Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
P
ow
er El
ectron
i
cs a
n
d
Drive
S
ys
te
m
(I
J
PE
D
S
)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
1
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
381
~
387
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ij
peds
.
v
10
.i
1
.
pp
381
-
387
381
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
escore.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJPE
D
S
A
diffe
re
nt visi
on
for uni
nterrup
ti
ble load
usin
g hybrid
solar
-
gri
d energy
Moham
ed I
br
ah
im
A.
Ar
afa
,
El
-
S
ay
e
d Sol
im
an
A.
Sa
id
Depa
rt
m
ent
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al E
ngin
eering,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Al
-
Azha
r
Univ
ersity
,
E
g
y
p
t
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
1
5
, 201
8
Re
vised
N
ov
11
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
Dec
3
, 2
01
8
Atte
m
pti
ng
to
re
duce
the
exi
stin
g
elec
tr
ic
i
t
y
con
sum
pti
on
bil
l,
as
well
as
th
e
stabi
lit
y
and
no
n
-
outa
ge
gr
id
r
ec
har
g
e
with
th
e
lowest
poss
ib
le
cost
and
suita
ble
qu
al
i
t
y
,
is
one
of
the
m
ost
important
goal
s
for
those
int
er
este
d
in
ene
rg
y
aro
und
th
e
world.
Th
is
pa
per
stud
y
th
e
ci
r
cums
ta
nce
s
surrounding
th
e
Eg
y
p
ti
an
soci
ety
to
f
ind
th
e
b
est
soluti
ons
to
a
achie
ved
thi
s
go
al
,
and
i
t
was
found
tha
t
solar
ene
rg
y
is
one
o
f
the
b
est
a
lt
ern
at
iv
es
availa
b
le
for
ener
g
y
.
Firstl
y
,
wil
l
be
stud
y
the
elec
t
ric
ity
consum
ptio
n
bil
l
,
sli
c
e
pr
ic
es
and
a
progra
m
were
m
ade
to
c
al
cu
late
the
consum
pti
on
invoi
c
e
m
ore
ov
er
ano
ther
progra
m
for
quic
k
esti
m
at
ion
to
the
proposed
s
ola
r
s
y
stem.
Th
e
proposed
s
y
stem
provide
s a
sm
art
integra
t
i
on
bet
wee
n
the
solar
s
y
s
te
m
and
grid,
wher
e
the
supp
l
y
sus
ta
in
abi
lit
y
and
the
opt
imal
cost
are
consi
der
ed.
Thi
s
conf
iguration
all
ows
the
two
sou
rce
s
sepa
ratel
y
o
r
sim
ult
ane
ousl
y
suppl
y
the
loa
ds
depe
nd
ing
on
photovol
t
aic
ext
r
acte
d
ene
r
g
y
.
Opera
ti
ona
l
ana
l
y
sis
of
the
proposed
s
ystem
will
be
dis
cussed
in
thi
s
p
ape
r.
The
propo
sed
s
y
stem
consists
of
solar
ce
l
ls,
ch
arg
e
c
ontrol
ler,
b
at
t
eries
and
inv
ert
er
plugge
d
to
aut
om
at
i
c
tr
ansfe
r
sw
it
ch
es
(
ATS)
using
Program
m
abl
e
Lo
gic
Contro
l
(PLC).
The
s
y
st
em
gra
nte
e
a
saf
e
and
rel
i
abl
e
lo
ad
fee
ding
ind
ep
ende
nt
l
y
on
the
gri
d
stat
us.
T
he
s
y
st
em
dura
bi
li
t
y
is
the
m
ost
d
epi
c
te
d
f
ea
tur
e
t
hrough
th
e
m
odel
li
ng
and
e
xper
imentall
y
re
sults.
A
t
y
p
ical
ca
se
studi
es
for
about
four
y
e
ars
of
non
-
outa
ges
photovoltaic
-
grid
h
y
brid
suppl
y
(the
i
m
ple
m
ent
ed
s
y
stem) wil
l
be
pre
sente
d
and
di
scuss
ed
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
ATS
Ba
tt
eries
Char
ge
c
on
t
ro
l
le
r
Inver
te
r
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
PLC
Pr
ivate
gr
i
d
Publi
c grid
Copyright
©
201
9
Ins
t
it
ut
e
o
f
Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
e
er
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Moh
am
ed
I
br
a
him
A
. Araf
a,
Dep
a
rt
m
ent o
f
Ele
ct
rical
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Al
-
A
zha
r Un
i
ve
rsity
,
Al
Nsrst
. Cairo
, E
gypt.
E
-
m
ail:
m
arafa_
m
arafa@
ya
ho
o.
c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Energy
chall
en
ge
has
bec
om
e
the
m
os
t
eff
ect
ive
on
e
i
n
th
is
centur
y
a
nd
env
ir
onm
entally
fr
ie
nd
l
y
so
luti
ons
i
n
ac
com
pan
ie
d
with
a
sta
ble
gri
d
are
bec
om
ing
prom
inent.
Thi
s
pa
per
pro
pos
es
a
co
nf
i
gurat
ion
for
a
hybri
d
phot
ovoltai
c
no
n
-
ou
t
ages
gr
i
d
ene
r
gy
syst
em
.
Loo
ki
ng
f
or
a
nat
ur
al
e
nv
i
ronm
e
nt
with
out
poll
utants
and
s
us
ta
ina
bl
e
energy
so
l
ution
s
t
o
preser
ve
our
ow
n
f
or
t
he
f
uture
ge
nerat
ion
s
[
1].
Ot
he
r
than
hydr
o
powe
r,
wind
a
nd
phot
ovoltai
c
ene
r
gy
ho
l
ds
t
he
m
os
t
po
te
ntial
to
m
eet
our
e
ne
rg
y
dem
and
s
al
on
e,
wind
e
ne
rg
y
is
capab
le
of
s
upplyi
ng
la
rg
e
a
m
ou
nts
of
power
but
it
s
pre
sence
is
highly
unpre
dicta
ble
as
it
can
be
he
re
one
m
o
m
ent
and
gone
in
a
n
ot
her
,
m
or
eover
it
hig
h
c
os
t.
So
la
r
energy
is
pr
ese
nt
throu
ghout
the
day
but
the
so
la
r
irrad
ia
ti
on
le
ve
ls
var
y
du
e
to
t
he
sun
intensit
y
and
unpre
dicta
ble
sh
ad
ows
cast
by
cl
ou
ds,
bird
s
,
trees,
et
c.
[
2],
[3
]
. N
ow the c
os
t
of
s
olar
po
wer i
s lo
wer co
m
par
ed
to
t
he pre
vious tim
e.
Th
e
w
or
ld
m
ap
f
or
s
olar
r
a
diati
on
More
ver,
rate a
nd av
ai
la
bili
ty
in
E
gypt a
nd th
e worl
d urged
us
for use
[
4], [5].
the
pr
ic
e
of
pr
oducin
g
s
olar
energy
is
becom
ing
lowe
r
tha
n
be
fore
due
to
the
fr
eq
u
e
nt
use
s
for
it
as
sh
own
in
Figure
1.
Al
lot
of
people
us
e
this
pa
rtic
ular
cl
ean
e
nergy
a
fter
t
he
s
harpl
y
increasi
ng
in
the
acc
ountin
g
sli
ce
of
e
nergy.
T
he
com
m
on
inh
e
ren
t
dr
a
wb
ac
k
of
wind
a
nd
phot
ovoltai
c
syst
e
m
s
are
their
interm
i
tt
ent
natur
e
s
that
m
ake
them
un
reli
able,
s
o
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
be
c
on
t
rol
le
d
as
well
as
integrate
d
with
oth
er
m
or
e
s
ources
a
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
381
–
387
382
batte
ries
[7
]
,
[
8].
Tw
o
ex
pe
rim
ents
with
dif
fer
e
nt
sp
eci
fic
at
ion
was
im
ple
m
ented,
the
fi
rst
ex
per
im
ent
us
in
g
520
-
W
at
t
po
ly
cryst
al
li
ne
phot
ocell
s
an
d
20A/24DC
V
P
W
M
charge
c
ontrolle
r
pro
duce
d
2600
W
/
Da
y,
the
seco
nd
ex
pe
rim
ental
us
in
g
520
-
Watt
m
on
o
-
cryst
al
li
ne
ph
oto
cel
ls
a
nd
20A/
24DCV
M
PPT
c
harge
co
ntr
oller
pro
du
ce
d
3120
W
at
t/
day,
m
or
e
diff
er
ent
kinds
of
loads
as
li
gh
ts,
m
o
tors,
com
pr
esso
rs,
e
tc
.
to
ob
ta
in
ac
cur
at
e
resu
lt
s.
T
he
se
cond
ex
per
ie
nc
e
was
the
be
s
t
it
eff
ic
ie
nt
t
ha
n
t
he
first
e
xperim
ent
by
m
or
e
tha
n
17%
of
the
first e
xp
e
rim
ent.
Figure
1. Pr
ic
e
h
ist
ory
of sili
con P
V
cel
ls
2.
THE
M
O
DEL
OF
THE
PROPOSE
D
S
O
LAR
E
NER
G
Y CO
NV
E
RSION
SYST
EM
The
m
od
el
of
t
he
pro
pose
d
non
outa
ges
hybr
i
d
gri
dphoto
vo
lt
ai
c
so
la
r
e
nergy
syst
e
m
c
on
sist
s
of
t
he
PV
s
olar
pa
ne
ls,
cha
rg
e
co
nt
ro
ll
er,
batte
ri
es
ba
nk,
P
LC
co
ntr
olled
A
TS
pa
nel
a
nd
inv
e
rter
as
show
n
i
n
Fig
ure
2.
The
syst
e
m
beh
ave
s
a
s
a
load
de
m
and
opti
m
iz
e
r,
w
her
e
th
e
lo
ad
can
f
ully
be
su
ppli
ed
by
th
e
so
la
r
energy i
n ca
se
of the
public
gri
d
outa
ge
s
[
10
]
, [
11
].
Figure
2. Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
th
e pro
posed
s
olar
e
nergy syst
em
co
nn
ect
to
the
public g
rid
3.
PROP
OSE
D L
OAD
MA
P
P
ING
A
ND
M
ANAGE
MEN
T FOR
HO
M
E
Indee
d,
the
A
TS
has
fixe
d
op
e
rati
on
pro
f
il
e,
and
it
can
be
su
f
fici
ent
for
seve
ral
lim
it
ed
need
s
app
li
cat
io
n.
T
o
exten
d
the
ATS
functi
onal
it
y
the
PL
C
loo
k
li
ke
a
su
it
able
so
luti
on
f
or
dynam
ic
(prog
ram
m
able)
A
TS
syst
e
m
.
Pr
ogram
mable
AT
S
c
ontrolle
r
al
lo
ws
to
m
ake
an
integrate
d
syst
e
m
of
do
m
est
ic
ener
gy
m
anag
em
e
nt
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
accum
ulati
on
betw
een
the
so
la
r
a
nd
t
he
public
util
it
y
gr
id.
The
syst
em
co
ns
ide
rs
that
the
ho
m
eor
sho
ps
can
be
div
ide
d
into
s
ubsect
ion
s
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
nee
ds
or
em
e
rg
e
n
c
y
loads
sect
i
on
s
as
exam
ple
fo
r
childre
n,
gran
df
at
her
a
nd
gra
nd
m
oth
eras
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
3
or
s
hops
a
s
ge
nera
l
li
gh
ti
ng,
em
erg
ency
c
orrid
or
s,
s
urveil
la
nce,
cam
eras
and
c
ounters
Sect
io
n
1
will
dep
e
nd
m
ai
nly
on
th
e
so
la
r
energy;
the
oth
er
t
wo
sect
io
ns
a
re
fe
d
fro
m
so
la
r
or
publ
ic
util
ity
gr
id
autom
at
ic
ally
t
hro
ugh
pro
gr
a
m
m
able
ATS
re
fer
t
o
s
om
e con
diti
ons
[12
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A d
if
fe
rent visi
on
s
for
uninter
ru
pti
ble lo
ad usi
ng h
y
br
id
s
ola
r
-
gr
id
e
nerg
y
(
Moham
e
d I
brah
i
m
A
. Arafa
)
383
Figure
3. A
par
t
m
ent p
r
opos
e
d sec
ti
on
s
The
syst
em
is
desig
ned
to
s
witc
h
the
so
ur
ce
autom
at
ic
a
l
ly
as
sh
own
in
T
able
1.
I
n
case
of
th
e
ou
ta
ge’
s
public
util
ity
gr
id
K
1,
K
3,
an
d
K
5
con
ta
ct
ors
are
switc
he
d
OF
F
then
the
so
la
r
energy
con
ta
ct
ors
K
2,
K4, a
nd K6 a
re
sw
it
che
d O
N.
In
ca
se o
f
no
-
s
olar
e
nergy,
al
l
the
loa
ds
w
il
l
be
a
uto
m
at
ic
ally
connecte
d
t
o
the p
ubli
c
gri
d.
H
oweve
r,
the
syst
em
is
autom
at
ed,
the
whole
syst
em
m
anu
al
switc
hing
is
prov
i
de
d.
Ta
bula
ti
on
the
de
sig
n
r
ul
es
for
op
e
rati
ng a
nd
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
three
dif
fer
e
nt
sect
ion
s a
re e
xplo
red in Ta
ble
1
.
Table
1.
PLC s
ta
tus d
esi
gn
PLC Swit
ch
es
Sectio
n
1
Sectio
n
2
Sectio
n
3
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
No
-
u
tility
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
No
-
so
lar
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
Au
to
m
atic
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
ON
OFF
Manu
al
ON/OFF
ON/OFF
ON/OFF
ON/OFF
ON/OFF
ON/OFF
No
-
u
tility No
-
so
lar
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
The
s
olar
e
nergy
syst
em
integrate
d
with
pu
blic
gr
i
d
th
rou
gh
pro
gram
m
a
ble
AT
S
ac
hieveeasines
s
t
o
changin
g
t
he
e
le
ct
rical
feed
in
g
to
l
ocali
zed
l
oads
of
this
w
ork
ATS
c
ontr
ol
pa
nel
a
nd
s
olar
pan
el
s
as
sh
ow
n
in Figu
re
4.
Figure
4. A
T
S
co
ntr
ol
pan
el
and s
olar pa
ne
ls
4.
PERFO
R
MANC
E
PA
R
AME
RTER
OF H
OME
SOSL
A
R
S
YS
TE
M
The
rated
a
nd
the
pr
ic
es
of
th
e
syst
e
m
co
m
po
ne
nts
at
2014
are
li
ste
d
in
T
able
2
The
dur
at
ion
of
fu
l
l
loade
d
syst
e
m
has
bee
n
ex
pr
e
m
ental
y
determ
ined
by
a
fu
ll
load
op
e
rati
on
an
d
fu
ll
y
OFF
Gr
id
.
The
syst
e
m
can
grants
a
s
uccess
fu
ll
y
loa
d
operati
on
f
or
12Hr
s
.
H
owe
ver
the
non
-
ou
ta
ges
sup
ply
de
m
and
es
is
the
m
os
t
do
m
inat
aim
of
this
w
ork,
on
e
can
c
onside
r
a
pa
rtly
non
-
outa
ges
sup
plies.Fo
r
a
xam
ple
the
non
i
nterru
ptable
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
381
–
387
384
su
pply
durati
on
o
f
the
pr
opose
d
syst
em
can
be
extreem
l
y
extend
e
d
with
a
s
m
art
load
m
ang
e
m
ent
syst
e
m
(LMS)
. Th
e sy
stem
o
utp
ut c
urre
nt w
as
6
A
m
par
e w
it
hin
the full
load
du
rati
on
as
well
as 2
20 V
syst
e
m
o
utput
vo
lt
age
.
It
can
su
ccessf
ully
feed
the
f
ull
no
n
ou
ta
ge
loa
ds
f
or
a
lot
ofhou
rs.
Cost
optim
iz
at
ion
has
be
e
n
consi
der
e
d
by t
ran
s
ferrin
g par
t of the l
oad
s
t
o
the
s
olar
e
nergy syst
em
to
be
in a l
ow
e
r
ac
countin
g
sli
ce.
Table
2.
T
he
price
s of t
he
s
olar
e
nergy syst
em
co
m
po
nen
ts
No
.
State
m
en
t
Qty
.
Ch
arac
teristic
Price
in
EGP
1
So
lar
cell
6
1
3
0
W
3900
2
Ch
arge con
troller
1
3
0
A
140
3
Inv
erter
1
1
5
0
0
W
800
4
Battery
2
1
5
0
A/Hr
2140
5
ATS
(PL
C
)
1
-
2000
6
Els.
-
-
220
Total
9000
The
l
ow
e
r
c
os
t
of
the
pro
pose
d
syst
em
infer
a
struct
ur
e
an
d
l
ong
li
fe
tim
e
are
s
om
e
sal
ie
nt
featu
res
of
this
syst
e
m
.Throu
gh
a
bout
6.4
ye
ar
s
the
s
yst
e
m
can
su
c
ceuffly
rec
ov
e
r
his
cost.
F
urt
hr
m
or
e,
in
ca
se
of
consum
ption
hi
gh
e
r
tha
n 1
000 K
W
m
on
thly
, th
e
syst
e
m
co
st wil
l reco
vee
d
th
r
ough
3.8 y
ears
5.
CA
TE
G
ORI
E
S FO
R
E
NER
GY
L
OADS
CONS
UMPT
ION
SYST
EM
The
re
are
dif
fer
e
nt
cat
eg
ori
es
fore
nergy
co
ns
um
ption
of
po
wer
s
yst
e
m
su
ch
a
s
resid
enc
e
,
com
m
ercial
,
ind
us
t
rial
an
d/
or
agr
ic
ultur
al
as sh
ow
n
in Figur
e 5
. Each
ty
pe of
this c
on
s
umpti
on
is d
i
vid
e
d
int
o
sli
ces.
These
s
li
ces
wer
e
w
orke
d
out
to
tr
y
to
help
the
firs
t
tranc
hes
t
o
low
t
he
suff
erin
g
of
low
-
i
nco
m
e
ci
ti
zens.
This
is
cl
early
ref
le
ct
ed
in
hous
e
hold
and
c
omm
ercial
con
su
m
ption
a
nd
are
th
ose
who
be
nef
it
fr
om
diff
e
re
nt seg
m
ents
of
c
ons
umpti
on whil
e a
gri
cultural a
nd in
du
st
rial
cons
um
pt
ion
has
a
sing
le
sli
ce [13]
,
[14
].
Figure
5. Co
nsum
ption
cate
gory sli
ces
Accor
ding
to
the
Ele
ct
rici
ty
Re
gu
la
to
ry
A
ut
hority
and
Co
ns
um
er
Prote
ct
ion
Re
gula
to
ry
Au
th
ori
ty
.
Com
m
on
classi
ficat
ion
of the
aver
a
ge
e
ne
rg
y
cons
um
ption
for h
om
e h
as b
e
en
li
ste
d
i
n
T
a
ble 3
Table
3.
T
he
s
umm
arized v
al
ue of
m
on
thly
h
om
e ele
ct
rity
bill
The
cust
om
er
con
s
um
ption
is
us
ually
locat
ed
betwee
n
seve
n
sli
ces
of
ta
ble
3,
thes
e
sli
ces
are
div
ide
d
int
o
th
ree
sepa
rate
le
vels;
low,
nor
m
al
and
high.
The
lo
w
le
ve
l
has
co
up
le
of
sli
ces
S
1L
and
S
2L
,
Co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
Kw
No
n
e
Low (1
-
1
0
0
)
L
L
(S
1
,S
2
)
No
r
m
al
(
1
-
1
0
0
0
)
f
o
r
> 10
0
L
N
(S
3
,S
4
,S
5
,S
6
)
Hig
h
>1
0
0
0
L
H
(S
7
)
S
s
(S
lid
e N
o.
)
0
S
1
L
(1)
S
2L
(2)
S
1
N
(3)
S
2N
(4)
S
3N
(5)
S
4N
(6)
S
1
H
(7)
C
s
(K
w)
0
1
-
50
51
-
1
0
0
(
5
0
)
1
-
200
201
-
3
5
0
(15
0
)
351
-
6
5
0
(30
0
)
651
-
1
0
0
0
(35
0
)
1001
P
s
(
EGP
)
9
0
.22
0
.30
0
.36
0
.70
0
.90
1
.35
1
.45
R
s
(
EGP)
1
2
6
11
15
25
40
M
S
(K
w)
50
100
200
350
650
1000
1001
T
S
(E
GP)
12
28
78
188
462
944
1
4
9
1
.5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A d
if
fe
rent visi
on
s
for
uninter
ru
pti
ble lo
ad usi
ng h
y
br
id
s
ola
r
-
gr
id
e
nerg
y
(
Moham
e
d I
brah
i
m
A
. Arafa
)
385
norm
al
le
vel
i
nclu
des
qua
d
sli
ces
S
3N
,
S
4N
,
S
5N
,
S
6N
wh
il
e
sing
le
sli
ces
fo
r
highest
singl
e
le
vel
S
7
H
.
T
his
of
course
is
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
the
use
r
co
nsum
ption
. W
he
n
the
to
ta
l
con
su
m
ptio
n
is
200
Kw
t
he
n
the
bill
valu
e
is
78
EGP
,
at
650 K
w
c
on
s
um
ption t
he bil
l wil
l be
462 E
GP
.
6.
CUSTO
MER CO
NSUM
PTION
C
ALA
UL
ATIO
N
Assum
ing
the
total
hom
e
consum
ption
is
C
T
(
Kw
/M
onth
),
the
sli
de
num
ber
c
onsu
m
ption
is
S
s
,
t
he
sli
de
con
s
um
ption
is
C
s
(K
w
),
the
K
w
(E
gy
ptian
Pound
)
pr
ic
e
is
P
s
,
cu
stom
er
serv
ic
e
pr
ic
e
for
sli
ce
is
R
s
(Eg
y
ptian
P
ou
nd),
lo
w
le
vel
consum
ption
i
s
L
L
,
norm
al
l
evel
co
nsum
ption
is
L
N
,
high
le
vel
c
on
s
umpti
on
is
L
H
,T
S
is
the
total
sli
ce
co
nsum
ption
(E
gypt
ia
n
Pou
nd),
M
S
total
sli
ce
consum
ption
E
GP
a
nd
P
T
is
t
he
tota
l
custom
er
co
nsum
ption
(
Egy
pt
ia
n
P
ound)
ca
n
be
obta
in
as
in
f
ollo
wing
(1).
Ele
ct
rity
bill
val
ue
cal
c
ulati
on
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 6
.
(1)
More
o
ve
r,
the
custom
er cons
um
ption
ca
n b
e cal
culat
ed by
(2)
(2)
6
.
1.
C
as
e
St
u
dy
Fo
r
e
xam
ple,
the
hom
e
custom
er
con
s
um
ption
C
T
is
90
(Kw/M
onth)
can
be
a
naly
zed
an
d
c
os
t
cal
culat
ed usin
g
(1)
&
(
2) as
f
ollows.
The
t
otal co
nsum
ption
C
T
90
K
w/m
on
th
s
houl
d be
rev
ie
w
ed
to
T
a
ble
3
f
or d
et
erm
ined
t
he
le
vel
an
d
sli
ce
S
s
;
then f
ound this
cons
um
ption
in
lo
w
le
vel c
onsu
m
ption
L
L
an
d
in
the
seco
nd
sli
ce.
S
2
In case
of (
1
)
one ca
n
s
us
ti
tut
e w
it
h f
ollow
i
ng
par
am
et
er:
C
T
= 90
Kw, S
= 2
,
S
-
1 =
1,
S
um
. 1
, C =
C
1
= 50
Kw, P =
P
1
= 0.
22 EGP,
T
C
-
1
= T
1
=
50
Kw, P
S
= P
2
=
0.30
EGP
,
R
S
= R
2
= 2
EG
P,
T
S
-
1
= T
1
=
12 E
GP an
d
M
S
-
1
= M
1
= 50
K
w.
Thin
:
P
T
= (C
1
* P
1
) +
{(C
T
–
M
1
) *
P
2
} + R
2
(50
*0.22) + {
(
90
-
50)
*
0.3
0}
+ 2 =
25 E
G
P
The
t
otal bil
l v
al
ue
of
90
Kw
/
m
on
th hom
e
con
s
um
ption
is
25 E
GP
.
Or
su
sti
tute i
n (2):
The
n:
P
T
= T
1
+
{(C
T
–
M
1
) *
P
2
}
+ (R
2
–
R
1
)
12 + {
(90
-
50
) *
0.3
0}
+
(2
-
1)
= 25 E
GP
The
t
otal bil
l v
al
ue
of
90
Kw
/
m
on
th hom
e con
s
um
ption
is
25 E
GP
.
Figure
6
.
Ele
ct
rity
b
il
l value c
al
culat
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8
694
I
nt J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
Dr
i
Syst
, Vol.
10
, No
.
1
,
Ma
rch
2019
:
381
–
387
386
7.
BIL
LS C
ALC
ULATO
R
The
f
ollow
i
ng
program
is
a
qu
ic
k
cal
c
ulati
on
f
or
Bi
ll
value
as
in
Fig
ur
e
4.
Just
inp
ut
the
total
cousum
ption
da
ta
in
K
w
an
d
ty
pe
of
c
ons
um
pt
ion
to
get
t
he
total
val
ue
of
t
he
bill
in
E
GP
.
C
onsu
m
ption
of
700
K
w
F
or
e
xam
ple,
the
invoice
value
var
i
es
accor
ding
to
the
ty
pe
of
re
s
identia
l
is
539.5
EG
P,
com
m
ercial
is 8
60 EGP, a
gri
cul
tural
is 35
4
E
GP
or in
dus
tria
l be
785 EG
P cons
um
ption as s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
6
.
8.
LOCA
LIZ
ED
PERS
ONAL
HOME
SOL
A
R
S
YS
TE
M
E
STIM
ATIN.
Qu
ic
k
a
nd
sim
ple
cal
culat
io
n
for
th
e
basic
e
nergy,
c
onsu
m
ption
of
t
he
ec
onom
ic
al
residen
ti
al
can
be
discusse
d
as
f
ol
lows
basic
an
apar
tm
ent
un
it
s
(secti
on).
A
n
apar
tm
ent
of
s
ing
le
r
oom
sh
ould
incl
ude
kit
chen,
bath
room
,
com
m
on
areas
a
nd
m
any
balco
nies
.
T
he
apa
rtm
ent
can
be
e
xten
ded
t
o
incl
ud
e
se
ve
ral
room
s
as
well
as
m
or
e
t
han
on
e
bathro
om
.
Ho
we
ver
,
the
apar
tm
ent
powe
r
consum
ption
ca
n
be
es
tim
a
te
d
a
cor
di
ng
to
the f
l
ow
c
har
t
of Fi
gure
7
.
This
est
i
m
at
ed
con
s
um
ption
powe
r
the
so
la
r
syst
e
m
(p
ane
ls,
charge
co
nt
ro
ll
er,
batte
rie
s
bank
an
d
the in
ver
te
r)
a
r
e opted
base
d ov
e
rall
co
st
of
the s
olar
syst
e
m
w
ill be
al
so
determ
ined
usi
ng the e
stim
at
or
.
Figure
7
.
S
olar
syst
e
m
p
rice a
nd spec
s
Wh
e
n
ha
ve
a
bu
il
di
ng
co
ns
i
sts
of
2
unit
s
170
m
2
each,
2
un
it
s
200
m
2
each
a
nd
one
-
un
it
20m
2
for
doorm
an
then
the
so
la
r
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
we
ne
ed
to
overc
ome
this
bu
il
ding
is
15
.
2
K
W
a
nd
it
s
pr
ic
e
be
258,4
00
EGP
.
Starti
ng c
urren
t
f
or
m
otors a
nd co
m
pr
es
so
rs
is a
n
im
po
rtant c
on
ce
pt i
n
this
d
esi
gn.
9.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
A
cost
a
nd
non
-
i
nter
r
upti
ble
op
ti
m
iz
ed
hybr
id
s
olar
-
gr
i
d
s
yst
e
m
has
been
pro
pose
d,
si
m
ula
te
d
an
d
reali
zed.
T
he
syst
e
m
of
ferre
d
the
possibil
it
y
of
w
orkin
g
with
O
N/O
F
F
gri
d.
T
he
m
axim
u
m
per
m
i
ssible
extracte
d
e
nergy
from
so
la
r
cel
ls
is
on
e
of
the
syst
e
m
feat
ur
es
.
Actual
s
ust
ai
na
bili
ty
has
been
ex
pe
rim
ental
ly
accom
plished
wh
e
re
the
batt
ery
bank
was
desig
ne
d
to
co
ver
the
daily
load
re
quirem
e
nts.
The
syst
e
m
ATS
is
config
ur
e
d
f
or
an
a
uto
m
at
ic
na
vig
at
io
n
be
tween
m
anu
a
l
or
aut
om
at
e
d
s
witc
hing.
The
syst
em
has
bee
n
m
od
el
ed,
im
pl
e
m
ented
a
nd
te
ste
d
us
in
g
the
Ma
tl
ab
Sim
uli
nk
pac
ka
ges.
Tw
o
ye
ars
,
the
el
ect
rici
ty
bills
ha
ve
been
at
ta
ched
and
com
par
e
d
with
the
ph
oto
volt
ic
outp
ut
m
e
te
rs.
A
c
ost
and
no
n
-
int
errup
ti
ble
opti
m
iz
ed
hybri
d
s
olar
-
gr
id syst
em
h
as be
en pr
opos
e
d,
si
m
ulate
d
an
d real
iz
ed.
Th
e
n get the
f
ol
lowing:
a.
35% r
e
duct
ion
has bee
n gaine
d
acc
ordin
g
t
o t
he
offici
al
bill
s.
b.
The
syst
em
o
ffered
the
possib
il
ities of
w
orki
ng in pa
rall
el
w
it
h gr
i
d.
c.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
p
erm
issi
ble ex
tract
ed
e
ne
rg
y
f
ro
m
so
la
r
cel
ls
is o
ne of
t
he de
sign crit
eria.
d.
Actual
s
us
ta
ina
bili
ty
an
d
sat
is
factor
y a
greem
ent h
a
ve bee
n exp
e
rim
ental
l
y
f
ulfill
ed.
e.
The pr
ogram
m
able syst
em
A
TS
has been
confi
gured f
or an
au
tom
at
ic
n
av
igati
on
bet
wee
n
m
anu
al
or
autom
at
ed
switc
hing.
f.
A
cl
ear
cost
re
du
ct
io
n o
f
the
su
pp
or
te
d publ
ic
g
ri
d
el
ect
rici
ty
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
P
ow
Ele
c
&
D
ri
Syst
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8
694
A d
if
fe
rent visi
on
s
for
uninter
ru
pti
ble lo
ad usi
ng h
y
br
id
s
ola
r
-
gr
id
e
nerg
y
(
Moham
e
d I
brah
i
m
A
. Arafa
)
387
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