1,
de
picts
the
s
witc
hing pat
te
rn
f
or
a
fi
ve
-
le
vel
out
pu
t vo
lt
age
gen
e
rated
with
two
posit
ive,
t
wo
ne
gative
a
nd
on
e
zer
o
at
t
he
ou
t
pu
t.
The
5
-
le
vel
hy
br
id
inv
e
rter
c
ompr
ise
s
a
sing
le
-
phase
c
onve
ntion
al
H
-
bri
dge
cel
l,
a
nd
a
bi
directi
on
al
s
witc
h
c
onnected
to
t
he
two
dc
s
our
ces
at
center ta
p.
In symmet
rical
confi
gurati
on
with
2
in
put dc
sour
ce
s, o
utpu
t l
evel can
b
e
obtai
ned as
fo
ll
ow
s
=
4
∗
+
1
(1)
Wh
e
re
p
is e
qu
al
to
the
num
be
r of
cell
s.
The n
umber o
f
sw
it
ches
is
give
n
as
Numbe
r of S
w
it
ches
=
(
−
1
)
ℎ
∗
(
ℎ
+
1
)
(
2)
Simi
la
rly,
a
se
ven
te
e
n
-
le
vel
c
ascade
MLI
is
ob
ta
ine
d
by
us
ing
4
hybri
dize
d
H
bri
dge
cel
ls.
Fi
gure
2.
sh
ows
the
pro
pose
d
sin
gle
-
ph
ase,
17
-
le
vel c
ascade
d MLI a
nd it
s sw
it
chi
ng
patte
rn are
r
e
pr
ese
nted
in T
a
ble 2.
Table
1.
Sw
it
c
hing Stat
es
for 5
-
le
vel
hybri
di
zed
M
LI
S.
NO
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
8
S
A
V
0
1
V
dc
2
2
V
dc
3
0
4
-
V
dc
5
-
2
V
dc
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1872
–
1882
1874
Figure
1. 5
-
Le
vel hy
br
i
dized H
br
i
dg
e
MLI
Table
2.
Sw
it
c
hing
sta
te
s
for a
17
–
le
vel hy
bri
dised
M
LI
S.
NO
.
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
5
S
6
S
7
S
8
S
9
S
10
S
11
S
12
S
13
S
14
S
15
S
16
S
A
S
B
S
C
S
D
V
0
1
V
DC
2
2V
DC
3
3V
DC
4
4
V
DC
5
5
V
DC
6
6
V
DC
7
7
V
DC
8
8
V
DC
9
0
10
-
V
DC
11
-
2
V
DC
12
-
3
V
DC
13
-
4
V
DC
14
-
5
V
DC
15
-
6
V
DC
16
-
7
V
DC
17
-
8
V
DC
Off
st
ate of
th
e Sw
itch
On
state of the
Swi
tch
Table
3.
C
omp
ariso
n of
so
li
d
-
sta
te
com
pone
nts
of
c
onve
ntion
al
t
opologies
with
hybri
dize
d
casca
de
d
M
L
I
f
or
17
-
Le
vel
Inv
erter
Top
o
lo
g
y
Dio
d
e Clam
p
ed
Fly
in
g
Cap
acito
r
Cas
caded
H
-
Brid
g
e
Hy
b
ridized
H
-
Brid
g
e
Main switch
es
(
-
1
)*2
=
32
(
-
1
)*2
=
32
(
-
1
)*2
=
32
(
−
1
)
ℎ
∗
(
ℎ
+
1
)
=2
0
Clampin
g
dio
d
es
(
−
1
)
∗
(
−
2
)
=
240
0
0
0
DC
Bu
s
1
1
8
8
Bu
s Cap
acito
rs
(
-
1
)=16
(
-
1
)=16
(
-
1
)/2=8
0
Balan
cin
g
Cap
acito
rs
0
(
−
1
)
∗
(
−
2
)
2
=
12
0
0
Table
3.
sup
ports
the
de
vel
oped
t
opolog
y
as
the
main
m
otto
be
hind
th
e
de
velo
ping
pres
ent
to
polo
gy
is
to
r
ed
uce
t
he
numb
e
r
of
so
li
d
-
sta
te
de
vices.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
t
opology
use
s
on
l
y
4
H
-
br
i
dg
e
MLI’s
in
gen
e
rati
ng
17
-
Level
outp
ut
wh
ic
h
ef
fecti
ve
ly
re
du
ce
d
th
e
s
olid
-
sta
te
de
vices
by
37.5%
in
co
mp
a
ris
on
t
o
conve
ntion
al
c
ascade
d
H
br
i
dg
e
M
L
I.
As
the
num
ber
of
com
pone
nts
are
re
du
ce
d
w
hen
c
ompare
d
with
conve
ntion
al
topolo
gies
t
hat also
re
su
lt
s
i
n
r
edu
ce
d
switc
hi
ng
losse
s
a
nd
num
ber
of GAT
E
dri
ve
rs.
It
al
s
o
has
reduce
d
ci
rc
uit com
plexit
y wit
h
inc
reased
m
odularit
y an
d
i
s m
or
e ec
onom
ic
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
An
e
nhance
d 1
7
-
le
vel
hyb
ri
di
zed mu
lt
il
evel
inverte
r wi
th st
air c
as
e
mod
ula
ti
on
(
He
ma
l
ath
a Javv
aji)
1875
Figure
2. 17
-
L
evel
hy
br
i
dized
casca
de
d ML
I
3.
CONTR
OL
METHO
DS
In
c
onve
ntion
and
Hyb
ridize
d
ca
scade
d
MLI
t
opologies
on
e
of
the
pro
minent
te
ch
niques
us
e
d
to
achieve
re
quir
ed
s
witc
hi
ng
pa
tt
ern
is
m
ulti
carrier
sin
usoi
dal
P
W
M
.
A
s
the
ou
t
pu
t
le
ve
ls
increa
ses
it
r
equ
i
re
high
switc
hing
fr
e
qu
e
nc
y
res
ulti
ng
in
more
switc
hing
los
s
es.
The
sta
irca
se
PWM
a
pp
li
ed
in
the
prese
nt
w
ork
is
a
mixtur
e
of
sin
us
oi
dal
P
W
M
an
d
sel
ec
ti
ve
harmo
nic
el
imi
nation.
St
ai
t
case
PWM
is
der
ive
d
f
rom
a
sinu
s
oid
al
P
W
M
by
re
placi
ng
t
he
sine
wa
ve
with
a
sta
ir
c
ase.
Num
ber
of
ste
ps
i
n
sta
ir
case
are
deter
mi
ned
base
d
on
t
he
s
pecific
har
m
on
ic
cancel
la
ti
on
.
The
desire
d
outp
ut
volt
age
l
evel
an
d
qual
it
y
is
ibtai
ne
d
w
it
h
a
pro
per
sel
ect
io
n
of
f
reque
nc
y
rati
o
an
d
num
ber
of
ste
ps
in
the
sta
ir
case.
Wh
e
ne
ver
t
he
value
of
mod
ul
at
ing
sign
al
is
m
ore
than
t
he
car
rier
sig
nal
pulse
s
are
ge
ne
rated.
Com
par
e
d
with
the
c
ar
rier
-
ba
sed
P
W
M
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
,
the
sta
ircase
modu
la
ti
on
fe
at
ur
es
lo
wer
s
witc
hing
losse
s
since
t
he
e
nt
ire
po
wer
se
micond
ucto
r
de
vice
s
op
e
rate
at
the
fun
dame
ntal
f
r
equ
e
nc
y.
Stai
r
case
m
odulati
on
is
pro
ven
to
a
fea
sibl
e
so
l
ut
ion
in
re
duci
ng
t
he
switc
hing l
os
se
s w
it
h a l
ow
frequ
e
nc
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1872
–
1882
1876
In
dig
it
al
impl
ementat
io
n
of
sta
ir
case
PWM
the
s
witc
hing
an
gles
are
de
te
rmin
e
d
in
pr
i
or
for
al
l
the
4
hy
br
idize
d
M
L
I’
s
a
nd
a
re
store
d
in
a
ta
ble.
I
n
this
w
ork
a
m
odulati
ng
wa
ve
has
be
en
sep
a
rated
i
n
to
15
zon
e
s
with
eac
h
z
one
re
fe
rr
in
g
a
switc
hi
ng
pa
tt
ern
to
ob
ta
in
the
volt
age
le
vel
in
the
outp
ut
wa
ve
f
orm.
Figur
e
4.
S
how
s
the
switc
hing
patte
rn
s
of
the
po
wer
s
emic
on
duct
or
m
odules
of
pro
pose
d
topolo
gy
a
nd
s
te
pp
e
d
-
vo
lt
age
w
a
ve
form.
The
sta
irca
se
ref
e
ren
ce
is
c
ompare
d
wit
h
tria
ngular
ca
rr
ie
rs
with
dif
fer
e
nt
fr
e
quen
ci
es
wh
ic
h
gen
e
rate
the
B
oo
le
a
n
ou
t
pu
t.
A
lo
gic
ope
r
at
ion
is
ap
plie
d
acc
ordin
gly
to
get
the
swit
chin
g
pa
tt
ern
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
M
L
I
topolo
gy
f
rom
ge
ner
at
e
d
B
oo
le
a
n
ou
t
pu
t,
wh
ic
h
gen
e
ra
te
s
pu
lse
s
f
or
corres
pondin
g
powe
r
modu
le
s
is s
hown in Fi
gure
3.
Figure
3. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
t
o g
ener
at
e
gate
pulse
s
3.
1.
C
alcula
tio
n of
s
witchin
g freq
uency
Sw
it
chin
g fr
e
quenc
y f
or
a
ny l
evel is
pr
e
deter
mined u
sin
g
ℎ
=
∗
2
(
2
−
1
)
(
3)
3.
2.
I
den
tifica
tion o
f
s
tep
angle
=
−
1
(
−
1
)
+
+
f
or
k=
1,2,…z
(
4)
Wh
e
re
k
=
numb
e
r
of
ste
p
a
ng
le
s
,
z
=
M
ax
imum
num
ber
of
ste
ps
a
nd
y
=
Coef
fici
ent
f
or
a
dju
sti
ng
s
witc
hin
g
ang
le
.
The mo
dula
ti
on
in
de
x
ca
n be
ob
ta
ine
d usi
ng
=
1
∗
4
(
5)
Wh
e
re
1
=
Fundame
nt
a
l
vo
latge
=D
.C
Bus
vo
lt
age
.
3.
3.
L
os
ses
In
t
he
ope
rati
on
of
s
olid
sta
te
co
m
pone
nts
ba
sed
ci
rc
uits,
co
nductio
n
loss
, s
witc
hing
los
s,
Off
-
sta
te
los
se
s
an
d
gate
losses
ar
e
co
ns
ide
red
f
or
t
he
a
nalysi
s.
I
n
gen
e
ral,
the
O
ff
-
sta
te
an
d
Gate
l
osse
s
are
ne
glig
ible
in
com
par
is
on w
i
th the othe
r
t
w
o hen
ce
are
n
e
glect
ed
i
n
the
a
nalysis.
3.3.1.
Conduc
tion l
osse
s
The
c
onduct
io
n
lo
sses
a
re
ge
ner
at
e
d
in
ea
ch
dev
ic
e
duri
ng
O
N
sta
te
.
In
MLI
’s
c
ondu
ct
io
n
l
os
ses
al
so
dep
e
nds
on
c
onduct
io
n
ti
me
of
t
he
de
vice.
Hen
ce
t
o
co
ns
i
der
t
he
ti
me
co
nductio
n
losse
s
are
m
ulti
plied
by
a
correct
ion fact
or P
CON
. In ge
ne
ral, the
con
duct
ion
lo
ss in
MLI’s
is
giv
e
n
as
=
×
×
(
6)
Wh
e
re
V
CE
is
the
c
ollec
tor
-
e
mit
te
r
volt
age
dro
p
an
d
I
C
is
the
colle
ct
or
c
urren
t
durin
g
ON
-
sta
te
of
th
e
de
vice
and
=
−
(7)
T is the t
otal t
ime pe
rio
d, an
d t
L
-
i
is t
he
total
ON stat
e ti
me
of the
de
vice in
p
th
le
vel.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
An
e
nhance
d 1
7
-
le
vel
hyb
ri
di
zed mu
lt
il
evel
inverte
r wi
th st
air c
as
e
mod
ula
ti
on
(
He
ma
l
ath
a Javv
aji)
1877
3.3.2.
Sw
itchi
ng l
os
s
The
s
witc
hing
loss in
the
I
GBT are
i
n gene
ra
l give
n
as
=
×
(
(
)
+
(
)
)
(
8)
Sw
it
chin
g
loss
al
so
dep
e
nds
on
the
s
witc
hi
ng
ti
me.
I
n
th
e
de
sig
n
of
MLI’s
cal
c
ulati
on
of
s
witc
hi
ng
ti
me
dep
e
nds
on
s
witc
hing
fr
e
quency
w
hich
be
comes
co
mp
l
ex
with
highe
r
f
re
qu
e
ncies.
Sw
it
chi
ng
lo
ss
with
switc
hing ti
me
are give
n
as
=
×
(
(
)
+
(
)
)
×
(
9)
Wh
e
re
D
sw
is
f
act
or
acc
ounte
d for s
witc
hing
ti
me
=
Figure
4. S
witc
hing Patt
er
ns
of Hy
br
i
dized ML
I
4.
SIMULATI
O
N AND
RES
U
LT
S
In
orde
r
to
s
upport
the
pr
opos
e
d
casca
de
d
M
LI
t
opol
ogy,
simulat
io
ns
stu
dies
a
re
carrie
d
in
M
A
TLAB
S
I
M
U
LI
NK
e
nviro
nm
e
nt
with
the
c
onstr
ucted
Si
mu
li
nk
model.
With
t
he
s
witc
hing
scheme
s
descr
i
bed
in
S
ect
ion
3,
5
-
le
ve
l
and
17
-
le
vel
M
L
I’
s
a
re
c
onside
red
f
or
t
he
analysis
.
I
n
a
17
Le
vel
hybr
idize
d
M
L
I
sta
ir
case
P
W
M
s
witc
hi
ng
patte
rns
T
1
-
T4
a
re
ge
ner
a
te
d
with
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
que
nc
y
of
100Hz,
300Hz,
700Hz
a
nd
15
00Hz
a
gain
st
a
Stai
r
case
re
fer
e
nce
wav
e
at
fun
dame
ntal
fr
e
quenc
y
of
50
Hz
,
as
de
pi
ct
ed
in
Figure
5
a
nd Fi
gure
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1872
–
1882
1878
Figure
5. Sim
ul
ink
m
odel
of
pulse
gen
e
rati
on
u
si
ng stai
rcase
mod
ulati
on
(a)
(b)
Figure
6.
Stai
r c
ase m
odulati
on
for
the
pr
opose
d 1
7
-
le
vel
hy
br
i
dized
M
L
I
(a)
sta
ircase
m
odulati
on a
nd
corres
pondin
g ca
rr
ie
r
(b)
ge
ne
rated
pulse
s
4.
1.
C
alcula
tio
n of
s
witchin
g freq
uency
Sw
it
chin
g fr
e
quenc
y f
or
a
ny l
evel is
pr
e
deter
mined u
sin
g
ℎ
=
∗
2
(
2
−
1
)
Table
4
s
how
s
the
switc
hi
ng
fr
e
quenc
y
a
dopted
in
this
pa
per
f
or
dif
fer
e
nt
ou
t
pu
t
le
vels
of
th
e
hybri
dized
cas
caded
M
LI
.
Table
4
S
witc
hi
ng
fr
e
quencies
for
outp
ut leve
ls
Ou
tp
u
t L
ev
el
Switch
in
g
f
requ
en
cy
5
-
Level
1
0
0
Hz
9
-
Level
3
0
0
Hz
13
-
Level
7
0
0
Hz
17
-
Level
1
5
0
0
Hz
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
An
e
nhance
d 1
7
-
le
vel
hyb
ri
di
zed mu
lt
il
evel
inverte
r wi
th st
air c
as
e
mod
ula
ti
on
(
He
ma
l
ath
a Javv
aji)
1879
4.
2.
I
den
tifica
tion o
f
S
tep
angle
=
−
1
(
−
1
)
+
+
f
or
k=
1,2,…z
wh
e
re
k
=
nu
mb
e
r
of
ste
p
ang
le
s
,
z
=
M
a
ximum
numb
e
r
of
ste
ps
an
d
y
=
C
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
f
or
a
dju
sti
ng
switc
hing a
ngle
Fo
r
a
hybri
diz
ed
17
le
vel
MLI
the
val
ue
of
z
=
8
a
nd
y
=
1
a
re
c
on
si
der
e
d.
The
obta
ine
d
ste
p
a
ng
le
s
are
giv
e
n
by
1
=
6
.
38
°
;
2
=
12
.
84
°
;
3
=
19
.
47
°
;
4
=
26
.
39
°
5
=
33
.
74
°
;
6
=
41
.
81
°
;
7
=
51
.
05
°
;
8
=
62
.
74
°
an
d
a
re show
n i
n
Fi
gure
4.
The mo
dula
ti
on
in
de
x
ca
n be
ob
ta
ine
d usi
ng
=
1
∗
4
Wh
e
re
1
=
Fundame
nt
a
l
vo
latge
=D
.C
Bus
vo
lt
age
.
Figure
7. 5
–
le
vel
outp
ut
vo
lt
age ac
ro
s
s
on
e
sy
m
metri
cal
hybridize
d
M
LI
Figure
7.
sho
w
s
the
5
–
le
vel
outp
ut
volt
age
a
cro
ss
one
sym
metri
cal
hybr
i
dized
M
LI
.
Fig
ur
e
8.
s
hows
the
sim
ulate
d
wav
e
f
or
m
s
of
outp
ut
volt
ag
e
an
d
loa
d
cu
rr
e
nt
with
a
R
loa
d
f
or
the
17
-
le
vel
in
ver
t
er
b
y
sel
ect
ing
mod
ulati
on
in
dex
as
0.9
a
nd
a
input
s
ource
volt
age
V
s
=
55V
for
each
cel
l.
It
is
ob
s
er
ve
d
from
Figure.
8
th
at
ge
ne
rated
ou
t
put
vo
lt
age
wave
f
rom
is
m
uc
h
cl
osure
to
sinu
s
oi
dal
f
r
om
than
the
co
nve
ntion
CHB M
LI
’s.
(a)
(
b)
Figure
8. 17
–
L
evel
outp
ut
volt
age and
c
urre
nt w
a
ve
form o
f hybr
i
dized
MLI a
nd CHB
MLI
(a)
c
ompa
rison
of
gen
e
rated
outp
ut volt
age
(b)
co
mp
a
rison
of outp
ut c
urre
nt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
S
ys
t,
V
ol
.
11
, N
o.
4
,
D
ecembe
r
2020
:
1872
–
1882
1880
The
ste
ad
y
sta
te
te
sti
ng
has
be
en
pe
rformed
with
resist
ive
l
oad
(unity
pow
er
facto
r
loa
d)
with
22
0
V
peak
to
pea
k
outp
ut
volt
ages
.
The
obta
ine
d
ou
t
pu
t
cu
rr
e
nt
is
ab
ou
t
20A
,
peak
to
pea
k.
The
R
M
S
val
ue
of
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
and cu
rr
e
nt
ob
t
ai
ned
a
re
155.5
6V
a
nd c
urren
t
14.14
A
r
espect
ively.
(a)
(b)
Figure
9. FFT
sp
ect
r
um
of
hybr
i
dized ML
I
a
nd CHB
M
L
I
Figure
9
sho
ws
the
TH
D
s
pectrum
of
the p
r
opose
d
hybri
diz
ed
m
ulti
le
vel
inv
e
rter.
Form
t
he
Fig
ure
9
(a)
to
ta
l
TH
D
i
s
reduce
d
tha
n
that
of
Fi
g
ure
9
(
b)
due
to
th
e
var
ia
ti
on
in
the
num
be
r
of
s
olid
sta
te
switc
hes
in
gen
e
rati
ng the
same
ou
t
pu
t l
e
vels.
Table
5
sho
ws
the
co
mp
a
rison
betwee
n
pr
opose
d
hybri
diz
ed
M
LI
an
d
ca
scade
d
H
bri
dg
e
M
L
I.
T
he
per
ce
ntage
le
ve
l
of
T
H
D
are
low
with
the
pro
po
se
d
to
pology
for
disti
nc
t
le
vel
of
volt
age
ge
ne
rati
on.
Fr
o
m
the
ta
ble
it
is
al
so
evi
den
t
t
ha
t
the
pro
posed
topolo
gy
res
ults
in
an
imp
r
oved
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
a
ge
in
c
ompa
rison
t
o
casca
de
d H Bri
dg
e
M
LI
. Com
par
is
on b
et
wee
n bo
t
h
the
to
polog
ie
s
a
re
pr
es
ented
i
n
Fi
gure
10.
Table
5.
C
omp
ariso
n of o
utpu
t vo
lt
age
a
nd T
HD f
or d
if
fe
re
nt levels
Level
Sy
m
m
et
ric
Hy
b
ridized
M
L
I
Cas
caded
Hy
b
ridized
M
L
I
5
–
Level
Fu
n
d
am
en
tal ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e (
Max)
2
1
8
.7
2
1
5
.4
THD
2
7
.07
%
2
9
.65
%
9
-
Level
Fu
n
d
am
en
tal ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e (
Max)
2
2
1
.6
2
1
9
.9
THD
1
2
.94
%
1
4
.11
%
13
-
Level
Fu
n
d
am
en
tal ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e (
Max)
2
2
0
.1
2
1
9
.2
THD
8
.06
%
9
.45
%
17
-
Level
Fu
n
d
am
en
tal ou
tp
u
t vo
ltag
e (
Max)
2
2
3
.6
2
2
3
.9
THD
4
.78
%
6
.94
%
Figure
10. T
H
D
Co
m
par
is
on
of
symmet
rical
hybridize
d
a
nd casca
de
d hyb
ridized
MLI
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow Elec
& Dri S
ys
t
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8
694
An
e
nhance
d 1
7
-
le
vel
hyb
ri
di
zed mu
lt
il
evel
inverte
r wi
th st
air c
as
e
mod
ula
ti
on
(
He
ma
l
ath
a Javv
aji)
1881
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
A
H
ybri
dized
M
L
I
with
sta
i
r
case
m
odula
ti
on
sc
heme
was
propose
d
in
this
pa
pe
r.
It
ge
ner
at
es
cl
os
ure
sin
us
oi
dal
vo
lt
a
ge
at
the
ou
t
pu
t
with
a
s
mall
er
nu
mb
e
r
of
s
oli
d
-
sta
te
switc
hes
.
T
wo
kinds
of
M
LI
’s
gen
e
rati
ng
dif
f
eren
t
outp
ut
l
evels
a
re
te
ste
d
by
sim
ulati
on.
As
the
ou
tpu
t
le
vels
inc
reases
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
topolo
gy
co
ns
i
der
a
bly
re
du
ce
s
switc
hi
ng
de
vices
w
he
n
c
ompa
red
t
o
the
CHB
MLI.
Co
ns
ide
rab
le
a
dv
antages
of
t
he
pr
opo
se
d
to
po
l
ogy
a
re
1)
As
t
he
num
ber
of
le
vels
a
r
e
increase
d
it
ge
ner
at
es
outp
ut
wav
e
f
orm
cl
ose
r
to
sinu
s
oid
al
.
2)
Few
switc
hing
de
vices
co
mpa
red
with
t
he
conve
ntion
al
M
L
I
3)
L
ow
T
HD
4)
L
ow
s
witc
hing
dev
ic
es
loss
as
de
vice
co
nduc
ti
on
ti
me
is
re
du
ce
d.
Ba
sed
on
the
a
bove
merit
s,
the
pr
opose
d
H
ybridis
ed
M
L
I
with stai
r
ca
se
modu
la
ti
on s
hows
a
bette
r pe
rformance
in
c
omparis
on to
c
onve
ntion
M
LI
’s
REFERE
NCE
S
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J.
Rodríguez,
J.
-
S.
Lai,
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Z
.
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“
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le
v
el
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rt
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A
s
urve
y
of
topol
og
ie
s,
cont
rols
,
an
d
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E
Tr
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E
lectron.
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R.
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lo
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he
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lt
i
le
v
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rt
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ives
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ower
High
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it
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ic
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ec
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ara
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an
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am
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ven
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v
el
Sym
me
trica
l
Inve
rt
e
r
with
Re
d
uce
d
Sw
it
ch
Coun
t,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
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J
PE
DS)
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u,
I.
Kort
aba
r
ria
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el
idi
s
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“Modula
t
i
on
stra
te
gy
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mul
ti
ph
ase
Ne
u
t
ral
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erters,”
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ans.
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ower
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rth
i
Nag
ara
ju
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Ma
ll
igun
t
a
Kira
n
Kumar
,
“Ana
lysis
of
ser
ie
s/par
al
l
el
multi
le
ve
l
inv
erter
wi
th
symm
et
ri
ca
l
and
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al
conf
igura
t
ion
s,”
Inte
rna
t
iona
l
Journal
of
Po
wer
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Sys
te
m
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P
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Darg
ahi,
A.
K.
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M.
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ade
h
,
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E
skanda
ri
and
K.
Corz
ine,
“A
ne
w
family
of
mo
dula
r
multil
eve
l
conve
rt
er
b
ase
d
on
modi
fi
ed
f
lying
ca
p
ac
i
tor
mul
ti
c
el
l
conve
r
te
rs
,”
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
P
ower
Elec
tron.
,
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uar
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L
ei
et
a
l.
,
“
A
2
-
kW
singl
e
-
pha
se
seve
n
-
le
ve
l
fl
ying
c
apaci
tor
m
ult
ilevel
inve
rt
er
with
an
a
ct
iv
e
e
ner
gy
buff
er
,”
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
Po
wer
Elec
tron
.
,
v
ol.
32
,
no
.
11
,
p
p
.
8570
-
8581
,
No
v.
2017
.
[9]
Hema
Latha
Jav
vaj
i
,
B
asa
var
aj
a
Bana
k
ara,
“Simulat
ion
&
an
al
y
sis
of
diff
ere
nt
par
amete
rs
of
v
ari
ous
l
evels
o
f
ca
sca
d
ed
H
br
idge
multil
eve
l
inv
ert
er
,
”
I
EEE
Asia
Pac
i
fic
Conf
ere
nce
o
n
Postgraduat
e
R
ese
arch
in
Mic
roel
ec
troni
c
s and
Elec
tronics
(Prime
Asia
)
,
2
013;
62
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67.
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E.
B
aba
e
i,
S
.
L
a
al
i
,
and
S.
Ali
lu
,
“
C
asc
ade
d
multil
ev
el
inve
r
te
r
with
serie
s
conn
ec
t
ion
of
nov
el
H
-
bridge
basi
c
unit
s,
”
IE
EE
Tr
a
ns.
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h
im
i
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Baba
e
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G
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B.
Ghar
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t
ia
n
,
“
A
n
ew
topol
og
y
of
c
asc
ad
ed
m
ult
ilevel
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erters
with
r
educed
numbe
r
of
co
mp
onent
s
for
high
-
volt
ag
e
appl
i
ca
t
i
ons,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Powe
r
Elec
t
ron.
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oh,
N.
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mad
“A
nov
el
sin
gle
-
phase
PW
M
asymm
etric
al
m
ult
ilevel
inve
rt
er
with
numb
er
o
f
sem
ic
onduc
tor
sw
it
ch
es
r
educ
t
ion,
”
Int
ernati
o
nal
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o
f
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r E
le
c
troni
cs
and
Dr
ive
Sys
te
m (IJPEDS)
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y,
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.
R.
A,
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oo,
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A
f
aul
t
tol
er
ant
mu
lt
i
le
v
el
inv
ert
er
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i
mprovi
ng
the
per
forma
n
ce
of
pole
-
phase
mod
ula
t
ed
nin
e
-
phas
e
indu
ct
ion
mo
to
r
drive,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
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Gopakumar,
J.
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ez,
"A
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asc
ade
d
mu
lt
i
level
inve
r
te
rs,
”
IEE
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ans.
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.
E
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[15]
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pika
Nand
a,
A
Dasgupta
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U
.
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co
mparat
iv
e
Ana
lysis
o
f
Symmetri
ca
l
a
nd
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ymm
et
r
ica
l
Casc
ade
d
M
ult
ilevel
Inv
erte
r
Having
R
edu
ce
d
Number
of
Sw
it
ch
es
and
DC
Source
s”
,
I
nte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
em
(I
J
PE
DS)
,
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em
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“
Thr
ee
-
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,
f
ive
-
l
e
vel
mu
lt
i
le
v
el
in
ver
te
r
topol
ogy
,”
E
le
c
tr.
Powe
r
Compon.
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[17]
V.
Sonti
,
S.
Ja
in
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S.
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at
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“
Analysis
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the
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a
tion
stra
te
gy
for
t
he
mi
ni
mi
z
at
ion
of
the
le
ak
age
cur
ren
t
in
the
P
V
grid
-
connect
e
d
ca
sc
ade
d
mul
t
i
le
ve
l
inv
ert
er
,”
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EE
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“
A
funda
me
nt
al
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quenc
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hybri
d
cont
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bas
ed
t
h
ree
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ca
sca
d
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mul
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inve
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Ibra
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Harun
a
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Nor
Rul
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Ab
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Aisha
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ad
,
“9
-
Le
ve
l
Volt
age
Source
Inve
rt
er
Control
le
d
Us
in
g
Sel
ec
t
ive
Har
moni
c
E
li
m
ina
t
i
on”,
Int
ernat
ion
al
Journal
of
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E
lectronics
and
Dr
iv
e
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[20]
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Mu
ll
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“
Middle
-
le
v
el
SH
E
pu
lse
-
a
mpl
it
ud
e
modulati
on
for
ca
sc
a
ded
mu
lt
i
le
ve
l
inve
rt
ers
,”
IEEE
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L.
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,
and
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ang,
“
Nove
l
ca
s
ca
ded
sw
it
ch
ed
-
diode
mul
t
ilevel
inverter
for
ren
ewa
ble
en
erg
y
int
egr
at
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,”
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ans.
En
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