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n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
s
k
i
d
d
in
g
r
esi
s
tan
ce
o
f
asp
h
alt.
E
ar
l
y
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
ev
en
t
th
e
b
r
ea
k
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
a
s
p
h
alt
la
y
er
w
h
i
ch
o
cc
u
r
s
w
it
h
i
n
a
s
h
o
r
t ti
m
e
lik
e
w
i
th
in
a
f
e
w
m
o
n
th
s
to
a
f
e
w
w
ee
k
s
i
n
s
e
v
er
e
ca
s
es [
1
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
R
av
elli
n
g
i
n
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alt
s
u
r
f
ac
e
la
y
er
1
.
2
.
P
o
t
ent
ia
l c
a
us
e
o
f
r
a
v
elling
R
av
el
lin
g
i
n
a
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
a
lt
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
ea
r
in
g
co
u
r
s
e
u
s
u
a
ll
y
s
tar
ts
s
lo
w
l
y
,
b
u
t
a
f
ter
7
-
9
y
ea
r
s
it
d
ev
elo
p
s
v
er
y
q
u
ick
l
y
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
m
in
o
-
li
k
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
g
ap
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
.
W
h
e
n
o
n
e
s
to
n
e
is
r
e
m
o
v
ed
,
ad
j
ac
en
t
s
to
n
e
lac
k
s
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
ea
s
il
y
r
e
m
o
v
ed
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ac
ce
ler
ates
i
n
a
n
e
x
p
o
n
en
tial
w
a
y
r
es
u
lti
n
g
in
r
ap
id
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
as
p
h
alt
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
9
]
.
1
.
3
.
O
bje
ct
iv
es a
nd
Appro
a
ch
o
f
t
his
Wo
r
k
R
av
el
lin
g
i
s
t
h
e
s
tar
ti
n
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
r
o
ad
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
ca
lled
s
k
id
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
an
d
n
o
is
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alt
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
g
r
ea
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
b
ec
o
m
es
i
n
e
v
ita
b
le.
R
av
el
lin
g
is
t
h
e
m
ai
n
ca
u
s
e
f
o
r
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
o
r
r
en
ew
in
g
o
f
th
e
to
p
la
y
er
o
f
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alt
p
av
e
m
e
n
t.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
i
n
te
g
r
it
y
a
n
d
f
o
r
g
e
ttin
g
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alti
n
g
,
r
av
e
llin
g
is
to
b
e
p
r
ev
en
ted
a
s
m
u
c
h
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
h
o
o
k
o
r
cr
o
o
k
.
R
av
elli
n
g
p
r
ev
en
ted
,
r
o
a
d
p
r
o
tecte
d
to
a
g
r
ea
t
ex
ten
t.
Hen
ce
h
er
e
lies
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alti
n
g
i
n
a
s
cien
ti
f
ic
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
i
ca
l
w
a
y
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
n
g
r
av
el
lin
g
.
So
,
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
j
ec
t is to
p
r
ev
en
t r
av
ell
in
g
o
f
r
o
ad
b
y
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alt
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
ea
r
in
g
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
is
g
o
al,
a
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
ti
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
n
a
m
el
y
,
ac
t
iv
ati
n
g
th
e
c
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
o
r
o
u
s
a
s
p
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
ti
n
g
)
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
.
Steel
w
ir
e
m
e
s
h
/
GI
w
ir
e
m
es
h
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
a
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alt
m
i
x
tu
r
e
to
m
a
k
e
th
e
r
o
ad
elec
tr
icall
y
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
an
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
in
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
t
in
g
.
W
h
en
v
er
y
s
m
all
cr
ac
k
is
g
o
i
n
g
to
o
cc
u
r
i
n
t
h
e
asp
h
al
t
m
a
s
tic
th
e
n
b
y
h
ea
ti
n
g
s
teel
w
ir
e
m
es
h
/
GI
w
ir
e
m
es
h
ex
ter
n
al
l
y
b
y
a
n
y
m
ea
n
s
ca
u
s
es
c
u
r
in
g
b
it
u
m
en
b
y
v
ir
tu
e
o
f
it
s
p
h
y
s
ica
l
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
a
n
d
f
lo
w
an
d
th
u
s
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
r
ep
air
th
e
cr
ac
k
s
in
a
s
m
o
o
t
h
er
w
a
y
.
As
th
e
s
m
all
cr
ac
k
s
ar
e
clo
s
ed
,
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
m
aj
o
r
cr
ac
k
s
ar
e
th
u
s
p
r
ev
e
n
ted
,
r
av
e
lli
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
ad
is
p
r
ev
en
ted
.
T
h
e
h
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
c
ess
h
el
p
ed
b
y
s
teel
w
ir
e
m
es
h
/
GI
w
ir
e
m
es
h
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
a
lt
w
ea
r
in
g
co
u
r
s
e
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
ea
ted
if
cr
ac
k
s
r
ea
p
p
ea
r
s
.
2.
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
O
F
P
O
RO
US A
SPH
AL
T
CO
NCR
E
T
E
P
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alt
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
ea
r
i
n
g
co
u
r
s
e
(
o
p
en
g
r
ad
ed
f
r
ict
i
o
n
co
u
r
s
e)
w
a
s
o
r
ig
in
al
l
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
p
r
ev
en
t
s
k
id
d
in
g
o
n
w
et
p
a
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
in
t
h
e
1
9
3
0
s
in
th
e
US
an
d
w
as
g
en
er
all
y
ap
p
lied
o
n
h
ig
h
w
a
y
s
an
d
air
p
o
r
ts
in
1
9
7
0
s
.
I
t
w
as
f
ir
s
t
u
s
ed
in
th
e
Net
h
er
lan
d
s
in
1
9
7
2
[
1
]
.
Sin
ce
th
en
,
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
Du
tc
h
h
ig
h
w
a
y
s
ar
e
s
u
r
f
ac
ed
w
it
h
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
to
r
ed
u
ce
tr
af
f
ic
n
o
is
e,
w
h
ich
is
a
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
i
s
s
u
e
i
n
th
e
Net
h
er
lan
d
s
w
i
th
m
a
n
y
u
r
b
a
n
ar
ea
s
clo
s
e
to
th
e
m
aj
o
r
h
ig
h
w
a
y
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
R
ev
iew
W
o
r
k
o
n
Hig
h
F
r
eq
u
en
cy
I
n
d
u
ctio
n
C
u
r
in
g
o
f P
o
r
o
u
s
A
s
p
h
a
lt C
o
n
crete
(
K
a
u
s
h
ik
N
eo
g
i
)
874
3.
ADVA
N
T
A
G
E
S O
F
P
O
RO
US A
SPH
AL
T
CO
NCR
E
T
E
a.
R
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
av
e
m
en
t n
o
is
e
l
ev
els
b.
B
etter
s
k
id
r
esis
ta
n
ce
c.
R
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
p
las
h
an
d
s
p
r
a
y
d.
W
ater
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
n
r
o
ad
is
av
o
id
ed
e.
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
v
eh
icle
ad
h
er
en
ce
a
n
d
v
is
ib
ilit
y
f.
R
ed
u
ce
d
w
ate
r
co
n
ta
m
in
a
tio
n
g.
L
es
s
li
g
h
t
g
lar
i
n
g
h.
R
ed
u
ce
s
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i.
L
es
s
w
ea
r
an
d
tear
o
f
v
e
h
icle
t
y
r
e
j.
R
ed
u
ce
d
tr
af
f
ic
ac
cid
en
t
s
4.
DIS
AD
VANT
AG
E
S O
F
P
O
RO
US A
SPH
AL
T
CO
NCR
E
T
E
a.
R
elati
v
e
s
h
o
r
ter
s
er
v
ice
li
f
e
b.
Hig
h
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
s
t
s
c.
Ma
in
te
n
an
ce
w
i
ll b
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
5.
RAVE
L
L
I
N
G
O
N
P
O
RO
US
ASPH
AL
T
CO
N
CRE
T
E
T
h
e
lo
n
g
ev
it
y
o
f
asp
h
alt
r
ep
air
is
a
m
at
ter
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
,
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
attr
ac
ti
v
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alt
d
o
es
n
o
t
la
s
t
lo
n
g
d
u
e
to
ag
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
r
av
e
lli
n
g
an
d
clo
g
g
i
n
g
.
R
av
e
lli
n
g
,
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
lo
s
s
o
f
ag
g
r
e
g
ates
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
o
ad
s
u
r
f
a
ce
(
as s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
)
,
is
t
h
e
m
ai
n
d
ef
ec
t
o
n
p
o
r
o
u
s
a
s
p
h
alt
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
ea
r
in
g
co
u
r
s
e
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
R
av
elli
n
g
i
s
a
f
ail
u
r
e
at
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
av
e
m
e
n
t
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
s
to
n
e
-
to
-
s
to
n
e
co
n
tact
r
eg
io
n
s
.
I
t
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
-
c
r
ac
k
s
,
h
ea
v
y
tr
af
f
ic
s
,
w
a
ter
lo
g
g
i
n
g
etc.
Fin
all
y
it
lead
s
to
h
o
les,
d
itch
es.
I
t
h
a
m
p
er
s
n
o
is
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
s
k
id
r
ed
u
ctio
n
etc.
Fo
r
r
av
ellin
g
,
m
ain
ten
a
n
c
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
t
h
a
n
d
en
s
e
g
r
ad
ed
asp
h
alt
r
o
ad
.
T
o
ex
ten
d
th
e
lif
e
ti
m
e
o
f
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
a
lt
r
o
ad
,
r
av
ellin
g
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
ev
en
ted
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ser
io
u
s
r
av
elli
n
g
o
n
h
ig
h
w
a
y
s
Am
s
ter
d
a
m
A
1
(
lef
t
)
an
d
T
h
e
Hag
u
e
A
4
(
r
ig
h
t)
6.
SE
L
F
CURIN
G
O
F
ASPH
A
L
T
CO
NC
RE
T
E
6
.
1
.
Co
ncept
o
f
Self
Curing
Self
cu
r
i
n
g
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
a
s
t
h
e
b
u
il
t
-
i
n
ab
il
it
y
o
f
a
m
a
ter
ial
to
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
c
u
r
e
(
r
ep
air
)
th
e
d
am
a
g
e
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
its
s
er
v
ice
li
f
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
a
m
ater
ial
d
eg
r
ad
e
w
i
th
ti
m
e
a
s
a
n
atu
r
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
cr
ac
k
s
ca
n
g
r
o
w
a
n
d
u
lti
m
atel
y
lead
to
f
u
l
l
s
ca
le
f
a
ilu
r
e.
Mic
r
o
-
cr
ac
k
s
ap
p
ea
r
an
d
lead
to
m
ac
r
o
-
cr
ac
k
s
a
n
d
u
lti
m
ate
f
ai
lu
r
e
i
s
n
o
t
ca
r
ed
f
o
r
.
Da
y
b
y
d
ay
o
n
g
o
in
g
r
esear
c
h
i
s
g
o
in
g
o
n
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
m
ater
ial,
m
ater
ial
s
w
it
h
s
el
f
cu
r
i
n
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
er
v
ice
lif
e
o
f
th
e
m
at
er
ial.
I
f
w
e
u
s
e
a
m
ater
ial
w
h
ic
h
i
ts
el
f
h
a
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ty
to
co
r
r
ec
t
th
e
d
am
a
g
e
b
y
i
ts
o
w
n
co
m
p
o
s
iti
o
n
w
ill
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
t,
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
co
s
t th
u
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
it
s
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
el
f
c
u
r
in
g
m
ater
ials
is
d
o
n
e
i
n
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
p
o
l
y
m
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
aten
t
o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
w
a
s
u
s
ed
i
n
1
9
6
6
.
I
t
w
a
s
t
h
e
p
o
l
y
m
er
w
it
h
s
el
f
-
cu
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
ty
.
C
r
av
e
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
r
ev
er
s
ib
le
cr
o
s
s
-
li
n
k
ed
p
o
ly
m
er
s
.
I
t
w
as
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
p
o
l
y
m
er
s
w
h
er
e
p
en
d
an
t
f
u
r
an
g
r
o
u
p
s
w
er
e
cr
o
s
s
-
li
n
k
ed
w
it
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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SS
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8
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IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
872
–
8
7
9
875
m
alei
m
id
es
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
ese
p
o
l
y
m
er
co
u
ld
r
e
v
er
s
e
to
t
h
eir
c
r
o
s
s
li
n
k
ed
s
tate
a
f
ter
cr
ac
k
i
n
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
s
u
ch
p
o
l
y
m
er
f
aile
d
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
1
9
9
4
,
Dr
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
a
p
ass
iv
e
cr
ac
k
in
g
r
ep
air
m
et
h
o
d
b
y
s
m
ar
t
ti
m
ed
r
elea
s
e
o
f
p
o
ly
m
er
izea
b
le
ch
e
m
icals
f
r
o
m
p
o
r
o
u
s
a
n
d
b
r
ittl
e
h
o
llo
w
f
ib
er
s
in
to
ce
m
e
n
t
m
atr
ices
[
1
8
]
.
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
lef
t)
,
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
cr
ac
k
in
g
r
ep
air
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
tai
n
s
p
o
r
o
u
s
f
ib
er
s
co
ated
w
ith
w
a
x
an
d
f
illed
w
it
h
m
et
h
y
l
m
e
th
ac
r
y
late.
W
h
e
n
a
cr
ac
k
o
cc
u
r
s
,
lo
w
h
ea
t
i
s
ap
p
li
ed
to
th
e
ce
m
en
t
m
atr
ix
,
w
a
x
is
m
elted
a
n
d
th
e
m
et
h
y
l
m
eth
ac
r
y
late
is
r
ele
ased
in
to
th
e
m
a
tr
ix
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
h
ea
ti
n
g
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
m
et
h
y
l
m
eth
ac
r
y
lat
e
p
o
ly
m
er
ize
to
c
lo
s
e
t
h
e
cr
ac
k
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
as
s
i
v
e
cr
ac
k
f
illi
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
,
lo
ad
in
g
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
es
m
icr
o
-
cr
ac
k
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
ce
m
e
n
t
m
atr
i
x
,
b
r
ea
k
s
th
e
b
r
ittl
e
h
o
llo
w
g
las
s
f
ib
er
s
to
r
elea
s
e
th
e
c
h
e
m
icals F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
r
ig
h
t)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
m
p
le
tel
y
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
n
th
et
ic
s
el
f
c
u
r
i
n
g
m
ater
ial
w
a
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
W
h
ite
et
a
l
a
n
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
a
p
o
l
y
m
er
co
m
p
o
s
ite
w
ith
m
icr
o
ca
p
s
u
les
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
c
u
r
i
n
g
co
n
ce
p
t
i
s
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
atr
i
x
,
a
m
icr
o
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
cu
r
in
g
ag
en
t
w
i
th
a
ca
tal
y
s
t
w
h
ic
h
c
an
p
o
ly
m
er
ize
th
e
cu
r
in
g
ag
e
n
t i
s
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
.
W
h
en
a
cr
ac
k
m
ee
ts
t
h
e
e
m
b
ed
d
e
d
m
icr
o
ca
p
s
u
les,
it b
r
ea
k
s
an
d
r
elea
s
es th
e
c
u
r
in
g
ag
en
t
i
n
to
th
e
cr
ac
k
p
la
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
ca
p
illar
y
ac
tio
n
.
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
ca
taly
s
t
tr
ig
g
er
s
th
e
p
o
l
y
m
er
izatio
n
o
f
c
u
r
in
g
ag
en
t a
n
d
th
u
s
clo
s
e
s
t
h
e
cr
ac
k
.
R
esear
c
h
h
a
s
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
o
n
cr
ea
ti
n
g
s
e
lf
cu
r
in
g
m
a
ter
ials
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Desig
n
f
o
r
ti
m
ed
r
elea
s
e
o
f
p
o
l
y
m
er
izea
b
le
ch
e
m
icals to
r
ep
air
cr
ac
k
s
an
d
f
ill cr
ac
k
s
: (
lef
t)
b
y
m
elti
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
co
atin
g
o
n
p
o
r
o
u
s
f
ib
er
s
,
(
r
ig
h
t)
th
e
b
r
ittl
e
f
ib
er
b
r
ea
k
s
u
n
d
er
lo
ad
[
Dr
y
1
9
9
4
]
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
elf
cu
r
i
n
g
co
n
c
ep
t
w
it
h
m
icr
o
ca
p
s
u
le
s
[
W
h
ite
et
al
2
0
0
1
]
6
.
2
.
Self
Curing
o
f
Asp
ha
lt
Co
nc
re
t
e
Asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete,
lik
e
o
t
h
er
s
e
lf
c
u
r
in
g
m
ater
ial
ca
n
r
ep
air
t
h
e
cr
ac
k
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
l
y
.
W
h
e
n
asp
h
alt
i
s
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
a
r
est
p
e
r
io
d
s
,
it
r
eg
ain
s
its
p
h
y
s
ica
l
s
tr
en
g
t
h
a
n
d
s
ti
f
f
n
es
s
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
an
d
also
in
t
h
e
f
ie
ld
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
B
az
in
an
d
Sau
n
ier
h
a
s
d
ep
icted
th
at
9
0
%
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
r
esis
tan
ce
w
a
s
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
w
h
e
n
g
i
v
en
r
e
s
t
u
n
d
er
p
r
ess
u
r
e
at
2
5
⁰
C
[
1
9
]
.
I
t
is
v
er
i
f
ied
t
h
at
h
a
lf
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
e
n
g
th
w
as
r
e
g
ai
n
ed
i
f
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
o
n
e
d
ay
r
e
s
t.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
t u
p
o
n
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
t
u
d
ies
w
er
e
d
o
n
e
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
s
tr
en
g
t
h
r
ec
o
v
er
y
in
r
elatio
n
to
r
est
p
er
io
d
.
C
astro
an
d
L
ittl
e
b
y
th
e
ir
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
f
atig
u
e
li
f
e
ca
n
b
e
ex
ten
d
ed
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
asp
h
alt
i
s
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
r
est
p
e
r
io
d
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Field
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
al
s
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
cu
r
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
o
f
asp
h
alt
c
o
n
cr
ete.
B
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
a
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t,
W
illi
a
m
s
et
al
o
p
in
ed
th
a
t
s
tiff
n
es
s
r
ec
o
v
er
s
w
h
e
n
it
is
g
i
v
en
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
r
est
[
2
4
]
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
n
o
ti
ce
d
th
at
cr
ac
k
s
i
n
w
i
n
ter
ti
m
e
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
m
m
er
ti
m
e.
As
a
r
e
s
u
l
t,
c
u
r
in
g
p
la
y
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
s
h
if
tin
g
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
f
ati
g
u
e
to
i
n
-
s
it
u
f
at
ig
u
e
lif
e
[
2
5
]
.
7.
I
NDUC
T
I
O
N
CU
RIN
G
O
F
P
O
RO
US A
SPH
AL
T
CO
N
CRE
T
E
7
.
1
.
I
nd
uct
io
n
H
ea
t
ing
T
ec
h
no
lo
g
y
An
alter
n
at
in
g
m
a
g
n
etic
f
iel
d
w
ill
i
n
d
u
ce
cu
r
r
en
ts
in
a
n
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
g
en
er
ati
n
g
elec
tr
ical
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
i
n
a
co
n
d
u
cto
r
b
y
p
lacin
g
it
in
an
alter
n
a
tin
g
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
ield
i
s
ca
lled
Far
ad
a
y
’
s
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
i
n
d
u
ce
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
w
ill
f
lo
w
e
lectr
ical
r
es
is
tiv
it
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
,
g
en
er
at
in
g
h
ea
t
in
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
b
y
“
J
o
u
l
e
ef
f
ec
t
”
a
n
d
th
i
s
h
ea
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
is
ca
lled
in
d
u
ct
io
n
h
ea
tin
g
[
2
6
]
.
I
t
u
s
es
h
i
g
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
PEDS
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
694
A
R
ev
iew
W
o
r
k
o
n
Hig
h
F
r
eq
u
en
cy
I
n
d
u
ctio
n
C
u
r
in
g
o
f P
o
r
o
u
s
A
s
p
h
a
lt C
o
n
crete
(
K
a
u
s
h
ik
N
eo
g
i
)
876
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
e
lectr
icit
y
a
n
d
h
e
at
elec
tr
icall
y
co
n
d
u
c
tiv
e
m
ater
ials
[
2
7
]
.
I
t
h
as
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
v
er
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
,
r
ad
iatio
n
,
o
p
en
f
la
m
e
o
r
o
th
er
h
ea
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
First,
it
is
v
er
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
as
it
c
o
n
v
er
ts
9
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
ed
e
n
er
g
y
to
u
s
ef
u
l
h
e
at.
Seco
n
d
l
y
h
ea
ti
n
g
b
y
i
n
d
u
c
tio
n
is
d
o
n
e
w
i
th
o
u
t
co
n
tact
with
h
ea
t.
So
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
ta
m
i
n
ate
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
iece
h
ea
ted
.
T
h
ir
d
l
y
,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
w
ar
p
ag
e,
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
r
ej
ec
tio
n
r
ates
ar
e
m
i
n
i
m
ized
as
th
e
h
ea
t
i
s
i
n
d
u
c
ed
w
i
th
i
n
th
e
p
ar
t
its
e
lf
b
y
j
o
u
le
h
ea
t
in
g
.
Fo
u
r
th
l
y
,
in
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
ti
n
g
i
s
a
q
u
ic
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
h
ea
t
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
s
id
e
d
ir
ec
tl
y
a
n
d
in
s
ta
n
tl
y
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
w
ar
m
i
n
g
u
p
o
r
co
o
lin
g
d
o
w
n
c
y
cle.
Fif
t
h
l
y
,
h
ea
ti
n
g
b
y
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
e
q
u
ir
e
o
p
en
f
la
m
e,
to
r
ch
h
ea
tin
g
o
r
an
y
o
th
e
r
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
h
ea
ti
n
g
.
O
n
ce
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
etu
p
an
d
in
itiated
,
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
ten
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
o
r
v
ar
iati
o
n
.
I
t
is
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
an
d
r
ep
ea
tab
le
th
in
g
.
Fin
a
ll
y
,
th
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
i
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
as
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
m
o
k
e
,
p
o
llu
tio
n
m
ater
ial
o
r
w
asta
g
e
o
f
h
ea
t
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
m
o
d
er
n
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
li
k
e
b
o
n
d
h
ar
d
en
in
g
,
m
etals
s
o
f
te
n
in
g
e
tc,
in
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
tin
g
h
av
e
w
id
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
in
d
u
cti
o
n
h
ea
ti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
o
n
th
e
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
r
o
ad
to
i
n
cr
e
ase
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
th
u
s
th
e
cr
ac
k
s
ar
e
clo
s
ed
b
y
s
e
lf
cu
r
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
o
f
b
itu
m
e
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
in
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
t
in
g
i
s
to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
s
p
h
alt
e
lec
tr
icall
y
co
n
d
u
ct
i
v
e
w
h
ic
h
is
th
e
e
s
s
e
n
tial r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t f
o
r
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
tin
g
b
y
in
d
u
ctio
n
e
n
er
g
y
.
C
o
n
d
u
cti
v
e
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
ep
ar
ed
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
b
y
m
a
n
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
.
I
n
th
e
n
e
x
t
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
,
a
b
r
ief
r
ev
ie
w
w
i
ll
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
asp
h
al
t c
o
n
cr
ete.
7
.
2
.
Co
nd
u
ct
iv
e
Asp
ha
lt
Co
ncre
t
e
C
o
n
d
u
ct
io
n
o
f
e
lectr
icit
y
b
y
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
i
s
es
s
en
tial
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
p
r
o
p
er
ty
,
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
li
k
e
g
r
ap
h
i
te
o
r
f
i
b
er
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
m
i
x
ed
to
t
h
e
asp
h
alt
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
.
I
n
1
9
6
0
,
f
ir
s
t
te
s
t
w
a
s
d
o
n
e
to
co
n
tr
o
l
s
n
o
w
a
n
d
ice
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
w
as
m
ad
e
b
y
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
g
r
ap
h
ite.
Ver
y
r
ec
en
tl
y
,
W
u
e
t
al
in
th
eir
r
esear
c
h
w
o
r
k
,
m
ad
e
elec
tr
icall
y
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
as
p
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
w
it
h
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
ca
r
b
o
n
f
ib
er
s
,
ca
r
b
o
n
b
lack
o
r
g
r
ap
h
ite
to
th
e
m
ix
t
u
r
e
o
f
as
p
h
alt
[
3
0
]
-
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Gar
cia
et
al
m
ad
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
asp
h
alt
m
as
tic
b
y
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
s
teel
f
ib
er
an
d
u
s
ed
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
tin
g
to
h
ea
t
th
e
m
as
tic
to
en
h
an
ce
i
ts
cu
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Gar
cia
et
al
s
h
o
w
ed
th
a
t
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
t
h
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
elec
tr
icall
y
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
e
p
ar
ticl
es
i
n
t
h
e
m
ix
t
u
r
e.
T
h
e
y
also
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
i
s
o
p
tim
u
m
v
o
lu
m
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
icall
y
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
e
p
ar
ti
cles
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
i
x
t
u
r
e
[
3
5
]
-
[
3
7
]
.
A
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
,
h
ea
t
in
g
b
y
i
n
d
u
cti
o
n
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
o
f
co
n
d
u
c
tiv
e
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
clo
s
e
th
e
cr
ac
k
s
in
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
al
t
la
y
er
s
b
y
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
s
el
f
cu
r
i
n
g
o
f
b
itu
m
en
[
3
8
]
-
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
u
s
in
g
in
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
t
in
g
to
ac
ti
v
ate
t
h
e
s
el
f
cu
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
b
itu
m
e
n
,
is
n
a
m
ed
in
d
u
ctio
n
cu
r
i
n
g
.
8.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SCH
E
M
E
Her
e
a
n
e
w
s
y
s
te
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
h
ic
h
w
i
ll
i
n
v
o
lv
e
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
ti
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
i
n
g
o
f
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
r
o
ad
.
Her
e
th
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
co
il
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
v
er
ter
is
th
e
i
n
d
u
ctiv
e
co
il
(
s
p
ir
al
s
h
ap
e)
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
ice
an
d
t
h
e
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
r
o
ad
alo
n
g
w
it
h
GI
w
ir
e
m
e
s
h
is
tr
ea
ted
as
w
o
r
k
p
iece
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ev
ice
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
h
ea
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
r
o
tated
o
v
er
th
e
cr
ac
k
ed
co
n
cr
ete
asp
h
alt
r
o
ad
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
lt
r
ap
id
alter
n
ati
n
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
i
eld
f
l
u
x
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
w
h
ic
h
cu
ts
t
h
e
GI
w
ir
e
m
e
s
h
.
T
h
u
s
th
e
ed
d
y
e
m
f
is
g
en
er
ated
d
u
e
to
w
h
ic
h
,
ed
d
y
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
cir
cu
lated
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
p
iece
.
Fin
all
y
g
e
n
er
ated
h
ea
t
in
GI
w
ir
e
m
es
h
w
ill
m
el
t
th
e
asp
h
a
lt
an
d
cu
r
e
t
h
e
cr
ac
k
o
f
t
h
e
asp
h
al
t
la
y
er
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
a
d
h
ig
h
w
a
y
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sch
e
m
atic
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
694
IJ
PEDS
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
6
:
872
–
8
7
9
877
9.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t li
t
er
atu
r
e,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
th
in
g
s
c
an
b
e
o
u
tlin
ed
.
a.
P
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
is
t
h
e
m
atter
o
f
i
n
ter
est
to
b
e
u
s
e
d
as
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
ater
ial
o
n
r
o
a
d
h
ig
h
w
a
y
s
.
I
t
b
r
in
g
s
v
ar
io
u
s
b
e
n
e
f
its
.
R
a
v
el
lin
g
i
s
t
h
e
m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
lo
n
g
ev
i
t
y
o
f
a
s
p
h
al
t
co
n
cr
ete
an
d
i
t
is
d
u
e
to
th
i
s
r
av
elli
n
g
,
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
o
r
r
esu
r
f
a
ci
n
g
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
b.
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
an
d
s
ti
f
f
n
e
s
s
o
f
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
w
h
e
n
s
u
b
j
ec
ted
to
r
est
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
a
f
f
ec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
in
g
r
ate
o
f
p
o
r
o
u
s
asp
h
a
lt
ar
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
b
it
u
m
e
n
,
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
i
tio
n
o
f
asp
h
alt
m
i
x
tu
r
e,
cli
m
atic
f
ac
to
r
s
e
tc.
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
g
r
ea
tl
y
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
c
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
asp
h
alt
co
n
cr
ete.
W
h
en
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
elf
c
u
r
in
g
r
ate
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
an
d
it
is
ca
u
s
ed
i
n
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
e.
T
h
is
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
m
ak
e
s
u
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
c
u
r
e
th
e
r
a
v
elli
n
g
o
n
r
o
ad
s
,
h
i
g
h
wa
y
s
a
t
a
g
r
ea
ter
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
i
s
,
a
h
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
h
i
g
h
f
r
e
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S
[1
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a
n
d
e
r
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a
n
J
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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o
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s
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sp
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lt
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h
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th
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s”
,
S
t
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te
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Art
Rev
iew.
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ra
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sp
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r
d
,
1
2
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5
,
p
p
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1
1
0
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9
9
0
.
[2
]
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w
a
rt
JH
,
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rie
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c
e
wit
h
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ro
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s
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lt
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Ne
th
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rla
n
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s
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u
ro
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n
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o
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s
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sp
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a
d
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d
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p
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9
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9
7
.
[3
]
M
o
L
T
,
“
Da
m
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g
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v
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lo
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in
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n
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stic
o
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s
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sp
h
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lt
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o
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re
te
”
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D
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h
e
sis,
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lf
t
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ive
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c
h
n
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y
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h
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t
h
e
rla
n
d
s,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
]
Mc
Da
n
iel
RS
a
n
d
T
h
o
r
n
to
n
W
,
“
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ield
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v
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lu
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ti
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o
f
a
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ro
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s
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rictio
n
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o
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r
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o
ise
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o
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tr
o
l
”,
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R
B
2
0
0
5
An
n
u
a
l
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e
e
ti
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g
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ROM
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r
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rc
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o
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r
d
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ti
o
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l
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e
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rc
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u
n
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il
,
W
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sh
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n
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t
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2
0
0
5
.
[5
]
L
a
rs
e
n
L
E
a
n
d
Be
n
d
tse
n
H
,
“
No
ise
Red
u
c
ti
o
n
wi
th
P
o
ro
u
s
Asp
h
a
lt
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Co
sts
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n
d
Per
c
e
ive
d
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fec
t
”
,
Nin
th
In
tern
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ti
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l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
As
p
h
a
lt
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a
v
e
m
e
n
ts.
In
tern
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ti
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n
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l
S
o
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iety
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f
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p
h
a
lt
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v
e
m
e
n
t
s.
Co
p
e
n
h
a
g
e
n
,
De
n
m
a
rk
,
2002
.
[6
]
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n
d
h
a
l
P
S
,
“
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sig
n
,
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n
stru
c
ti
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n
d
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a
in
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n
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lt
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rictio
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rse
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ti
o
n
a
l
Asp
h
a
lt
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v
e
me
n
t
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c
ia
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io
n
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f
o
rm
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ti
o
n
S
e
rie
s
,
1
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5
,
2
0
0
2
.
[7
]
Kim
H,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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a
ti
g
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e
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v
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lu
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ti
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n
o
f
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ro
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s
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sp
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lt
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m
p
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sites
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h
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rb
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t
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ly
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rid
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,
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ra
n
sp
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rt
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ti
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n
Res
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1
1
6
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p
p
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0
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0
0
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.
[8
]
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g
o
s
ET
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“
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n
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lt
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o
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te
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th
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lf
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ive
rs
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o
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y
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th
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h
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d
s,
2
0
0
8
.
[9
]
Kn
e
e
p
k
e
n
s
A
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
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lo
p
m
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o
f
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ra
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ro
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s
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sp
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lt
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o
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n
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st
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a
rc
h
,
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re
Pra
g
m
a
ti
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rd
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ra
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p
h
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lt
&
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ro
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me
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ss
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e
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n
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2
9
5
]
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2
0
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4
.
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0
]
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o
sk
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il
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n
JL
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a
n
d
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f
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se
o
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t
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ls
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p
.
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1
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7
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
1
]
P
a
d
m
o
s
C
,
“
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a
rs
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rie
n
c
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wit
h
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ro
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s
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tern
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n
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sp
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lt
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a
v
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m
e
n
ts,
[
4
-
3
-
4
]
.
Co
p
e
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h
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g
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n
,
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n
m
a
r
k
,
2
0
0
2
.
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2
]
Hu
b
e
r
G
,
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e
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Hig
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.
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ra
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o
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,
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ti
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rc
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Co
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n
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il
,
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sh
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g
t
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2
0
0
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.
[1
3
]
V
o
sk
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il
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n
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a
n
d
Hu
u
rm
a
n
M
,
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tch
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in
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f
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ra
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sp
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rt,
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u
b
li
c
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o
rk
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n
d
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t
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n
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g
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me
n
t,
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lf
t,
T
h
e
Ne
t
h
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rla
n
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s
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2
0
0
9
.
[1
4
]
W
h
it
e
S
R,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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u
to
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o
m
ic
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e
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li
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f
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sites
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tu
re
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4
0
9
,
p
p
.
7
9
4
-
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9
7
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
5
]
Ba
g
h
e
ri
H
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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rc
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e
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tu
ra
l
A
p
p
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s
f
o
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lf
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li
n
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y
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s
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s
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lt
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g
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t
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h
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ies
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
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l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
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lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
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g
in
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rin
g
,
v
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l.
3
,
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o
.
6
,
p
p
.
7
7
9
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8
3
,
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0
1
3
.
[1
6
]
W
ik
ip
e
d
ia
,
h
tt
p
:
//
e
n
.
wiki
p
e
d
i
a
.
o
r
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/wi
k
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lf
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h
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li
n
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ter
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l/
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2
0
1
1
.
[1
7
]
Cra
v
e
n
JM,
“
Cro
ss
L
in
k
e
d
T
h
e
rm
a
ll
y
R
e
v
e
rsib
le
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o
ly
m
e
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ro
d
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c
e
d
f
ro
m
C
o
n
d
e
n
sa
ti
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n
P
o
ly
m
e
rs
w
it
h
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e
n
d
a
n
t
F
u
ra
n
G
ro
u
p
s
C
ro
ss
-
li
n
k
e
d
w
it
h
M
a
leim
id
e
s
”,
US
p
a
ten
t
,
3
,
3
4
3
5
,
003
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9
6
6
.
[1
8
]
Dr
y
C,
“
M
a
tri
x
Cr
a
c
k
in
g
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e
p
a
ir
a
n
d
F
il
li
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sin
g
A
c
ti
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n
d
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o
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m
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rt
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m
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d
R
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lea
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ls
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ro
m
F
ib
e
rs i
n
to
C
e
m
e
n
t
M
a
tri
c
e
s
”,
S
m
a
rt M
a
ter
ia
ls
a
n
d
S
tr
u
c
tu
re
s
,
v
o
l.
3
(
2
)
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p
p
.
1
1
8
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9
9
4
.
[1
9
]
Ba
z
in
P
a
n
d
S
a
u
n
ier
J
,
“
De
fo
rm
a
b
il
i
ty,
Fa
ti
g
u
e
,
a
n
d
He
a
l
in
g
Pro
p
e
rties
o
f
Asp
h
a
lt
M
ixe
s”,
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
S
e
c
o
n
d
I
n
tern
a
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a
l
Co
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f
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o
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tru
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l
De
sig
n
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f
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sp
h
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lt
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a
v
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m
e
n
ts,
A
a
n
A
rb
o
r,
M
ic
h
ig
a
n
,
pp
.
5
5
3
-
569
,
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6
7
.
[2
0
]
V
a
n
Di
j
k
W
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
F
a
ti
g
u
e
o
f
Bi
tu
me
n
a
n
d
Bi
tu
mi
n
o
u
s
M
ixe
s
”
,
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
3
r
d
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
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re
n
c
e
o
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th
e
S
tru
c
t
u
re
De
sig
n
o
f
p
a
v
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m
e
n
t,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
p
p
.
3
5
4
-
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6
6
,
1
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7
2
.
[2
1
]
F
ra
n
c
k
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n
L
,
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F
a
ti
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e
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e
rf
o
rm
a
n
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e
o
f
a
B
it
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s
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o
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d
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x
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n
d
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r
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e
a
li
stic
B
e
st
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ondi
ti
o
n
s
”,
T
ra
n
sp
o
r
t
Res
e
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rc
h
Rec
o
rd
,
7
1
2
,
p
p
.
30
-
37
,
1
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7
9
.
[2
2
]
Ca
stro
M
a
n
d
S
á
n
c
h
e
z
JA
,
“
F
a
ti
g
u
e
a
n
d
H
e
a
li
n
g
o
f
A
sp
h
a
lt
M
ix
tu
re
s:
D
isc
rim
in
a
te
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
F
a
ti
g
u
e
C
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rv
e
s
”,
J
o
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rn
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l
o
f
T
ra
n
sp
o
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n
En
g
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g
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.
1
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p
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lt C
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crete
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a
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eo
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[2
3
]
L
it
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sin
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p
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[2
4
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li
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t
a
l.
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“
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icro
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a
m
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me
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ti
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o
.
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-
RD
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-
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0
1
.
[2
5
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tt
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R,
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l.
,
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9
3
.
[2
6
]
Ista
rd
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rk
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,
“
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.
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p
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.
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.
[2
7
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a
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,
T
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KOM
NIKA
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d
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n
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o
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rn
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trica
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o
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1
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p
p
.
97
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02
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2
0
1
5
.
[2
8
]
G
H In
d
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c
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n
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t
m
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sp
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re
s (G
H
IA
)
,
“
T
h
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n
d
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u
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h
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p
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in
d
u
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s.co
m/
.
[2
9
]
M
in
sk
L
D
,
“
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tri
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o
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ce
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2
7
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p
p
.
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-
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,
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.
[3
0
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l.
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“
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o
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rn
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n
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ive
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[3
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S
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,
“
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v
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3
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0
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.
[3
2
]
W
u
S
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l.
,
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lf
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ra
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ro
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Ch
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a
,
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l.
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p
p
.
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6
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0
0
6
.
[3
3
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a
r
c
ía
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,
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t
a
l.
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“
A
S
i
m
p
le
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o
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to
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c
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ti
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in
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sp
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lt
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a
stic
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c
ti
o
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n
d
Bu
il
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n
g
M
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ter
ia
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o
l.
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,
p
p
.
38
-
46
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
4
]
G
a
r
c
ía
A
,
“
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e
lf
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f
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ra
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s in
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lt
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a
stic
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e
l
,
v
o
l.
93
,
p
p
.
2
6
4
–
72
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
5
]
G
a
r
c
ía
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,
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t
a
l.
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“
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tri
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a
l
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c
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sp
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il
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”,
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o
n
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c
ti
o
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a
n
d
Bu
il
d
in
g
M
a
ter
ia
ls
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v
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l.
23
,
p
p
.
3
1
7
5
-
3
1
8
1
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
6
]
G
a
r
c
ía
A
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
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e
a
ti
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stic
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g
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d
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c
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iv
e
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ib
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rs an
d
F
il
lers
”
,
M
a
ter
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ls
a
n
d
S
tru
c
t
u
re
s
,
v
o
l.
44
,
p
p
.
4
9
9
–
5
0
8
,
2
0
1
1
.
[3
7
]
G
a
r
c
ía
A
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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t
im
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
C
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
a
n
d
M
ix
in
g
P
ro
c
e
ss
o
f
a
S
e
lf
-
h
e
a
li
n
g
P
o
ro
u
s
A
sp
h
a
lt
”,
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
B
u
il
d
in
g
M
a
ter
i
a
ls
,
v
o
l.
30
,
p
p
.
59
–
65
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
8
]
L
iu
Q,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
H
e
a
ti
n
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f
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lec
tri
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ll
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C
o
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d
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c
ti
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o
ro
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s
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sp
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lt
C
o
n
c
re
te
”,
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n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Bu
il
d
i
n
g
M
a
ter
ia
ls
,
v
o
l.
24
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
7
–
13
,
2
0
1
0
.
[3
9
]
L
iu
Q,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
H
e
a
li
n
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stic
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n
d
P
o
r
o
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s
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sp
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lt
C
o
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c
re
te
”,
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n
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
B
u
il
d
in
g
M
a
ter
ia
ls
,
v
o
l.
25
,
p
p
.
3
7
4
6
–
52
,
2
0
1
1
.
[4
0
]
L
iu
Q,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
He
a
ti
n
g
o
f
As
p
h
a
lt
M
a
stic
f
o
r
Cra
c
k
Co
n
tro
l”,
C
o
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
B
u
il
d
in
g
M
a
ter
ia
ls,
v
o
l.
4
1
,
p
p
.
3
4
5
–
3
5
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
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a
u
sh
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k
Ne
o
g
i
w
a
s
b
o
rn
i
n
H
o
o
g
h
ly
,
W
e
st
Be
n
g
a
l,
In
d
ia.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
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M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
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s
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n
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rs
f
ro
m
Bu
rd
w
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n
Un
iv
e
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y
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Bu
rd
w
a
n
,
in
1
9
9
7
,
B.
E
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
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lec
tri
c
a
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
S
ik
k
i
m
M
a
n
ip
a
l
Un
iv
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rsity
,
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ik
k
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m
,
in
2
0
0
1
a
n
d
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.
T
e
c
h
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d
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re
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Co
m
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ter
T
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c
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ro
m
Ja
d
a
v
p
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r
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
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lk
a
ta,
in
2
0
0
7
.
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h
a
s
to
tal
e
x
p
e
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e
o
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rs
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tea
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u
stry
.
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b
e
g
a
n
h
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a
re
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a
s
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m
b
e
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d
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icr
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x
In
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ti
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td
.
,
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lk
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ta,
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t
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g
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l
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0
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n
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sista
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ro
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th
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De
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rtme
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tri
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n
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s
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l
En
g
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Co
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,
A
s
a
n
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W
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Be
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l,
In
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ia.
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is
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rsu
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h
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.
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th
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De
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tri
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h
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M
in
e
s,
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n
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d
,
In
d
ia.
His
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se
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tere
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ra
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)
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9
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a
n
d
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2
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ly
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f
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U
n
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rsity
,
W
e
st
Be
n
g
a
l,
In
d
ia.
Cu
rre
n
t
ly
,
h
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
In
d
ian
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
M
i
n
e
s,
Dh
a
n
b
a
d
,
In
d
ia
.
He
h
a
s
to
tal
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
f
1
8
y
e
a
rs
in
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
stry
.
He
h
a
s
f
o
u
r
P
a
ten
ts
.
He
h
a
s
s
e
v
e
ra
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
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e
re
n
c
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p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
lev
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l.
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is
p
ri
n
c
ip
a
l
in
v
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stig
a
to
r
o
f
f
e
w
G
o
v
t.
f
u
n
d
e
d
p
ro
jec
ts.
He
h
a
s
g
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id
e
d
a
larg
e
n
o
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Of
d
o
c
to
ra
l
c
a
n
d
id
a
tes
a
n
d
M
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T
e
c
h
stu
d
e
n
ts.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
a
re
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
p
p
li
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a
ti
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f
h
ig
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f
re
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e
n
c
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v
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rt
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r,
e
n
e
rg
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e
ff
ici
e
n
t
d
e
v
ice
s,
e
n
e
rg
y
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ff
icie
n
t
d
riv
e
s,
c
o
m
p
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te
r
a
id
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
,
li
g
h
ti
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
rg
ro
u
n
d
c
o
a
l
m
in
e
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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694
IJ
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Vo
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Ata
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h
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E.
d
e
g
re
e
in
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o
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f
ro
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f
ro
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g
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&
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h
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p
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r
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S
h
i
b
p
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r
).
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h
a
s
c
o
m
p
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d
h
is
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h
.
D
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
g
f
ro
m
th
e
In
d
ian
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
M
in
e
s,
Dh
a
n
b
a
d
,
I
n
d
ia
in
2
0
1
3
.
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w
o
rk
e
d
in
in
d
u
stries
f
o
r
a
l
m
o
st
th
re
e
y
e
a
r
s
&
h
a
s
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
f
m
o
re
th
a
n
1
2
y
e
a
rs.
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re
se
n
tl
y
h
e
is
in
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
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e
g
h
a
la
y
a
a
s
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n
a
ss
ista
n
t
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
th
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
g
.
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t.
His res
e
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts in
c
lu
d
e
i
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
h
e
a
ti
n
g
a
n
d
h
ig
h
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
in
p
o
w
e
r
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tro
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ic
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o
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v
e
rters
,
a
d
ju
sta
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le
sp
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e
d
d
riv
e
s.
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h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
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d
f
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w
b
o
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s
&
se
v
e
ra
l
jo
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a
l/
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
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rs.
A
lso
Dr.
Ba
n
e
rjee
h
a
s
f
il
e
d
t
w
o
p
a
ten
ts
to
th
e
G
o
v
t.
o
f
In
d
ia.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
h
e
is
g
u
id
i
n
g
f
e
w
re
se
a
r
c
h
sc
h
o
lars
f
o
r
M
-
T
e
c
h
&
P
h
.
D
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.